annotate INSTALL @ 15219:a800d1a0f07e

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author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Sat, 11 May 1996 21:23:08 +0000
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1 GNU Emacs Installation Guide
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2 Copyright (c) 1992, 1994 Free software Foundation, Inc.
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4 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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5 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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6 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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7 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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8 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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9
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10 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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11 of this document, or of portions of it,
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12 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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13 carry prominent notices stating who last changed them,
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14 and that any new or changed statements about the activities
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15 of the Free Software Foundation are approved by the Foundation.
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18 BUILDING AND INSTALLATION:
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19
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20 (This is for a Unix or Unix-like system. For MSDOS, see below; search
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21 for MSDOG. For Windows NT or Windows 95, see the file nt/INSTALL.)
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22
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23 1) Make sure your system has enough swapping space allocated to handle
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24 a program whose pure code is 900k bytes and whose data area is at
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25 least 400k and can reach 8Mb or more. If the swapping space is
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26 insufficient, you will get an error in the command `temacs -batch -l
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27 loadup dump', found in `./src/Makefile.in', or possibly when
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28 running the final dumped Emacs.
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29
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30 Building Emacs requires about 70 Mb of disk space (including the Emacs
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31 sources). Once installed, Emacs occupies about 35 Mb in the file
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32 system where it is installed; this includes the executable files, Lisp
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33 libraries, miscellaneous data files, and on-line documentation. If
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34 the building and installation take place in different directories,
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35 then the installation procedure momentarily requires 70+35 Mb.
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37 2) Consult `./etc/MACHINES' to see what configuration name you should
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38 give to the `configure' program. That file offers hints for
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39 getting around some possible installation problems.
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40
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41 3) In the top directory of the Emacs distribution, run the program
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42 `configure' as follows:
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44 ./configure CONFIGURATION-NAME [--OPTION[=VALUE]] ...
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46 The CONFIGURATION-NAME argument should be a configuration name given
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47 in `./etc/MACHINES'. If omitted, `configure' will try to guess your
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48 system type; if it cannot, you must find the appropriate configuration
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49 name in `./etc/MACHINES' and specify it explicitly.
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50
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51 If you don't want X support, specify `--with-x=no'. If you omit this
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52 option, `configure' will try to figure out for itself whether your
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53 system has X, and arrange to use it if present.
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54
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55 The `--x-includes=DIR' and `--x-libraries=DIR' options tell the build
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56 process where the compiler should look for the include files and
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57 object libraries used with the X Window System. Normally, `configure'
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58 is able to find them; these options are necessary if you have your X
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59 Window System files installed in unusual places. These options also
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60 accept a list of directories, separated with colons.
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61
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62 To get more attractive menus, you can specify an X toolkit when you
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63 configure Emacs; use the option `--with-x-toolkit=TOOLKIT', where
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64 TOOLKIT is `athena' or `motif' (`yes' and `lucid' are synonyms for
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65 `athena'). On some systems, it does not work to use a toolkit with
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66 shared libraries.
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68 The `--with-gcc' option specifies that the build process should
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69 compile Emacs using GCC. If you don't want to use GCC, specify
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70 `--with-gcc=no'. If you omit this option, `configure' will search
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71 for GCC in your path, and use it if present.
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72
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73 You can build Emacs for several different machine types from a single
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74 source directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that
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75 supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. Make separate
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76 build directories for the different configuration types, and in each
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77 one, run the Emacs `configure' script. `configure' looks for the
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78 Emacs source code in the directory that `configure' is in.
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79
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80 The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process
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81 should put emacs and its data files. This defaults to `/usr/local'.
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82 - Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin
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83 (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).
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84 - The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/share/emacs/VERSION
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85 (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `19.27').
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86 - The architecture-dependent files go in
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87 PREFIXDIR/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION
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88 (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like mips-dec-ultrix4.2),
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89 unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.
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90
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91 The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate
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92 portion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specific
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93 files, like executables and utility programs. If specified,
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94 - Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and
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95 - The architecture-dependent files go in
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96 EXECDIR/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION.
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97 EXECDIR/bin should be a directory that is normally in users' PATHs.
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98
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99 For example, the command
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100
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101 ./configure mips-dec-ultrix --with-x11
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102
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103 configures Emacs to build for a DECstation running Ultrix, with
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104 support for the X11 window system.
