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annotate doc/emacs/mule.texi @ 112397:a7191495c39c
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author | Ken Manheimer <ken.manheimer@gmail.com> |
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date | Fri, 21 Jan 2011 11:36:24 -0500 |
parents | ef719132ddfa |
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84260 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, | |
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3 @c 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84260 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
6 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
93759 | 7 @c This node is referenced in the tutorial. When renaming or deleting |
8 @c it, the tutorial needs to be adjusted. (TUTORIAL.de) | |
84260 | 9 @cindex MULE |
10 @cindex international scripts | |
11 @cindex multibyte characters | |
12 @cindex encoding of characters | |
13 | |
14 @cindex Celtic | |
15 @cindex Chinese | |
16 @cindex Cyrillic | |
17 @cindex Czech | |
18 @cindex Devanagari | |
19 @cindex Hindi | |
20 @cindex Marathi | |
21 @cindex Ethiopic | |
22 @cindex German | |
23 @cindex Greek | |
24 @cindex Hebrew | |
25 @cindex IPA | |
26 @cindex Japanese | |
27 @cindex Korean | |
28 @cindex Lao | |
29 @cindex Latin | |
30 @cindex Polish | |
31 @cindex Romanian | |
32 @cindex Slovak | |
33 @cindex Slovenian | |
34 @cindex Thai | |
35 @cindex Tibetan | |
36 @cindex Turkish | |
37 @cindex Vietnamese | |
38 @cindex Dutch | |
39 @cindex Spanish | |
40 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, | |
41 including European and Vietnamese variants of the Latin alphabet, as | |
42 well as Cyrillic, Devanagari (for Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, | |
43 Han (for Chinese and Japanese), Hangul (for Korean), Hebrew, IPA, | |
44 Kannada, Lao, Malayalam, Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. | |
45 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by | |
46 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers. | |
47 | |
48 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting | |
49 all the related activities: | |
50 | |
51 @itemize @bullet | |
52 @item | |
53 You can visit files with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, save non-@acronym{ASCII} text, and | |
54 pass non-@acronym{ASCII} text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as | |
55 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language | |
56 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the | |
57 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture. | |
58 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text | |
59 for each command; see @ref{Text Coding}. | |
60 | |
61 @item | |
62 You can display non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded by the various | |
63 scripts. This works by using appropriate fonts on graphics displays | |
64 (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to text-only | |
65 displays (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). If some characters are displayed | |
66 incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which describes | |
67 possible problems and explains how to solve them. | |
68 | |
69 @item | |
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70 Characters from scripts whose natural ordering of text is from right |
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71 to left are reordered for display (@pxref{Bidirectional Editing}). |
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72 These scripts include Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, Thaana, and a few |
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73 others. |
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74 |
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75 @item |
84260 | 76 You can insert non-@acronym{ASCII} characters or search for them. To do that, |
77 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable | |
78 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set | |
79 your language environment. If | |
80 your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an | |
81 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Terminal Coding}), and Emacs | |
82 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by | |
83 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Unibyte Mode}. | |
84 | |
85 On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value | |
86 to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see | |
87 @ref{Language Environments, locales}. | |
88 @end itemize | |
89 | |
90 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail. | |
91 | |
92 @menu | |
93 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
94 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
95 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
96 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
97 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
98 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
99 write files, and so on. | |
100 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
101 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. | |
102 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. | |
103 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. | |
104 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. | |
105 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. | |
106 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting | |
107 terminal input and output. | |
108 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
109 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
110 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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111 * Modifying Fontsets:: Modifying an existing fontset. |
84260 | 112 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display. |
113 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set | |
114 to use without multibyte characters. | |
115 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. | |
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116 * Bidirectional Editing:: Support for right-to-left scripts. |
84260 | 117 @end menu |
118 | |
119 @node International Chars | |
120 @section Introduction to International Character Sets | |
121 | |
122 The users of international character sets and scripts have | |
123 established many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing | |
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124 files. These coding systems are typically @dfn{multibyte}, meaning |
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125 that sequences of two or more bytes are used to represent individual |
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126 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. |
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127 |
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128 @cindex Unicode |
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129 Internally, Emacs uses its own multibyte character encoding, which |
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130 is a superset of the @dfn{Unicode} standard. This internal encoding |
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131 allows characters from almost every known script to be intermixed in a |
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132 single buffer or string. Emacs translates between the multibyte |
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133 character encoding and various other coding systems when reading and |
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134 writing files, and when exchanging data with subprocesses. |
84260 | 135 |
136 @kindex C-h h | |
137 @findex view-hello-file | |
138 @cindex undisplayable characters | |
139 @cindex @samp{?} in display | |
140 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file | |
141 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
142 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be | |
143 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes | |
144 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}). | |
145 | |
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146 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are |
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147 used, generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. You |
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148 can insert characters that your keyboard does not support, using |
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149 @kbd{C-q} (@code{quoted-insert}) or @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET}} |
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150 (@code{ucs-insert}). @xref{Inserting Text}. Emacs also supports |
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151 various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or |
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152 language, which make it easier to type characters in the script. |
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153 @xref{Input Methods}. |
84260 | 154 |
155 @kindex C-x RET | |
156 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain | |
157 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. | |
158 | |
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159 @kindex C-x = |
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160 @findex what-cursor-position |
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161 The command @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) shows |
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162 information about the character at point. In addition to the |
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163 character position, which was described in @ref{Position Info}, this |
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164 command displays how the character is encoded. For instance, it |
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165 displays the following line in the echo area for the character |
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166 @samp{c}: |
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167 |
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168 @smallexample |
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169 Char: c (99, #o143, #x63) point=28062 of 36168 (78%) column=53 |
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170 @end smallexample |
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171 |
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172 The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that |
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173 follows point, first by showing it and then by giving its character |
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174 code in decimal, octal and hex. For a non-@acronym{ASCII} multibyte |
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175 character, these are followed by @samp{file} and the character's |
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176 representation, in hex, in the buffer's coding system, if that coding |
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177 system encodes the character safely and with a single byte |
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178 (@pxref{Coding Systems}). If the character's encoding is longer than |
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179 one byte, Emacs shows @samp{file ...}. |
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180 |
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181 As a special case, if the character lies in the range 128 (0200 |
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182 octal) through 159 (0237 octal), it stands for a ``raw'' byte that |
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183 does not correspond to any specific displayable character. Such a |
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184 ``character'' lies within the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, |
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185 and is displayed as an escaped octal character code. In this case, |
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186 @kbd{C-x =} shows @samp{part of display ...} instead of @samp{file}. |
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187 |
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188 @cindex character set of character at point |
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189 @cindex font of character at point |
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190 @cindex text properties at point |
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191 @cindex face at point |
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192 With a prefix argument (@kbd{C-u C-x =}), this command displays a |
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193 detailed description of the character in a window: |
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194 |
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195 @itemize @bullet |
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196 @item |
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197 The character set name, and the codes that identify the character |
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198 within that character set; @acronym{ASCII} characters are identified |
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199 as belonging to the @code{ascii} character set. |
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200 |
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201 @item |
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202 The character's syntax and categories. |
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203 |
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204 @item |
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205 The character's encodings, both internally in the buffer, and externally |
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206 if you were to save the file. |
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207 |
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208 @item |
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209 What keys to type to input the character in the current input method |
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210 (if it supports the character). |
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211 |
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212 @item |
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213 If you are running Emacs on a graphical display, the font name and |
