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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 06 Mar 2001 16:13:34 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
28126 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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16 @xref{,Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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17 |
25829 | 18 @menu |
19 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
20 * Commands: Dired Commands. Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
21 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. | |
22 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
23 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
24 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
25 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
26 either one file or several files. | |
27 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
28 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
29 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
30 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
31 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
32 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
33 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
34 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
35 @end menu | |
36 | |
37 @node Dired Enter | |
38 @section Entering Dired | |
39 | |
40 @findex dired | |
41 @kindex C-x d | |
42 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
43 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads | |
44 a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument | |
45 to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from | |
46 @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that | |
47 the special commands of Dired are available. | |
48 | |
49 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
50 give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain | |
51 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired} | |
52 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer | |
53 before you enter the directory specification. | |
54 | |
55 @findex dired-other-window | |
56 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
57 @findex dired-other-frame | |
58 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
59 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
60 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
61 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
62 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
63 | |
64 @node Dired Commands | |
65 @section Commands in the Dired Buffer | |
66 | |
67 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not | |
68 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are | |
69 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or | |
70 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current | |
71 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged | |
72 files. | |
73 | |
74 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
75 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
76 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
77 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also | |
78 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the | |
79 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the | |
80 beginning of the line. | |
81 | |
82 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
83 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
84 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
85 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
86 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
87 | |
88 @node Dired Deletion | |
89 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
90 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
91 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
92 | |
93 The primary use of Dired is to @dfn{flag} files for deletion and then | |
94 delete the files previously flagged. | |
95 | |
96 @table @kbd | |
97 @item d | |
98 Flag this file for deletion. | |
99 @item u | |
100 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
101 @item @key{DEL} | |
102 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
103 @item x | |
104 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
105 @end table | |
106 | |
107 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
108 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
109 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the | |
110 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at | |
111 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, | |
112 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric | |
113 argument serves as a repeat count. | |
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114 |
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115 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes |
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116 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} controls whether the |
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117 delete command will delete non-empty directories (including their |
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118 contents). The default is to delete only empty directories. |
25829 | 119 |
120 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
121 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
122 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to | |
123 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct | |
124 Dired to expunge the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using | |
125 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works | |
126 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags. | |
127 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; | |
128 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
129 | |
130 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
131 @findex dired-expunge | |
132 @cindex expunging (Dired) | |
133 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-expunge}). | |
134 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for | |
135 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, | |
136 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text | |
137 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. | |
138 | |
139 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
140 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
141 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
142 | |
143 @node Flagging Many Files | |
144 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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145 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 146 |
147 @table @kbd | |
148 @item # | |
149 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
150 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
151 | |
152 @item ~ | |
153 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
154 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
155 | |
156 @item & | |
157 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that | |
158 suggest you could easily create the files again. | |
159 | |
160 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
161 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
162 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
163 flagged. | |
164 | |
165 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
166 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
167 @var{regexp}. | |
168 @end table | |
169 | |
170 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
171 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
172 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
173 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
174 keep.@refill | |
175 | |
176 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
177 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
178 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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179 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 180 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
181 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
182 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
183 files produced by @TeX{}, and the @samp{.orig} and @samp{.rej} files | |
184 produced by @code{patch}. | |
185 | |
186 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
187 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} | |
188 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
189 @findex dired-flag-backup-files | |
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190 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 191 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
192 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that | |
193 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}. @kbd{~} | |
194 (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files whose | |
195 names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, whose names | |
196 end in @samp{~}. | |
197 | |
198 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
199 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
200 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
201 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
202 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
203 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
204 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
205 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
206 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
207 keep. | |
208 | |
209 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
210 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
211 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
212 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
213 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
214 | |
215 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
216 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
217 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
218 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
219 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
220 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories | |
221 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
222 | |
223 @node Dired Visiting | |
224 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
225 | |
226 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
227 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
228 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
229 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
230 | |
231 @table @kbd | |
232 @item f | |
233 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
234 @findex dired-find-file | |
235 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
236 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
237 | |
238 @item @key{RET} | |
239 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} | |
240 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. | |
241 | |
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242 @item a |
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243 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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244 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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245 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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246 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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247 |
25829 | 248 @item o |
249 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
250 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
251 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
252 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
253 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
254 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
255 | |
256 @item C-o | |
257 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
258 @findex dired-display-file | |
259 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
260 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
261 | |
262 @item Mouse-2 | |
263 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window | |
264 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
265 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
