Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/display.texi @ 36590:a7e858c0a674
(syms_of_display) <glyph-table>: Doc fix.
author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 06 Mar 2001 16:13:34 +0000 |
parents | 9904afd52408 |
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The log entry for the previous version was a spazz. Ignore it.
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2000, 2001 |
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
6 @chapter Controlling the Display | |
7 | |
8 Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
9 show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
10 allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
11 display it. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
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14 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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15 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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16 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
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17 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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18 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
25829 | 19 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
20 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
21 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
22 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
23 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
24 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
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Display Vars node renamed Display Custom.
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25 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
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26 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
25829 | 27 @end menu |
28 | |
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29 @node Faces |
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30 @section Using Multiple Typefaces |
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31 @cindex faces |
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32 |
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33 When using Emacs with a window system, you can set up multiple |
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34 styles of displaying characters. Some of the aspects of style that |
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35 you can control are the type font, the foreground color, the |
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36 background color, and whether or not to underline text, and in which |
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37 color. |
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38 |
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39 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock |
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40 mode) will also work on non-windowed terminals (including |
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41 MS-DOS@pxref{MS-DOS}), that can display more than one face, whether by |
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42 colors or underlining and emboldening. This includes the console on |
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43 GNU/Linux. Emacs determines automatically whether the terminal has |
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44 this capability. |
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45 |
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46 The way you control display style is by defining named @dfn{faces}. |
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47 Each face can specify various attributes, like the type font's height, |
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48 weight and slant, foreground and background color, and underlining, |
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49 but it does not have to specify all of them. By specifying the face |
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50 or faces to use for a given part of the text in the buffer, you |
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51 control how that text appears. |
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52 |
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53 The style of display used for a given character in the text is |
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54 determined by combining several faces. Any aspect of the display |
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55 style that isn't specified by overlays or text properties comes from a |
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56 default face which inherits its settings from the frame itself. |
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57 |
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58 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several |
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59 commands and menus for specifying faces. @xref{Format Faces}, for how |
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60 to specify the font for text in the buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for |
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61 how to specify the foreground and background color. |
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62 |
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63 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. |
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64 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify |
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65 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). |
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66 |
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67 @cindex face colors, setting |
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68 @findex set-face-foreground |
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69 @findex set-face-background |
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70 Alternatively, you can change the foreground and background colors |
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71 of a specific face with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x |
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72 set-face-background}. These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a |
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73 face name and a color name, with completion, and then set that face to |
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74 use the specified color. |
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75 |
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76 @findex list-faces-display |
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77 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type |
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78 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look |
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79 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the |
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80 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standardly defined |
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81 faces: |
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82 |
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83 @table @code |
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84 @item default |
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85 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. |
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86 @item mode-line |
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87 This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows |
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88 for a ``raised'' effect on window systems, and drawn as the inverse of |
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89 the default face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Custom}. |
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90 @item header-line |
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91 Similar to @code{mode-line} for a window's header line. Most modes |
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92 don't use the header line, but the Info mode does. |
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93 @item highlight |
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94 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. |
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95 For example, mouse-sensitive text is highlighted using this face. |
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96 @item isearch |
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97 This face is used for highlighting Isearch matches. |
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98 @item isearch-lazy-highlight-face |
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99 This face is used for lazy highlighting of Isearch matches other than |
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100 the current one. |
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101 @item region |
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102 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark |
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103 mode is enabled---see below). |
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104 @item secondary-selection |
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105 This face is used for displaying a secondary X selection (@pxref{Secondary |
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106 Selection}). |
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107 @item bold |
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108 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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109 @item italic |
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110 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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111 @item bold-italic |
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112 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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113 @item underline |
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114 This face underlines text. |
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115 @item fixed-pitch |
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116 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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117 @item fringe |
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118 @cindex fringe |
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119 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows on graphic |
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120 displays. (The fringes are the narrow portions of the Emacs frame |
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121 between the text area and the frame's border.) |
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122 @item scroll-bar |