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214 glyph code for the character. If you are running Emacs on a text-only |
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215 terminal, the code(s) sent to the terminal. |
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216 |
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217 @item |
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218 The character's text properties (@pxref{Text Properties,,, |
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219 elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}), including any non-default |
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220 faces used to display the character, and any overlays containing it |
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221 (@pxref{Overlays,,, elisp, the same manual}). |
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222 @end itemize |
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223 |
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224 Here's an example showing the Latin-1 character A with grave accent, |
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225 in a buffer whose coding system is @code{utf-8-unix}: |
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226 |
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227 @smallexample |
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228 character: @`A (192, #o300, #xc0) |
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229 preferred charset: unicode (Unicode (ISO10646)) |
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230 code point: 0xC0 |
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231 syntax: w which means: word |
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232 category: j:Japanese l:Latin v:Vietnamese |
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233 buffer code: #xC3 #x80 |
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234 file code: not encodable by coding system undecided-unix |
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235 display: by this font (glyph code) |
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236 xft:-unknown-DejaVu Sans Mono-normal-normal-normal-*-13-*-*-*-m-0-iso10646-1 (#x82) |
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237 |
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238 Character code properties: customize what to show |
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239 name: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE |
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240 general-category: Lu (Letter, Uppercase) |
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241 decomposition: (65 768) ('A' 'Ì€') |
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242 old-name: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A GRAVE |
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243 |
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244 There are text properties here: |
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245 auto-composed t |
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246 @end smallexample |
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247 |
84260 | 248 @node Enabling Multibyte |
249 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
250 | |
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251 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode: it stores the contents |
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252 of buffers and strings using an internal encoding that represents |
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253 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters using multi-byte sequences. Multibyte |
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254 mode allows you to use all the supported languages and scripts without |
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255 limitations. |
84260 | 256 |
257 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off | |
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258 Under very special circumstances, you may want to disable multibyte |
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259 character support, for a specific buffer. |
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260 When multibyte characters are disabled in a buffer, we call |
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261 that @dfn{unibyte mode}. In unibyte mode, each character in the |
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262 buffer has a character code ranging from 0 through 255 (0377 octal); 0 |
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263 through 127 (0177 octal) represent @acronym{ASCII} characters, and 128 |
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264 (0200 octal) through 255 (0377 octal) represent non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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265 characters. |
84260 | 266 |
267 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using | |
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268 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. You can convert a |
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269 multibyte buffer to unibyte by saving it to a file, killing the |
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270 buffer, and visiting the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. |
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271 Alternatively, you can use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} |
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272 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} |
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273 as the coding system with which to visit or save a file. @xref{Text |
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274 Coding}. Unlike @code{find-file-literally}, finding a file as |
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275 @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format conversion, uncompression, or |
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276 auto mode selection. |
84260 | 277 |
278 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation | |
279 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files | |
280 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files | |
281 @cindex init file, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters | |
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282 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte. |
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283 This includes the Emacs initialization |
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284 file, @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages |
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285 such as Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a |
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286 particular Lisp file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a |
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287 comment on the first line (@pxref{File Variables}). Then that file is |
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288 always loaded as unibyte text. The motivation for these conventions |
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289 is that it is more reliable to always load any particular Lisp file in |
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290 the same way. However, you can load a Lisp file as unibyte, on any |
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291 one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} |
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292 immediately before loading it. |
84260 | 293 |
294 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is | |
295 enabled in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more | |
296 characters (most often two dashes) near the beginning of the mode | |
297 line, before the indication of the visited file's end-of-line | |
298 convention (colon, backslash, etc.). When multibyte characters | |
299 are not enabled, nothing precedes the colon except a single dash. | |
300 @xref{Mode Line}, for more details about this. | |
301 | |
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302 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters |
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303 You can turn on multibyte support in a specific buffer by invoking the |
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304 command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. |
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305 |
84260 | 306 @node Language Environments |
307 @section Language Environments | |
308 @cindex language environments | |
309 | |
310 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
311 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
312 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
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313 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language |
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314 environment} in order to set various defaults. Roughly speaking, the |
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315 language environment represents a choice of preferred script rather |
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316 than a choice of language. |
84260 | 317 |
318 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
319 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
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320 incoming mail, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may also |
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321 specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. Each |
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322 language environment also specifies a default input method. |
84260 | 323 |
324 @findex set-language-environment | |
325 @vindex current-language-environment | |
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326 To select a language environment, customize the variable |
84260 | 327 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
328 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is | |
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329 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally |
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330 to the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: |
84260 | 331 |
332 @cindex Euro sign | |
333 @cindex UTF-8 | |
334 @quotation | |
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335 ASCII, Belarusian, Bengali, Brazilian Portuguese, Bulgarian, |
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336 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-EUC-TW, Chinese-GB, Chinese-GBK, |
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337 Chinese-GB18030, Croatian, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO, Cyrillic-KOI8, |
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338 Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Ethiopic, French, |
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339 Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, IPA, Italian, Japanese, |
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340 Kannada, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, Latin-4, |
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341 Latin-5, Latin-6, Latin-7, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated Latin-1 |
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342 with the Euro sign), Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Oriya, Polish, |
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343 Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, |
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344 Swedish, TaiViet, Tajik, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, UTF-8 |
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345 (for a setup which prefers Unicode characters and files encoded in |
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346 UTF-8), Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh, and Windows-1255 (for a setup |
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347 which prefers Cyrillic characters and files encoded in Windows-1255). |
84260 | 348 @end quotation |
349 | |
350 @cindex fonts for various scripts | |
351 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation | |
352 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a | |
353 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the | |
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354 characters appear as empty boxes or hex codes, you should install the |
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355 GNU Intlfonts package, which includes fonts for most supported |
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356 scripts.@footnote{If you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X |
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357 server about the location of the newly installed fonts with the |
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358 following commands: |
84260 | 359 |
360 @example | |
361 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts | |
362 xset fp rehash | |
363 @end example | |
364 } | |
365 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts. | |
366 | |
367 @findex set-locale-environment | |
368 @vindex locale-language-names | |
369 @vindex locale-charset-language-names | |
370 @cindex locales | |
371 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you | |
372 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, | |
373 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is | |
374 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this | |
375 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's | |
376 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name | |
377 against entries in the value of the variables | |
378 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names}, | |
379 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found. | |
380 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display | |
381 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, the | |
382 preferred coding system as needed for the locale, and---last but not | |
383 least---the way Emacs decodes non-@acronym{ASCII} characters sent by your keyboard. | |
384 | |
385 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} | |
386 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the | |
387 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the | |
