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annotate doc/emacs/screen.texi @ 112397:a7191495c39c
Include entries from yesterdays checkins that were in an unsaved buffer.
author | Ken Manheimer <ken.manheimer@gmail.com> |
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date | Fri, 21 Jan 2011 11:36:24 -0500 |
parents | ef719132ddfa |
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84265 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002, | |
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3 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84265 | 5 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top | |
7 @chapter The Organization of the Screen | |
8 @cindex screen | |
9 @cindex parts of the screen | |
10 | |
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11 On a text-only terminal, the Emacs display occupies the entire |
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12 terminal screen. On a graphical display, such as on GNU/Linux using |
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13 the X Window System, Emacs creates its own windows to use. We use the |
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14 term @dfn{frame} to mean the entire terminal screen or graphical |
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15 window used by Emacs. Emacs uses both kinds of frames, in the same |
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16 way, to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out with just one |
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17 frame, but you can create additional frames if you wish |
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18 (@pxref{Frames}). |
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19 |
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20 The frame consists of several distinct regions. At the top of the |
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21 frame is a @dfn{menu bar}, which allows you to access commands via a |
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22 series of menus. On a graphical display, directly below the menu bar |
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23 is a @dfn{tool bar}, a row of icons that perform editing commands if |
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24 you click on them. At the very bottom of the frame is a special |
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25 @dfn{echo area}, where short informative messages are displayed and |
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26 where you enter information when Emacs asks for it. |
84265 | 27 |
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28 The main area of the frame, below the tool bar (if one exists) and |
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29 above the echo area, is called @dfn{the window}. This is where Emacs |
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30 displays the @dfn{buffer}: the text that you are editing. On a |
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31 graphical display, the window possesses a @dfn{scroll bar} on one |
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32 side, which you can use to display different parts of the buffer in |
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33 the window. The last line of the window is a @dfn{mode line}. This |
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34 displays various information about what is going on in the buffer, |
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35 such as whether there are unsaved changes, the editing modes that are |
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36 in use, the current line number, and so forth. |
84265 | 37 |
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38 When you start Emacs, there is normally only one window in the |
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39 frame. However, you can subdivide this window horizontally or |
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40 vertically to create multiple windows, each of which can independently |
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41 display a buffer (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word |
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42 ``window'' refers to the initial large window if not subdivided, or |
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43 any one of the multiple windows you have subdivided it into. |
84265 | 44 |
45 At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}. On graphical | |
46 displays, the selected window normally shows a more prominent cursor | |
47 (usually solid and blinking) while other windows show a weaker cursor | |
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48 (such as a hollow box). Text terminals have just one cursor, so it |
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49 always appears in the selected window. The buffer displayed in the |
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50 selected window is called the @dfn{current buffer}, and it is where |
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51 editing happens. Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the current |
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52 buffer; the text displayed in unselected windows is mostly visible for |
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53 reference. If you use multiple frames on a graphical display, |
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54 selecting a particular frame selects a window in that frame. |
84265 | 55 |
56 @menu | |
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57 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. |
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58 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. |
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59 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. |
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60 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. |
84265 | 61 @end menu |
62 | |
63 @node Point | |
64 @section Point | |
65 @cindex point | |
66 @cindex cursor | |
67 | |
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68 The active cursor shows the location at which editing commands will |
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69 take effect, which is called @dfn{point}@footnote{The term ``point'' |
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70 comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the command in TECO (the |
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71 language in which the original Emacs was written) for accessing the |
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72 value now called ``point.''}. Many Emacs commands move point to |
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73 different places in the buffer; for example, you can place point by |
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74 clicking mouse button 1 (normally the left button) at the desired |
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75 location. |
84265 | 76 |
77 While the cursor appears to be @emph{on} a character, you should | |
78 think of point as @emph{between} two characters; it points @emph{before} | |
79 the character that appears under the cursor. For example, if your text | |
80 looks like @samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is | |
81 between the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character | |
82 @samp{!} at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point | |
83 between the @samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over | |
84 the @samp{b}, as before. | |
85 | |
86 Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or | |
87 speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands. | |
88 | |
89 If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer, | |
90 each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not | |
91 currently displayed remembers its point location in case you display | |
92 it again later. When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has | |
93 its own point location. If the same buffer appears in more than one | |
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94 window, each window has its own point position in that buffer. |
84265 | 95 |
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96 On a graphical display, Emacs shows a cursor in each window; the |
84265 | 97 selected window's cursor is solid and blinking, and the other cursors |
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98 are hollow. On a text-only terminal, there is just one cursor, in the |
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99 selected window; even though the unselected windows have their own |
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100 point positions, they do not display a cursor. @xref{Cursor Display}, |
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101 for customizable variables that control cursor display. |
84265 | 102 |
103 @node Echo Area | |
104 @section The Echo Area | |
105 @cindex echo area | |
106 | |
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107 The line at the very bottom of the frame is the @dfn{echo area}. It |
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108 is used to display small amounts of text for various purposes. |
84265 | 109 |
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110 @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. |
