annotate man/basic.texi @ 42971:a4e7fd8ad209

(eshell-eval-command): If eshell-resume-eval returns t, don't treat that as an error.
author Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
date Sat, 26 Jan 2002 12:05:22 +0000
parents f83cc0d82951
children b4bc3c095326
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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4 @node Basic, Minibuffer, Exiting, Top
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5 @chapter Basic Editing Commands
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6
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7 @kindex C-h t
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8 @findex help-with-tutorial
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9 We now give the basics of how to enter text, make corrections, and
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10 save the text in a file. If this material is new to you, you might
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11 learn it more easily by running the Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial. To
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12 use the tutorial, run Emacs and type @kbd{Control-h t}
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13 (@code{help-with-tutorial}).
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14
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15 To clear the screen and redisplay, type @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}).
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16
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17 @menu
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18
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19 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
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20 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
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21 change something.
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22 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
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23 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
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24 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
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25 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
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26 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
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27 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
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28 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
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29 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
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30 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command.
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31 @end menu
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32
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33 @node Inserting Text
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34 @section Inserting Text
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35
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36 @cindex insertion
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37 @cindex graphic characters
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38 To insert printing characters into the text you are editing, just type
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39 them. This inserts the characters you type into the buffer at the
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40 cursor (that is, at @dfn{point}; @pxref{Point}). The cursor moves
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41 forward, and any text after the cursor moves forward too. If the text
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42 in the buffer is @samp{FOOBAR}, with the cursor before the @samp{B},
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43 then if you type @kbd{XX}, you get @samp{FOOXXBAR}, with the cursor
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44 still before the @samp{B}.
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45
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46 To @dfn{delete} text you have just inserted, use the large key
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47 labeled @key{DEL}, @key{BACKSPACE} or @key{DELETE} which is a short
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48 distance above the @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key. This is the key you
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49 normally use, outside Emacs, for erasing the last character that you
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50 typed. Regardless of the label on that key, Emacs thinks of it as
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51 @key{DEL}, and that's what we call it in this manual.
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52
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53 The @key{DEL} key deletes the character @emph{before} the cursor.
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54 As a consequence, the cursor and all the characters after it move
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55 backwards. If you type a printing character and then type @key{DEL},
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56 they cancel out.
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57
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58 On most computers, Emacs recognizes automatically which key ought to
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59 be @key{DEL}, and sets it up that way. But in some cases, especially
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60 with text-only terminals, you will need to tell Emacs which key to use
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61 for that purpose. If the large key not far above the @key{RET} or
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62 @key{ENTER} key doesn't delete backwards, you need to do this.
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63 @xref{DEL Does Not Delete}, for an explanation of how.
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64
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65 Most PC keyboards have both a @key{BACKSPACE} key a short ways above
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66 @key{RET} or @key{ENTER}, and a @key{DELETE} key elsewhere. On these
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67 keyboards, Emacs supports when possible the usual convention that the
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68 @key{BACKSPACE} key deletes backwards (it is @key{DEL}), while the
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69 @key{DELETE} key deletes ``forwards,'' deleting the character after
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70 point, the one underneath the cursor, like @kbd{C-d} (see below).
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71
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72 @kindex RET
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73 @cindex newline
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74 To end a line and start typing a new one, type @key{RET}. This
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75 inserts a newline character in the buffer. If point is in the middle of
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76 a line, @key{RET} splits the line. Typing @key{DEL} when the cursor is
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77 at the beginning of a line deletes the preceding newline, thus joining
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78 the line with the preceding line.
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79
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80 Emacs can split lines automatically when they become too long, if you
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81 turn on a special minor mode called @dfn{Auto Fill} mode.
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82 @xref{Filling}, for how to use Auto Fill mode.
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83
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84 If you prefer to have text characters replace (overwrite) existing
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85 text rather than shove it to the right, you can enable Overwrite mode,
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86 a minor mode. @xref{Minor Modes}.
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87
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88 @cindex quoting
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89 @kindex C-q
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90 @findex quoted-insert
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91 Direct insertion works for printing characters and @key{SPC}, but other
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92 characters act as editing commands and do not insert themselves. If you
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93 need to insert a control character or a character whose code is above 200
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94 octal, you must @dfn{quote} it by typing the character @kbd{Control-q}
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95 (@code{quoted-insert}) first. (This character's name is normally written
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96 @kbd{C-q} for short.) There are two ways to use @kbd{C-q}:@refill
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97
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98 @itemize @bullet
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99 @item
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100 @kbd{C-q} followed by any non-graphic character (even @kbd{C-g})
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101 inserts that character.