388 language environment from the new locale. | |
389 | |
390 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems | |
391 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred | |
392 coding system established by the language environment to decode system | |
393 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable | |
394 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding | |
395 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} | |
396 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in | |
397 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even | |
398 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. | |
399 | |
400 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with | |
401 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with | |
402 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init | |
403 file. | |
404 | |
405 @kindex C-h L | |
406 @findex describe-language-environment | |
407 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
408 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
409 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you | |
410 which languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
411 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It | |
412 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this | |
413 language environment. If you give an empty input for @var{lang-env}, | |
414 this command describes the chosen language environment. | |
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415 @anchor{Describe Language Environment} |
84260 | 416 |
417 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
418 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
419 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
420 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
421 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
422 language environment by checking the variable | |
423 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should | |
424 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as | |
425 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default | |
426 input method, etc. | |
427 | |
428 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
429 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
430 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
431 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
432 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
433 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
434 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
435 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
436 for that key. | |
437 | |
438 @node Input Methods | |
439 @section Input Methods | |
440 | |
441 @cindex input methods | |
442 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
443 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
444 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
445 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
446 input methods. | |
447 | |
448 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping @acronym{ASCII} letters | |
449 into another alphabet; this allows you to use one other alphabet | |
450 instead of @acronym{ASCII}. The Greek and Russian input methods | |
451 work this way. | |
452 | |
453 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
454 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
455 to produce a single non-@acronym{ASCII} letter from a sequence that consists of a | |
456 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some | |
457 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
458 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
459 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
460 | |
461 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
462 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
463 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
464 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
465 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
466 | |
467 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
468 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
469 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of | |
470 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and | |
471 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically | |
472 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one | |
473 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, | |
474 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation. | |
475 | |
476 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows, | |
477 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays | |
478 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})} | |
479 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row | |
480 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to | |
481 display the next row or the previous row. | |
482 | |
483 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among | |
484 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights | |
485 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}} | |
486 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The | |
487 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before | |
488 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th | |
489 alternative of the current row and uses it as input. | |
490 | |
491 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing | |
492 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on | |
493 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, | |
494 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they | |
495 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters, | |
496 rather than in the echo area. | |
497 | |
498 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using | |
499 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs | |
500 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One | |
501 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words; | |
502 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through | |
503 the alternatives. | |
504 | |
505 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
506 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
507 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
508 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
509 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
510 | |
511 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for | |
512 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives | |
513 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
514 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
515 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
516 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
517 | |
518 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
519 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
520 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
521 @ifnottex | |
522 @xref{Select Input Method}. | |
523 @end ifnottex | |
524 | |
525 @cindex incremental search, input method interference | |
526 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, | |
527 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
528 searching for what you have already entered. | |
529 | |
530 To find out how to input the character after point using the current | |
531 input method, type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. @xref{Position Info}. | |
532 | |
533 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag | |
534 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
535 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
536 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain | |
537 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is | |
538 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for | |
539 most input methods---some disable this feature). If | |
540 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of | |
541 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but | |
542 not when you are in the minibuffer). | |
543 | |
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544 Another facility for typing characters not on your keyboard is by |
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545 using the @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET}} (@code{ucs-insert}) to insert a single |
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546 character based on its Unicode name or code-point; see @ref{Inserting |
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547 Text}. |
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548 |
84260 | 549 @node Select Input Method |
550 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
551 | |
552 @table @kbd | |
553 @item C-\ | |
554 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
555 | |
556 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
557 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
558 | |
559 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
560 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
561 @findex describe-input-method | |
562 @kindex C-h I | |
563 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
564 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
565 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This | |
566 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
567 particular input method. | |
568 | |
569 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
570 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
571 @end table | |
572 | |
573 @findex set-input-method | |
574 @vindex current-input-method | |
575 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
576 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
577 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
578 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the | |
579 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable | |
580 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
581 | |
582 @findex toggle-input-method | |
583 @kindex C-\ | |
584 Input methods use various sequences of @acronym{ASCII} characters to | |
585 stand for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Sometimes it is useful to | |
586 turn off the input method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} | |
587 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type | |
588 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
589 | |
590 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
591 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
592 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
593 | |
594 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\}, | |
595 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method, | |
596 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default. | |
597 | |
598 @vindex default-input-method | |
599 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
600 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
601 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
602 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
603 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
604 | |
605 In some language environments, which support several different input | |
606 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the | |
607 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct | |
608 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain | |
609 language environment, if you wish, by using | |
610 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments, | |
611 set-language-environment-hook}). For example: | |
612 | |
613 @lisp | |
614 (defun my-chinese-setup () | |
615 "Set up my private Chinese environment." | |
616 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB") | |
617 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy"))) | |
618 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup) | |
619 @end lisp | |
620 | |
621 @noindent | |
622 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy} | |
623 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment. | |
624 | |
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625 You can instruct Emacs to activate a certain input method |
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626 automatically. For example: |
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627 |
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628 @lisp |
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629 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook |
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630 (lambda () (set-input-method "german-prefix"))) |
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631 @end lisp |
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632 |
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633 @noindent |
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634 This activates the input method ``german-prefix'' automatically in the |
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635 Text mode. |
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636 |
84260 | 637 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout |
638 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
639 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
640 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
641 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
642 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
643 | |
644 @findex quail-show-key | |
645 You can use the command @kbd{M-x quail-show-key} to show what key (or | |
646 key sequence) to type in order to input the character following point, | |
647 using the selected keyboard layout. The command @kbd{C-u C-x =} also | |
648 shows that information in addition to the other information about the | |
649 character. | |
650 | |
651 @findex list-input-methods | |
652 To see a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x | |
653 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input | |
654 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
655 | |
656 @node Coding Systems | |
657 @section Coding Systems | |
658 @cindex coding systems | |
659 | |
660 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
661 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
662 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
663 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
664 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
665 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
666 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
667 | |
668 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
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669 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with |