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105
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106 `configure' doesn't do any compilation or installation
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107 itself. It just creates the files that influence those things:
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108 `./Makefile', `lib-src/Makefile', `oldXMenu/Makefile',
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109 `lwlib/Makefile', `src/Makefile', and `./src/config.h'. For details
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110 on exactly what it does, see the section called `CONFIGURATION BY
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111 HAND', below.
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112
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113 When it is done, `configure' prints a description of what it did and
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114 creates a shell script `config.status' which, when run, recreates the
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115 same configuration. If `configure' exits with an error after
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116 disturbing the status quo, it removes `config.status'. `configure'
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117 also creates a file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests
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118 to make reconfiguring faster, and a file `config.log' containing compiler
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119 output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). You can give
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120 `configure' the option `--cache-file=FILE' to use the results of the
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121 tests in FILE instead of `config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to
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122 disable caching, for debugging `configure'.
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123
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124 The work of `configure' can be done by editing various files in the
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125 distribution, but using `configure' is supposed to be simpler. See
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126 the section called "CONFIGURATION BY HAND" below if you want to do the
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127 configuration yourself.
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128
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129 4) Look at `./lisp/paths.el'; if some of those values are not right
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130 for your system, set up the file `./lisp/site-init.el' with Emacs
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131 Lisp code to override them; it is not a good idea to edit paths.el
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132 itself. YOU MUST USE THE LISP FUNCTION `setq' TO ASSIGN VALUES,
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133 rather than `defvar', as used by `./lisp/paths.el'. For example,
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134
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135 (setq news-inews-program "/usr/bin/inews")
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136
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137 is how you would override the default value of the variable
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138 news-inews-program (which is "/usr/local/inews").
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139
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140 Before you override a variable this way, *look at the value* that the
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141 variable gets by default! Make sure you know what kind of value the
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142 variable should have. If you don't pay attention to what you are
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143 doing, you'll make a mistake.
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144
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145 5) Put into `./lisp/site-init.el' or `./lisp/site-load.el' any Emacs
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146 Lisp code you want Emacs to load before it is dumped out. Use
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147 site-load.el for additional libraries if you arrange for their
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148 documentation strings to be in the etc/DOC file (see
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149 src/Makefile.in if you wish to figure out how to do that). For all
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150 else, use site-init.el.
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152 If you set load-path to a different value in site-init.el or
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153 site-load.el, Emacs will use *precisely* that value when it starts up
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154 again. If you do this, you are on your own!
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155
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156 Note that, on some systems, the code you place in site-init.el must
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157 not use expand-file-name or any other function which may look
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158 something up in the system's password and user information database.
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159 See `./PROBLEMS' for more details on which systems this affects.
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160
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161 The `site-*.el' files are nonexistent in the distribution. You do not
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162 need to create them if you have nothing to put in them.
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163
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164 6) Refer to the file `./etc/TERMS' for information on fields you may
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165 wish to add to various termcap entries. The files `./etc/termcap.ucb'
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166 and `./etc/termcap.dat' may already contain appropriately-modified
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167 entries.
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168
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169 7) Run `make' in the top directory of the Emacs distribution to finish
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170 building Emacs in the standard way. The final executable file is
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171 named `src/emacs'. You can execute this file "in place" without
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172 copying it, if you wish; then it automatically uses the sibling
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173 directories ../lisp, ../lib-src, ../info.
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174
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175 Or you can "install" the executable and the other Emacs into their
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176 installed locations, with `make install'. By default, Emacs's files
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177 are installed in the following directories:
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178
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179 `/usr/local/bin' holds the executable programs users normally run -
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180 `emacs', `etags', `ctags', `b2m', `emacsclient',
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181 and `rcs-checkin'.
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182
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183 `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp' holds the Emacs Lisp library;
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184 `VERSION' stands for the number of the Emacs version
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185 you are installing, like `18.59' or `19.27'. Since the
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186 Lisp library changes from one version of Emacs to
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187 another, including the version number in the path
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188 allows you to have several versions of Emacs installed
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189 at the same time; in particular, you don't have to
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190 make Emacs unavailable while installing a new version.
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191
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192 `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
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193 files installed for Emacs version VERSION only.
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194
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195 `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
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196 files installed for all Emacs versions.
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197
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198 When Emacs is installed, it searches for its Lisp files
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199 in `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp', then in
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200 `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', and finally in
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201 `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp'.
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202
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203 `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/etc' holds the Emacs tutorial, the DOC
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204 file, the `yow' database, and other
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205 architecture-independent files Emacs might need while
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206 running. VERSION is as specified for `.../lisp'.