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102
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103 @item
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104 @kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits inserts the character
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105 with the specified octal character code. You can use any number of
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106 octal digits; any non-digit terminates the sequence. If the
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107 terminating character is @key{RET}, it serves only to terminate the
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108 sequence. Any other non-digit terminates the sequence and then acts
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109 as normal input---thus, @kbd{C-q 1 0 1 B} inserts @samp{AB}.
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110
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111 The use of octal sequences is disabled in ordinary non-binary
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112 Overwrite mode, to give you a convenient way to insert a digit instead
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113 of overwriting with it.
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114 @end itemize
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115
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116 @cindex 8-bit character codes
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117 @noindent
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118 When multibyte characters are enabled, if you specify a code in the
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119 range 0200 through 0377 octal, @kbd{C-q} assumes that you intend to
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120 use some ISO 8859-@var{n} character set, and converts the specified
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121 code to the corresponding Emacs character code. @xref{Enabling
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122 Multibyte}. You select @emph{which} of the ISO 8859 character sets to
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123 use through your choice of language environment (@pxref{Language
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124 Environments}).
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125
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126 @vindex read-quoted-char-radix
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127 To use decimal or hexadecimal instead of octal, set the variable
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128 @code{read-quoted-char-radix} to 10 or 16. If the radix is greater than
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129 10, some letters starting with @kbd{a} serve as part of a character
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130 code, just like digits.
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131
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132 A numeric argument to @kbd{C-q} specifies how many copies of the
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133 quoted character should be inserted (@pxref{Arguments}).
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134
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135 @findex newline
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136 @findex self-insert
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137 Customization information: @key{DEL} in most modes runs the command
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138 @code{delete-backward-char}; @key{RET} runs the command @code{newline}, and
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139 self-inserting printing characters run the command @code{self-insert},
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140 which inserts whatever character was typed to invoke it. Some major modes
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141 rebind @key{DEL} to other commands.
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142
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143 @node Moving Point
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144 @section Changing the Location of Point
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145
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146 @cindex arrow keys
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147 @cindex moving point
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148 @cindex movement
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149 @cindex cursor motion
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150 @cindex moving the cursor
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151 To do more than insert characters, you have to know how to move point
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152 (@pxref{Point}). The simplest way to do this is with arrow keys, or by
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153 clicking the left mouse button where you want to move to.
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154
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155 There are also control and meta characters for cursor motion. Some
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156 are equivalent to the arrow keys (these date back to the days before
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157 terminals had arrow keys, and are usable on terminals which don't have
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158 them). Others do more sophisticated things.
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159
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160 @kindex C-a
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161 @kindex C-e
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162 @kindex C-f
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163 @kindex C-b
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164 @kindex C-n
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165 @kindex C-p
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166 @kindex M->
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167 @kindex M-<
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168 @kindex M-r
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169 @kindex LEFT
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170 @kindex RIGHT
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171 @kindex UP
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172 @kindex DOWN
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173 @findex beginning-of-line
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174 @findex end-of-line
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175 @findex forward-char
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176 @findex backward-char
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177 @findex next-line
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178 @findex previous-line
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179 @findex beginning-of-buffer
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180 @findex end-of-buffer
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181 @findex goto-char
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182 @findex goto-line
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183 @findex move-to-window-line
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184 @table @kbd
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185 @item C-a
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186 Move to the beginning of the line (@code{beginning-of-line}).
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187 @item C-e
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188 Move to the end of the line (@code{end-of-line}).
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189 @item C-f
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190 Move forward one character (@code{forward-char}). The right-arrow key
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191 does the same thing.
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192 @item C-b
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193 Move backward one character (@code{backward-char}). The left-arrow
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194 key has the same effect.
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195 @item M-f
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196 Move forward one word (@code{forward-word}).
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197 @item M-b
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198 Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}).
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199 @item C-n
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200 Move down one line, vertically (@code{next-line}). This command
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201 attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in
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202 the middle of one line, you end in the middle of the next. The
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203 down-arrow key does the same thing.
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204 @item C-p
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205 Move up one line, vertically (@code{previous-line}). The up-arrow key
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206 has the same effect.
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207 @item M-r
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208 Move point to left margin, vertically centered in the window
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209 (@code{move-to-window-line}). Text does not move on the screen.
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210
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211 A numeric argument says which screen line to place point on. It counts
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212 screen lines down from the top of the window (zero for the top line). A
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213 negative argument counts lines from the bottom (@minus{}1 for the bottom
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214 line).
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215 @item M-<
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216 Move to the top of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}). With
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217 numeric argument @var{n}, move to @var{n}/10 of the way from the top.