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670 the language name. Some coding systems are used for several |
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671 languages; their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also |
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672 special coding systems, such as @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text}, |
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673 and @code{emacs-internal}. |
84260 | 674 |
675 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems | |
676 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as | |
677 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and | |
678 MS-DOS software. The names of these coding systems are | |
679 @code{cp@var{nnnn}}, where @var{nnnn} is a 3- or 4-digit number of the | |
680 codepage. You can use these encodings just like any other coding | |
681 system; for example, to visit a file encoded in codepage 850, type | |
682 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename} | |
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683 @key{RET}}. |
84260 | 684 |
685 In addition to converting various representations of non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
686 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs | |
687 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
688 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
689 | |
690 @table @kbd | |
691 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
692 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
693 | |
694 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
695 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
696 | |
697 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
698 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
699 @end table | |
700 | |
701 @kindex C-h C | |
702 @findex describe-coding-system | |
703 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
704 information about particular coding systems, including the end-of-line | |
705 conversion specified by those coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
706 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it | |
707 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, | |
708 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
709 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
710 | |
711 @findex list-coding-systems | |
712 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
713 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
714 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
715 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
716 | |
717 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
718 @cindex line endings | |
719 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion | |
720 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
721 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
722 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
723 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
724 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
725 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
726 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
727 | |
728 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
729 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
730 | |
731 @table @code | |
732 @item @dots{}-unix | |
733 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
734 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
735 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
736 | |
737 @item @dots{}-dos | |
738 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
739 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
740 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*} | |
741 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different | |
742 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
743 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
744 | |
745 @item @dots{}-mac | |
746 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
747 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
748 Macintosh system.) | |
749 @end table | |
750 | |
751 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
752 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
753 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
754 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
755 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
756 | |
757 @cindex @code{undecided}, coding system | |
758 The coding systems @code{unix}, @code{dos}, and @code{mac} are | |
759 aliases for @code{undecided-unix}, @code{undecided-dos}, and | |
760 @code{undecided-mac}, respectively. These coding systems specify only | |
761 the end-of-line conversion, and leave the character code conversion to | |
762 be deduced from the text itself. | |
763 | |
764 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly | |
765 @acronym{ASCII} text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are | |
766 not meant to encode non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. With | |
767 @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those byte values unchanged, and sets | |
768 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in the current buffer | |
769 so that they will be interpreted properly. @code{raw-text} handles | |
770 end-of-line conversion in the usual way, based on the data | |
771 encountered, and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of | |
772 end-of-line conversion to use. | |
773 | |
774 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
775 character code conversion at all---none for non-@acronym{ASCII} byte values and | |
776 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary | |
777 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
778 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
779 | |
780 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
781 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
782 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
783 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
784 | |
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785 The coding system @code{emacs-internal} (or @code{utf-8-emacs}, |
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786 which is equivalent) means that the file contains non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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787 characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. This coding |
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788 system handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, |
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789 and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line |
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790 conversion. |
84260 | 791 |
792 @node Recognize Coding | |
793 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
794 | |
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795 Whenever Emacs reads a given piece of text, it tries to recognize |
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796 which coding system to use. This applies to files being read, output |
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797 from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc. Emacs can select the |
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798 right coding system automatically most of the time---once you have |
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799 specified your preferences. |
84260 | 800 |
801 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
802 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
803 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
804 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
805 values with different meanings. | |
806 | |
807 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
808 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
809 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
810 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
811 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
812 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
813 | |
814 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
815 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
816 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
817 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
818 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
819 | |
820 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
821 However, you can alter the coding system priority list in detail | |
822 with the command @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads | |
823 the name of a coding system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the | |
824 front of the priority list, so that it is preferred to all others. If | |
825 you use this command several times, each use adds one element to the | |
826 front of the priority list. | |
827 | |
828 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
829 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs | |
830 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should | |
831 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}. | |
832 | |
833 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
834 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
835 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
836 correspondence. There is a special function | |
837 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
838 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
839 @code{chinese-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: | |
840 | |
841 @smallexample | |
842 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'chinese-iso-8bit) | |
843 @end smallexample | |
844 | |
845 @noindent | |
846 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
847 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
848 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
849 | |
850 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
851 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display | |
852 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on | |
853 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
854 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
855 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
856 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
857 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed | |
858 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people | |
859 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type | |
860 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line, | |
861 eol-mnemonic}). | |
862 | |
863 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection | |
864 @cindex escape sequences in files | |
865 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to | |
866 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin | |
867 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 | |
868 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode | |
869 the file. | |
870 | |
871 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences | |
872 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable | |
873 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code | |
874 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022 | |
875 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in | |
876 the buffer. | |
877 | |
878 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is | |
879 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for | |
880 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files | |
881 in the Emacs distribution contain non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded in the | |
882 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be | |
883 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the | |
884 escape sequence detection. | |
885 | |
886 @vindex auto-coding-alist | |
887 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist | |
888 @vindex auto-coding-functions | |
889 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist}, | |
890 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} and @code{auto-coding-functions} are | |
891 the strongest way to specify the coding system for certain patterns of | |
892 file names, or for files containing certain patterns; these variables | |
893 even override @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs | |
894 uses @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it | |
895 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the | |
896 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole. | |
897 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that | |
898 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular | |
899 pattern, are decoded correctly. One of the builtin | |
900 @code{auto-coding-functions} detects the encoding for XML files. | |
901 | |
902 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset | |
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903 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system |
84260 | 904 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated |
905 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a | |
906 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you | |
907 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail | |
908 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is | |
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909 @code{nil}. For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses |
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910 the coding system specified by the variable |
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911 @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The default value is @code{nil}, |
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912 which means that Rmail files are not translated (they are read and |
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913 written in the Emacs internal character code). |
84260 | 914 |
915 @node Specify Coding | |
916 @section Specifying a File's Coding System | |
917 | |
918 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can | |
919 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x | |
920 @key{RET} r @var{coding-system} @key{RET}}. To see what coding system | |
921 Emacs actually used to decode the file, look at the coding system | |
922 mnemonic letter near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode | |
923 Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}. | |
924 | |
925 @vindex coding | |
