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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 06 Mar 2001 16:13:34 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6451 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/modes | |
7 @node Modes, Documentation, Keymaps, Top | |
8 @chapter Major and Minor Modes | |
9 @cindex mode | |
10 | |
11 A @dfn{mode} is a set of definitions that customize Emacs and can be | |
12 turned on and off while you edit. There are two varieties of modes: | |
13 @dfn{major modes}, which are mutually exclusive and used for editing | |
14 particular kinds of text, and @dfn{minor modes}, which provide features | |
15 that users can enable individually. | |
16 | |
17 This chapter describes how to write both major and minor modes, how to | |
18 indicate them in the mode line, and how they run hooks supplied by the | |
19 user. For related topics such as keymaps and syntax tables, see | |
20 @ref{Keymaps}, and @ref{Syntax Tables}. | |
21 | |
22 @menu | |
23 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
24 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
25 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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26 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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27 of definitions in the buffer. |
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28 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
6451 | 29 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks. |
30 @end menu | |
31 | |
32 @node Major Modes | |
33 @section Major Modes | |
34 @cindex major mode | |
35 @cindex Fundamental mode | |
36 | |
37 Major modes specialize Emacs for editing particular kinds of text. | |
38 Each buffer has only one major mode at a time. | |
39 | |
40 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}. | |
41 This mode has no mode-specific definitions or variable settings, so each | |
42 Emacs command behaves in its default manner, and each option is in its | |
43 default state. All other major modes redefine various keys and options. | |
44 For example, Lisp Interaction mode provides special key bindings for | |
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45 @kbd{C-j} (@code{eval-print-last-sexp}), @key{TAB} |
6451 | 46 (@code{lisp-indent-line}), and other keys. |
47 | |
48 When you need to write several editing commands to help you perform a | |
49 specialized editing task, creating a new major mode is usually a good | |
50 idea. In practice, writing a major mode is easy (in contrast to | |
51 writing a minor mode, which is often difficult). | |
52 | |
53 If the new mode is similar to an old one, it is often unwise to modify | |
54 the old one to serve two purposes, since it may become harder to use and | |
55 maintain. Instead, copy and rename an existing major mode definition | |
56 and alter the copy---or define a @dfn{derived mode} (@pxref{Derived | |
57 Modes}). For example, Rmail Edit mode, which is in | |
25875 | 58 @file{emacs/lisp/mail/rmailedit.el}, is a major mode that is very similar to |
59 Text mode except that it provides two additional commands. Its | |
60 definition is distinct from that of Text mode, but uses that of Text mode. | |
6451 | 61 |
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62 Even if the new mode is not an obvious derivative of any other mode, |
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63 it can be convenient to define it as a derivative of |
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64 @code{fundamental-mode}, so that @code{define-derived-mode} can |
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65 automatically enforce the most important coding conventions for you. |
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66 |
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67 Rmail Edit mode offers an example of changing the major mode |
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68 temporarily for a buffer, so it can be edited in a different way (with |
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69 ordinary Emacs commands rather than Rmail commands). In such cases, the |
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70 temporary major mode usually provides a command to switch back to the |
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71 buffer's usual mode (Rmail mode, in this case). You might be tempted to |
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72 present the temporary redefinitions inside a recursive edit and restore |
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73 the usual ones when the user exits; but this is a bad idea because it |
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74 constrains the user's options when it is done in more than one buffer: |
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75 recursive edits must be exited most-recently-entered first. Using an |
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76 alternative major mode avoids this limitation. @xref{Recursive |
6451 | 77 Editing}. |
78 | |
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79 The standard GNU Emacs Lisp library directory tree contains the code |
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80 for several major modes, in files such as @file{text-mode.el}, |
6451 | 81 @file{texinfo.el}, @file{lisp-mode.el}, @file{c-mode.el}, and |
25875 | 82 @file{rmail.el}. They are found in various subdirectories of the |
83 @file{lisp} directory. You can study these libraries to see how modes | |
84 are written. Text mode is perhaps the simplest major mode aside from | |
6451 | 85 Fundamental mode. Rmail mode is a complicated and specialized mode. |
86 | |
87 @menu | |
88 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
89 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
90 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
91 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
92 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major | |
93 mode. | |
94 @end menu | |
95 | |
96 @node Major Mode Conventions | |
97 @subsection Major Mode Conventions | |
98 | |
99 The code for existing major modes follows various coding conventions, | |
100 including conventions for local keymap and syntax table initialization, | |
101 global names, and hooks. Please follow these conventions when you | |
102 define a new major mode: | |
103 | |
104 @itemize @bullet | |
105 @item | |
106 Define a command whose name ends in @samp{-mode}, with no arguments, | |
107 that switches to the new mode in the current buffer. This command | |
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108 should set up the keymap, syntax table, and buffer-local variables in an |
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109 existing buffer, without changing the buffer's contents. |
6451 | 110 |
111 @item | |
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112 Write a documentation string for this command that describes the |
6451 | 113 special commands available in this mode. @kbd{C-h m} |
114 (@code{describe-mode}) in your mode will display this string. | |
115 | |
116 The documentation string may include the special documentation | |
117 substrings, @samp{\[@var{command}]}, @samp{\@{@var{keymap}@}}, and | |
24934 | 118 @samp{\<@var{keymap}>}, which enable the documentation to adapt |
6451 | 119 automatically to the user's own key bindings. @xref{Keys in |
120 Documentation}. | |
121 | |
122 @item | |
123 The major mode command should start by calling | |
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124 @code{kill-all-local-variables}. This is what gets rid of the |
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125 buffer-local variables of the major mode previously in effect. |
6451 | 126 |
127 @item | |
128 The major mode command should set the variable @code{major-mode} to the | |
129 major mode command symbol. This is how @code{describe-mode} discovers | |
130 which documentation to print. | |
131 | |
132 @item | |
133 The major mode command should set the variable @code{mode-name} to the | |
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134 ``pretty'' name of the mode, as a string. This string appears in the |
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135 mode line. |
6451 | 136 |
137 @item | |
138 @cindex functions in modes | |
139 Since all global names are in the same name space, all the global | |
140 variables, constants, and functions that are part of the mode should | |
141 have names that start with the major mode name (or with an abbreviation | |
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142 of it if the name is long). @xref{Coding Conventions}. |
6451 | 143 |
144 @item | |
145 @cindex keymaps in modes | |
146 The major mode should usually have its own keymap, which is used as the | |
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147 local keymap in all buffers in that mode. The major mode command should |
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148 call @code{use-local-map} to install this local map. @xref{Active |
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149 Keymaps}, for more information. |
6451 | 150 |
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151 This keymap should be stored permanently in a global variable named |
6451 | 152 @code{@var{modename}-mode-map}. Normally the library that defines the |
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153 mode sets this variable. |
6451 | 154 |
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155 @xref{Tips for Defining}, for advice about how to write the code to set |
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156 up the mode's keymap variable. |
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157 |
6451 | 158 @item |
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159 The key sequences bound in a major mode keymap should usually start with |
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160 @kbd{C-c}, followed by a control character, a digit, or @kbd{@{}, |
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161 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:} or @kbd{;}. The other punctuation |
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162 characters are reserved for minor modes, and ordinary letters are |
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163 reserved for users. |
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164 |
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165 It is reasonable for a major mode to rebind a key sequence with a |
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166 standard meaning, if it implements a command that does ``the same job'' |
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167 in a way that fits the major mode better. For example, a major mode for |
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168 editing a programming language might redefine @kbd{C-M-a} to ``move to |
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169 the beginning of a function'' in a way that works better for that |
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170 language. |
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171 |
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172 Major modes such as Dired or Rmail that do not allow self-insertion of |
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173 text can reasonably redefine letters and other printing characters as |
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174 editing commands. Dired and Rmail both do this. |
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175 |
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176 @item |
6451 | 177 @cindex syntax tables in modes |
178 The mode may have its own syntax table or may share one with other | |
179 related modes. If it has its own syntax table, it should store this in | |
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180 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-syntax-table}. @xref{Syntax |
6451 | 181 Tables}. |
182 | |
183 @item | |
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184 If the mode handles a language that has a syntax for comments, it should |
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185 set the variables that define the comment syntax. @xref{Options for |
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186 Comments,, Options Controlling Comments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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187 |
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188 @item |
6451 | 189 @cindex abbrev tables in modes |
190 The mode may have its own abbrev table or may share one with other | |
191 related modes. If it has its own abbrev table, it should store this in | |
192 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-abbrev-table}. @xref{Abbrev | |
193 Tables}. | |
194 | |
195 @item | |
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196 The mode should specify how to do highlighting for Font Lock mode, by |
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197 setting up a buffer-local value for the variable |
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198 @code{font-lock-defaults} (@pxref{Font Lock Mode}). |
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199 |
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200 @item |
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201 The mode should specify how Imenu should find the definitions or |
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202 sections of a buffer, by setting up a buffer-local value for the |
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203 variable @code{imenu-generic-expression} or |
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204 @code{imenu-create-index-function} (@pxref{Imenu}). |
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205 |
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206 @item |
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207 Use @code{defvar} or @code{defcustom} to set mode-related variables, so |
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208 that they are not reinitialized if they already have a value. (Such |
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209 reinitialization could discard customizations made by the user.) |
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210 |
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211 @item |
6451 | 212 @cindex buffer-local variables in modes |
213 To make a buffer-local binding for an Emacs customization variable, use | |
214 @code{make-local-variable} in the major mode command, not | |
215 @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. The latter function would make the | |
216 variable local to every buffer in which it is subsequently set, which | |
217 would affect buffers that do not use this mode. It is undesirable for a | |
218 mode to have such global effects. @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}. | |
219 | |
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220 With rare exceptions, the only reasonable way to use |
25875 | 221 @code{make-variable-buffer-local} in a Lisp package is for a variable |
222 which is used only within that package. Using it on a variable used by | |
223 other packages would interfere with them. | |
6451 | 224 |
225 @item | |
226 @cindex mode hook | |
227 @cindex major mode hook | |
228 Each major mode should have a @dfn{mode hook} named | |
229 @code{@var{modename}-mode-hook}. The major mode command should run that | |
230 hook, with @code{run-hooks}, as the very last thing it | |
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231 does. @xref{Hooks}. |
6451 | 232 |
233 @item | |
234 The major mode command may also run the hooks of some more basic modes. | |
235 For example, @code{indented-text-mode} runs @code{text-mode-hook} as | |
236 well as @code{indented-text-mode-hook}. It may run these other hooks | |
237 immediately before the mode's own hook (that is, after everything else), | |
238 or it may run them earlier. | |
239 | |
240 @item | |
241 If something special should be done if the user switches a buffer from | |
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242 this mode to any other major mode, this mode can set up a buffer-local |
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243 value for @code{change-major-mode-hook} (@pxref{Creating Buffer-Local}). |
6451 | 244 |
245 @item | |
246 If this mode is appropriate only for specially-prepared text, then the | |
247 major mode command symbol should have a property named @code{mode-class} | |
248 with value @code{special}, put on as follows: | |
249 | |
250 @cindex @code{mode-class} property | |
251 @cindex @code{special} | |
252 @example | |
253 (put 'funny-mode 'mode-class 'special) | |
254 @end example | |
255 | |
256 @noindent | |
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257 This tells Emacs that new buffers created while the current buffer is in |
6451 | 258 Funny mode should not inherit Funny mode. Modes such as Dired, Rmail, |
259 and Buffer List use this feature. | |
260 | |
261 @item | |
262 If you want to make the new mode the default for files with certain | |
263 recognizable names, add an element to @code{auto-mode-alist} to select | |
264 the mode for those file names. If you define the mode command to | |
265 autoload, you should add this element in the same file that calls | |
266 @code{autoload}. Otherwise, it is sufficient to add the element in the | |
267 file that contains the mode definition. @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
268 | |
269 @item | |
270 In the documentation, you should provide a sample @code{autoload} form | |
271 and an example of how to add to @code{auto-mode-alist}, that users can | |
25875 | 272 include in their init files (@pxref{Init File}). |
6451 | 273 |
274 @item | |
275 @cindex mode loading | |
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276 The top-level forms in the file defining the mode should be written so |
6451 | 277 that they may be evaluated more than once without adverse consequences. |
278 Even if you never load the file more than once, someone else will. | |
279 @end itemize | |
280 | |
281 @node Example Major Modes | |
282 @subsection Major Mode Examples | |
283 | |
284 Text mode is perhaps the simplest mode besides Fundamental mode. | |
285 Here are excerpts from @file{text-mode.el} that illustrate many of | |
286 the conventions listed above: | |
287 | |
288 @smallexample | |
289 @group | |
290 ;; @r{Create mode-specific tables.} | |
291 (defvar text-mode-syntax-table nil | |
292 "Syntax table used while in text mode.") | |
293 @end group | |
294 | |
295 @group | |
296 (if text-mode-syntax-table | |
297 () ; @r{Do not change the table if it is already set up.} | |
298 (setq text-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table)) | |
299 (modify-syntax-entry ?\" ". " text-mode-syntax-table) | |
300 (modify-syntax-entry ?\\ ". " text-mode-syntax-table) | |
301 (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w " text-mode-syntax-table)) | |
302 @end group | |
303 | |
304 @group | |
305 (defvar text-mode-abbrev-table nil | |
306 "Abbrev table used while in text mode.") | |
307 (define-abbrev-table 'text-mode-abbrev-table ()) | |
308 @end group | |
309 | |
310 @group | |
25875 | 311 (defvar text-mode-map nil ; @r{Create a mode-specific keymap.} |
312 "Keymap for Text mode. | |
313 Many other modes, such as Mail mode, Outline mode and Indented Text mode, | |
314 inherit all the commands defined in this map.") | |
6451 | 315 |
316 (if text-mode-map | |
317 () ; @r{Do not change the keymap if it is already set up.} | |
318 (setq text-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
25875 | 319 (define-key text-mode-map "\e\t" 'ispell-complete-word) |
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320 (define-key text-mode-map "\t" 'indent-relative) |
6451 | 321 (define-key text-mode-map "\es" 'center-line) |
322 (define-key text-mode-map "\eS" 'center-paragraph)) | |
323 @end group | |
324 @end smallexample | |
325 | |
326 Here is the complete major mode function definition for Text mode: | |
327 | |
328 @smallexample | |
329 @group | |
330 (defun text-mode () | |
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331 "Major mode for editing text intended for humans to read... |
6451 | 332 Special commands: \\@{text-mode-map@} |
333 @end group | |
334 @group | |
335 Turning on text-mode runs the hook `text-mode-hook'." | |
336 (interactive) | |
337 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
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338 (use-local-map text-mode-map) |
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339 @end group |
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340 @group |