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218 @xref{Arguments}, for more information on numeric arguments.@refill
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219 @item M->
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220 Move to the end of the buffer (@code{end-of-buffer}).
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221 @item C-v
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222 Scroll the display one screen forward, and move point if necessary to put
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223 it on the screen (@code{scroll-up}). This doesn't always
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224 move point, but it is commonly used to do so.
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225 If your keyboard has a @key{PAGEDOWN} key, it does the same thing.
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226
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227 Scrolling commands are further described in @ref{Scrolling}.
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228 @item M-v
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229 Scroll one screen backward, and move point if necessary to put it on
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230 the screen (@code{scroll-down}). This doesn't always move point, but
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231 it is commonly used to do so. The @key{PAGEUP} key has the same
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232 effect.
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233 @item M-x goto-char
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234 Read a number @var{n} and move point to buffer position @var{n}.
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235 Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer.
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236 @item M-x goto-line
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237 Read a number @var{n} and move point to line number @var{n}. Line 1
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238 is the beginning of the buffer.
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239 @item C-x C-n
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240 @findex set-goal-column
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241 @kindex C-x C-n
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242 Use the current column of point as the @dfn{semipermanent goal column} for
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243 @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} (@code{set-goal-column}). Henceforth, those
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244 commands always move to this column in each line moved into, or as
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245 close as possible given the contents of the line. This goal column remains
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246 in effect until canceled.
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247 @item C-u C-x C-n
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248 Cancel the goal column. Henceforth, @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} once
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249 again try to stick to a fixed horizontal position, as usual.
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250 @end table
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251
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252 @vindex track-eol
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253 If you set the variable @code{track-eol} to a non-@code{nil} value,
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254 then @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p}, when starting at the end of the line, move
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255 to the end of another line. Normally, @code{track-eol} is @code{nil}.
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256 @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as @code{track-eol}.
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257
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258 @vindex next-line-add-newlines
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259 @kbd{C-n} normally gets an error when you use it on the last line of
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260 the buffer (just as @kbd{C-p} gets an error on the first line). But
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261 if you set the variable @code{next-line-add-newlines} to a
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262 non-@code{nil} value, @kbd{C-n} on the last line of a buffer creates
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263 an additional line at the end and moves down onto it.
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264
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265 @node Erasing
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266 @section Erasing Text
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267
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268 @table @kbd
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269 @item @key{DEL}
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270 Delete the character before point (@code{delete-backward-char}).
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271 @item C-d
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272 Delete the character after point (@code{delete-char}).
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273 @item @key{DELETE}
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274 @itemx @key{BACKSPACE}
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275 One of these keys, whichever is the large key above the @key{RET} or
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276 @key{ENTER} key, deletes the character before point, like @key{DEL}.
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277 If that is @key{BACKSPACE}, and your keyboard also has @key{DELETE},
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278 then @key{DELETE} deletes forwards, like @kbd{C-d}.
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279 @item C-k
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280 Kill to the end of the line (@code{kill-line}).
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281 @item M-d
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282 Kill forward to the end of the next word (@code{kill-word}).
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283 @item M-@key{DEL}
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284 Kill back to the beginning of the previous word
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285 (@code{backward-kill-word}).
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286 @end table
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287
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288 @cindex killing characters and lines
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289 @cindex deleting characters and lines
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290 @cindex erasing characters and lines
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291 You already know about the @key{DEL} key which deletes the character
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292 before point (that is, before the cursor). Another key, @kbd{Control-d}
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293 (@kbd{C-d} for short), deletes the character after point (that is, the
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294 character that the cursor is on). This shifts the rest of the text on
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295 the line to the left. If you type @kbd{C-d} at the end of a line, it
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296 joins together that line and the next line.
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297
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298 To erase a larger amount of text, use the @kbd{C-k} key, which kills a
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299 line at a time. If you type @kbd{C-k} at the beginning or middle of a
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300 line, it kills all the text up to the end of the line. If you type
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301 @kbd{C-k} at the end of a line, it joins that line and the next line.
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302
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303 @xref{Killing}, for more flexible ways of killing text.
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304
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305 @node Undo
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306 @section Undoing Changes
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307 @cindex undo
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308 @cindex changes, undoing
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309
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310 You can undo all the recent changes in the buffer text, up to a
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311 certain point. Each buffer records changes individually, and the undo
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312 command always applies to the current buffer. Usually each editing
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313 command makes a separate entry in the undo records, but some commands
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314 such as @code{query-replace} make many entries, and very simple commands
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315 such as self-inserting characters are often grouped to make undoing less
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316 tedious.
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317
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318 @table @kbd
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319 @item C-x u
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320 Undo one batch of changes---usually, one command worth (@code{undo}).