266 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
267 | |
268 @item v | |
269 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
270 @findex dired-view-file | |
271 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} | |
272 (@code{dired-view-file}). | |
273 | |
274 Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around | |
275 in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the file. | |
276 @xref{Misc File Ops,View File}. | |
277 @end table | |
278 | |
279 @node Marks vs Flags | |
280 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
281 | |
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282 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
25829 | 283 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the file |
284 with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired commands to | |
285 operate on files, aside from ``expunge'' (@kbd{x}), look for files | |
286 marked with @samp{*}. | |
287 | |
288 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or | |
289 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and | |
290 unflag files.) | |
291 | |
292 @table @kbd | |
293 @item m | |
294 @itemx * m | |
295 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
296 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
297 @findex dired-mark | |
298 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
299 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
300 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
301 files.) | |
302 | |
303 @item * * | |
304 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
305 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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306 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 307 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
308 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
309 those files. | |
310 | |
311 @item * @@ | |
312 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
313 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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314 @cindex marking symlinks (in Dired) |
25829 | 315 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
316 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
317 | |
318 @item * / | |
319 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
320 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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321 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
25829 | 322 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for |
323 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric | |
324 argument, unmark all those files. | |
325 | |
326 @item * s | |
327 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
328 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
329 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
330 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
331 | |
332 @item u | |
333 @itemx * u | |
334 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
335 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
336 @findex dired-unmark | |
337 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
338 | |
339 @item @key{DEL} | |
340 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
341 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
342 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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343 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 344 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
345 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
346 | |
347 @item * ! | |
348 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} | |
349 @findex dired-unmark-all-files-no-query | |
350 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer | |
351 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files-no-query}). | |
352 | |
353 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
354 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} | |
355 @findex dired-unmark-all-files | |
356 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
357 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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358 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 359 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
360 character with another. | |
25829 | 361 |
362 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
363 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
364 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
365 files without asking about them. | |
366 | |
367 @item * C-n | |
368 @findex dired-next-marked-file | |
369 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
370 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) | |
371 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
372 | |
373 @item * C-p | |
374 @findex dired-prev-marked-file | |
375 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
376 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) | |
377 | |
378 @item * t | |
379 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} | |
380 @findex dired-do-toggle | |
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381 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
25829 | 382 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-do-toggle}): files marked with @samp{*} |
383 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files | |
384 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
385 | |
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386 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 387 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
388 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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389 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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390 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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391 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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392 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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393 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 394 |
395 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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396 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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397 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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398 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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399 acts on. |
25829 | 400 |
401 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
402 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
403 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
404 | |
405 @example | |
406 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
407 @end example | |
408 | |
36507 | 409 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 410 |
411 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
412 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
413 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
414 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
415 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
416 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
417 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
418 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
419 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}. | |
420 | |
421 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
422 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by | |
423 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
424 | |
425 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
426 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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427 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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428 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 429 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
430 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
431 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
432 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
433 name. | |
434 | |
435 @item C-_ | |
436 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} | |
437 @findex dired-undo | |
438 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
439 marks (@code{dired-undo}). | |
440 @end table | |
441 | |
442 @node Operating on Files | |
443 @section Operating on Files | |
444 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
445 | |
446 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
447 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
448 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
449 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to | |
450 specify which files to manipulate: | |
451 | |
452 @itemize @bullet | |
453 @item | |
454 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
455 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
456 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
457 the current line.) | |
458 | |
459 @item | |
460 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
461 on all those files. | |
462 | |
463 @item | |
464 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
465 @end itemize | |
466 | |
467 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this | |
468 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
469 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.) | |
470 | |
471 @table @kbd | |
472 @findex dired-do-copy | |
473 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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474 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 475 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
476 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
477 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
478 name. | |
479 | |
480 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
481 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with | |
482 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same | |
483 as that of the old file. | |
484 | |
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485 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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486 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether |
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487 directories are copied recursively. The default is to not copy |
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488 recursively, which means that directories cannot be copied. |
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489 |
25829 | 490 @item D |
491 @findex dired-do-delete | |
492 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
493 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
494 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
495 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
496 (@code{dired-expunge}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. | |
497 | |
498 @findex dired-do-rename | |
499 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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500 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
25829 | 501 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
502 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
503 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
504 file) the new name. | |
505 | |
506 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
507 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
508 | |
509 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
510 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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511 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 512 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
513 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
514 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
515 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
516 | |
517 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
518 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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519 @cindex symlinks (in Dired) |