926 You can specify the coding system for a particular file in the file | |
927 itself, using the @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning, | |
928 or a local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do | |
929 this by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. | |
930 Emacs does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of | |
931 setting a variable, this uses the specified coding system for the | |
932 file. For example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies | |
933 use of the Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify | |
934 the coding explicitly in the file, that overrides | |
935 @code{file-coding-system-alist}. | |
936 | |
937 @node Output Coding | |
938 @section Choosing Coding Systems for Output | |
939 | |
940 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system | |
941 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
942 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. That makes it the | |
943 default for operations that write from this buffer into a file, such | |
944 as @code{save-buffer} and @code{write-region}. You can specify a | |
945 different coding system for further file output from the buffer using | |
946 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Text Coding}). | |
947 | |
948 You can insert any character Emacs supports into any Emacs buffer, | |
949 but most coding systems can only handle a subset of these characters. | |
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950 Therefore, it's possible that the characters you insert cannot be |
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951 encoded with the coding system that will be used to save the buffer. |
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952 For example, you could visit a text file in Polish, encoded in |
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953 @code{iso-8859-2}, and add some Russian words to it. When you save |
84260 | 954 that buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of |
955 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added | |
956 cannot be encoded by that coding system. | |
957 | |
958 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set | |
959 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x | |
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960 set-language-environment}). If that coding system can safely encode |
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961 all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores its |
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962 value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs displays |
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963 a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's contents, |
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964 and asks you to choose one of those coding systems. |
84260 | 965 |
966 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs | |
967 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the | |
968 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages; | |
969 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is not | |
970 recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so you | |
971 won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your | |
972 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (You can | |
973 still use an unsuitable coding system if you type its name in response | |
974 to the question.) | |
975 | |
976 @vindex sendmail-coding-system | |
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977 When you send a message with Message mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), |
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978 Emacs has four different ways to determine the coding system to use |
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979 for encoding the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of |
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980 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. |
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981 Otherwise, it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that |
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982 is non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system |
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983 for new files, which is controlled by your choice of language |
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984 environment, if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values |
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985 are @code{nil}, Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding |
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986 system. |
84260 | 987 |
988 @node Text Coding | |
989 @section Specifying a Coding System for File Text | |
990 | |
991 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
992 system for a file's contents, you can use these commands to specify | |
993 one: | |
994 | |
995 @table @kbd | |
996 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
997 Use coding system @var{coding} for saving or revisiting the visited | |
998 file in the current buffer. | |
999 | |
1000 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1001 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
1002 command. | |
1003 | |
1004 @item C-x @key{RET} r @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1005 Revisit the current file using the coding system @var{coding}. | |
1006 | |
1007 @item M-x recode-region @key{RET} @var{right} @key{RET} @var{wrong} @key{RET} | |
1008 Convert a region that was decoded using coding system @var{wrong}, | |
1009 decoding it using coding system @var{right} instead. | |
1010 @end table | |
1011 | |
1012 @kindex C-x RET f | |
1013 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
1014 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} | |
1015 (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) sets the file coding system for | |
1016 the current buffer---in other words, it says which coding system to | |
1017 use when saving or reverting the visited file. You specify which | |
1018 coding system using the minibuffer. If you specify a coding system | |
1019 that cannot handle all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs warns | |
1020 you about the troublesome characters when you actually save the | |
1021 buffer. | |
1022 | |
1023 @cindex specify end-of-line conversion | |
1024 You can also use this command to specify the end-of-line conversion | |
1025 (@pxref{Coding Systems, end-of-line conversion}) for encoding the | |
1026 current buffer. For example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f dos @key{RET}} will | |
1027 cause Emacs to save the current buffer's text with DOS-style CRLF line | |
1028 endings. | |
1029 | |
1030 @kindex C-x RET c | |
1031 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
1032 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
1033 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
1034 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
1035 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
1036 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
1037 command}. | |
1038 | |
1039 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
1040 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
1041 system for when you later save the file). Or if the immediately following | |
1042 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. | |
1043 When you specify the coding system for saving in this way, instead | |
1044 of with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f}, there is no warning if the buffer | |
1045 contains characters that the coding system cannot handle. | |
1046 | |
1047 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include | |
1048 @kbd{C-x i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants | |
1049 of @kbd{C-x C-f}. @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that | |
1050 start subprocesses, including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). If the | |
1051 immediately following command does not use the coding system, then | |
1052 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. | |
1053 | |
1054 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
1055 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
1056 | |
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1057 The default value of the variable @code{buffer-file-coding-system} |
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1058 specifies the choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. |
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1059 It applies when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and |
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1060 then save it in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets |
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1061 this variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language |
84260 | 1062 environment. |
1063 | |
1064 @kindex C-x RET r | |
1065 @findex revert-buffer-with-coding-system | |
1066 If you visit a file with a wrong coding system, you can correct this | |
1067 with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} r} (@code{revert-buffer-with-coding-system}). | |
1068 This visits the current file again, using a coding system you specify. | |
1069 | |
1070 @findex recode-region | |
1071 If a piece of text has already been inserted into a buffer using the | |
1072 wrong coding system, you can redo the decoding of it using @kbd{M-x | |
1073 recode-region}. This prompts you for the proper coding system, then | |
1074 for the wrong coding system that was actually used, and does the | |
1075 conversion. It first encodes the region using the wrong coding system, | |
1076 then decodes it again using the proper coding system. | |
1077 | |
1078 @node Communication Coding | |
1079 @section Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication | |
1080 | |
1081 This section explains how to specify coding systems for use | |
1082 in communication with other processes. | |
1083 | |
1084 @table @kbd | |
1085 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1086 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
1087 other window-based applications. | |
1088 | |
1089 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1090 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
1091 selection---the next one---to or from another window-based application. | |
1092 | |
1093 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
1094 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
1095 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
1096 | |
1097 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1098 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
1099 command. | |
1100 @end table | |
1101 | |
1102 @kindex C-x RET x | |
1103 @kindex C-x RET X | |
1104 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
1105 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
1106 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
1107 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to other windowing | |
1108 applications, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
1109 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
1110 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
1111 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
1112 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
1113 | |
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1114 @vindex x-select-request-type |
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1115 The variable @code{x-select-request-type} specifies the data type to |
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1116 request from the X Window System for receiving text selections from |
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1117 other applications. If the value is @code{nil} (the default), Emacs |
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1118 tries @code{COMPOUND_TEXT} and @code{UTF8_STRING}, in this order, and |
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1119 uses various heuristics to choose the more appropriate of the two |
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1120 results; if none of these succeed, Emacs falls back on @code{STRING}. |
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1121 If the value of @code{x-select-request-type} is one of the symbols |
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1122 @code{COMPOUND_TEXT}, @code{UTF8_STRING}, @code{STRING}, or |
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1123 @code{TEXT}, Emacs uses only that request type. If the value is a |
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1124 list of some of these symbols, Emacs tries only the request types in |
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1125 the list, in order, until one of them succeeds, or until the list is |
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1126 exhausted. |
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1127 |
84260 | 1128 @kindex C-x RET p |
1129 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
1130 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
1131 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
1132 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
1133 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
1134 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
1135 corresponding buffer. | |
1136 | |
1137 You can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} just before the command that | |
1138 runs or starts a subprocess, to specify the coding system to use for | |
1139 communication with that subprocess. | |
1140 | |
1141 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the | |
1142 current language environment. | |
1143 | |
1144 @vindex locale-coding-system | |
1145 @cindex decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X | |
1146 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system | |
1147 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error | |
1148 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. That | |
1149 coding system is also used for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X | |
1150 Window systems. You should choose a coding system that is compatible | |
1151 with the underlying system's text representation, which is normally | |
1152 specified by one of the environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, | |
1153 @env{LC_CTYPE}, and @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order | |
1154 specified above, whose value is nonempty is the one that determines | |