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321 @item C-_
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322 The same.
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323 @item C-u C-x u
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324 Undo one batch of changes in the region.
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325 @end table
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326
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327 @kindex C-x u
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328 @kindex C-_
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329 @findex undo
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330 The command @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_} is how you undo. The first time
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331 you give this command, it undoes the last change. Point moves back to
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332 where it was before the command that made the change.
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333
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334 Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x u} undo earlier and
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335 earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information available.
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336 If all recorded changes have already been undone, the undo command
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337 displays an error message and does nothing.
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338
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339 Any command other than an undo command breaks the sequence of undo
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340 commands. Starting from that moment, the previous undo commands become
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341 ordinary changes that you can undo. Thus, to redo changes you have
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342 undone, type @kbd{C-f} or any other command that will harmlessly break
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343 the sequence of undoing, then type more undo commands.
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344
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345 @cindex selective undo
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346 @kindex C-u C-x u
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347 Ordinary undo applies to all changes made in the current buffer. You
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348 can also perform @dfn{selective undo}, limited to the current region.
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349 To do this, specify the region you want, then run the @code{undo}
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350 command with a prefix argument (the value does not matter): @kbd{C-u C-x
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351 u} or @kbd{C-u C-_}. This undoes the most recent change in the region.
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352 To undo further changes in the same region, repeat the @code{undo}
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353 command (no prefix argument is needed). In Transient Mark mode, any use
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354 of @code{undo} when there is an active region performs selective undo;
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355 you do not need a prefix argument.
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356
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357 If you notice that a buffer has been modified accidentally, the
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358 easiest way to recover is to type @kbd{C-_} repeatedly until the stars
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359 disappear from the front of the mode line. At this time, all the
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360 modifications you made have been canceled. Whenever an undo command
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361 makes the stars disappear from the mode line, it means that the buffer
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362 contents are the same as they were when the file was last read in or
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363 saved.
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364
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365 If you do not remember whether you changed the buffer deliberately,
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366 type @kbd{C-_} once. When you see the last change you made undone, you
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367 will see whether it was an intentional change. If it was an accident,
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368 leave it undone. If it was deliberate, redo the change as described
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369 above.
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370
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371 Not all buffers record undo information. Buffers whose names start with
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372 spaces don't; these buffers are used internally by Emacs and its extensions
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373 to hold text that users don't normally look at or edit.
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374
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375 You cannot undo mere cursor motion; only changes in the buffer
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376 contents save undo information. However, some cursor motion commands
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377 set the mark, so if you use these commands from time to time, you can
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378 move back to the neighborhoods you have moved through by popping the
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379 mark ring (@pxref{Mark Ring}).
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380
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381 @vindex undo-limit
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382 @vindex undo-strong-limit
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383 @cindex undo limit
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384 When the undo information for a buffer becomes too large, Emacs
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385 discards the oldest undo information from time to time (during garbage
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386 collection). You can specify how much undo information to keep by
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387 setting two variables: @code{undo-limit} and @code{undo-strong-limit}.
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388 Their values are expressed in units of bytes of space.
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389
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390 The variable @code{undo-limit} sets a soft limit: Emacs keeps undo
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391 data for enough commands to reach this size, and perhaps exceed it, but
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392 does not keep data for any earlier commands beyond that. Its default
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393 value is 20000. The variable @code{undo-strong-limit} sets a stricter
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394 limit: the command which pushes the size past this amount is itself
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395 forgotten. Its default value is 30000.