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123 This face determines the visual appearance of the scroll bar. |
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124 @item border |
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125 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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126 @item cursor |
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127 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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128 @item mouse |
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129 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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130 @item tool-bar |
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131 This is the basic tool-bar face. No text appears in the tool bar, but the |
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132 colors of this face affect the appearance of tool bar icons. |
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133 @item tooltip |
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134 This face is used for tooltips. |
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135 @item menu |
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136 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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137 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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138 the font are ignored in this case. |
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139 @item trailing-whitespace |
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140 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
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141 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil. |
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142 @item variable-pitch |
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143 The basic variable-pitch face. |
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144 @end table |
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145 |
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146 @cindex @code{region} face |
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147 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is |
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148 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named |
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149 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the |
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150 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, |
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151 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and |
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152 deactivation of the mark. |
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153 |
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154 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor |
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155 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to |
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156 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It |
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157 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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158 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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159 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about |
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160 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. |
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161 |
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162 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears |
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163 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. |
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164 @xref{PostScript}. |
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165 |
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166 @node Font Lock |
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167 @section Font Lock mode |
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168 @cindex Font Lock mode |
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169 @cindex mode, Font Lock |
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170 @cindex syntax highlighting and coloring |
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171 |
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172 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular |
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173 buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces |
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174 according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can |
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175 recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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176 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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177 important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined |
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178 or reserved keywords. |
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179 |
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180 @findex font-lock-mode |
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181 @findex turn-on-font-lock |
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182 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off |
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183 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. |
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184 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock |
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185 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable |
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186 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: |
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187 |
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188 @example |
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189 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) |
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190 @end example |
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191 |
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192 @findex global-font-lock-mode |
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193 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
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194 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support |
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195 it, customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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196 function @code{global-font-lock-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file, like |
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197 this: |
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198 |
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199 @example |
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200 (global-font-lock-mode 1) |
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201 @end example |
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202 |
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203 Font Lock mode uses several specifically named faces to do its job, |
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204 including @code{font-lock-string-face}, @code{font-lock-comment-face}, |
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205 and others. The easiest way to find them all is to use completion |
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206 on the face name in @code{set-face-foreground}. |
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207 |
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208 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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209 different parts of text, just change these faces. There are |
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210 two ways to do it: |
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211 |
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212 @itemize @bullet |
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213 @item |
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214 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} |
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215 to change the colors of a particular face used by Font Lock. |
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216 @xref{Faces}. The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all |
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217 the faces currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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218 |
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219 @item |
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220 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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221 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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222 @end itemize |
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223 |
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224 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a |
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225 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else |
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226 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. |
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227 |
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228 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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229 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the |
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230 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple |
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231 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes |
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232 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as |
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233 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or |
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234 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for |
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235 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level |
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236 otherwise, use this: |
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237 |
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238 @example |
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239 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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240 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) |