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341 (setq local-abbrev-table text-mode-abbrev-table) |
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342 (set-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table) |
6451 | 343 @end group |
344 @group | |
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345 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) |
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346 (setq paragraph-start (concat "[ \t]*$\\|" page-delimiter)) |
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347 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) |
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348 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start) |
25875 | 349 (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function) |
350 (setq indent-line-function 'indent-relative-maybe) | |
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351 @end group |
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352 @group |
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353 (setq mode-name "Text") |
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354 (setq major-mode 'text-mode) |
6451 | 355 (run-hooks 'text-mode-hook)) ; @r{Finally, this permits the user to} |
356 ; @r{customize the mode with a hook.} | |
357 @end group | |
358 @end smallexample | |
359 | |
360 @cindex @file{lisp-mode.el} | |
361 The three Lisp modes (Lisp mode, Emacs Lisp mode, and Lisp | |
362 Interaction mode) have more features than Text mode and the code is | |
363 correspondingly more complicated. Here are excerpts from | |
364 @file{lisp-mode.el} that illustrate how these modes are written. | |
365 | |
366 @cindex syntax table example | |
367 @smallexample | |
368 @group | |
369 ;; @r{Create mode-specific table variables.} | |
370 (defvar lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "") | |
371 (defvar emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "") | |
372 (defvar lisp-mode-abbrev-table nil "") | |
373 @end group | |
374 | |
375 @group | |
376 (if (not emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) ; @r{Do not change the table} | |
377 ; @r{if it is already set.} | |
378 (let ((i 0)) | |
379 (setq emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table)) | |
380 @end group | |
381 | |
382 @group | |
383 ;; @r{Set syntax of chars up to 0 to class of chars that are} | |
384 ;; @r{part of symbol names but not words.} | |
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385 ;; @r{(The number 0 is @code{48} in the @sc{ascii} character set.)} |
6451 | 386 (while (< i ?0) |
387 (modify-syntax-entry i "_ " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
388 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
389 @dots{} | |
390 @end group | |
391 @group | |
392 ;; @r{Set the syntax for other characters.} | |
393 (modify-syntax-entry ? " " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
394 (modify-syntax-entry ?\t " " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
395 @dots{} | |
396 @end group | |
397 @group | |
398 (modify-syntax-entry ?\( "() " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
399 (modify-syntax-entry ?\) ")( " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
400 @dots{})) | |
401 ;; @r{Create an abbrev table for lisp-mode.} | |
402 (define-abbrev-table 'lisp-mode-abbrev-table ()) | |
403 @end group | |
404 @end smallexample | |
405 | |
406 Much code is shared among the three Lisp modes. The following | |
407 function sets various variables; it is called by each of the major Lisp | |
408 mode functions: | |
409 | |
410 @smallexample | |
411 @group | |
412 (defun lisp-mode-variables (lisp-syntax) | |
413 (cond (lisp-syntax | |
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414 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table))) |
6451 | 415 (setq local-abbrev-table lisp-mode-abbrev-table) |
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416 @dots{} |
6451 | 417 @end group |
418 @end smallexample | |
419 | |
420 Functions such as @code{forward-paragraph} use the value of the | |
421 @code{paragraph-start} variable. Since Lisp code is different from | |
422 ordinary text, the @code{paragraph-start} variable needs to be set | |
423 specially to handle Lisp. Also, comments are indented in a special | |
424 fashion in Lisp and the Lisp modes need their own mode-specific | |
425 @code{comment-indent-function}. The code to set these variables is the | |
426 rest of @code{lisp-mode-variables}. | |
427 | |
428 @smallexample | |
429 @group | |
430 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) | |
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431 (setq paragraph-start (concat page-delimiter "\\|$" )) |
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432 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) |
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433 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start) |
6451 | 434 @dots{} |
435 @end group | |
436 @group | |
437 (make-local-variable 'comment-indent-function) | |
438 (setq comment-indent-function 'lisp-comment-indent)) | |
25875 | 439 @dots{} |
6451 | 440 @end group |
441 @end smallexample | |
442 | |
443 Each of the different Lisp modes has a slightly different keymap. For | |
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444 example, Lisp mode binds @kbd{C-c C-z} to @code{run-lisp}, but the other |
6451 | 445 Lisp modes do not. However, all Lisp modes have some commands in |
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446 common. The following code sets up the common commands: |
6451 | 447 |
448 @smallexample | |
449 @group | |
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450 (defvar shared-lisp-mode-map () |
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451 "Keymap for commands shared by all sorts of Lisp modes.") |
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452 |
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453 (if shared-lisp-mode-map |
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454 () |
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455 (setq shared-lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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456 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\e\C-q" 'indent-sexp) |
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457 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\177" |
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458 'backward-delete-char-untabify)) |
6451 | 459 @end group |
460 @end smallexample | |
461 | |
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462 @noindent |
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463 And here is the code to set up the keymap for Lisp mode: |
6451 | 464 |
465 @smallexample | |
466 @group | |
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467 (defvar lisp-mode-map () |
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468 "Keymap for ordinary Lisp mode...") |
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469 |
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470 (if lisp-mode-map |
6451 | 471 () |
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472 (setq lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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473 (set-keymap-parent lisp-mode-map shared-lisp-mode-map) |
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474 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\e\C-x" 'lisp-eval-defun) |
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475 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-c\C-z" 'run-lisp)) |
6451 | 476 @end group |
477 @end smallexample | |
478 | |
479 Finally, here is the complete major mode function definition for | |
24934 | 480 Lisp mode. |
6451 | 481 |
482 @smallexample | |
483 @group | |
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484 (defun lisp-mode () |
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485 "Major mode for editing Lisp code for Lisps other than GNU Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 486 Commands: |
487 Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. | |
488 Blank lines separate paragraphs. Semicolons start comments. | |
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489 \\@{lisp-mode-map@} |
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490 Note that `run-lisp' may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job |
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491 or to switch back to an existing one. |
6451 | 492 @end group |
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493 |
6451 | 494 @group |
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495 Entry to this mode calls the value of `lisp-mode-hook' |
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496 if that value is non-nil." |
6451 | 497 (interactive) |
498 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
499 @end group | |
500 @group | |
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501 (use-local-map lisp-mode-map) ; @r{Select the mode's keymap.} |
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502 (setq major-mode 'lisp-mode) ; @r{This is how @code{describe-mode}} |
6451 | 503 ; @r{finds out what to describe.} |
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504 (setq mode-name "Lisp") ; @r{This goes into the mode line.} |
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505 (lisp-mode-variables t) ; @r{This defines various variables.} |
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506 @end group |
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507 @group |
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508 (setq imenu-case-fold-search t) |
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509 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table) |
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510 (run-hooks 'lisp-mode-hook)) ; @r{This permits the user to use a} |
6451 | 511 ; @r{hook to customize the mode.} |
512 @end group | |
513 @end smallexample | |
514 | |
515 @node Auto Major Mode | |
516 @subsection How Emacs Chooses a Major Mode | |
517 | |
518 Based on information in the file name or in the file itself, Emacs | |
519 automatically selects a major mode for the new buffer when a file is | |
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520 visited. It also processes local variables specified in the file text. |
6451 | 521 |
522 @deffn Command fundamental-mode | |
523 Fundamental mode is a major mode that is not specialized for anything | |
524 in particular. Other major modes are defined in effect by comparison | |
525 with this one---their definitions say what to change, starting from | |
526 Fundamental mode. The @code{fundamental-mode} function does @emph{not} | |
527 run any hooks; you're not supposed to customize it. (If you want Emacs | |
528 to behave differently in Fundamental mode, change the @emph{global} | |
529 state of Emacs.) | |
530 @end deffn | |
531 | |
532 @deffn Command normal-mode &optional find-file | |
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533 This function establishes the proper major mode and buffer-local variable |
6451 | 534 bindings for the current buffer. First it calls @code{set-auto-mode}, |
535 then it runs @code{hack-local-variables} to parse, and bind or | |
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536 evaluate as appropriate, the file's local variables. |
6451 | 537 |
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538 If the @var{find-file} argument to @code{normal-mode} is non-@code{nil}, |
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539 @code{normal-mode} assumes that the @code{find-file} function is calling |
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540 it. In this case, it may process a local variables list at the end of |
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541 the file and in the @samp{-*-} line. The variable |
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542 @code{enable-local-variables} controls whether to do so. @xref{File |
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543 variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for |
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544 the syntax of the local variables section of a file. |
6451 | 545 |
12098 | 546 If you run @code{normal-mode} interactively, the argument |
6451 | 547 @var{find-file} is normally @code{nil}. In this case, |
548 @code{normal-mode} unconditionally processes any local variables list. | |
549 | |
550 @cindex file mode specification error | |
12098 | 551 @code{normal-mode} uses @code{condition-case} around the call to the |
6451 | 552 major mode function, so errors are caught and reported as a @samp{File |
553 mode specification error}, followed by the original error message. | |
554 @end deffn | |
555 | |
556 @defun set-auto-mode | |
557 @cindex visited file mode | |
558 This function selects the major mode that is appropriate for the | |
559 current buffer. It may base its decision on the value of the @w{@samp{-*-}} | |
12888 | 560 line, on the visited file name (using @code{auto-mode-alist}), on the |
561 @w{@samp{#!}} line (using @code{interpreter-mode-alist}), or on the | |
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562 file's local variables list. However, this function does not look for |
6451 | 563 the @samp{mode:} local variable near the end of a file; the |
564 @code{hack-local-variables} function does that. @xref{Choosing Modes, , | |
565 How Major Modes are Chosen, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
566 @end defun | |
567 | |
568 @defopt default-major-mode | |
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569 This variable holds the default major mode for new buffers. The |
6451 | 570 standard value is @code{fundamental-mode}. |
571 | |
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572 If the value of @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses |
6451 | 573 the (previously) current buffer's major mode for the major mode of a new |
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574 buffer. However, if that major mode symbol has a @code{mode-class} |
6451 | 575 property with value @code{special}, then it is not used for new buffers; |
576 Fundamental mode is used instead. The modes that have this property are | |
577 those such as Dired and Rmail that are useful only with text that has | |
578 been specially prepared. | |
579 @end defopt | |
580 | |
12067 | 581 @defun set-buffer-major-mode buffer |
582 This function sets the major mode of @var{buffer} to the value of | |
583 @code{default-major-mode}. If that variable is @code{nil}, it uses | |
584 the current buffer's major mode (if that is suitable). | |
585 | |
586 The low-level primitives for creating buffers do not use this function, | |
12098 | 587 but medium-level commands such as @code{switch-to-buffer} and |
588 @code{find-file-noselect} use it whenever they create buffers. | |
12067 | 589 @end defun |
590 | |
6451 | 591 @defvar initial-major-mode |
592 @cindex @samp{*scratch*} | |
593 The value of this variable determines the major mode of the initial | |
594 @samp{*scratch*} buffer. The value should be a symbol that is a major | |
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595 mode command. The default value is @code{lisp-interaction-mode}. |
6451 | 596 @end defvar |
597 | |
598 @defvar auto-mode-alist | |
599 This variable contains an association list of file name patterns | |
600 (regular expressions; @pxref{Regular Expressions}) and corresponding | |
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601 major mode commands. Usually, the file name patterns test for suffixes, |
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602 such as @samp{.el} and @samp{.c}, but this need not be the case. An |
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603 ordinary element of the alist looks like @code{(@var{regexp} . |
6451 | 604 @var{mode-function})}. |
605 | |
606 For example, | |
607 | |
608 @smallexample | |
609 @group | |
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610 (("\\`/tmp/fol/" . text-mode) |
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611 ("\\.texinfo\\'" . texinfo-mode) |
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612 ("\\.texi\\'" . texinfo-mode) |
6451 | 613 @end group |
614 @group | |
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615 ("\\.el\\'" . emacs-lisp-mode) |
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616 ("\\.c\\'" . c-mode) |
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617 ("\\.h\\'" . c-mode) |
6451 | 618 @dots{}) |
619 @end group | |
620 @end smallexample | |
621 | |
622 When you visit a file whose expanded file name (@pxref{File Name | |
623 Expansion}) matches a @var{regexp}, @code{set-auto-mode} calls the | |
624 corresponding @var{mode-function}. This feature enables Emacs to select | |
625 the proper major mode for most files. | |
626 | |
627 If an element of @code{auto-mode-alist} has the form @code{(@var{regexp} | |
628 @var{function} t)}, then after calling @var{function}, Emacs searches | |
629 @code{auto-mode-alist} again for a match against the portion of the file | |
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630 name that did not match before. This feature is useful for |
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631 uncompression packages: an entry of the form @code{("\\.gz\\'" |
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632 @var{function} t)} can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed |
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633 file in the proper mode according to the name sans @samp{.gz}. |
6451 | 634 |
635 Here is an example of how to prepend several pattern pairs to | |
636 @code{auto-mode-alist}. (You might use this sort of expression in your | |
25875 | 637 init file.) |
6451 | 638 |
639 @smallexample | |
640 @group | |
641 (setq auto-mode-alist | |
642 (append | |
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643 ;; @r{File name (within directory) starts with a dot.} |
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644 '(("/\\.[^/]*\\'" . fundamental-mode) |
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645 ;; @r{File name has no dot.} |
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646 ("[^\\./]*\\'" . fundamental-mode) |
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647 ;; @r{File name ends in @samp{.C}.} |
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648 ("\\.C\\'" . c++-mode)) |
6451 | 649 auto-mode-alist)) |
650 @end group | |
651 @end smallexample | |
652 @end defvar | |
653 | |
654 @defvar interpreter-mode-alist | |
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655 This variable specifies major modes to use for scripts that specify a |
24934 | 656 command interpreter in a @samp{#!} line. Its value is a list of |
6451 | 657 elements of the form @code{(@var{interpreter} . @var{mode})}; for |
658 example, @code{("perl" . perl-mode)} is one element present by default. | |
659 The element says to use mode @var{mode} if the file specifies | |
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660 an interpreter which matches @var{interpreter}. The value of |
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661 @var{interpreter} is actually a regular expression. |
6451 | 662 |
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663 This variable is applicable only when the @code{auto-mode-alist} does |
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664 not indicate which major mode to use. |
6451 | 665 @end defvar |
666 | |
667 @node Mode Help | |
668 @subsection Getting Help about a Major Mode | |
669 @cindex mode help | |
670 @cindex help for major mode | |
671 @cindex documentation for major mode | |
672 | |
673 The @code{describe-mode} function is used to provide information | |
674 about major modes. It is normally called with @kbd{C-h m}. The | |
675 @code{describe-mode} function uses the value of @code{major-mode}, | |
676 which is why every major mode function needs to set the | |
677 @code{major-mode} variable. | |
678 | |
679 @deffn Command describe-mode | |
680 This function displays the documentation of the current major mode. | |
681 | |
682 The @code{describe-mode} function calls the @code{documentation} | |
683 function using the value of @code{major-mode} as an argument. Thus, it | |
684 displays the documentation string of the major mode function. | |
685 (@xref{Accessing Documentation}.) | |
686 @end deffn | |
687 | |
688 @defvar major-mode | |
689 This variable holds the symbol for the current buffer's major mode. | |
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690 This symbol should have a function definition that is the command to |
6451 | 691 switch to that major mode. The @code{describe-mode} function uses the |