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111 Single-character commands, including most simple editing operations, |
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112 are not echoed. Multi-character commands are echoed if you pause |
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113 while typing them: if you pause for more than a second in the middle |
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114 of a command, Emacs echoes all the characters of the command so far, |
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115 to prompt you for the rest of the command. The echoed characters are |
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116 displayed in the echo area. Once echoing has started, the rest of the |
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117 command echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed |
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118 to give confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users |
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119 maximum feedback. @xref{Display Custom}. |
84265 | 120 |
121 @cindex error message in the echo area | |
122 If a command cannot do its job, it may display an @dfn{error | |
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123 message}. Error messages are also displayed in the echo area. They |
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124 may be accompanied by beeping or by flashing the screen. |
84265 | 125 |
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126 Some commands display informative messages in the echo area. Unlike |
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127 error messages, these messages are not announced with a beep or flash. |
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128 Sometimes the message tells you what the command has done, when this |
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129 is not obvious from looking at the text being edited. Other times, |
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130 the sole purpose of a command is to show you a message giving you |
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131 specific information. For example, @kbd{C-x =} (hold down @key{CTRL} |
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132 and type @kbd{x}, then let go of @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{=}) displays |
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133 a message describing the character position of point in the text and |
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134 its current column in the window. Commands that take a long time |
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135 often display messages ending in @samp{...} while they are working, |
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136 and add @samp{done} at the end when they are finished. They may also |
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137 indicate progress with percentages. |
84265 | 138 |
139 @cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer | |
140 @cindex saved echo area messages | |
141 @cindex messages saved from echo area | |
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142 @vindex message-log-max |
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143 Informative echo-area messages are saved in a special buffer named |
84265 | 144 @samp{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see |
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145 @ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a |
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146 message that appeared briefly on the screen, you can switch to the |
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147 @samp{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. The @samp{*Messages*} |
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148 buffer is limited to a certain number of lines, specified by the |
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149 variable @code{message-log-max}. (We have not explained variables |
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150 either; see @ref{Variables}, for more information about them.) Beyond |
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151 this limit, one line is deleted from the beginning whenever a new |
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152 message line is added at the end. |
84265 | 153 |
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154 @cindex minibuffer |
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155 The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a |
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156 special window where you can input arguments to commands, such as the |
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157 name of a file to be edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the text |
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158 displayed in the echo area begins with a @dfn{prompt string} (usually |
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159 ending with a colon); also, the active cursor appears within the |
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160 minibuffer, which is temporarily considered the selected window. You |
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161 can always get out of the minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}. |
84265 | 162 @xref{Minibuffer}. |
163 | |
164 @node Mode Line | |
165 @section The Mode Line | |
166 @cindex mode line | |
167 @cindex top level | |
168 | |
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169 At the bottom of each window is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes |
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170 what is going on in the current buffer. When there is only one |
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171 window, the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the |
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172 next-to-last line in the frame. On a graphical display, the mode line |
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173 is drawn with a 3D box appearance, and the mode line of the selected |
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174 window has a brighter color than that of unselected windows to make it |
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175 stand out. On a text-only terminal, the mode line is usually drawn in |
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176 inverse video. |
84265 | 177 |
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178 The text displayed in the mode line has the following format: |
84265 | 179 |
180 @example | |
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181 -@var{cs}:@var{ch}-@var{fr} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})------ |
84265 | 182 @end example |
183 | |
184 @noindent | |
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185 The @var{cs} string and the colon character after it describe the |
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186 character set and newline convention used for the current buffer. |
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187 Normally, Emacs handles these settings intelligently, but it is |
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188 sometimes useful to have this information. |
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189 |
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190 @var{cs} describes the character set of the buffer (@pxref{Coding |
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191 Systems}). If it is a dash (@samp{-}), that indicates the default |
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192 state of affairs: no special character set handling, except for the |
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193 end-of-line translations described in the next paragraph. @samp{=} |
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194 means no conversion whatsoever. Letters represent various nontrivial |
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195 @dfn{coding systems}---for example, @samp{1} represents ISO Latin-1. |
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196 On a text-only terminal, @var{cs} is preceded by two additional |
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197 characters that describe the coding system for keyboard input and the |
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198 coding system for terminal output. Furthermore, if you are using an |
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199 input method, @var{cs} is preceded by a string that identifies the |
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200 input method, which takes the form @samp{@var{i}>}, @samp{@var{i}+}, |
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201 or @samp{@var{i}@@} (@pxref{Input Methods}). |
84265 | 202 |
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203 @cindex end-of-line conversion, mode-line indication |
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204 The character after @var{cs} is usually a colon. However, under |
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205 some circumstances a different string is displayed, which indicates a |
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206 nontrivial end-of-line convention. Usually, lines of text are |
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207 separated by @dfn{newline characters}, but two other conventions are |