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241 @end example |
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242 |
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243 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size |
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244 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress |
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245 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, |
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246 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. |
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247 |
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248 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. |
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249 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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250 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) |
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251 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For |
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252 the purposes of speed, some modes including C mode and Lisp mode rely on |
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253 a special convention: an open-parenthesis in the leftmost column always |
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254 defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is thus always outside any string |
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255 or comment. (@xref{Defuns}.) If you don't follow this convention, |
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256 then Font Lock mode can misfontify the text after an open-parenthesis in |
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257 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. |
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258 |
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259 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always |
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260 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position |
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261 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the |
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262 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable |
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263 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the |
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264 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer |
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265 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price |
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266 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan |
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267 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. |
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268 |
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269 @findex font-lock-add-keywords |
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270 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you |
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271 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function |
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272 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for |
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273 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C |
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274 comments, use this: |
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275 |
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276 @example |
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277 (font-lock-add-keywords |
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278 'c-mode |
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279 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) |
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280 @end example |
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281 |
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282 @node Highlight Changes |
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283 @section Highlight Changes Mode |
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284 |
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285 @findex highlight-changes-mode |
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286 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode |
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287 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of |
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288 the buffer were changed most recently. |
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289 |
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290 @node Highlight Interactively |
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291 @section Interactive Highlighting by Matching |
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292 @cindex highlighting by matching |
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293 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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294 |
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295 It is sometimes useful to highlight the strings that match a certain |
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296 regular expression. For example, you might wish to see all the |
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297 references to a certain variable in a program source file, or highlight |
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298 certain parts in a voluminous output of some program, or make certain |
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299 cliches stand out in an article. |
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300 |
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301 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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302 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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303 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be |
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304 highlighted. Hi-lock mode works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), |
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305 except that it lets you specify explicitly what parts of text to |
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306 highlight. You control Hi-lock mode with these commands: |
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307 |
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308 @table @kbd |
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309 @item C-x w h @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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310 @kindex C-x w h |
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311 @findex highlight-regexp |
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312 Highlight text that matches |
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313 @var{regexp} using face @var{face} (@code{highlight-regexp}). |
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314 By using this command more than once, you can highlight various |
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315 parts of the text in different ways. |
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316 |
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317 @item C-x w r @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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318 @kindex C-x w r |
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319 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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320 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). You must enter |
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321 one of the regular expressions currently specified for highlighting. |
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322 (You can use completion, or a menu, to enter one of them |
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323 conveniently.) |
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324 |
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325 @item C-x w l @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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326 @kindex C-x w l |
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327 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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328 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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329 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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330 Highlight lines containing a match for @var{regexp}, using face |
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331 @var{face} (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). |
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332 |
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333 @item C-x w b |
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334 @kindex C-x w b |
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335 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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336 Insert all the current highlighting regexp/face pairs into the buffer |
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337 at point, with comment delimiters to prevent them from changing your |
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338 program. This key binding runs the |
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339 @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command. |
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340 |
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341 These patterns will be read the next time you visit the file while |
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342 Hi-lock mode is enabled, or whenever you use the @kbd{M-x |
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343 hi-lock-find-patterns} command. |
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344 |
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345 @item C-x w i |
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346 @kindex C-x w i |
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347 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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348 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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349 Re-read regexp/face pairs in the current buffer |
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350 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}). The list of pairs is |
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351 found no matter where in the buffer it may be. |
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352 |
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353 This command does nothing if the major mode is a member of the list |