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692 documentation string of the function as the documentation of the major |
6451 | 693 mode. |
694 @end defvar | |
695 | |
696 @node Derived Modes | |
697 @subsection Defining Derived Modes | |
698 | |
699 It's often useful to define a new major mode in terms of an existing | |
700 one. An easy way to do this is to use @code{define-derived-mode}. | |
701 | |
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702 @defmac define-derived-mode variant parent name docstring body@dots{} |
6451 | 703 This construct defines @var{variant} as a major mode command, using |
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704 @var{name} as the string form of the mode name. |
6451 | 705 |
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706 The new command @var{variant} is defined to call the function |
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707 @var{parent}, then override certain aspects of that parent mode: |
6451 | 708 |
709 @itemize @bullet | |
710 @item | |
711 The new mode has its own keymap, named @code{@var{variant}-map}. | |
712 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this map to inherit from | |
713 @code{@var{parent}-map}, if it is not already set. | |
714 | |
715 @item | |
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716 The new mode has its own syntax table, kept in the variable |
6451 | 717 @code{@var{variant}-syntax-table}. |
718 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying | |
719 @code{@var{parent}-syntax-table}, if it is not already set. | |
720 | |
721 @item | |
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722 The new mode has its own abbrev table, kept in the variable |
6451 | 723 @code{@var{variant}-abbrev-table}. |
724 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying | |
725 @code{@var{parent}-abbrev-table}, if it is not already set. | |
726 | |
727 @item | |
728 The new mode has its own mode hook, @code{@var{variant}-hook}, | |
729 which it runs in standard fashion as the very last thing that it does. | |
730 (The new mode also runs the mode hook of @var{parent} as part | |
731 of calling @var{parent}.) | |
732 @end itemize | |
733 | |
734 In addition, you can specify how to override other aspects of | |
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735 @var{parent} with @var{body}. The command @var{variant} |
6451 | 736 evaluates the forms in @var{body} after setting up all its usual |
737 overrides, just before running @code{@var{variant}-hook}. | |
738 | |
739 The argument @var{docstring} specifies the documentation string for the | |
740 new mode. If you omit @var{docstring}, @code{define-derived-mode} | |
741 generates a documentation string. | |
742 | |
743 Here is a hypothetical example: | |
744 | |
745 @example | |
746 (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode | |
747 text-mode "Hypertext" | |
748 "Major mode for hypertext. | |
749 \\@{hypertext-mode-map@}" | |
750 (setq case-fold-search nil)) | |
751 | |
752 (define-key hypertext-mode-map | |
753 [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link) | |
754 @end example | |
755 @end defmac | |
756 | |
757 @node Minor Modes | |
758 @section Minor Modes | |
759 @cindex minor mode | |
760 | |
761 A @dfn{minor mode} provides features that users may enable or disable | |
762 independently of the choice of major mode. Minor modes can be enabled | |
763 individually or in combination. Minor modes would be better named | |
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764 ``generally available, optional feature modes,'' except that such a name |
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765 would be unwieldy. |
6451 | 766 |
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767 A minor mode is not usually meant as a variation of a single major mode. |
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768 Usually they are general and can apply to many major modes. For |
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769 example, Auto Fill mode works with any major mode that permits text |
6451 | 770 insertion. To be general, a minor mode must be effectively independent |
771 of the things major modes do. | |
772 | |
773 A minor mode is often much more difficult to implement than a major | |
774 mode. One reason is that you should be able to activate and deactivate | |
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775 minor modes in any order. A minor mode should be able to have its |
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776 desired effect regardless of the major mode and regardless of the other |
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777 minor modes in effect. |
6451 | 778 |
779 Often the biggest problem in implementing a minor mode is finding a | |
780 way to insert the necessary hook into the rest of Emacs. Minor mode | |
12098 | 781 keymaps make this easier than it used to be. |
6451 | 782 |
783 @menu | |
784 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
785 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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786 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
6451 | 787 @end menu |
788 | |
789 @node Minor Mode Conventions | |
790 @subsection Conventions for Writing Minor Modes | |
791 @cindex minor mode conventions | |
792 @cindex conventions for writing minor modes | |
793 | |
794 There are conventions for writing minor modes just as there are for | |
795 major modes. Several of the major mode conventions apply to minor | |
796 modes as well: those regarding the name of the mode initialization | |
797 function, the names of global symbols, and the use of keymaps and | |
798 other tables. | |
799 | |
800 In addition, there are several conventions that are specific to | |
801 minor modes. | |
802 | |
803 @itemize @bullet | |
804 @item | |
805 @cindex mode variable | |
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806 Make a variable whose name ends in @samp{-mode} to control the minor |
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807 mode. We call this the @dfn{mode variable}. The minor mode command |
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808 should set this variable (@code{nil} to disable; anything else to |
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809 enable). |
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810 |
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811 If possible, implement the mode so that setting the variable |
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812 automatically enables or disables the mode. Then the minor mode command |
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813 does not need to do anything except set the variable. |
6451 | 814 |
815 This variable is used in conjunction with the @code{minor-mode-alist} to | |
816 display the minor mode name in the mode line. It can also enable | |
817 or disable a minor mode keymap. Individual commands or hooks can also | |
818 check the variable's value. | |
819 | |
820 If you want the minor mode to be enabled separately in each buffer, | |
821 make the variable buffer-local. | |
822 | |
823 @item | |
824 Define a command whose name is the same as the mode variable. | |
825 Its job is to enable and disable the mode by setting the variable. | |
826 | |
827 The command should accept one optional argument. If the argument is | |
828 @code{nil}, it should toggle the mode (turn it on if it is off, and off | |
829 if it is on). Otherwise, it should turn the mode on if the argument is | |
830 a positive integer, a symbol other than @code{nil} or @code{-}, or a | |
831 list whose @sc{car} is such an integer or symbol; it should turn the | |
832 mode off otherwise. | |
833 | |
12098 | 834 Here is an example taken from the definition of @code{transient-mark-mode}. |
835 It shows the use of @code{transient-mark-mode} as a variable that enables or | |
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836 disables the mode's behavior, and also shows the proper way to toggle, |
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837 enable or disable the minor mode based on the raw prefix argument value. |
6451 | 838 |
839 @smallexample | |
840 @group | |
12098 | 841 (setq transient-mark-mode |
842 (if (null arg) (not transient-mark-mode) | |
6451 | 843 (> (prefix-numeric-value arg) 0))) |
844 @end group | |
845 @end smallexample | |
846 | |
847 @item | |
848 Add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist} for each minor mode | |
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849 (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), if you want to indicate the minor mode in |
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850 the mode line. This element should be a list of the following form: |
6451 | 851 |
852 @smallexample | |
853 (@var{mode-variable} @var{string}) | |
854 @end smallexample | |
855 | |
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856 Here @var{mode-variable} is the variable that controls enabling of the |
6451 | 857 minor mode, and @var{string} is a short string, starting with a space, |
858 to represent the mode in the mode line. These strings must be short so | |
859 that there is room for several of them at once. | |
860 | |
861 When you add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist}, use @code{assq} to | |
862 check for an existing element, to avoid duplication. For example: | |
863 | |
864 @smallexample | |
865 @group | |
25875 | 866 (unless (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist) |
867 (setq minor-mode-alist | |
868 (cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist))) | |
869 @end group | |
870 @end smallexample | |
871 | |
872 @noindent | |
873 or like this, using @code{add-to-list} (@pxref{Setting Variables}): | |
874 | |
875 @smallexample | |
876 @group | |
877 (add-to-list 'minor-mode-alist '(leif-mode " Leif")) | |
6451 | 878 @end group |
879 @end smallexample | |
880 @end itemize | |
881 | |
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882 Global minor modes distributed with Emacs should if possible support |
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883 enabling and disabling via Custom (@pxref{Customization}). To do this, |
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884 the first step is to define the mode variable with @code{defcustom}, and |
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885 specify @code{:type boolean}. |
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886 |
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887 If just setting the variable is not sufficient to enable the mode, you |
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888 should also specify a @code{:set} method which enables the mode by |
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889 invoke the mode command. Note in the variable's documentation string that |
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890 setting the variable other than via Custom may not take effect. |
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891 |
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892 Also mark the definition with an autoload cookie (@pxref{Autoload}), |
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893 and specify a @code{:require} so that customizing the variable will load |
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894 the library that defines the mode. This will copy suitable definitions |
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895 into @file{loaddefs.el} so that users can use @code{customize-option} to |
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896 enable the mode. For example: |
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897 |
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898 @smallexample |
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899 @group |
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900 |
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901 ;;;###autoload |
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902 (defcustom msb-mode nil |
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903 "Toggle msb-mode. |
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904 Setting this variable directly does not take effect; |
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905 use either \\[customize] or the function `msb-mode'." |
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906 :set (lambda (symbol value) |
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907 (msb-mode (or value 0))) |
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908 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default |
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909 :version "20.4" |
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910 :type 'boolean |
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911 :group 'msb |
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912 :require 'msb) |
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913 @end group |
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914 @end smallexample |
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915 |
6451 | 916 @node Keymaps and Minor Modes |
917 @subsection Keymaps and Minor Modes | |
918 | |
12098 | 919 Each minor mode can have its own keymap, which is active when the mode |
920 is enabled. To set up a keymap for a minor mode, add an element to the | |
921 alist @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
6451 | 922 |
923 @cindex @code{self-insert-command}, minor modes | |
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924 One use of minor mode keymaps is to modify the behavior of certain |
6451 | 925 self-inserting characters so that they do something else as well as |
926 self-insert. In general, this is the only way to do that, since the | |
927 facilities for customizing @code{self-insert-command} are limited to | |
928 special cases (designed for abbrevs and Auto Fill mode). (Do not try | |
929 substituting your own definition of @code{self-insert-command} for the | |
930 standard one. The editor command loop handles this function specially.) | |
931 | |
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932 The key sequences bound in a minor mode should consist of @kbd{C-c} |
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933 followed by a punctuation character @emph{other than} @kbd{@{}, |
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934 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:}, and @kbd{;}. (Those few punctuation |
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935 characters are reserved for major modes.) |
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936 |
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937 @node Defining Minor Modes |
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938 @subsection Defining Minor Modes |
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939 |
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940 The macro @code{define-minor-mode} offers a convenient way of |
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941 implementing a mode in one self-contained definition. It supports only |
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942 buffer-local minor modes, not global ones. |
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943 |
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944 @defmac define-minor-mode mode doc &optional init-value mode-indicator keymap body... |
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945 @tindex define-minor-mode |
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946 This macro defines a new minor mode whose name is @var{mode} (a symbol). |
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947 It defines a command named @var{mode} to toggle the minor |
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948 mode, with @var{doc} as its documentation string. It also defines a |
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949 variable named @var{mode}, which is set to @code{t} or @code{nil} by |
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950 enabling or disabling the mode. The variable is initialized to |
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951 @var{init-value}. |
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952 |
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953 The command named @var{mode} finishes by executing the @var{body} forms, |
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954 if any, after it has performed the standard actions such as setting |
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955 the variable named @var{mode}. |
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956 |
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957 The string @var{mode-indicator} says what to display in the mode line |
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958 when the mode is enabled; if it is @code{nil}, the mode is not displayed |
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959 in the mode line. |
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960 |
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961 The optional argument @var{keymap} specifies the keymap for the minor mode. |
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962 It can be a variable name, whose value is the keymap, or it can be an alist |
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963 specifying bindings in this form: |
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964 |
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965 @example |
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966 (@var{key-sequence} . @var{definition}) |
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967 @end example |
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968 @end defmac |
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969 |
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970 Here is an example of using @code{define-minor-mode}: |
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971 |
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972 @smallexample |
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973 (define-minor-mode hungry-mode |
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974 "Toggle Hungry mode. |
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975 With no argument, this command toggles the mode. |
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976 Non-null prefix argument turns on the mode. |
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977 Null prefix argument turns off the mode. |
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978 |
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979 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key |
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980 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last. |
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981 See the command \\[hungry-electric-delete]." |
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982 ;; The initial value. |
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983 nil |
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984 ;; The indicator for the mode line. |
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985 " Hungry" |
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986 ;; The minor mode bindings. |
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987 '(("\C-\^?" . hungry-electric-delete) |
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988 ("\C-\M-\^?" |
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989 . (lambda () |
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990 (interactive) |
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991 (hungry-electric-delete t))))) |
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992 @end smallexample |
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993 |
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994 @noindent |
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995 This defines a minor mode named ``Hungry mode'', a command named |
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996 @code{hungry-mode} to toggle it, a variable named @code{hungry-mode} |
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997 which indicates whether the mode is enabled, and a variable named |
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998 @code{hungry-mode-map} which holds the keymap that is active when the |
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999 mode is enabled. It initializes the keymap with key bindings for |
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1000 @kbd{C-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-M-@key{DEL}}. |