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396
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397 Regardless of the values of those variables, the most recent change is
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parents:
diff changeset
398 never discarded, so there is no danger that garbage collection occurring
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
399 right after an unintentional large change might prevent you from undoing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
400 it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
401
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
402 The reason the @code{undo} command has two keys, @kbd{C-x u} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
403 @kbd{C-_}, set up to run it is that it is worthy of a single-character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
404 key, but on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type @kbd{C-_}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
405 @kbd{C-x u} is an alternative you can type straightforwardly on any
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
406 terminal.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
407
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
408 @node Basic Files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
409 @section Files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
410
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
411 The commands described above are sufficient for creating and altering
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
412 text in an Emacs buffer; the more advanced Emacs commands just make
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
413 things easier. But to keep any text permanently you must put it in a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
414 @dfn{file}. Files are named units of text which are stored by the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415 operating system for you to retrieve later by name. To look at or use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
416 the contents of a file in any way, including editing the file with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
417 Emacs, you must specify the file name.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
419 Consider a file named @file{/usr/rms/foo.c}. In Emacs, to begin editing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 this file, type
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423 C-x C-f /usr/rms/foo.c @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
424 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 Here the file name is given as an @dfn{argument} to the command @kbd{C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428 C-f} (@code{find-file}). That command uses the @dfn{minibuffer} to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 read the argument, and you type @key{RET} to terminate the argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 (@pxref{Minibuffer}).@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432 Emacs obeys the command by @dfn{visiting} the file: creating a buffer,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 copying the contents of the file into the buffer, and then displaying
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 the buffer for you to edit. If you alter the text, you can @dfn{save}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435 the new text in the file by typing @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{save-buffer}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436 This makes the changes permanent by copying the altered buffer contents
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 back into the file @file{/usr/rms/foo.c}. Until you save, the changes
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 exist only inside Emacs, and the file @file{foo.c} is unaltered.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 To create a file, just visit the file with @kbd{C-x C-f} as if it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 already existed. This creates an empty buffer in which you can insert
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 the text you want to put in the file. The file is actually created when
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443 you save this buffer with @kbd{C-x C-s}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 Of course, there is a lot more to learn about using files. @xref{Files}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 @node Basic Help
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 @section Help
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 @cindex getting help with keys
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451 If you forget what a key does, you can find out with the Help
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 character, which is @kbd{C-h} (or @key{F1}, which is an alias for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 @kbd{C-h}). Type @kbd{C-h k} followed by the key you want to know
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 about; for example, @kbd{C-h k C-n} tells you all about what @kbd{C-n}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 does. @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key; @kbd{C-h k} is just one of its
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 subcommands (the command @code{describe-key}). The other subcommands of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 @kbd{C-h} provide different kinds of help. Type @kbd{C-h} twice to get
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 a description of all the help facilities. @xref{Help}.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 @node Blank Lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 @section Blank Lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 @cindex inserting blank lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 @cindex deleting blank lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 Here are special commands and techniques for putting in and taking out
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 blank lines.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 @item C-o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470 Insert one or more blank lines after the cursor (@code{open-line}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 @item C-x C-o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 Delete all but one of many consecutive blank lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 (@code{delete-blank-lines}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476 @kindex C-o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 @kindex C-x C-o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478 @cindex blank lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 @findex open-line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 @findex delete-blank-lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 When you want to insert a new line of text before an existing line, you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 can do it by typing the new line of text, followed by @key{RET}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 However, it may be easier to see what you are doing if you first make a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 blank line and then insert the desired text into it. This is easy to do
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 using the key @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}), which inserts a newline
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 after point but leaves point in front of the newline. After @kbd{C-o},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 type the text for the new line. @kbd{C-o F O O} has the same effect as
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 @w{@kbd{F O O @key{RET}}}, except for the final location of point.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 You can make several blank lines by typing @kbd{C-o} several times, or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 by giving it a numeric argument to tell it how many blank lines to make.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 @xref{Arguments}, for how. If you have a fill prefix, then @kbd{C-o}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, when you use it at the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 beginning of a line. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 The easy way to get rid of extra blank lines is with the command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 @kbd{C-x C-o} (@code{delete-blank-lines}). @kbd{C-x C-o} in a run of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 several blank lines deletes all but one of them. @kbd{C-x C-o} on a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 solitary blank line deletes that blank line. When point is on a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 nonblank line, @kbd{C-x C-o} deletes any blank lines following that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 nonblank line.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 @node Continuation Lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 @section Continuation Lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 @cindex continuation line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 @cindex wrapping
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 @cindex line wrapping
42902
f83cc0d82951 (Continuation Lines): Add index entries for the fringe usage.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 42364
diff changeset
509 @cindex fringes, and continuation lines
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 If you add too many characters to one line without breaking it with
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
511 @key{RET}, the line grows to occupy two (or more) lines on the screen.
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
512 On graphical displays, Emacs indicates line wrapping with small bent
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
513 arrows in the fringes to the left and right of the window. On
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
514 text-only terminals, Emacs displays a @samp{\} character at the right
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
515 margin of a screen line if it is not the last in its text line. This
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
516 @samp{\} character says that the following screen line is not really a
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
517 distinct line in the text, just a @dfn{continuation} of a line too
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
518 long to fit the screen. Continuation is also called @dfn{line
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
519 wrapping}.