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354 @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}. |
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355 @end table |
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356 |
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357 @node Trailing Whitespace |
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358 @section Trailing Whitespace |
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359 |
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360 @cindex trailing whitespace |
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361 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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362 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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363 It is easy to leave unnecessary spaces at the end of a line without |
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364 realizing it. In most cases, this @dfn{trailing whitespace} has no |
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365 effect, but there are special circumstances where it matters. |
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366 |
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367 You can make trailing whitespace visible on the screen by setting |
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368 the variable @code{show-trailing-whitespace} to @code{t}. Then Emacs |
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369 displays trailing whitespace in the face @code{trailing-whitespace}. |
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370 |
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371 Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a |
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372 line. But trailing whitespace is not displayed specially if point is |
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373 at the end of the line containing the whitespace. (Doing that looks |
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374 ugly while you are typing in new text, and the location of point is |
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375 enough in that case to show you that the spaces are present.) |
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376 |
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377 @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
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378 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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379 @cindex empty lines |
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380 Emacs can indicate empty lines at the end of the buffer with a |
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381 special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. To enable this |
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382 feature, set the buffer-local variable @code{indicate-empty-lines} to |
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383 a non-@code{nil} value. The default value of this variable is |
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384 controlled by the variable @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}; |
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385 by setting that variable, you can enable or disable this feature |
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386 for all new buffers. |
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387 |
25829 | 388 @node Scrolling |
389 @section Scrolling | |
390 | |
391 If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
392 window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
393 the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
394 | |
395 @cindex scrolling | |
396 @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
397 different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
398 moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
399 text down and new text appears at the top. | |
400 | |
401 Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
402 of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
403 in this section. | |
404 | |
405 @table @kbd | |
406 @item C-l | |
407 Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
408 point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
409 @item C-v | |
410 Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
411 @item @key{NEXT} | |
412 Likewise, scroll forward. | |
413 @item M-v | |
414 Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
415 @item @key{PRIOR} | |
416 Likewise, scroll backward. | |
417 @item @var{arg} C-l | |
418 Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
419 @item C-M-l | |
420 Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
421 (@code{reposition-window}). | |
422 @end table | |
423 | |
424 @kindex C-l | |
425 @findex recenter | |
426 The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
427 no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
428 In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
429 down from the top of the window. | |
430 | |
431 @kindex C-v | |
432 @kindex M-v | |
433 @kindex NEXT | |
434 @kindex PRIOR | |
435 @findex scroll-up | |
436 @findex scroll-down | |
437 The scrolling commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} let you move all the text | |
438 in the window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} (@code{scroll-up}) with an | |
439 argument shows you that many more lines at the bottom of the window, moving | |
440 the text and point up together as @kbd{C-l} might. @kbd{C-v} with a | |
441 negative argument shows you more lines at the top of the window. | |
442 @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) is like @kbd{C-v}, but moves in the | |
443 opposite direction. The function keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR} are | |
444 equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. | |
445 | |
446 The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the text | |
447 moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is called | |
448 @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the screen. | |
449 | |
450 @vindex next-screen-context-lines | |
451 To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} with no argument. | |
452 It takes the last two lines at the bottom of the window and puts them at | |
453 the top, followed by nearly a whole windowful of lines not previously | |
454 visible. If point was in the text scrolled off the top, it moves to the | |
455 new top of the window. @kbd{M-v} with no argument moves backward with | |
456 overlap similarly. The number of lines of overlap across a @kbd{C-v} or | |
457 @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by | |
458 default, it is 2. | |
459 | |
460 @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
461 Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
462 same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
463 @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
464 mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
465 screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
466 back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
467 when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
468 there. | |
469 | |
470 Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
471 @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
472 the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
473 to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
474 point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
475 rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
476 negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
477 For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
478 - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. Just @kbd{C-u} as argument, | |
479 as in @kbd{C-u C-l}, scrolls point to the center of the selected window. | |
480 | |
481 @kindex C-M-l | |
482 @findex reposition-window | |
483 The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
484 window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
485 the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
486 entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
487 | |
488 @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
489 Scrolling happens automatically if point has moved out of the visible | |
490 portion of the text when it is time to display. Normally, automatic | |
491 scrolling centers point vertically within the window. However, if you | |
492 set @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you | |
493 move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} lines---then | |
494 Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point back on screen. | |
495 By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. | |
496 | |
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497 @cindex aggressive scrolling |
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498 @vindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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499 @vindex scroll-down-aggressively |
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500 When the window does scroll by a longer distance, you can control |
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501 how aggressively it scrolls, by setting the variables |
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502 @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. |
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503 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either |
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504 @code{nil}, or a fraction @var{f} between 0 and 1. A fraction |
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505 specifies where on the screen to put point when scrolling upward. |
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506 More precisely, when a window scrolls up because point is above the |
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507 window start, the new start position is chosen to put point @var{f} |
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508 part of the window height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more |
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509 aggressive the scrolling. |
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510 |
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511 @code{nil}, which is the default, scrolls to put point at the center. |
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512 So it is equivalent to .5. |
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513 |
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514 Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling |
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515 down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed |
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516 from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
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517 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value is more aggressive. |
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518 |
25829 | 519 @vindex scroll-margin |
520 The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