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1001 |
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1002 |
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1003 @findex easy-mmode-define-minor-mode |
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1004 The name @code{easy-mmode-define-minor-mode} is an alias |
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1005 for this macro. |
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1006 |
6451 | 1007 @node Mode Line Format |
1008 @section Mode Line Format | |
1009 @cindex mode line | |
1010 | |
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1011 Each Emacs window (aside from minibuffer windows) typically has a mode |
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1012 line at the bottom, which displays status information about the buffer |
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1013 displayed in the window. The mode line contains information about the |
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1014 buffer, such as its name, associated file, depth of recursive editing, |
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1015 and major and minor modes. A window can also have a @dfn{header |
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1016 line}, which is much like the mode line but appears at the top of the |
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1017 window (starting in Emacs 21). |
6451 | 1018 |
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1019 This section describes how to control the contents of the mode line |
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1020 and header line. We include it in this chapter because much of the |
6451 | 1021 information displayed in the mode line relates to the enabled major and |
1022 minor modes. | |
1023 | |
1024 @code{mode-line-format} is a buffer-local variable that holds a | |
1025 template used to display the mode line of the current buffer. All | |
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1026 windows for the same buffer use the same @code{mode-line-format}, so |
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1027 their mode lines appear the same---except for scrolling percentages, and |
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1028 line and column numbers, since those depend on point and on how the |
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1029 window is scrolled. @code{header-line-format} is used likewise for |
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1030 header lines. |
6451 | 1031 |
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1032 The mode line and header line of a window are normally updated |
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1033 whenever a different buffer is shown in the window, or when the buffer's |
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1034 modified-status changes from @code{nil} to @code{t} or vice-versa. If |
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1035 you modify any of the variables referenced by @code{mode-line-format} |
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1036 (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), or any other variables and data |
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1037 structures that affect how text is displayed (@pxref{Display}), you may |
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1038 want to force an update of the mode line so as to display the new |
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1039 information or display it in the new way. |
6451 | 1040 |
1041 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1042 @defun force-mode-line-update | |
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1043 Force redisplay of the current buffer's mode line and header line. |
6451 | 1044 @end defun |
1045 | |
1046 The mode line is usually displayed in inverse video; see | |
1047 @code{mode-line-inverse-video} in @ref{Inverse Video}. | |
1048 | |
1049 @menu | |
1050 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
1051 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
1052 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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1053 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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1054 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
6451 | 1055 @end menu |
1056 | |
1057 @node Mode Line Data | |
1058 @subsection The Data Structure of the Mode Line | |
1059 @cindex mode line construct | |
1060 | |
1061 The mode line contents are controlled by a data structure of lists, | |
25875 | 1062 strings, symbols, and numbers kept in buffer-local variables. The data |
1063 structure is called a @dfn{mode line construct}, and it is built in | |
1064 recursive fashion out of simpler mode line constructs. The same data | |
1065 structure is used for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame Titles}) | |
1066 and header lines (@pxref{Header Lines}). | |
6451 | 1067 |
1068 @defvar mode-line-format | |
1069 The value of this variable is a mode line construct with overall | |
1070 responsibility for the mode line format. The value of this variable | |
1071 controls which other variables are used to form the mode line text, and | |
1072 where they appear. | |
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1073 |
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1074 If you set this variable to @code{nil} in a buffer, that buffer does not |
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1075 have a mode line. (This feature was added in Emacs 21.) |
6451 | 1076 @end defvar |
1077 | |
1078 A mode line construct may be as simple as a fixed string of text, but | |
1079 it usually specifies how to use other variables to construct the text. | |
1080 Many of these variables are themselves defined to have mode line | |
1081 constructs as their values. | |
1082 | |
1083 The default value of @code{mode-line-format} incorporates the values | |
1084 of variables such as @code{mode-name} and @code{minor-mode-alist}. | |
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1085 Because of this, very few modes need to alter @code{mode-line-format} |
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1086 itself. For most purposes, it is sufficient to alter some of the |
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1087 variables that @code{mode-line-format} refers to. |
6451 | 1088 |
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1089 A mode line construct may be a list, a symbol, or a string. If the |
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1090 value is a list, each element may be a list, a symbol, or a string. |
6451 | 1091 |
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1092 The mode line can display various faces, if the strings that control |
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1093 it have the @code{face} property. @xref{Properties in Mode}. In |
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1094 addition, the face @code{mode-line} is used as a default for the whole |
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1095 mode line (@pxref{Standard Faces}). |
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1096 |
6451 | 1097 @table @code |
1098 @cindex percent symbol in mode line | |
1099 @item @var{string} | |
1100 A string as a mode line construct is displayed verbatim in the mode line | |
12098 | 1101 except for @dfn{@code{%}-constructs}. Decimal digits after the @samp{%} |
6451 | 1102 specify the field width for space filling on the right (i.e., the data |
1103 is left justified). @xref{%-Constructs}. | |
1104 | |
1105 @item @var{symbol} | |
1106 A symbol as a mode line construct stands for its value. The value of | |
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1107 @var{symbol} is used as a mode line construct, in place of @var{symbol}. |
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1108 However, the symbols @code{t} and @code{nil} are ignored, as is any |
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1109 symbol whose value is void. |
6451 | 1110 |
1111 There is one exception: if the value of @var{symbol} is a string, it is | |
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1112 displayed verbatim: the @code{%}-constructs are not recognized. |
6451 | 1113 |
1114 @item (@var{string} @var{rest}@dots{}) @r{or} (@var{list} @var{rest}@dots{}) | |
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1115 A list whose first element is a string or list means to process all the |
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1116 elements recursively and concatenate the results. This is the most |
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1117 common form of mode line construct. |
6451 | 1118 |
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1119 @item (:eval @var{form}) |
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1120 A list whose first element is the symbol @code{:eval} says to evaluate |
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1121 @var{form}, and use the result as a string to display. |
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1122 (This feature is new as of Emacs 21.) |
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1123 |
6451 | 1124 @item (@var{symbol} @var{then} @var{else}) |
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1125 A list whose first element is a symbol that is not a keyword specifies a |
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1126 conditional. Its meaning depends on the value of @var{symbol}. If the |
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1127 value is non-@code{nil}, the second element, @var{then}, is processed |
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1128 recursively as a mode line element. But if the value of @var{symbol} is |
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1129 @code{nil}, the third element, @var{else}, is processed recursively. |
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1130 You may omit @var{else}; then the mode line element displays nothing if |
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1131 the value of @var{symbol} is @code{nil}. |
6451 | 1132 |
1133 @item (@var{width} @var{rest}@dots{}) | |
1134 A list whose first element is an integer specifies truncation or | |
1135 padding of the results of @var{rest}. The remaining elements | |
1136 @var{rest} are processed recursively as mode line constructs and | |
1137 concatenated together. Then the result is space filled (if | |
1138 @var{width} is positive) or truncated (to @minus{}@var{width} columns, | |
1139 if @var{width} is negative) on the right. | |
1140 | |
1141 For example, the usual way to show what percentage of a buffer is above | |
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1142 the top of the window is to use a list like this: @code{(-3 "%p")}. |
6451 | 1143 @end table |
1144 | |
1145 If you do alter @code{mode-line-format} itself, the new value should | |
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1146 use the same variables that appear in the default value (@pxref{Mode |
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1147 Line Variables}), rather than duplicating their contents or displaying |
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1148 the information in another fashion. This way, customizations made by |
12098 | 1149 the user or by Lisp programs (such as @code{display-time} and major |
1150 modes) via changes to those variables remain effective. | |
6451 | 1151 |
1152 @cindex Shell mode @code{mode-line-format} | |
1153 Here is an example of a @code{mode-line-format} that might be | |
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1154 useful for @code{shell-mode}, since it contains the host name and default |
6451 | 1155 directory. |
1156 | |
1157 @example | |
1158 @group | |
1159 (setq mode-line-format | |
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1160 (list "-" |
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1161 'mode-line-mule-info |
6451 | 1162 'mode-line-modified |
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1163 'mode-line-frame-identification |
6451 | 1164 "%b--" |
1165 @end group | |
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1166 @group |
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1167 ;; @r{Note that this is evaluated while making the list.} |
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1168 ;; @r{It makes a mode line construct which is just a string.} |
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1169 (getenv "HOST") |
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1170 @end group |
6451 | 1171 ":" |
1172 'default-directory | |
1173 " " | |
1174 'global-mode-string | |
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1175 " %[(" |
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1176 '(:eval (mode-line-mode-name)) |
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1177 'mode-line-process |
6451 | 1178 'minor-mode-alist |
1179 "%n" | |
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1180 ")%]--" |
6451 | 1181 @group |
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1182 '(which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--")) |
12098 | 1183 '(line-number-mode "L%l--") |
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1184 '(column-number-mode "C%c--") |
6451 | 1185 '(-3 . "%p") |
1186 "-%-")) | |
1187 @end group | |
1188 @end example | |
1189 | |
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1190 @noindent |
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1191 (The variables @code{line-number-mode}, @code{column-number-mode} |
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1192 and @code{which-func-mode} enable particular minor modes; as usual, |
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1193 these variable names are also the minor mode command names.) |
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1194 |
6451 | 1195 @node Mode Line Variables |
1196 @subsection Variables Used in the Mode Line | |
1197 | |
1198 This section describes variables incorporated by the | |
1199 standard value of @code{mode-line-format} into the text of the mode | |
1200 line. There is nothing inherently special about these variables; any | |
1201 other variables could have the same effects on the mode line if | |
1202 @code{mode-line-format} were changed to use them. | |
1203 | |
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1204 @defvar mode-line-mule-info |
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1205 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays |
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1206 information about the language environment, buffer coding system, and |
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1207 current input method. @xref{Non-ASCII Characters}. |
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1208 @end defvar |
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1209 |
6451 | 1210 @defvar mode-line-modified |
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1211 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays |
6451 | 1212 whether the current buffer is modified. |
1213 | |
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1214 The default value of @code{mode-line-modified} is @code{("%1*%1+")}. |
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1215 This means that the mode line displays @samp{**} if the buffer is |
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1216 modified, @samp{--} if the buffer is not modified, @samp{%%} if the |
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1217 buffer is read only, and @samp{%*} if the buffer is read only and |
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1218 modified. |
6451 | 1219 |
1220 Changing this variable does not force an update of the mode line. | |
1221 @end defvar | |
1222 | |
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1223 @defvar mode-line-frame-identification |
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1224 This variable identifies the current frame. The default value is |
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1225 @code{" "} if you are using a window system which can show multiple |
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1226 frames, or @code{"-%F "} on an ordinary terminal which shows only one |
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1227 frame at a time. |
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1228 @end defvar |
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1229 |
6451 | 1230 @defvar mode-line-buffer-identification |
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1231 This variable identifies the buffer being displayed in the window. Its |
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1232 default value is @code{("%12b")}, which displays the buffer name, padded |
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1233 with spaces to at least 12 columns. |
6451 | 1234 @end defvar |
1235 | |
1236 @defvar global-mode-string | |
1237 This variable holds a mode line spec that appears in the mode line by | |
1238 default, just after the buffer name. The command @code{display-time} | |
1239 sets @code{global-mode-string} to refer to the variable | |
1240 @code{display-time-string}, which holds a string containing the time and | |
1241 load information. | |
1242 | |
1243 The @samp{%M} construct substitutes the value of | |
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1244 @code{global-mode-string}, but that is obsolete, since the variable is |
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1245 included in the mode line from @code{mode-line-format}. |
6451 | 1246 @end defvar |
1247 | |
1248 @defvar mode-name | |
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1249 This buffer-local variable holds the ``pretty'' name of the current |
6451 | 1250 buffer's major mode. Each major mode should set this variable so that the |
1251 mode name will appear in the mode line. | |
1252 @end defvar | |
1253 | |
1254 @defvar minor-mode-alist | |
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1255 This variable holds an association list whose elements specify how the |
6451 | 1256 mode line should indicate that a minor mode is active. Each element of |
1257 the @code{minor-mode-alist} should be a two-element list: | |
1258 | |
1259 @example | |
1260 (@var{minor-mode-variable} @var{mode-line-string}) | |
1261 @end example | |
1262 | |
1263 More generally, @var{mode-line-string} can be any mode line spec. It | |
1264 appears in the mode line when the value of @var{minor-mode-variable} is | |
1265 non-@code{nil}, and not otherwise. These strings should begin with | |
1266 spaces so that they don't run together. Conventionally, the | |
1267 @var{minor-mode-variable} for a specific mode is set to a non-@code{nil} | |
1268 value when that minor mode is activated. | |
1269 | |
1270 The default value of @code{minor-mode-alist} is: | |
1271 | |
1272 @example | |
1273 @group | |
1274 minor-mode-alist | |
12098 | 1275 @result{} ((vc-mode vc-mode) |
1276 (abbrev-mode " Abbrev") | |
1277 (overwrite-mode overwrite-mode) | |
6451 | 1278 (auto-fill-function " Fill") |
12098 | 1279 (defining-kbd-macro " Def") |
1280 (isearch-mode isearch-mode)) | |
6451 | 1281 @end group |
1282 @end example | |
1283 | |
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1284 @code{minor-mode-alist} itself is not buffer-local. Each variable |
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1285 mentioned in the alist should be buffer-local if its minor mode can be |
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1286 enabled separately in each buffer. |
6451 | 1287 @end defvar |
1288 | |
1289 @defvar mode-line-process | |
1290 This buffer-local variable contains the mode line information on process | |
1291 status in modes used for communicating with subprocesses. It is | |
1292 displayed immediately following the major mode name, with no intervening | |
1293 space. For example, its value in the @samp{*shell*} buffer is | |
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1294 @code{(":%s")}, which allows the shell to display its status along |
25875 | 1295 with the major mode as: @samp{(Shell:run)}. Normally this variable |
6451 | 1296 is @code{nil}. |
1297 @end defvar | |
1298 | |
25875 | 1299 Some variables are used by @code{minor-mode-alist} to display |
1300 a string for various minor modes when enabled. This is a typical | |
1301 example: | |
1302 | |
1303 @defvar vc-mode | |
1304 The variable @code{vc-mode}, buffer-local in each buffer, records | |
1305 whether the buffer's visited file is maintained with version control, | |
1306 and, if so, which kind. Its value is a string that appears in the mode | |