25829 | 520 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
521 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
522 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
523 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
524 | |
525 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
526 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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527 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 528 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
529 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
530 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
531 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
532 | |
533 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
534 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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535 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 536 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
537 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
538 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
539 | |
540 @findex dired-do-chown | |
541 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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542 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 543 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
544 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
545 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
546 this.) | |
547 | |
548 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
549 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
550 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
551 different places). | |
552 | |
553 @findex dired-do-print | |
554 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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555 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 556 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
557 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
558 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
559 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
560 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
561 @pxref{Hardcopy}). | |
562 | |
563 @findex dired-do-compress | |
564 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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565 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 566 @item Z |
567 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
568 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead. | |
569 | |
570 @findex dired-do-load | |
571 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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572 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 573 @item L |
574 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
575 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
576 | |
577 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
578 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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579 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 580 @item B |
581 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
582 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
583 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
584 | |
585 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
586 @findex dired-do-search | |
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587 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 588 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
589 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
590 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
591 | |
592 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
593 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
594 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
595 | |
596 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
597 @findex dired-do-query-replace | |
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598 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 599 @item Q @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
600 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, | |
601 replacing matches for @var{from} (a regular expression) with the string | |
602 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace}). | |
603 | |
604 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
605 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
606 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
607 @end table | |
608 | |
609 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} | |
610 @findex dired-create-directory | |
611 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
612 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and | |
613 creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
614 | |
615 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
616 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
617 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
618 | |
619 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
620 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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621 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
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622 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell |
25829 | 623 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the |
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624 specified files. @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}. You can specify the |
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625 files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands |
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626 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two ways of applying a shell |
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627 command to multiple files: |
25829 | 628 |
629 @itemize @bullet | |
630 @item | |
631 If you use @samp{*} in the shell command, then it runs just once, with | |
632 the list of file names substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file | |
633 names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer. | |
634 | |
635 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
636 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
637 | |
638 @item | |
639 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*}, then it runs once | |
640 @emph{for each file}, with the file name added at the end. | |
641 | |
642 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
643 file. | |
644 @end itemize | |
645 | |
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646 What if you want to run the shell command once for each file, with the |
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647 file name inserted in the middle? You can use @samp{?} in the command |
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648 instead of @samp{*}. The current file name is substituted for |
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649 @samp{?}. You can use @samp{?} more than once. For instance, here is |
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650 how to uuencode each file, making the output file name by appending |
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651 @samp{.uu} to the input file name: |
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652 |
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653 @example |
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654 uuencode ? ? > ?.uu |
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655 @end example |
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656 |
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657 To use the file names in a more complicated fashion, you can use a |
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658 shell loop. For example, this shell command is another way to |
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659 uuencode each file: |
25829 | 660 |
661 @example | |
662 for file in *; do uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done | |
663 @end example | |
664 | |
665 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
666 of the Dired buffer. | |
667 | |
668 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show | |
669 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell | |
670 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use | |
671 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
672 Updating}). | |
673 | |
674 @node Transforming File Names | |
675 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
676 | |
677 Here are commands that alter file names in a systematic way: | |
678 | |
679 @table @kbd | |
680 @findex dired-upcase | |
681 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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682 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 683 @item % u |
684 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
685 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
686 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
687 | |
688 @item % l | |
689 @findex dired-downcase | |
690 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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691 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 692 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
693 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
694 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
695 | |
696 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
697 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
698 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
699 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
700 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
701 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
702 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
703 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
704 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
705 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
706 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
707 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
708 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
709 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
710 from the name of the old file. | |
711 @end table | |
712 | |
713 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform | |
714 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. | |
715 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a | |
716 substitution pattern @var{to}. | |
717 | |
718 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular | |
719 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. | |
720 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to | |
721 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
722 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression | |
723 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced. | |
724 | |
725 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
726 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
727 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
728 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
729 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
730 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
731 | |
732 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
733 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
734 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
735 entire absolute file name including directory name. | |
736 | |
737 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the | |
738 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
739 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
740 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make | |
741 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last | |
742 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default. | |
743 | |
744 @node Comparison in Dired | |
745 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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746 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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747 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 748 |
749 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
750 @code{diff}. | |
751 | |
752 @table @kbd | |