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
520
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
521 When line wrapping occurs before a character that is wider than one
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
522 column, some columns at the end of the previous screen line may be
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
523 ``empty.'' In this case, Emacs displays additional @samp{\}
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
524 characters in the ``empty'' columns, just before the @samp{\}
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
525 character that indicates continuation.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 Sometimes it is nice to have Emacs insert newlines automatically when
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 a line gets too long. Continuation on the screen does not do that. Use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Filling}) if that's what you want.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 @vindex truncate-lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 @cindex truncation
42902
f83cc0d82951 (Continuation Lines): Add index entries for the fringe usage.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 42364
diff changeset
533 @cindex line truncation, and fringes
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 As an alternative to continuation, Emacs can display long lines by
35206
054acbd5e9f7 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 34103
diff changeset
535 @dfn{truncation}. This means that all the characters that do not fit
054acbd5e9f7 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 34103
diff changeset
536 in the width of the screen or window do not appear at all. They
054acbd5e9f7 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 34103
diff changeset
537 remain in the buffer, temporarily invisible. On terminals, @samp{$}
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
538 in the last column informs you that the line has been truncated on the
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
539 display. On window systems, a small straight arrow in the fringe to
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
540 the right of the window indicates a truncated line.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
542 @findex toggle-truncate-lines
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 Truncation instead of continuation happens whenever horizontal
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 scrolling is in use, and optionally in all side-by-side windows
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
545 (@pxref{Windows}). You can enable or disable truncation for a
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
546 particular buffer with the command @kbd{M-x toggle-truncate-lines}.
31952
9ab15b2742ba (Continuation Lines): Add description of
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27220
diff changeset
547
36209
e80f51792a09 Fix xref to Display Custom.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36140
diff changeset
548 @xref{Display Custom}, for additional variables that affect how text is
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 displayed.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 @node Position Info
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 @section Cursor Position Information
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 Here are commands to get information about the size and position of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 parts of the buffer, and to count lines.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 @item M-x what-page
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
559 Display the page number of point, and the line number within the page.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 @item M-x what-line
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
561 Display the line number of point in the buffer.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 @item M-x line-number-mode
27220
dddb1bca9704 Reference column-number-mode, hl-line-mode, blink-cursor-mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
563 @itemx M-x column-number-mode
dddb1bca9704 Reference column-number-mode, hl-line-mode, blink-cursor-mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
564 Toggle automatic display of current line number or column number.
dddb1bca9704 Reference column-number-mode, hl-line-mode, blink-cursor-mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
565 @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 @item M-=
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
567 Display the number of lines in the current region (@code{count-lines-region}).
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 @xref{Mark}, for information about the region.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 @item C-x =
36140
af4e219e9947 Miscellaneous clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35923
diff changeset
570 Display the character code of character after point, character position of
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 point, and column of point (@code{what-cursor-position}).
27220
dddb1bca9704 Reference column-number-mode, hl-line-mode, blink-cursor-mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
572 @item M-x hl-line-mode
38660
65fd4c8a6447 (Position Info): Add a cross-reference to where hl-line-mode is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38541
diff changeset
573 Enable or disable highlighting of the current line. @xref{Cursor
65fd4c8a6447 (Position Info): Add a cross-reference to where hl-line-mode is described.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38541
diff changeset
574 Display}.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 @findex what-page
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 @findex what-line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 @cindex line number commands
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 @cindex location of point
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 @cindex cursor location
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 @cindex point location
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 There are two commands for working with line numbers. @kbd{M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 what-line} computes the current line number and displays it in the echo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 area. To go to a given line by number, use @kbd{M-x goto-line}; it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 prompts you for the number. These line numbers count from one at the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 beginning of the buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588
37152
693e61ce18ff Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37120
diff changeset
589 You can also see the current line number in the mode line; see @ref{Mode
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 Line}. If you narrow the buffer, then the line number in the mode line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 is relative to the accessible portion (@pxref{Narrowing}). By contrast,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 @code{what-line} shows both the line number relative to the narrowed
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 region and the line number relative to the whole buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594
37152
693e61ce18ff Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37120
diff changeset
595 @kbd{M-x what-page} counts pages from the beginning of the file, and
38870
d44abb4e68b2 Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38767
diff changeset
596 counts lines within the page, showing both numbers in the echo area.
d44abb4e68b2 Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38767
diff changeset
597 @xref{Pages}.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 @kindex M-=
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 @findex count-lines-region
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 While on this subject, we might as well mention @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-lines-region}),
38870
d44abb4e68b2 Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38767
diff changeset
602 which displays the number of lines in the region (@pxref{Mark}).