1155 the text representation.) | |
1156 | |
86275 | 1157 @vindex x-select-request-type |
1158 The variable @code{x-select-request-type} specifies a selection data | |
1159 type of selection to request from the X server. The default value is | |
1160 @code{nil}, which means Emacs tries @code{COMPOUND_TEXT} and | |
1161 @code{UTF8_STRING}, and uses whichever result seems more appropriate. | |
1162 You can explicitly specify the data type by setting the variable to | |
1163 one of the symbols @code{COMPOUND_TEXT}, @code{UTF8_STRING}, | |
1164 @code{STRING} and @code{TEXT}. | |
1165 | |
84260 | 1166 @node File Name Coding |
1167 @section Coding Systems for File Names | |
1168 | |
1169 @table @kbd | |
1170 @item C-x @key{RET} F @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1171 Use coding system @var{coding} for encoding and decoding file | |
1172 @emph{names}. | |
1173 @end table | |
1174 | |
1175 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
1176 @cindex file names with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters | |
1177 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding | |
1178 system to use for encoding file names. It has no effect on reading | |
1179 and writing the @emph{contents} of files. | |
1180 | |
1181 @findex set-file-name-coding-system | |
1182 @kindex C-x @key{RET} F | |
1183 If you set the variable to a coding system name (as a Lisp symbol or | |
1184 a string), Emacs encodes file names using that coding system for all | |
1185 file operations. This makes it possible to use non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1186 characters in file names---or, at least, those non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1187 characters which the specified coding system can encode. Use @kbd{C-x | |
1188 @key{RET} F} (@code{set-file-name-coding-system}) to specify this | |
1189 interactively. | |
1190 | |
1191 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a | |
1192 default coding system determined by the selected language environment. | |
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1193 In the default language environment, non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in |
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1194 file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the file system |
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1195 using the internal Emacs representation. |
84260 | 1196 |
1197 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
1198 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
1199 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
1200 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
1201 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
1202 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
1203 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
1204 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
1205 | |
1206 @findex recode-file-name | |
1207 If a mistake occurs when encoding a file name, use the command | |
1208 @kbd{M-x recode-file-name} to change the file name's coding | |
1209 system. This prompts for an existing file name, its old coding | |
1210 system, and the coding system to which you wish to convert. | |
1211 | |
1212 @node Terminal Coding | |
1213 @section Coding Systems for Terminal I/O | |
1214 | |
1215 @table @kbd | |
1216 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1217 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
1218 | |
1219 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1220 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
1221 @end table | |
1222 | |
1223 @kindex C-x RET t | |
1224 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
1225 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
1226 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
1227 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
1228 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
1229 | |
1230 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
1231 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
1232 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
1233 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
1234 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
1235 | |
1236 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
1237 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or | |
1238 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
1239 | |
1240 @kindex C-x RET k | |
1241 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
1242 @vindex keyboard-coding-system | |
1243 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) | |
1244 or the variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} specifies the coding | |
1245 system for keyboard input. Character-code translation of keyboard | |
1246 input is useful for terminals with keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1247 graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed for ISO | |
1248 Latin-1 or subsets of it. | |
1249 | |
1250 By default, keyboard input is translated based on your system locale | |
1251 setting. If your terminal does not really support the encoding | |
1252 implied by your locale (for example, if you find it inserts a | |
1253 non-@acronym{ASCII} character if you type @kbd{M-i}), you will need to set | |
1254 @code{keyboard-coding-system} to @code{nil} to turn off encoding. | |
1255 You can do this by putting | |
1256 | |
1257 @lisp | |
1258 (set-keyboard-coding-system nil) | |
1259 @end lisp | |
1260 | |
1261 @noindent | |
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1262 in your init file. |
84260 | 1263 |
1264 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
1265 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
1266 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
1267 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
1268 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of @acronym{ASCII} | |
1269 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of | |
1270 non-graphic characters. | |
1271 | |
1272 @node Fontsets | |
1273 @section Fontsets | |
1274 @cindex fontsets | |
1275 | |
1276 A font typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script. | |
1277 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports | |
1278 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is | |
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1279 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of font specs, |
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1280 each assigned to handle a range of character codes, and may fall back |
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1281 on another fontset for characters which are not covered by the fonts |
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|
1282 it specifies. |
84260 | 1283 |
1284 Each fontset has a name, like a font. However, while fonts are | |
1285 stored in the system and the available font names are defined by the | |
1286 system, fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. Once you have | |
1287 defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by specifying its name, | |
1288 anywhere that you could use a single font. Of course, Emacs fontsets | |
1289 can use only the fonts that the system supports; if certain characters | |
1290 appear on the screen as hollow boxes, this means that the fontset in | |
1291 use for them has no font for those characters.@footnote{The Emacs | |
1292 installation instructions have information on additional font | |
1293 support.} | |
1294 | |
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1295 Emacs creates three fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard |
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|
1296 fontset}, the @dfn{startup fontset} and the @dfn{default fontset}. |
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1297 The default fontset is most likely to have fonts for a wide variety of |
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1298 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters and is the default fallback for the |
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1299 other two fontsets, and if you set a default font rather than fontset. |
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1300 However it does not specify font family names, so results can be |
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1301 somewhat random if you use it directly. You can specify use of a |
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1302 specific fontset with the @samp{-fn} option. For example, |
84260 | 1303 |
1304 @example | |
1305 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
1306 @end example | |
1307 | |
1308 @noindent | |
1309 You can also specify a fontset with the @samp{Font} resource (@pxref{X | |
1310 Resources}). | |
1311 | |
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1312 If no fontset is specified for use, then Emacs uses an |
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1313 @acronym{ASCII} font, with @samp{fontset-default} as a fallback for |
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1314 characters the font does not cover. The standard fontset is only used if |
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1315 explicitly requested, despite its name. |
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1316 |
84260 | 1317 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character |
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1318 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if |
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|
1319 it specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot |
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1320 display that character properly. It will display that character as a |
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|
1321 hex code or thin space or an empty box instead. (@xref{Text Display, , |
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1322 glyphless characters}, for details.) |
84260 | 1323 |
1324 @node Defining Fontsets | |
1325 @section Defining fontsets | |
1326 | |
1327 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
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1328 @vindex w32-standard-fontset-spec |
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1329 @vindex ns-standard-fontset-spec |
84260 | 1330 @cindex standard fontset |
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1331 When running on X, Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value |
84260 | 1332 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is |
1333 | |
1334 @example | |
1335 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
1336 @end example | |
1337 | |
1338 @noindent | |
1339 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
1340 | |
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1341 On GNUstep and Mac, fontset-standard is created using the value of |
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1342 @code{ns-standard-fontset-spec}, and on Windows it is |
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1343 created using the value of @code{w32-standard-fontset-spec}. |
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1344 |
84260 | 1345 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are |
1346 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
1347 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
1348 | |
1349 @cindex startup fontset | |
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1350 Emacs generates a fontset automatically, based on any default |
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1351 @acronym{ASCII} font that you specify with the @samp{Font} resource or |
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1352 the @samp{-fn} argument, or the default font that Emacs found when it |
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1353 started. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is |
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1354 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the |
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1355 @var{charset_registry} field with @samp{fontset}, and replacing |
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1356 @var{charset_encoding} field with @samp{startup}, then using the |
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1357 resulting string to specify a fontset. |
84260 | 1358 |
1359 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
1360 | |
1361 @example | |
1362 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
1363 @end example | |
1364 | |
1365 @noindent | |
1366 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
1367 window frame: | |
1368 | |
1369 @example | |
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1370 -*-courier-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup |
84260 | 1371 @end example |
1372 | |
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1373 The startup fontset will use the font that you specify or a variant |
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1374 with a different registry and encoding for all the characters which |
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1375 are supported by that font, and fallback on @samp{fontset-default} for |
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1376 other characters. |
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1377 |
84260 | 1378 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name |
1379 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
1380 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
1381 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and | |
1382 menus cannot handle fontsets. | |
1383 | |
1384 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
1385 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
1386 The resource value should have this form: | |
1387 | |
1388 @smallexample | |
1389 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charset}:@var{font}@r{]@dots{}} | |
1390 @end smallexample | |
1391 | |
1392 @noindent | |
1393 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
1394 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
1395 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
1396 | |
1397 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1398 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1399 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1400 | |
1401 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1402 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1403 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1404 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1405 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1406 | |