1307 line, or @code{nil} for no version control. | |
1308 @end defvar | |
1309 | |
1310 The variable @code{default-mode-line-format} is where | |
1311 @code{mode-line-format} usually gets its value: | |
1312 | |
6451 | 1313 @defvar default-mode-line-format |
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1314 This variable holds the default @code{mode-line-format} for buffers |
6451 | 1315 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value |
1316 'mode-line-format)}. | |
1317 | |
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1318 The default value of @code{default-mode-line-format} is this list: |
6451 | 1319 |
1320 @example | |
1321 @group | |
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1322 ("-" |
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1323 mode-line-mule-info |
6451 | 1324 mode-line-modified |
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1325 mode-line-frame-identification |
6451 | 1326 mode-line-buffer-identification |
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1327 @end group |
6451 | 1328 " " |
1329 global-mode-string | |
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1330 @group |
6451 | 1331 " %[(" |
25875 | 1332 ;; @r{@code{mode-line-mode-name} is a function} |
26211 | 1333 ;; @r{that copies the mode name and adds text} |
25875 | 1334 ;; @r{properties to make it mouse-sensitive.} |
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1335 (:eval (mode-line-mode-name)) |
12098 | 1336 mode-line-process |
6451 | 1337 minor-mode-alist |
1338 "%n" | |
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1339 ")%]--" |
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1340 @end group |
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1341 @group |
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1342 (which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--")) |
12098 | 1343 (line-number-mode "L%l--") |
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1344 (column-number-mode "C%c--") |
6451 | 1345 (-3 . "%p") |
1346 "-%-") | |
1347 @end group | |
1348 @end example | |
1349 @end defvar | |
1350 | |
1351 @node %-Constructs | |
1352 @subsection @code{%}-Constructs in the Mode Line | |
1353 | |
1354 The following table lists the recognized @code{%}-constructs and what | |
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1355 they mean. In any construct except @samp{%%}, you can add a decimal |
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1356 integer after the @samp{%} to specify how many characters to display. |
6451 | 1357 |
1358 @table @code | |
1359 @item %b | |
1360 The current buffer name, obtained with the @code{buffer-name} function. | |
1361 @xref{Buffer Names}. | |
1362 | |
25875 | 1363 @item %c |
1364 The current column number of point. | |
1365 | |
6451 | 1366 @item %f |
1367 The visited file name, obtained with the @code{buffer-file-name} | |
1368 function. @xref{Buffer File Name}. | |
1369 | |
12067 | 1370 @item %F |
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1371 The title (only on a window system) or the name of the selected frame. |
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1372 @xref{Window Frame Parameters}. |
12067 | 1373 |
1374 @item %l | |
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1375 The current line number of point, counting within the accessible portion |
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1376 of the buffer. |
12067 | 1377 |
25875 | 1378 @item %n |
1379 @samp{Narrow} when narrowing is in effect; nothing otherwise (see | |
1380 @code{narrow-to-region} in @ref{Narrowing}). | |
1381 | |
1382 @item %p | |
1383 The percentage of the buffer text above the @strong{top} of window, or | |
1384 @samp{Top}, @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. Note that the default | |
1385 mode-line specification truncates this to three characters. | |
1386 | |
1387 @item %P | |
1388 The percentage of the buffer text that is above the @strong{bottom} of | |
1389 the window (which includes the text visible in the window, as well as | |
1390 the text above the top), plus @samp{Top} if the top of the buffer is | |
1391 visible on screen; or @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. | |
1392 | |
1393 @item %s | |
1394 The status of the subprocess belonging to the current buffer, obtained with | |
1395 @code{process-status}. @xref{Process Information}. | |
1396 | |
1397 @item %t | |
1398 Whether the visited file is a text file or a binary file. This is a | |
1399 meaningful distinction only on certain operating systems (@pxref{MS-DOS | |
1400 File Types}). | |
1401 | |
6451 | 1402 @item %* |
1403 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @* | |
1404 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @* | |
1405 @samp{-} otherwise. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
1406 | |
1407 @item %+ | |
12067 | 1408 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @* |
1409 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @* | |
1410 @samp{-} otherwise. This differs from @samp{%*} only for a modified | |
1411 read-only buffer. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
1412 | |
1413 @item %& | |
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1414 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{-} otherwise. |
6451 | 1415 |
1416 @item %[ | |
1417 An indication of the depth of recursive editing levels (not counting | |
1418 minibuffer levels): one @samp{[} for each editing level. | |
1419 @xref{Recursive Editing}. | |
1420 | |
1421 @item %] | |
1422 One @samp{]} for each recursive editing level (not counting minibuffer | |
1423 levels). | |
1424 | |
25875 | 1425 @item %- |
1426 Dashes sufficient to fill the remainder of the mode line. | |
1427 | |
6451 | 1428 @item %% |
1429 The character @samp{%}---this is how to include a literal @samp{%} in a | |
1430 string in which @code{%}-constructs are allowed. | |
1431 @end table | |
1432 | |
1433 The following two @code{%}-constructs are still supported, but they are | |
1434 obsolete, since you can get the same results with the variables | |
1435 @code{mode-name} and @code{global-mode-string}. | |
1436 | |
1437 @table @code | |
1438 @item %m | |
1439 The value of @code{mode-name}. | |
1440 | |
1441 @item %M | |
1442 The value of @code{global-mode-string}. Currently, only | |
1443 @code{display-time} modifies the value of @code{global-mode-string}. | |
1444 @end table | |
1445 | |
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1446 @node Properties in Mode |
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1447 @subsection Properties in the Mode Line |
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1448 |
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1449 Starting in Emacs 21, certain text properties are meaningful in the |
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1450 mode line. The @code{face} property affects the appearance of text; the |
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1451 @code{help-echo} property associate help strings with the text, and |
29102 | 1452 @code{local-map} can make the text mouse-sensitive. |
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1453 |
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1454 There are three ways to specify text properties for text in the mode |
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1455 line: |
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1456 |
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1457 @enumerate |
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1458 @item |
29102 | 1459 Put a string with the @code{local-map} property directly into the |
1460 mode-line data structure. | |
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1461 |
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1462 @item |
29102 | 1463 Put a @code{local-map} property on a mode-line %-construct |
1464 such as @samp{%12b}; then the expansion of the %-construct | |
1465 will have that same text property. | |
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1466 |
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1467 @item |
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1468 Use a list containing @code{:eval @var{form}} in the mode-line data |
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1469 structure, and make @var{form} evaluate to a string that has a |
29102 | 1470 @code{local-map} property. |
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1471 @end enumerate |
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1472 |
29102 | 1473 You use the @code{local-map} property to specify a keymap. Like any |
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1474 keymap, it can bind character keys and function keys; but that has no |
25875 | 1475 effect, since it is impossible to move point into the mode line. This |
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1476 keymap can only take real effect for mouse clicks. |
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1477 |
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1478 @node Header Lines |
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1479 @subsection Window Header Lines |
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1480 @cindex header line (of a window) |
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1481 @cindex window header line |
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1482 |
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1483 Starting in Emacs 21, a window can have a @dfn{header line} at the |
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1484 top, just as it can have a mode line at the bottom. The header line |
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1485 feature works just like the mode line feature, except that it's |
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1486 controlled by different variables. |
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1487 |
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1488 @tindex header-line-format |
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1489 @defvar header-line-format |
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1490 This variable, local in every buffer, specifies how to display the |
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1491 header line, for windows displaying the buffer. The format of the value |
26783 | 1492 is the same as for @code{mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line Data}). |
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1493 @end defvar |
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1494 |
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1495 @tindex default-header-line-format |
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1496 @defvar default-header-line-format |
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1497 This variable holds the default @code{header-line-format} for buffers |
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1498 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value |
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1499 'header-line-format)}. |
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1500 |
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1501 It is normally @code{nil}, so that ordinary buffers have no header line. |
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1502 @end defvar |
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1503 |
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1504 @node Imenu |
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1505 @section Imenu |
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1506 |
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1507 @cindex Imenu |
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1508 @dfn{Imenu} is a feature that lets users select a definition or |
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1509 section in the buffer, from a menu which lists all of them, to go |
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1510 directly to that location in the buffer. Imenu works by constructing a |
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1511 buffer index which lists the names and buffer positions of the |
25875 | 1512 definitions, or other named portions of the buffer; then the user can |
1513 choose one of them and move point to it. This section explains how to | |
1514 customize how Imenu finds the definitions or buffer portions for a | |
1515 particular major mode. | |
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1516 |
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1517 The usual and simplest way is to set the variable |
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1518 @code{imenu-generic-expression}: |
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1519 |
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1520 @defvar imenu-generic-expression |
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1521 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies regular expressions for |
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1522 finding definitions for Imenu. In the simplest case, elements should |
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1523 look like this: |
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1524 |
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1525 @example |
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1526 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{subexp}) |
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1527 @end example |
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1528 |
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1529 Here, if @var{menu-title} is non-@code{nil}, it says that the matches |
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1530 for this element should go in a submenu of the buffer index; |
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1531 @var{menu-title} itself specifies the name for the submenu. If |
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1532 @var{menu-title} is @code{nil}, the matches for this element go directly |
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1533 in the top level of the buffer index. |
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1534 |
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1535 The second item in the list, @var{regexp}, is a regular expression |
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1536 (@pxref{Regular Expressions}); anything in the buffer that it matches is |
25875 | 1537 considered a definition, something to mention in the buffer index. The |
1538 third item, @var{subexp}, indicates which subexpression in @var{regexp} | |
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1539 matches the definition's name. |
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1540 |
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1541 An element can also look like this: |
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1542 |
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1543 @example |
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1544 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{index} @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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1545 @end example |
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1546 |
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1547 Each match for this element creates a special index item which, if |
25875 | 1548 selected by the user, calls @var{function} with arguments consisting of |
1549 the item name, the buffer position, and @var{arguments}. | |
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1550 |
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1551 For Emacs Lisp mode, @var{pattern} could look like this: |
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1552 |
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1553 @c should probably use imenu-syntax-alist and \\sw rather than [-A-Za-z0-9+] |
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1554 @example |
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1555 @group |
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1556 ((nil "^\\s-*(def\\(un\\|subst\\|macro\\|advice\\)\ |
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1557 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2) |
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1558 @end group |
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1559 @group |
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1560 ("*Vars*" "^\\s-*(def\\(var\\|const\\)\ |
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1561 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2) |
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1562 @end group |
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1563 @group |
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1564 ("*Types*" |
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1565 "^\\s-*\ |
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1566 (def\\(type\\|struct\\|class\\|ine-condition\\)\ |
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1567 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2)) |
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1568 @end group |
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1569 @end example |
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1570 |
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1571 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1572 @end defvar |
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1573 |
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1574 @defvar imenu-case-fold-search |
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1575 This variable controls whether matching against |
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1576 @var{imenu-generic-expression} is case-sensitive: @code{t}, the default, |
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1577 means matching should ignore case. |
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1578 |
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1579 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1580 @end defvar |
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1581 |
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1582 @defvar imenu-syntax-alist |
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1583 This variable is an alist of syntax table modifiers to use while |
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1584 processing @code{imenu-generic-expression}, to override the syntax table |
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1585 of the current buffer. Each element should have this form: |
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1586 |
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1587 @example |
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1588 (@var{characters} . @var{syntax-description}) |
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1589 @end example |
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1590 |
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1591 The @sc{car}, @var{characters}, can be either a character or a string. |
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1592 The element says to give that character or characters the syntax |
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1593 specified by @var{syntax-description}, which is passed to |
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1594 @code{modify-syntax-entry} (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). |
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1595 |
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1596 This feature is typically used to give word syntax to characters which |
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1597 normally have symbol syntax, and thus to simplify |
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1598 @code{imenu-generic-expression} and speed up matching. |
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1599 For example, Fortran mode uses it this way: |
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1600 |
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1601 @example |
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1602 (setq imenu-syntax-alist '(("_$" . "w"))) |
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1603 @end example |
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1604 |
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1605 The @code{imenu-generic-expression} patterns can then use @samp{\\sw+} |
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1606 instead of @samp{\\(\\sw\\|\\s_\\)+}. Note that this technique may be |
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1607 inconvenient when the mode needs to limit the initial character |