521 to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
522 lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
523 window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
524 0. | |
525 | |
526 @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
527 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
528 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
529 | |
530 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
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531 within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin is not |
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532 displayed at all. Emacs does this automatically, in any window that |
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533 uses line truncation rather than continuation: whenever point moves |
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534 off the left or right edge of the screen, Emacs scrolls the buffer |
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535 horizontally to make point visible. |
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536 |
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537 When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated |
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538 rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} |
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539 appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, |
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540 and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. |
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541 |
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542 You can use these commands to do explicit horizontal scrolling. |
25829 | 543 |
544 @table @kbd | |
545 @item C-x < | |
546 Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
547 @item C-x > | |
548 Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
549 @end table | |
550 | |
551 @kindex C-x < | |
552 @kindex C-x > | |
553 @findex scroll-left | |
554 @findex scroll-right | |
555 The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
556 window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
557 part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
558 With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
559 columns less, to be precise). | |
560 | |
561 @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
562 window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
563 normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
564 attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
565 calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
566 argument will restore the normal display. | |
567 | |
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568 If you scroll a window horizontally by hand, that sets a lower bound |
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569 for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will continue |
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570 to scroll the window, but never further to the right than the amount |
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571 you previously set by @code{scroll-left}. |
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572 |
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573 @vindex automatic-hscrolling |
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574 To disable automatic horizontal scrolling, set the variable |
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575 @code{automatic-hscrolling} to @code{nil}. |
34749 | 576 |
25829 | 577 @node Follow Mode |
578 @section Follow Mode | |
579 @cindex Follow mode | |
580 @cindex mode, Follow | |
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581 @findex follow-mode |
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582 @cindex windows, synchronizing |
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583 @cindex synchronizing windows |
25829 | 584 |
585 @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
586 same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
587 go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
588 windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
589 then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
590 either one; the other window follows it. | |
591 | |
36245 | 592 In Follow mode, if you move point outside the portion visible in one |
593 window and into the portion visible in the other window, that selects | |
594 the other window---again, treating the two as if they were parts of | |
595 one large window. | |
596 | |
25829 | 597 To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. |
598 | |
599 @node Selective Display | |
600 @section Selective Display | |
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601 @cindex selective display |
25829 | 602 @findex set-selective-display |
603 @kindex C-x $ | |
604 | |
605 Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
606 of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
607 overview of a part of a program. | |
608 | |
609 To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
610 numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
611 indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
612 presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
613 visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
614 | |
615 The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
616 if they were not there. | |
617 | |
618 The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
619 commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
620 hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
621 previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
622 visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
623 the three dots. | |
624 | |
625 To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
626 | |
627 @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
628 If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
629 @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
630 precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
631 hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
632 | |
633 @node Optional Mode Line | |
634 @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
635 | |
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636 @cindex line number display |
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637 @cindex display of line number |
25829 | 638 @findex line-number-mode |
639 The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
640 Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
641 turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
642 before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
643 indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
644 minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
645 | |
646 @vindex line-number-display-limit | |
647 If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of | |
648 @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
649 Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
29753 | 650 that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. If |
651 you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed line | |
652 number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. | |
25829 | 653 |
654 @cindex Column Number mode | |
655 @cindex mode, Column Number | |
656 @findex column-number-mode | |
657 You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
658 Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
659 letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
660 | |
661 @findex display-time | |
662 @cindex time (on mode line) | |
663 Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
30870 | 664 lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
665 the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
666 line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
667 their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
25829 | 668 |
669 @example | |
670 @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
671 @end example | |
672 | |
673 @noindent | |
674 @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
675 Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
676 @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
677 processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
678 your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
679 in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
680 to @code{t}. | |
681 | |
682 @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
28800 | 683 @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
684 @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
25829 | 685 The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
28800 | 686 for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
687 an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
688 @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
689 line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
690 indicator prominent. | |
25829 | 691 |
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692 @cindex mode line, 3D appearence |
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693 @cindex attributes of mode line, changing |
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694 @cindex non-integral number of lines in a window |
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695 By default, the mode line is drawn on graphics displays as a 3D |
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696 released button. Depending on the font used for the mode line's text, |
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697 this might make the mode line use more space than a text line in a |
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698 window, and cause the last line of the window be partially obscured. |
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699 That is, the window displays a non-integral number of text lines. If |
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700 you don't like this effect, you can disable the 3D appearence of the |
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701 mode line by customizing the attributes of the @code{mode-line} face in |
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702 your @file{.emacs} init file, like this: |
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703 |
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704 @example |
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705 (set-face-attribute 'mode-line nil :box nil) |
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706 @end example |
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707 |
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708 @noindent |
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709 Alternatively, you could turn off the box attribute in your |
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710 @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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711 |
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712 @example |
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713 Emacs.mode-line.AttributeBox: off |
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714 @end example |
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715 |