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208 sometimes used. The MS-DOS convention is to use a ``carriage-return'' |
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209 character followed by a ``linefeed'' character; when editing such |
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210 files, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or |
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211 @samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. The Macintosh |
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212 end-of-line convention is to use a ``carriage-return'' character |
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213 instead of a newline; when editing such files, the colon indicator |
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214 changes to either a forward slash (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some |
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215 systems, Emacs displays @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon for files |
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216 that use newline as the line separator. |
84265 | 217 |
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218 The next element on the mode line is the string indicated by |
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219 @var{ch}. This shows two dashes (@samp{--}) if the buffer displayed |
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220 in the window has the same contents as the corresponding file on the |
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221 disk; i.e., if the buffer is ``unmodified''. If the buffer is |
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222 modified, it shows two stars (@samp{**}). For a read-only buffer, it |
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223 shows @samp{%*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise. |
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224 |
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225 The character after @var{ch} is normally a dash (@samp{-}). |
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226 However, if the default-directory for the current buffer is on a |
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227 remote machine, @samp{@@} is displayed instead (@pxref{File Names}). |
84265 | 228 |
229 @var{fr} gives the selected frame name (@pxref{Frames}). It appears | |
230 only on text-only terminals. The initial frame's name is @samp{F1}. | |
231 | |
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232 @var{buf} is the name of the buffer displayed in the window. |
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233 Usually, this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. |
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234 @xref{Buffers}. |
84265 | 235 |
236 @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of | |
237 the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all | |
238 visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is | |
239 @samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot} | |
240 if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where | |
241 @var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window. | |
242 With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as | |
243 well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}. | |
244 | |
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245 @var{line} is the character @samp{L} followed by the line number at |
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246 point. (You can display the current column number too, by turning on |
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247 Column Number mode. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.) |
84265 | 248 |
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249 @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} used in the buffer. |
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250 A major mode is a principal editing mode for the buffer, such as Text |
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251 mode, Lisp mode, C mode, and so forth. @xref{Major Modes}. |
84265 | 252 |
253 Some major modes display additional information after the major mode | |
254 name. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and | |
255 the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell buffers | |
256 display the status of the subprocess. | |
257 | |
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258 @var{minor} is a list of some of the @dfn{minor modes} turned on in |
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259 the buffer. Minor modes are optional editing modes that provide |
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260 additional features on top of the major mode. @xref{Minor Modes}. |
84265 | 261 |
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262 Some features are listed together with the minor modes whenever they |
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263 are turned on, even through they are not really minor modes. |
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264 @samp{Narrow} means that the buffer being displayed has editing |
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265 restricted to only a portion of its text (@pxref{Narrowing}). |
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266 @samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is currently being defined |
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267 (@pxref{Keyboard Macros}). |
84265 | 268 |
269 In addition, if Emacs is inside a recursive editing level, square | |
270 brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that | |
271 surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within | |
272 another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive | |
273 editing levels affect Emacs globally, not just one buffer, the square | |
274 brackets appear in every window's mode line or not in any of them. | |
275 @xref{Recursive Edit}.@refill | |
276 | |
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277 You can change the appearance of the mode line as well as the format |
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278 of its contents. @xref{Optional Mode Line}. In addition, the mode |
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279 line is mouse-sensitive; clicking on different parts of the mode line |
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280 performs various commands. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}. |
84265 | 281 |
282 @node Menu Bar | |
283 @section The Menu Bar | |
284 @cindex menu bar | |
285 | |
286 Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you | |
287 can use to perform common operations. There's no need to list them | |
288 here, as you can more easily see them yourself. | |
289 | |
290 @kindex M-` | |
291 @kindex F10 | |
292 @findex tmm-menubar | |
293 @findex menu-bar-open | |
294 On a graphical display, you can use the mouse to choose a command | |
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295 from the menu bar. A right-arrow at the end of a menu item means it |
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296 leads to a subsidiary menu, or @dfn{submenu}. A @samp{...} at the end |
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297 of a menu item means that the command invoked will prompt you for |
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298 further input before it actually does anything. |
84265 | 299 |
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300 Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as |
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301 well; if so, a key binding is shown in parentheses after the item |
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302 itself. To view the full command name and documentation for a menu |
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303 item, type @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in |
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304 the usual way (@pxref{Key Help}). |
84265 | 305 |
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306 Instead of using the mouse, you can also invoke the first menu bar |
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307 item by pressing @key{F10} (to run the command @code{menu-bar-open}). |
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308 You can then navigate the menus with the arrow keys. To activate a |
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309 selected menu item, press @key{RET}; to cancel menu navigation, press |
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310 @key{ESC}. |
84265 | 311 |
312 On text-only terminals with no mouse, you can use the menu bar by | |
313 typing @kbd{M-`} or @key{F10} (these run the command | |
314 @code{tmm-menubar}). This lets you select a menu item with the | |
315 keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo area. You can use | |
316 the up and down arrow keys to move through the menu to different | |
317 items, and then you can type @key{RET} to select the item. | |
318 | |
319 Each menu item also has an assigned letter or digit which designates | |
320 that item; it is usually the initial of some word in the item's name. | |
321 This letter or digit is separated from the item name by @samp{=>}. You | |
322 can type the item's letter or digit to select the item. |