753 @item = | |
754 @findex dired-diff | |
755 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
756 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file | |
757 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The | |
758 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at | |
759 point is the second argument. | |
760 | |
761 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
762 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
763 @item M-= | |
764 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
765 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
766 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
767 a file with any backup version of your choice. | |
768 | |
769 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
770 @end table | |
771 | |
772 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
773 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
774 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
775 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
776 | |
777 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
778 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
779 | |
780 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
781 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
782 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
783 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
784 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
785 | |
786 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will | |
787 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with | |
788 the @kbd{i} command: | |
789 | |
790 @table @kbd | |
791 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
792 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
793 @item i | |
794 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
795 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
796 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
797 @end table | |
798 | |
799 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
800 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
801 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
802 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
803 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
804 | |
805 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
806 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
807 | |
808 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
809 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
810 describing that subdirectory). | |
811 | |
812 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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813 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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814 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 815 |
816 @node Subdirectory Motion | |
817 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
818 | |
819 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
820 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories. | |
821 | |
822 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
823 @cindex directory header lines | |
824 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
825 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
826 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
827 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
828 | |
829 @table @kbd | |
830 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
831 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
832 @item C-M-n | |
833 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
834 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
835 | |
836 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
837 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
838 @item C-M-p | |
839 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
840 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
841 | |
842 @findex dired-tree-up | |
843 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
844 @item C-M-u | |
845 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
846 | |
847 @findex dired-tree-down | |
848 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
849 @item C-M-d | |
850 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
851 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
852 | |
853 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
854 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
855 @item < | |
856 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
857 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
858 parent directory. | |
859 | |
860 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
861 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
862 @item > | |
863 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
864 @end table | |
865 | |
866 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
867 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
868 | |
869 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
870 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
871 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}). | |
872 | |
873 @table @kbd | |
874 @item $ | |
875 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
876 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
877 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
878 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
879 as a repeat count. | |
880 | |
881 @item M-$ | |
882 @findex dired-hide-all | |
883 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
884 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
885 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
886 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
887 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
888 subdirectories far away. | |
889 @end table | |
890 | |
891 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
892 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
893 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
894 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
895 without having to remove the markers. | |
896 | |
897 The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was | |
898 visible, and show what was hidden. | |
899 | |
900 @node Dired Updating | |
901 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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902 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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903 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 904 |
905 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
906 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
907 part of the Dired buffer. | |
908 | |
909 @table @kbd | |
910 @item g | |
911 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
912 | |
913 @item l | |
914 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). | |
915 | |
916 @item k | |
917 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
918 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
919 | |
920 @item s | |
921 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
922 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
923 | |
924 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
925 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
926 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
927 @end table | |
928 | |
929 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
930 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
931 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
932 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
933 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
934 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
935 | |
936 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
937 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
938 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
939 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). This command applies to the next @var{n} | |
940 files, or to the marked files if any, or to the current file. Updating | |
941 them means reading their current status from the file system and | |
942 changing the buffer to reflect it properly. | |
943 | |
944 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
945 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
946 | |
947 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
948 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
949 To delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the | |
950 lines---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). With a numeric | |
951 argument @var{n}, this command applies to the next @var{n} files; | |
952 otherwise, it applies to the marked files. | |
953 | |
954 If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's | |
955 contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the | |
956 header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory | |
957 from the Dired buffer. | |
958 | |
959 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
960 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
961 reinsert each subdirectory. | |
962 | |
963 @cindex Dired sorting | |
964 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
965 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
966 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
967 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
968 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
969 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
970 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
971 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
972 | |
973 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
974 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
975 | |
976 @node Dired and Find | |
977 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
978 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
979 | |
980 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
981 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
982 | |
983 @findex find-name-dired | |
984 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
985 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
986 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
987 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
988 | |
989 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the | |
990 ordinary Dired commands are available. | |
991 | |
992 @findex find-grep-dired | |
993 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
994 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
995 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
996 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
997 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
998 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}. | |
999 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. | |
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1000 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1001 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1002 |
1003 @findex find-dired | |
1004 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1005 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1006 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1007 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1008 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1009 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1010 | |
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1011 @findex locate |
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1012 @findex locate-with-filter |
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1013 @cindex file database (locate) |
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1014 @vindex locate-command |
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1015 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate}. |
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1016 @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines matching |
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1017 a given regular expression. |
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1018 |
25829 | 1019 @vindex find-ls-option |
1020 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the | |
1021 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using | |
1022 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you | |
1023 may need to change the value of this variable. |