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1608 of a name to a smaller set of characters than are allowed in the rest |
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1609 of a name. |
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1610 |
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1611 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1612 @end defvar |
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1613 |
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1614 Another way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the |
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1615 variables @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} and |
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1616 @code{imenu-extract-index-name-function}: |
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1617 |
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1618 @defvar imenu-prev-index-position-function |
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1619 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function that |
25875 | 1620 finds the next ``definition'' to put in the buffer index, scanning |
1621 backward in the buffer from point. It should return @code{nil} if it | |
1622 doesn't find another ``definition'' before point. Otherwise it shuould | |
1623 leave point at the place it finds a ``definition,'' and return any | |
1624 non-@code{nil} value. | |
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1625 |
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1626 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1627 @end defvar |
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1628 |
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1629 @defvar imenu-extract-index-name-function |
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1630 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function to |
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1631 return the name for a definition, assuming point is in that definition |
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1632 as the @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} function would leave |
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1633 it. |
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1634 |
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1635 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1636 @end defvar |
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1637 |
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1638 The last way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the |
25875 | 1639 variable @code{imenu-create-index-function}: |
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1640 |
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1641 @defvar imenu-create-index-function |
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1642 This variable specifies the function to use for creating a buffer index. |
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1643 The function should take no arguments, and return an index for the |
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1644 current buffer. It is called within @code{save-excursion}, so where it |
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1645 leaves point makes no difference. |
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1646 |
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1647 The default value is a function that uses |
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1648 @code{imenu-generic-expression} to produce the index alist. If you |
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1649 specify a different function, then @code{imenu-generic-expression} is |
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1650 not used. |
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1651 |
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1652 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1653 @end defvar |
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1654 |
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1655 @defvar imenu-index-alist |
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1656 This variable holds the index alist for the current buffer. |
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1657 Setting it makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1658 |
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1659 Simple elements in the alist look like @code{(@var{index-name} |
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1660 . @var{index-position})}. Selecting a simple element has the effect of |
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1661 moving to position @var{index-position} in the buffer. |
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1662 |
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1663 Special elements look like @code{(@var{index-name} @var{position} |
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1664 @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{})}. Selecting a special element |
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1665 performs |
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1666 |
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1667 @example |
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1668 (funcall @var{function} @var{index-name} @var{position} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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1669 @end example |
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1670 |
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1671 A nested sub-alist element looks like @code{(@var{index-name} |
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1672 @var{sub-alist})}. |
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1673 @end defvar |
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1674 |
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1675 @node Font Lock Mode |
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1676 @section Font Lock Mode |
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1677 @cindex Font Lock Mode |
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1678 |
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1679 @dfn{Font Lock mode} is a feature that automatically attaches |
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1680 @code{face} properties to certain parts of the buffer based on their |
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1681 syntactic role. How it parses the buffer depends on the major mode; |
25875 | 1682 most major modes define syntactic criteria for which faces to use in |
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1683 which contexts. This section explains how to customize Font Lock for a |
25875 | 1684 particular major mode. |
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1685 |
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1686 Font Lock mode finds text to highlight in two ways: through syntactic |
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1687 parsing based on the syntax table, and through searching (usually for |
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1688 regular expressions). Syntactic fontification happens first; it finds |
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1689 comments and string constants, and highlights them using |
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1690 @code{font-lock-comment-face} and @code{font-lock-string-face} |
25875 | 1691 (@pxref{Faces for Font Lock}). Search-based fontification follows. |
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1692 |
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1693 @menu |
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1694 * Font Lock Basics:: |
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1695 * Search-based Fontification:: |
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1696 * Other Font Lock Variables:: |
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1697 * Levels of Font Lock:: |
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1698 * Faces for Font Lock:: |
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1699 * Syntactic Font Lock:: |
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1700 @end menu |
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1701 |
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1702 @node Font Lock Basics |
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1703 @subsection Font Lock Basics |
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1704 |
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1705 There are several variables that control how Font Lock mode highlights |
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1706 text. But major modes should not set any of these variables directly. |
24934 | 1707 Instead, they should set @code{font-lock-defaults} as a buffer-local |
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1708 variable. The value assigned to this variable is used, if and when Font |
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1709 Lock mode is enabled, to set all the other variables. |
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1710 |
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1711 @defvar font-lock-defaults |
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1712 This variable is set by major modes, as a buffer-local variable, to |
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1713 specify how to fontify text in that mode. The value should look like |
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1714 this: |
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1715 |
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1716 @example |
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1717 (@var{keywords} @var{keywords-only} @var{case-fold} |
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1718 @var{syntax-alist} @var{syntax-begin} @var{other-vars}@dots{}) |
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1719 @end example |
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1720 |
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1721 The first element, @var{keywords}, indirectly specifies the value of |
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1722 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can be a symbol, a variable whose value |
25875 | 1723 is the list to use for @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can also be a list of |
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1724 several such symbols, one for each possible level of fontification. The |
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1725 first symbol specifies how to do level 1 fontification, the second |
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1726 symbol how to do level 2, and so on. |
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1727 |
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1728 The second element, @var{keywords-only}, specifies the value of the |
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1729 variable @code{font-lock-keywords-only}. If this is non-@code{nil}, |
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1730 syntactic fontification (of strings and comments) is not performed. |
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1731 |
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1732 The third element, @var{case-fold}, specifies the value of |
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1733 @code{font-lock-case-fold-search}. If it is non-@code{nil}, Font Lock |
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1734 mode ignores case when searching as directed by |
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1735 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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1736 |
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1737 If the fourth element, @var{syntax-alist}, is non-@code{nil}, it should be |
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1738 a list of cons cells of the form @code{(@var{char-or-string} |
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1739 . @var{string})}. These are used to set up a syntax table for |
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1740 fontification (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). The resulting syntax |
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1741 table is stored in @code{font-lock-syntax-table}. |
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1742 |
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1743 The fifth element, @var{syntax-begin}, specifies the value of |
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1744 @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (see below). |
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1745 |
25875 | 1746 All the remaining elements (if any) are collectively called |
1747 @var{other-vars}. Each of these elements should have the form | |
1748 @code{(@var{variable} . @var{value})}---which means, make @var{variable} | |
1749 buffer-local and then set it to @var{value}. You can use these | |
1750 @var{other-vars} to set other variables that affect fontification, | |
1751 aside from those you can control with the first five elements. | |
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1752 @end defvar |
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1753 |
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1754 @node Search-based Fontification |
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1755 @subsection Search-based Fontification |
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1756 |
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1757 The most important variable for customizing Font Lock mode is |
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1758 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It specifies the search criteria for |
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1759 search-based fontification. |
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1760 |
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1761 @defvar font-lock-keywords |
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1762 This variable's value is a list of the keywords to highlight. Be |
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1763 careful when composing regular expressions for this list; a poorly |
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1764 written pattern can dramatically slow things down! |
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1765 @end defvar |
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1766 |
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1767 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} specifies how to find |
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1768 certain cases of text, and how to highlight those cases. Font Lock mode |
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1769 processes the elements of @code{font-lock-keywords} one by one, and for |
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1770 each element, it finds and handles all matches. Ordinarily, once |
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1771 part of the text has been fontified already, this cannot be overridden |
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1772 by a subsequent match in the same text; but you can specify different |
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1773 behavior using the @var{override} element of a @var{highlighter}. |
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1774 |
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1775 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} should have one of these |
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1776 forms: |
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1777 |
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1778 @table @code |
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1779 @item @var{regexp} |
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1780 Highlight all matches for @var{regexp} using |
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1781 @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. For example, |
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1782 |
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1783 @example |
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1784 ;; @r{Highlight discrete occurrences of @samp{foo}} |
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1785 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.} |
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1786 "\\<foo\\>" |
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1787 @end example |
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1788 |
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1789 The function @code{regexp-opt} (@pxref{Syntax of Regexps}) is useful for |
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1790 calculating optimal regular expressions to match a number of different |
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1791 keywords. |
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1792 |
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1793 @item @var{function} |
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1794 Find text by calling @var{function}, and highlight the matches |
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1795 it finds using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. |
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1796 |
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1797 When @var{function} is called, it receives one argument, the limit of |
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1798 the search. It should return non-@code{nil} if it succeeds, and set the |
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1799 match data to describe the match that was found. |
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1800 |
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1801 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{match}) |
24934 | 1802 In this kind of element, @var{matcher} is either a regular |
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1803 expression or a function, as described above. The @sc{cdr}, |
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1804 @var{match}, specifies which subexpression of @var{matcher} should be |
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1805 highlighted (instead of the entire text that @var{matcher} matched). |
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1806 |
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1807 @example |
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1808 ;; @r{Highlight the @samp{bar} in each occurrence of @samp{fubar},} |
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1809 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.} |
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1810 ("fu\\(bar\\)" . 1) |
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1811 @end example |
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1812 |
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1813 If you use @code{regexp-opt} to produce the regular expression |
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1814 @var{matcher}, then you can use @code{regexp-opt-depth} (@pxref{Syntax |
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1815 of Regexps}) to calculate the value for @var{match}. |
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1816 |
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1817 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{facename}) |
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1818 In this kind of element, @var{facename} is an expression whose value |
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1819 specifies the face name to use for highlighting. |
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1820 |
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1821 @example |
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1822 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of @samp{fubar},} |
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1823 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.} |
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1824 ("fubar" . fubar-face) |
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1825 @end example |
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1826 |
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1827 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{highlighter}) |