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603 @xref{Pages}, for the command @kbd{C-x l} which counts the lines in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 current page.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 @kindex C-x =
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 @findex what-cursor-position
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 The command @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) can be used to find out
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 the column that the cursor is in, and other miscellaneous information about
38870
d44abb4e68b2 Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38767
diff changeset
610 point. It displays a line in the echo area that looks like this:
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 @smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 Char: c (0143, 99, 0x63) point=21044 of 26883(78%) column 53
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 @end smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 (In fact, this is the output produced when point is before the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 @samp{column} in the example.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that follows
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 point, first by showing it and then by giving its character code in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622 octal, decimal and hex. For a non-ASCII multibyte character, these are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 followed by @samp{ext} and the character's representation, in hex, in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 the buffer's coding system, if that coding system encodes the character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 safely and with a single byte (@pxref{Coding Systems}). If the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 character's encoding is longer than one byte, Emacs shows @samp{ext ...}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 @samp{point=} is followed by the position of point expressed as a character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 count. The front of the buffer counts as position 1, one character later
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 as 2, and so on. The next, larger, number is the total number of characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 in the buffer. Afterward in parentheses comes the position expressed as a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 percentage of the total size.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 @samp{column} is followed by the horizontal position of point, in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 columns from the left edge of the window.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the
38870
d44abb4e68b2 Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38767
diff changeset
638 beginning and the end temporarily inaccessible, @kbd{C-x =} displays
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 additional text describing the currently accessible range. For example, it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 might display this:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 @smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 Char: C (0103, 67, 0x43) point=252 of 889(28%) <231 - 599> column 0
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 @end smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 where the two extra numbers give the smallest and largest character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 position that point is allowed to assume. The characters between those
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 two positions are the accessible ones. @xref{Narrowing}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 If point is at the end of the buffer (or the end of the accessible
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 part), the @w{@kbd{C-x =}} output does not describe a character after
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 point. The output might look like this:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 @smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 point=26957 of 26956(100%) column 0
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 @end smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658
42364
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
659 @w{@kbd{C-u C-x =}} displays additional information about a
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
660 character, including the character set name and the codes that
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
661 identify the character within that character set; ASCII characters are
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
662 identified as belonging to the @code{ASCII} character set. It also
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
663 shows the character's syntax, categories, and encodings both
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
664 internally in the buffer and externally if you save the file. It also
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
665 shows the character's text properties, if any.
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
666
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
667 Here's an example showing the Latin-1 character A with grave accent,
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
668 in a buffer whose coding system is @code{iso-2022-7bit} and whose
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
669 terminal coding system is @code{iso-latin-1} (so the terminal actually
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
670 displays the character as @samp{@`A}):
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671
37152
693e61ce18ff Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37120
diff changeset
672 @smallexample
42364
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
673 character: @`A (04300, 2240, 0x8c0)
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
674 charset: latin-iso8859-1
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
675 (Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet 1@dots{}
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
676 code point: 64
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
677 syntax: w which means: word
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
678 category: l:Latin
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
679 buffer code: 0x81 0xC0
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
680 file code: ESC 2C 41 40 (encoded by coding system iso-2022-7bit)
c66f34e7d2cd Update C-u C-x = output format.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
681 terminal code: C0
37152
693e61ce18ff Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37120
diff changeset
682 @end smallexample
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 @node Arguments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 @section Numeric Arguments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 @cindex numeric arguments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 @cindex prefix arguments
36263
11db0318031d Remove redundant index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36209
diff changeset
688 @cindex arguments to commands
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 In mathematics and computer usage, the word @dfn{argument} means
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 ``data provided to a function or operation.'' You can give any Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 command a @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count. For
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 example, @kbd{C-f} with an argument of ten moves forward ten characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 instead of one. With these commands, no argument is equivalent to an
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 argument of one. Negative arguments tell most such commands to move or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 act in the opposite direction.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 @kindex M-1
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 @kindex M-@t{-}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 @findex digit-argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 @findex negative-argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 If your terminal keyboard has a @key{META} key, the easiest way to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 specify a numeric argument is to type digits and/or a minus sign while
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 holding down the @key{META} key. For example,
38729
7d62f0684e99 (Arguments): Say explicitly that M-- is -1. Fix spacing in an @example.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38660
diff changeset
706
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 M-5 C-n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 @end example
38729
7d62f0684e99 (Arguments): Say explicitly that M-- is -1. Fix spacing in an @example.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38660
diff changeset
710
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 would move down five lines. The characters @kbd{Meta-1}, @kbd{Meta-2},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 and so on, as well as @kbd{Meta--}, do this because they are keys bound
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 to commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that
38729
7d62f0684e99 (Arguments): Say explicitly that M-- is -1. Fix spacing in an @example.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38660
diff changeset
715 are defined to contribute to an argument for the next command.