1407 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1408 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
1409 that describe the character set. For the @acronym{ASCII} character font, | |
1410 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. | |
1411 | |
1412 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1413 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1414 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1415 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
1416 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs | |
1417 does. | |
1418 | |
1419 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1420 | |
1421 @example | |
1422 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1423 @end example | |
1424 | |
1425 @noindent | |
1426 the font specification for @acronym{ASCII} characters would be this: | |
1427 | |
1428 @example | |
1429 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1430 @end example | |
1431 | |
1432 @noindent | |
1433 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1434 | |
1435 @example | |
1436 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1437 @end example | |
1438 | |
1439 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1440 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1441 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1442 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1443 | |
1444 @smallexample | |
1445 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1446 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1447 @end smallexample | |
1448 | |
1449 @noindent | |
1450 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1451 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1452 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1453 field. | |
1454 | |
1455 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1456 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1457 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1458 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1459 | |
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1460 @xref{Fonts}, for more information about font naming. |
84260 | 1461 |
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1462 @node Modifying Fontsets |
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1463 @section Modifying Fontsets |
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1464 @cindex fontsets, modifying |
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1465 @findex set-fontset-font |
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1466 |
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1467 Fontsets do not always have to be created from scratch. If only |
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1468 minor changes are required it may be easier to modify an existing |
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1469 fontset. Modifying @samp{fontset-default} will also affect other |
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1470 fontsets that use it as a fallback, so can be an effective way of |
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1471 fixing problems with the fonts that Emacs chooses for a particular |
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1472 script. |
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1473 |
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1474 Fontsets can be modified using the function @code{set-fontset-font}, |
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1475 specifying a character, a charset, a script, or a range of characters |
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1476 to modify the font for, and a font-spec for the font to be used. Some |
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1477 examples are: |
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1478 |
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1479 @example |
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1480 ;; Use Liberation Mono for latin-3 charset. |
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1481 (set-fontset-font "fontset-default" 'iso-8859-3 "Liberation Mono") |
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1482 |
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1483 ;; Prefer a big5 font for han characters |
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1484 (set-fontset-font "fontset-default" 'han (font-spec :registry "big5") |
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1485 nil 'prepend) |
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1486 |
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1487 ;; Use DejaVu Sans Mono as a fallback in fontset-startup before |
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1488 ;; resorting to fontset-default. |
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1489 (set-fontset-font "fontset-startup" nil "DejaVu Sans Mono" nil 'append) |
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1490 |
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1491 ;; Use MyPrivateFont for the Unicode private use area. |
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1492 (set-fontset-font "fontset-default" '(#xe000 . #xf8ff) "MyPrivateFont") |
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1493 |
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1494 @end example |
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1495 |
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1496 |
84260 | 1497 @node Undisplayable Characters |
1498 @section Undisplayable Characters | |
1499 | |
1500 There may be a some non-@acronym{ASCII} characters that your terminal cannot | |
1501 display. Most text-only terminals support just a single character | |
1502 set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system} | |
1503 (@pxref{Terminal Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which | |
1504 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by | |
1505 default. | |
1506 | |
1507 Graphical displays can display a broader range of characters, but | |
1508 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have | |
1509 no font appear as a hollow box. | |
1510 | |
1511 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display | |
1512 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} sequences | |
1513 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library | |
1514 @file{iso-ascii} to do this. | |
1515 | |
1516 @vindex latin1-display | |
1517 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters | |
1518 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent | |
1519 Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics. Customize the variable | |
1520 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} | |
1521 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods. | |
1522 | |
1523 @node Unibyte Mode | |
1524 @section Unibyte Editing Mode | |
1525 | |
1526 @cindex European character sets | |
1527 @cindex accented characters | |
1528 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1529 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1530 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
1531 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the | |
1532 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages | |
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1533 (and some non-European ones). Note that Emacs considers bytes with |
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1534 codes in this range as raw bytes, not as characters, even in a unibyte |
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1535 session, i.e.@: if you disable multibyte characters. However, Emacs |
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1536 can still handle these character codes as if they belonged to |
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1537 @emph{one} of the single-byte character sets at a time. To specify |
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1538 @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x |
84260 | 1539 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment |
1540 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. | |
1541 | |
1542 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1543 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
1544 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain | |
1545 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. | |
1546 | |
1547 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
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1548 Emacs can also display bytes in the range 160 to 255 as readable |
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1549 characters, provided the terminal or font in use supports them. This |
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1550 works automatically. On a graphical display, Emacs can also display |
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1551 single-byte characters through fontsets, in effect by displaying the |
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1552 equivalent multibyte characters according to the current language |
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1553 environment. To request this, set the variable |
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1554 @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} to a non-@code{nil} |
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1555 value. Note that setting this only affects how these bytes are |
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1556 displayed, but does not change the fundamental fact that Emacs treats |
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1557 them as raw bytes, not as characters. |
84260 | 1558 |
1559 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1560 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
1561 set, Emacs can display these characters as @acronym{ASCII} sequences which at | |
1562 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, | |
1563 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1564 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1565 them yet. | |
1566 | |
1567 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1568 @cindex 8-bit display | |
1569 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159 | |
1570 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for | |
1571 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the | |
1572 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. | |
1573 | |
1574 There are two ways to input single-byte non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1575 characters: | |
1576 | |
1577 @itemize @bullet | |
1578 @cindex 8-bit input | |
1579 @item | |
1580 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1581 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
1582 the non-@acronym{ASCII} character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. | |
1583 | |
1584 @item | |
1585 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up, | |
1586 representing non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can type those character codes | |
1587 directly. | |
1588 | |
1589 On a graphical display, you should not need to do anything special to use | |
1590 these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you | |
1591 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the | |
1592 variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding system | |
1593 your keyboard uses (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). Enabling this feature | |
1594 will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta characters; | |
1595 however, on a console terminal or in @code{xterm}, you can arrange for | |
1596 Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type 8-bit | |
1597 characters present directly on the keyboard or using @kbd{Compose} or | |
1598 @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}. | |
1599 | |
1600 @kindex C-x 8 | |
1601 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library | |
1602 @cindex compose character | |
1603 @cindex dead character | |
1604 @item | |
1605 For Latin-1 only, you can use the key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose | |
1606 character'' prefix for entry of non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-1 printing | |
1607 characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for insertion (in the minibuffer as | |
1608 well as other buffers), for searching, and in any other context where | |
1609 a key sequence is allowed. | |
1610 | |
1611 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that | |
1612 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if the keyboard has | |
1613 one, serves the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}: use @key{ALT} together | |
1614 with an accent character to modify the following letter. In addition, | |
1615 if the keyboard has keys for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,'' | |
1616 they too are defined to compose with the following character, once | |
1617 @code{iso-transl} is loaded. | |
1618 | |
1619 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list all the available @kbd{C-x 8} translations. | |
1620 @end itemize | |
1621 | |
1622 @node Charsets | |
1623 @section Charsets | |
1624 @cindex charsets | |
1625 | |
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1626 In Emacs, @dfn{charset} is short for ``character set''. Emacs |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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1627 supports most popular charsets (such as @code{ascii}, |
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1628 @code{iso-8859-1}, @code{cp1250}, @code{big5}, and @code{unicode}), in |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1629 addition to some charsets of its own (such as @code{emacs}, |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1630 @code{unicode-bmp}, and @code{eight-bit}). All supported characters |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1631 belong to one or more charsets. |
84260 | 1632 |
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|
1633 Emacs normally ``does the right thing'' with respect to charsets, so |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1634 that you don't have to worry about them. However, it is sometimes |
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|
1635 helpful to know some of the underlying details about charsets. |
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1636 |
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Document font-use-system-font.