25829 | 716 @node Text Display |
717 @section How Text Is Displayed | |
718 @cindex characters (in text) | |
719 | |
720 ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
721 buffers are displayed with their graphics. So are non-ASCII multibyte | |
722 printing characters (octal codes above 0400). | |
723 | |
724 Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
725 newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
726 The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
727 tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
728 | |
729 Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
730 (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
731 control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
732 | |
33744 | 733 Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0237 (octal) are displayed with |
734 octal escape sequences; thus, character code 0230 (octal) is displayed | |
735 as @samp{\230}. The display of character codes 0240 through 0377 | |
736 (octal) may be either as escape sequences or as graphics. They do not | |
737 normally occur in multibyte buffers but if they do, they are displayed | |
738 as Latin-1 graphics. In unibyte mode, if you enable European display | |
739 they are displayed using their graphics (assuming your terminal supports | |
740 them), otherwise as escape sequences. @xref{Single-Byte Character | |
741 Support}. | |
25829 | 742 |
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743 @node Display Custom |
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744 @section Customization of Display |
25829 | 745 |
746 This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
747 users should skip it. | |
748 | |
749 @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
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750 The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is an obsolete way of |
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751 controlling whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video; the |
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752 preferred way of doing this is to change the @code{mode-line} face. |
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753 @xref{Mode Line}. If you specify the foreground color for the |
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754 @code{mode-line} face, and @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is |
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755 non-@code{nil}, then the default background color for that face is the |
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756 usual foreground color. @xref{Faces}. |
25829 | 757 |
758 @vindex inverse-video | |
759 If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
760 to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
761 | |
762 @vindex visible-bell | |
763 If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
764 to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
765 sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
766 to make the screen blink.@refill | |
767 | |
768 @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
769 When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
770 screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
771 one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
772 the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
773 is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
774 as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
775 you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
776 non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
777 screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
778 | |
779 @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
780 The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
781 keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
782 to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
783 | |
784 @vindex ctl-arrow | |
785 If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, control characters in | |
786 the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline | |
787 and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
788 current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
789 default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
790 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
791 | |
792 @vindex tab-width | |
793 Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
794 extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
795 at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
796 controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
797 changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
798 in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
799 @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
800 integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
801 | |
802 @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
803 @c in the continuation section. | |
804 If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
805 line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
806 too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
807 @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
808 more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
809 @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
810 makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
811 is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
812 | |
813 @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
814 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
815 non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
816 window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
817 the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
818 windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
819 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
820 | |
821 @vindex baud-rate | |
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822 The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the |
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823 terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not |
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824 change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used |
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825 for calculations. On terminals, it affects padding, and decisions |
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826 about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead. |
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827 |
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828 On window-systems, @code{baud-rate} is only used to determine how |
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829 frequently to look for pending input during display updating. A |
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830 higher value of @code{baud-rate} means that check for pending input |
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831 will be done less frequently. |
25829 | 832 |
833 You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
834 by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
835 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
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836 |
36260 | 837 @cindex hourglass pointer display |
838 @vindex hourglass-delay | |
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839 On a window system, Emacs can optionally display the mouse pointer |
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840 in a special shape to say that Emacs is busy. To turn this feature on |
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841 or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. You can also control the |
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842 amount of time Emacs must remain busy before the busy indicator is |
36260 | 843 displayed, by setting the variable @code{hourglass-delay}. |
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844 |
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845 @node Cursor Display |
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846 @section Displaying the Cursor |
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847 |
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848 @findex hl-line-mode |
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849 @findex blink-cursor-mode |
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850 @cindex cursor, locating visually |
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851 @cindex cursor, blinking |
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852 There are a number of ways to customize the display of the cursor. |
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853 @kbd{M-x hl-line-mode} enables or disables a global minor mode which |
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854 highlights the line containing point. On window systems, the command |
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855 @kbd{M-x blink-cursor-mode} turns on or off the blinking of the |
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856 cursor. (On terminals, the terminal itself blinks the cursor, and |
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857 Emacs has no control over it.) |
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858 |
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859 You can customize the cursor's color, and whether it blinks, using |
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860 the @code{cursor} Custom group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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861 |
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862 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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863 @cindex wide block cursor |
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864 When displaying on a window system, Emacs can optionally draw the |
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865 block cursor as wide as the character under the cursor---for example, |
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866 if the cursor is on a tab character, it would cover the full width |
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867 occupied by that tab character. To enable this feature, set the |
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868 variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
36181
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869 |
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870 @cindex cursor in non-selected windows |
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871 @vindex show-cursor-in-non-selected-windows |
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872 @vindex cursor-in-non-selected-windows |
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873 Normally, the cursor in non-selected windows is shown as a hollow box. |
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874 To turn off cursor display in non-selected windows, customize the option |
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875 @code{show-cursor-in-non-selected-windows}, or set the variable |
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876 @code{cursor-in-non-selected-windows} to @code{nil}. |