7d62f0684e99 (Arguments): Say explicitly that M-- is -1. Fix spacing in an @example.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38660
diff changeset
716 @kbd{Meta--} without digits normally means @minus{}1. Digits and
7d62f0684e99 (Arguments): Say explicitly that M-- is -1. Fix spacing in an @example.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38660
diff changeset
717 @kbd{-} modified with Control, or Control and Meta, also specify numeric
7d62f0684e99 (Arguments): Say explicitly that M-- is -1. Fix spacing in an @example.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38660
diff changeset
718 arguments.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 @kindex C-u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 @findex universal-argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 Another way of specifying an argument is to use the @kbd{C-u}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 (@code{universal-argument}) command followed by the digits of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 argument. With @kbd{C-u}, you can type the argument digits without
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 holding down modifier keys; @kbd{C-u} works on all terminals. To type a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 negative argument, type a minus sign after @kbd{C-u}. Just a minus sign
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 without digits normally means @minus{}1.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 @kbd{C-u} followed by a character which is neither a digit nor a minus
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 sign has the special meaning of ``multiply by four.'' It multiplies the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 argument for the next command by four. @kbd{C-u} twice multiplies it by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 sixteen. Thus, @kbd{C-u C-u C-f} moves forward sixteen characters. This
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 is a good way to move forward ``fast,'' since it moves about 1/5 of a line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 in the usual size screen. Other useful combinations are @kbd{C-u C-n},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @kbd{C-u C-u C-n} (move down a good fraction of a screen), @kbd{C-u C-u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 C-o} (make ``a lot'' of blank lines), and @kbd{C-u C-k} (kill four
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 lines).@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 Some commands care only about whether there is an argument, and not about
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 its value. For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 no argument fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 (@xref{Filling}, for more information on @kbd{M-q}.) Plain @kbd{C-u} is a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 handy way of providing an argument for such commands.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but do
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 something peculiar when there is no argument. For example, the command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}) with argument @var{n} kills @var{n} lines,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 including their terminating newlines. But @kbd{C-k} with no argument is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 special: it kills the text up to the next newline, or, if point is right at
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 the end of the line, it kills the newline itself. Thus, two @kbd{C-k}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 commands with no arguments can kill a nonblank line, just like @kbd{C-k}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 with an argument of one. (@xref{Killing}, for more information on
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @kbd{C-k}.)@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 A few commands treat a plain @kbd{C-u} differently from an ordinary
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 argument. A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 differently from an argument of @minus{}1. These unusual cases are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 described when they come up; they are always for reasons of convenience
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 of use of the individual command.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 You can use a numeric argument to insert multiple copies of a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 character. This is straightforward unless the character is a digit; for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 a} inserts 64 copies of the character @samp{a}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 But this does not work for inserting digits; @kbd{C-u 6 4 1} specifies
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 an argument of 641, rather than inserting anything. To separate the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 digit to insert from the argument, type another @kbd{C-u}; for example,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 @kbd{C-u 6 4 C-u 1} does insert 64 copies of the character @samp{1}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 We use the term ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument'' to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 emphasize that you type the argument before the command, and to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 distinguish these arguments from minibuffer arguments that come after
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 the command.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @node Repeating
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @section Repeating a Command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 @cindex repeating a command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777
38738
bffa96512ce4 Minor changes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38729
diff changeset
778 Many simple commands, such as those invoked with a single key or
bffa96512ce4 Minor changes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38729
diff changeset
779 with @kbd{M-x @var{command-name} @key{RET}}, can be repeated by
bffa96512ce4 Minor changes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38729
diff changeset
780 invoking them with a numeric argument that serves as a repeat count
bffa96512ce4 Minor changes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38729
diff changeset
781 (@pxref{Arguments}). However, if the command you want to repeat
bffa96512ce4 Minor changes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38729
diff changeset
782 prompts for some input, or uses a numeric argument in another way,
bffa96512ce4 Minor changes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38729
diff changeset
783 repetition using a numeric argument might be problematical.
38541
2540b694650b (Repeating): Mention the numeric argument as another form of repetition,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38172
diff changeset
784
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @kindex C-x z
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @findex repeat
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 The command @kbd{C-x z} (@code{repeat}) provides another way to repeat
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 an Emacs command many times. This command repeats the previous Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 command, whatever that was. Repeating a command uses the same arguments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 To repeat the command more than once, type additional @kbd{z}'s: each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 @kbd{z} repeats the command one more time. Repetition ends when you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 type a character other than @kbd{z}, or press a mouse button.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 For example, suppose you type @kbd{C-u 2 0 C-d} to delete 20
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 characters. You can repeat that command (including its argument) three
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 additional times, to delete a total of 80 characters, by typing @kbd{C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 z z z}. The first @kbd{C-x z} repeats the command once, and each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 subsequent @kbd{z} repeats it once again.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801