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1828 In this kind of element, @var{highlighter} is a list |
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1829 which specifies how to highlight matches found by @var{matcher}. |
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1830 It has the form |
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1831 |
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1832 @example |
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1833 (@var{subexp} @var{facename} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
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1834 @end example |
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1835 |
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1836 The @sc{car}, @var{subexp}, is an integer specifying which subexpression |
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1837 of the match to fontify (0 means the entire matching text). The second |
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1838 subelement, @var{facename}, specifies the face, as described above. |
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1839 |
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1840 The last two values in @var{highlighter}, @var{override} and |
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1841 @var{laxmatch}, are flags. If @var{override} is @code{t}, this element |
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1842 can override existing fontification made by previous elements of |
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1843 @code{font-lock-keywords}. If it is @code{keep}, then each character is |
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1844 fontified if it has not been fontified already by some other element. |
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1845 If it is @code{prepend}, the face @var{facename} is added to the |
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1846 beginning of the @code{face} property. If it is @code{append}, the face |
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1847 @var{facename} is added to the end of the @code{face} property. |
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1848 |
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1849 If @var{laxmatch} is non-@code{nil}, it means there should be no error |
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1850 if there is no subexpression numbered @var{subexp} in @var{matcher}. |
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1851 Obviously, fontification of the subexpression numbered @var{subexp} will |
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1852 not occur. However, fontification of other subexpressions (and other |
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1853 regexps) will continue. If @var{laxmatch} is @code{nil}, and the |
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1854 specified subexpression is missing, then an error is signalled which |
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1855 terminates search-based fontification. |
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1856 |
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1857 Here are some examples of elements of this kind, and what they do: |
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1858 |
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1859 @smallexample |
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1860 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar},} |
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1861 ;; @r{using @code{foo-bar-face}, even if they have already been highlighted.} |
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1862 ;; @r{@code{foo-bar-face} should be a variable whose value is a face.} |
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1863 ("foo\\|bar" 0 foo-bar-face t) |
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1864 |
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1865 ;; @r{Highlight the first subexpression within each occurrence} |
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1866 ;; @r{that the function @code{fubar-match} finds,} |
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1867 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.} |
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1868 (fubar-match 1 fubar-face) |
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1869 @end smallexample |
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1870 |
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1871 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters}@dots{}) |
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1872 This sort of element specifies several @var{highlighter} lists for a |
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1873 single @var{matcher}. In order for this to be useful, each |
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1874 @var{highlighter} should have a different value of @var{subexp}; that is, |
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1875 each one should apply to a different subexpression of @var{matcher}. |
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1876 |
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1877 @ignore |
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1878 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{anchored}) |
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1879 In this kind of element, @var{anchored} acts much like a |
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1880 @var{highlighter}, but it is more complex and can specify multiple |
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1881 successive searches. |
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1882 |
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1883 For highlighting single items, typically only @var{highlighter} is |
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1884 required. However, if an item or (typically) items are to be |
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1885 highlighted following the instance of another item (the anchor) then |
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1886 @var{anchored} may be required. |
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1887 |
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1888 It has this format: |
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1889 |
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1890 @example |
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1891 (@var{submatcher} @var{pre-match-form} @var{post-match-form} @var{highlighters}@dots{}) |
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1892 @end example |
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1893 |
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1894 @c I can't parse this text -- rms |
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1895 where @var{submatcher} is much like @var{matcher}, with one |
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1896 exception---see below. @var{pre-match-form} and @var{post-match-form} |
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1897 are evaluated before the first, and after the last, instance |
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1898 @var{anchored}'s @var{submatcher} is used. Therefore they can be used |
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1899 to initialize before, and cleanup after, @var{submatcher} is used. |
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1900 Typically, @var{pre-match-form} is used to move to some position |
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1901 relative to the original @var{submatcher}, before starting with |
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1902 @var{anchored}'s @var{submatcher}. @var{post-match-form} might be used |
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1903 to move, before resuming with @var{anchored}'s parent's @var{matcher}. |
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1904 |
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1905 For example, an element of the form highlights (if not already highlighted): |
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1906 |
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1907 @example |
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1908 ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\<item\\>" nil nil (0 item-face))) |
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1909 @end example |
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1910 |
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1911 Discrete occurrences of @samp{anchor} in the value of |
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1912 @code{anchor-face}, and subsequent discrete occurrences of @samp{item} |
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1913 (on the same line) in the value of @code{item-face}. (Here |
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1914 @var{pre-match-form} and @var{post-match-form} are @code{nil}. |
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1915 Therefore @samp{item} is initially searched for starting from the end of |
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1916 the match of @samp{anchor}, and searching for subsequent instance of |
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1917 @samp{anchor} resumes from where searching for @samp{item} concluded.) |
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1918 |
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1919 The above-mentioned exception is as follows. The limit of the |
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1920 @var{submatcher} search defaults to the end of the line after |
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1921 @var{pre-match-form} is evaluated. However, if @var{pre-match-form} |
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1922 returns a position greater than the position after @var{pre-match-form} |
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1923 is evaluated, that position is used as the limit of the search. It is |
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1924 generally a bad idea to return a position greater than the end of the |
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1925 line; in other words, the @var{submatcher} search should not span lines. |
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1926 |
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1927 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters-or-anchoreds} ...) |
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1928 @end ignore |
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1929 |
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1930 @item (eval . @var{form}) |
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1931 Here @var{form} is an expression to be evaluated the first time |
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1932 this value of @code{font-lock-keywords} is used in a buffer. |
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1933 Its value should have one of the forms described in this table. |
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1934 @end table |
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1935 |
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1936 @strong{Warning:} Do not design an element of @code{font-lock-keywords} |
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1937 to match text which spans lines; this does not work reliably. While |
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1938 @code{font-lock-fontify-buffer} handles multi-line patterns correctly, |
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1939 updating when you edit the buffer does not, since it considers text one |
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1940 line at a time. |
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1941 |
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1942 @node Other Font Lock Variables |
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1943 @subsection Other Font Lock Variables |
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1944 |
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1945 This section describes additional variables that a major mode |
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1946 can set by means of @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
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1947 |
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1948 @defvar font-lock-keywords-only |
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1949 Non-@code{nil} means Font Lock should not fontify comments or strings |
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1950 syntactically; it should only fontify based on |
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1951 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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1952 @end defvar |
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1953 |
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1954 @ignore |
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1955 Other variables include those for buffer-specialized fontification functions, |
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1956 `font-lock-fontify-buffer-function', `font-lock-unfontify-buffer-function', |
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1957 `font-lock-fontify-region-function', `font-lock-unfontify-region-function', |
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1958 `font-lock-inhibit-thing-lock' and `font-lock-maximum-size'. |
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1959 @end ignore |
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1960 |
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1961 @defvar font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search |
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1962 Non-@code{nil} means that regular expression matching for the sake of |
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1963 @code{font-lock-keywords} should be case-insensitive. |
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1964 @end defvar |
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1965 |
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1966 @defvar font-lock-syntax-table |
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1967 This variable specifies the syntax table to use for fontification of |
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1968 comments and strings. |
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1969 @end defvar |
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1970 |
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1971 @defvar font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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1972 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function to move |
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1973 point back to a position that is syntactically at ``top level'' and |
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1974 outside of strings or comments. Font Lock uses this when necessary |
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1975 to get the right results for syntactic fontification. |
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1976 |
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1977 This function is called with no arguments. It should leave point at the |
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1978 beginning of any enclosing syntactic block. Typical values are |
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1979 @code{beginning-of-line} (i.e., the start of the line is known to be |
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1980 outside a syntactic block), or @code{beginning-of-defun} for programming |
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1981 modes or @code{backward-paragraph} for textual modes (i.e., the |
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1982 mode-dependent function is known to move outside a syntactic block). |
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1983 |
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1984 If the value is @code{nil}, the beginning of the buffer is used as a |
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1985 position outside of a syntactic block. This cannot be wrong, but it can |
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1986 be slow. |
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1987 @end defvar |
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1988 |
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1989 @defvar font-lock-mark-block-function |
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1990 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function that is |
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1991 called with no arguments, to choose an enclosing range of text for |
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1992 refontification for the command @kbd{M-g M-g} |
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1993 (@code{font-lock-fontify-block}). |
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1994 |
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1995 The function should report its choice by placing the region around it. |
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1996 A good choice is a range of text large enough to give proper results, |
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1997 but not too large so that refontification becomes slow. Typical values |
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1998 are @code{mark-defun} for programming modes or @code{mark-paragraph} for |
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1999 textual modes. |
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2000 @end defvar |
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2001 |
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2002 @node Levels of Font Lock |
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2003 @subsection Levels of Font Lock |
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2004 |
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2005 Many major modes offer three different levels of fontification. You |
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2006 can define multiple levels by using a list of symbols for @var{keywords} |
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2007 in @code{font-lock-defaults}. Each symbol specifies one level of |
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2008 fontification; it is up to the user to choose one of these levels. The |
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2009 chosen level's symbol value is used to initialize |
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2010 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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2011 |
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2012 Here are the conventions for how to define the levels of |
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2013 fontification: |
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2014 |
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2015 @itemize @bullet |
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2016 @item |
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2017 Level 1: highlight function declarations, file directives (such as include or |
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2018 import directives), strings and comments. The idea is speed, so only |
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2019 the most important and top-level components are fontified. |
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2020 |
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2021 @item |
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2022 Level 2: in addition to level 1, highlight all language keywords, |
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2023 including type names that act like keywords, as well as named constant |
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2024 values. The idea is that all keywords (either syntactic or semantic) |
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2025 should be fontified appropriately. |
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2026 |
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2027 @item |
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2028 Level 3: in addition to level 2, highlight the symbols being defined in |
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2029 function and variable declarations, and all builtin function names, |