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1637 One example is font selection (@pxref{Fonts}). Each language |
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1638 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) defines a ``priority |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1639 list'' for the various charsets. When searching for a font, Emacs |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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1640 initially attempts to find one that can display the highest-priority |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1641 charsets. For instance, in the Japanese language environment, the |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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1642 charset @code{japanese-jisx0208} has the highest priority, so Emacs |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1643 tries to use a font whose @code{registry} property is |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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1644 @samp{JISX0208.1983-0}. |
84260 | 1645 |
1646 @findex list-charset-chars | |
1647 @cindex characters in a certain charset | |
1648 @findex describe-character-set | |
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|
1649 There are two commands that can be used to obtain information about |
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1650 charsets. The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a |
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1651 charset name, and displays all the characters in that character set. |
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1652 The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a charset |
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|
1653 name, and displays information about that charset, including its |
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|
1654 internal representation within Emacs. |
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(Charsets): Update the description for the new charset.
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|
1655 |
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|
1656 @findex list-character-sets |
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|
1657 To display a list of all supported charsets, type @kbd{M-x |
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|
1658 list-character-sets}. The list gives the names of charsets and |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1659 additional information to identity each charset (see |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1660 @url{http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/} for details). In this list, |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1661 charsets are divided into two categories: @dfn{normal charsets} are |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1662 listed first, followed by @dfn{supplementary charsets}. A |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1663 supplementary charset is one that is used to define another charset |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1664 (as a parent or a subset), or to provide backward-compatibility for |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1665 older Emacs versions. |
84260 | 1666 |
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|
1667 To find out which charset a character in the buffer belongs to, put |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1668 point before it and type @kbd{C-u C-x =} (@pxref{International |
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* mule.texi (Charsets): Numerous copyedits. Don't discuss the
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|
1669 Chars}). |
84260 | 1670 |
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1671 @node Bidirectional Editing |
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1672 @section Bidirectional Editing |
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1673 @cindex bidirectional editing |
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1674 @cindex right-to-left text |
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1675 |
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1676 Emacs supports editing text written in scripts, such as Arabic and |
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1677 Hebrew, whose natural ordering of horizontal text for display is from |
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1678 right to left. However, digits and Latin text embedded in these |
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1679 scripts are still displayed left to right. It is also not uncommon to |
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1680 have small portions of text in Arabic or Hebrew embedded in otherwise |
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|
1681 Latin document, e.g., as comments and strings in a program source |
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1682 file. For these reasons, text that uses these scripts is actually |
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1683 @dfn{bidirectional}: a mixture of runs of left-to-right and |
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1684 right-to-left characters. |
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1685 |
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1686 This section describes the facilities and options provided by Emacs |
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1687 for editing bidirectional text. |
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1688 |
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1689 @cindex logical order |
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1690 @cindex visual order |
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1691 Emacs stores right-to-left and bidirectional text in the so-called |
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|
1692 @dfn{logical} (or @dfn{reading}) order: the buffer or string position |
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|
1693 of the first character you read precedes that of the next character. |
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1694 Reordering of bidirectional text into the @dfn{visual} order happens |
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|
1695 at display time. As result, character positions no longer increase |
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|
1696 monotonically with their positions on display. Emacs implements the |
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|
1697 Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm described in the Unicode Standard |
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|
1698 Annex #9, for reordering of bidirectional text for display. |
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1699 |
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1700 @vindex bidi-display-reordering |
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1701 The buffer-local variable @code{bidi-display-reordering} controls |
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1702 whether text in the buffer is reordered for display. If its value is |
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1703 non-@code{nil}, Emacs reorders characters that have right-to-left |
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1704 directionality when they are displayed. The default value is |
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1705 @code{nil}. |
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1706 |
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1707 Each paragraph of bidirectional text can have its own @dfn{base |
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1708 direction}, either right-to-left or left-to-right. (Paragraph |
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1709 boundaries are defined by the regular expressions |
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1710 @code{paragraph-start} and @code{paragraph-separate}, see |
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|
1711 @ref{Paragraphs}.) Text in left-to-right paragraphs begins at the |
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|
1712 left margin of the window and is truncated or continued when it |
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1713 reaches the right margin. By contrast, text in right-to-left |
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1714 paragraphs begins at the right margin and is continued or truncated at |
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1715 the left margin. |
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1716 |
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1717 @vindex bidi-paragraph-direction |
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1718 Emacs determines the base direction of each paragraph dynamically, |
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|
1719 based on the text at the beginning of the paragraph. However, |
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1720 sometimes a buffer may need to force a certain base direction for its |
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1721 paragraphs. The variable @code{bidi-paragraph-direction}, if |
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1722 non-@code{nil}, disables the dynamic determination of the base |
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1723 direction, and instead forces all paragraphs in the buffer to have the |
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1724 direction specified by its buffer-local value. The value can be either |
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1725 @code{right-to-left} or @code{left-to-right}. Any other value is |
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1726 interpreted as @code{nil}. |
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1727 |
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1728 @cindex LRM |
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1729 @cindex RLM |
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1730 Alternatively, you can control the base direction of a paragraph by |
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1731 inserting special formatting characters in front of the paragraph. |
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1732 The special character @code{RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK}, or @sc{rlm}, forces |
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1733 the right-to-left direction on the following paragraph, while |
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1734 @code{LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK}, or @sc{lrm} forces the left-to-right |
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1735 direction. (You can use @kbd{C-x 8 RET} to insert these characters.) |
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1736 In a GUI session, the @sc{lrm} and @sc{rlm} characters display as |
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1737 blanks. |
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1738 |
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1739 Because characters are reordered for display, Emacs commands that |
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1740 operate in the logical order or on stretches of buffer positions may |
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1741 produce unusual effects. For example, @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} |
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1742 commands move point in the logical order, so the cursor will sometimes |
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1743 jump when point traverses reordered bidirectional text. Similarly, a |
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1744 highlighted region covering a contiguous range of character positions |
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1745 may look discontinuous if the region spans reordered text. This is |
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1746 normal and similar to behavior of other programs that support |
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1747 bidirectional text. |