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2030 wherever they appear. |
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2031 @end itemize |
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2032 |
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2033 @node Faces for Font Lock |
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2034 @subsection Faces for Font Lock |
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2035 |
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2036 You can make Font Lock mode use any face, but several faces are |
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2037 defined specifically for Font Lock mode. Each of these symbols is both |
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2038 a face name, and a variable whose default value is the symbol itself. |
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2039 Thus, the default value of @code{font-lock-comment-face} is |
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2040 @code{font-lock-comment-face}. This means you can write |
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2041 @code{font-lock-comment-face} in a context such as |
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2042 @code{font-lock-keywords} where a face-name-valued expression is used. |
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2043 |
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2044 @table @code |
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2045 @item font-lock-comment-face |
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2046 @vindex font-lock-comment-face |
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2047 Used (typically) for comments. |
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2048 |
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2049 @item font-lock-string-face |
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2050 @vindex font-lock-string-face |
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2051 Used (typically) for string constants. |
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2052 |
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2053 @item font-lock-keyword-face |
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2054 @vindex font-lock-keyword-face |
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2055 Used (typically) for keywords---names that have special syntactic |
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2056 significance, like @code{for} and @code{if} in C. |
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2057 |
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2058 @item font-lock-builtin-face |
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2059 @vindex font-lock-builtin-face |
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2060 Used (typically) for built-in function names. |
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2061 |
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2062 @item font-lock-function-name-face |
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2063 @vindex font-lock-function-name-face |
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2064 Used (typically) for the name of a function being defined or declared, |
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2065 in a function definition or declaration. |
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2066 |
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2067 @item font-lock-variable-name-face |
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2068 @vindex font-lock-variable-name-face |
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2069 Used (typically) for the name of a variable being defined or declared, |
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2070 in a variable definition or declaration. |
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2071 |
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2072 @item font-lock-type-face |
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2073 @vindex font-lock-type-face |
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2074 Used (typically) for names of user-defined data types, |
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2075 where they are defined and where they are used. |
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2076 |
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2077 @item font-lock-constant-face |
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2078 @vindex font-lock-constant-face |
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2079 Used (typically) for constant names. |
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2080 |
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2081 @item font-lock-warning-face |
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2082 @vindex font-lock-warning-face |
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2083 Used (typically) for constructs that are peculiar, or that greatly |
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2084 change the meaning of other text. For example, this is used for |
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2085 @samp{;;;###autoload} cookies in Emacs Lisp, and for @code{#error} |
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2086 directives in C. |
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2087 @end table |
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2088 |
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2089 @node Syntactic Font Lock |
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2090 @subsection Syntactic Font Lock |
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2091 |
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2092 Font Lock mode can be used to update @code{syntax-table} properties |
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2093 automatically. This is useful in languages for which a single syntax |
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2094 table by itself is not sufficient. |
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2095 |
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2096 @defvar font-lock-syntactic-keywords |
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2097 This variable enables and controls syntactic Font Lock. Its value |
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2098 should be a list of elements of this form: |
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2099 |
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2100 @example |
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2101 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{syntax} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
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2102 @end example |
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2103 |
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2104 The parts of this element have the same meanings as in the corresponding |
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2105 sort of element of @code{font-lock-keywords}, |
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2106 |
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2107 @example |
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2108 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{facename} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
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2109 @end example |
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2110 |
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2111 However, instead of specifying the value @var{facename} to use for the |
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2112 @code{face} property, it specifies the value @var{syntax} to use for the |
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2113 @code{syntax-table} property. Here, @var{syntax} can be a variable |
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2114 whose value is a syntax table, a syntax entry of the form |
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2115 @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})}, or an expression whose |
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2116 value is one of those two types. |
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2117 @end defvar |
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2118 |
6451 | 2119 @node Hooks |
2120 @section Hooks | |
2121 @cindex hooks | |
2122 | |
2123 A @dfn{hook} is a variable where you can store a function or functions | |
2124 to be called on a particular occasion by an existing program. Emacs | |
2125 provides hooks for the sake of customization. Most often, hooks are set | |
25875 | 2126 up in the init file (@pxref{Init File}), but Lisp programs can set them also. |
6451 | 2127 @xref{Standard Hooks}, for a list of standard hook variables. |
2128 | |
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2129 @cindex normal hook |
6451 | 2130 Most of the hooks in Emacs are @dfn{normal hooks}. These variables |
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2131 contain lists of functions to be called with no arguments. When the |
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2132 hook name ends in @samp{-hook}, that tells you it is normal. We try to |
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2133 make all hooks normal, as much as possible, so that you can use them in |
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2134 a uniform way. |
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2135 |
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2136 Every major mode function is supposed to run a normal hook called the |
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2137 @dfn{mode hook} as the last step of initialization. This makes it easy |
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2138 for a user to customize the behavior of the mode, by overriding the |
21682
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2139 buffer-local variable assignments already made by the mode. But hooks |
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2140 are used in other contexts too. For example, the hook |
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2141 @code{suspend-hook} runs just before Emacs suspends itself |
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2142 (@pxref{Suspending Emacs}). |
6451 | 2143 |
2144 The recommended way to add a hook function to a normal hook is by | |
2145 calling @code{add-hook} (see below). The hook functions may be any of | |
2146 the valid kinds of functions that @code{funcall} accepts (@pxref{What Is | |
2147 a Function}). Most normal hook variables are initially void; | |
2148 @code{add-hook} knows how to deal with this. | |
2149 | |
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2150 @cindex abnormal hook |
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2151 If the hook variable's name does not end with @samp{-hook}, that |
25875 | 2152 indicates it is probably an @dfn{abnormal hook}. Then you should look at its |
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2153 documentation to see how to use the hook properly. |
6451 | 2154 |
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2155 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-functions} or @samp{-hooks}, |
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2156 then the value is a list of functions, but it is abnormal in that either |
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2157 these functions are called with arguments or their values are used in |
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2158 some way. You can use @code{add-hook} to add a function to the list, |
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2159 but you must take care in writing the function. (A few of these |
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2160 variables are actually normal hooks which were named before we |
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2161 established the convention of using @samp{-hook} for them.) |
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2162 |
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2163 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-function}, then its value |
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2164 is just a single function, not a list of functions. |
6451 | 2165 |
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2166 Here's an example that uses a mode hook to turn on Auto Fill mode when |
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2167 in Lisp Interaction mode: |
6451 | 2168 |
2169 @example | |
2170 (add-hook 'lisp-interaction-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
2171 @end example | |
2172 | |
2173 At the appropriate time, Emacs uses the @code{run-hooks} function to | |
12098 | 2174 run particular hooks. This function calls the hook functions that have |
2175 been added with @code{add-hook}. | |
6451 | 2176 |
25875 | 2177 @defun run-hooks &rest hookvars |
6451 | 2178 This function takes one or more hook variable names as arguments, and |
25875 | 2179 runs each hook in turn. Each argument should be a symbol that is a hook |
2180 variable. These arguments are processed in the order specified. | |
6451 | 2181 |
2182 If a hook variable has a non-@code{nil} value, that value may be a | |
2183 function or a list of functions. If the value is a function (either a | |
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2184 lambda expression or a symbol with a function definition), it is called. |
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2185 If it is a list, the elements are called, in order. The hook functions |
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2186 are called with no arguments. Nowadays, storing a single function in |
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2187 the hook variable is semi-obsolete; you should always use a list of |
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2188 functions. |
6451 | 2189 |
12098 | 2190 For example, here's how @code{emacs-lisp-mode} runs its mode hook: |
6451 | 2191 |
2192 @example | |
2193 (run-hooks 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook) | |
2194 @end example | |
2195 @end defun | |
2196 | |
22138
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2197 @defun run-hook-with-args hook &rest args |
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2198 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments |
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2199 to the hook functions. It calls each of the hook functions, passing |
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2200 each of them the arguments @var{args}. |
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2201 @end defun |
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2202 |
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2203 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-failure hook &rest args |
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2204 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments |
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2205 to the hook functions, and stops as soon as any hook function fails. It |
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2206 calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them the arguments |
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2207 @var{args}, until some hook function returns @code{nil}. Then it stops, |
25875 | 2208 and returns @code{nil} if some hook function returned @code{nil}. |
2209 Otherwise it returns a non-@code{nil} value. | |
22138
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2210 @end defun |
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2211 |
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2212 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-success hook &rest args |
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2213 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments |
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2214 to the hook functions, and stops as soon as any hook function succeeds. |
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2215 It calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them the arguments |
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2216 @var{args}, until some hook function returns non-@code{nil}. Then it |
22252
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2217 stops, and returns whatever was returned by the last hook function |
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2218 that was called. |
22138
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2219 @end defun |
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2220 |
12067 | 2221 @defun add-hook hook function &optional append local |
6451 | 2222 This function is the handy way to add function @var{function} to hook |
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2223 variable @var{hook}. The argument @var{function} may be any valid Lisp |
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2224 function with the proper number of arguments. For example, |
6451 | 2225 |
2226 @example | |
2227 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'my-text-hook-function) | |
2228 @end example | |
2229 | |
2230 @noindent | |
2231 adds @code{my-text-hook-function} to the hook called @code{text-mode-hook}. | |
2232 | |
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2233 You can use @code{add-hook} for abnormal hooks as well as for normal |
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2234 hooks. |
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2235 |
6451 | 2236 It is best to design your hook functions so that the order in which they |
2237 are executed does not matter. Any dependence on the order is ``asking | |
2238 for trouble.'' However, the order is predictable: normally, | |
2239 @var{function} goes at the front of the hook list, so it will be | |
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2240 executed first (barring another @code{add-hook} call). If the optional |
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2241 argument @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, the new hook function goes at |
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2242 the end of the hook list and will be executed last. |
6451 | 2243 |
12067 | 2244 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to make the new hook |
34016 | 2245 function buffer-local in the current buffer and automatically calls |
2246 @code{make-local-hook} to make the hook itself buffer-local. | |
6451 | 2247 @end defun |
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2248 |
12067 | 2249 @defun remove-hook hook function &optional local |
2250 This function removes @var{function} from the hook variable @var{hook}. | |
2251 | |
2252 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to remove @var{function} | |
21682
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2253 from the buffer-local hook list instead of from the global hook list. |
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2254 If the hook variable itself is not buffer-local, then the value of |
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2255 @var{local} makes no difference. |
12067 | 2256 @end defun |
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2257 |
12067 | 2258 @defun make-local-hook hook |
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2259 This function makes the hook variable @code{hook} buffer-local in the |
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2260 current buffer. When a hook variable is buffer-local, it can have |
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2261 buffer-local and global hook functions, and @code{run-hooks} runs all of |
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2262 them. |
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2263 |
25875 | 2264 This function works by adding @code{t} as an element of the buffer-local |
2265 value. That serves as a flag to use the hook functions listed in the default | |
2266 value of the hook variable, as well as those listed in the buffer-local value. | |
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2267 Since @code{run-hooks} understands this flag, @code{make-local-hook} |
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2268 works with all normal hooks. It works for only some non-normal |
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2269 hooks---those whose callers have been updated to understand this meaning |
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2270 of @code{t}. |
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2271 |
12067 | 2272 Do not use @code{make-local-variable} directly for hook variables; it is |
2273 not sufficient. | |
2274 @end defun |