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207
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208 `/usr/local/com/emacs/lock' contains files indicating who is editing
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209 what, so Emacs can detect editing clashes between
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210 users.
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211
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212 `/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME' contains executable
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213 programs used by Emacs that users are not expected to
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214 run themselves.
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215 `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are
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216 installing, and `CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the argument
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217 you gave to the `configure' program to identify the
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218 architecture and operating system of your machine,
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219 like `mips-dec-ultrix' or `sparc-sun-sunos'. Since
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220 these files are specific to the version of Emacs,
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221 operating system, and architecture in use, including
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222 the configuration name in the path allows you to have
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223 several versions of Emacs for any mix of machines and
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224 operating systems installed at the same time; this is
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225 useful for sites at which different kinds of machines
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226 share the file system Emacs is installed on.
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227
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228 `/usr/local/info' holds the on-line documentation for Emacs, known as
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229 "info files". Many other GNU programs are documented
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230 using info files as well, so this directory stands
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231 apart from the other, Emacs-specific directories.
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232
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233 `/usr/local/man/man1' holds the man pages for the programs installed
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234 in `/usr/local/bin'.
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235
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236 If these directories are not what you want, you can specify where to
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237 install Emacs's libraries and data files or where Emacs should search
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238 for its Lisp files by giving values for `make' variables as part of
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239 the command. See the section below called `MAKE VARIABLES' for more
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240 information on this.
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241
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242 8) Check the file `dir' in your site's info directory (usually
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243 /usr/local/info) to make sure that it has a menu entry for the Emacs
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244 info files.
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245
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246 9) If your system uses lock files to interlock access to mailer inbox files,
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247 then you might need to make the movemail program setuid or setgid
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248 to enable it to write the lock files. We believe this is safe.
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249
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250 10) You are done! You can remove executables and object files from
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251 the build directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files
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252 that `configure' created (so you can compile Emacs for a different
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253 configuration), type `make distclean'.
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254
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255
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256
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257 MAKE VARIABLES
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258
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259 You can change where the build process installs Emacs and its data
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260 files by specifying values for `make' variables as part of the `make'
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261 command line. For example, if you type
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262
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263 make install bindir=/usr/local/gnubin
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264
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265 the `bindir=/usr/local/gnubin' argument indicates that the Emacs
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266 executable files should go in `/usr/local/gnubin', not
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267 `/usr/local/bin'.
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268
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269 Here is a complete list of the variables you may want to set.
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270
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271 `bindir' indicates where to put executable programs that users can
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272 run. This defaults to /usr/local/bin.
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273
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274 `datadir' indicates where to put the architecture-independent
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275 read-only data files that Emacs refers to while it runs; it
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276 defaults to /usr/local/share. We create the following
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277 subdirectories under `datadir':
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278 - `emacs/VERSION/lisp', containing the Emacs Lisp library, and
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279 - `emacs/VERSION/etc', containing the Emacs tutorial, the DOC
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280 file, and the `yow' database.
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281 `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
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282 like `18.59' or `19.0'. Since these files vary from one version
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283 of Emacs to another, including the version number in the path
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284 allows you to have several versions of Emacs installed at the
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285 same time; this means that you don't have to make Emacs
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286 unavailable while installing a new version.
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287
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288 `sharedstatedir' indicates where to put architecture-independent data files
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289 that Emacs modifies while it runs; it defaults to
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290 /usr/local/com. We create the following
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291 subdirectories under `sharedstatedir':
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292 - `emacs/lock', containing files indicating who is editing
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293 what, so Emacs can detect editing clashes between
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294 users.
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295
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296 `libexecdir' indicates where to put architecture-specific data files that
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297 Emacs refers to as it runs; it defaults to `/usr/local/libexec'.
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298 We create the following subdirectories under `libexecdir':
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299 - `emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME', containing executable
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300 programs used by Emacs that users are not expected to run
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301 themselves.
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302 `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
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303 and `CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the argument you gave to the
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304 `configure' program to identify the architecture and operating
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305 system of your machine, like `mips-dec-ultrix' or
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306 `sparc-sun-sunos'. Since these files are specific to the version
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307 of Emacs, operating system, and architecture in use, including
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308 the configuration name in the path allows you to have several
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309 versions of Emacs for any mix of machines and operating systems
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310 installed at the same time; this is useful for sites at which
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311 different kinds of machines share the file system Emacs is
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312 installed on.
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313
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314 `infodir' indicates where to put the info files distributed with
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315 Emacs; it defaults to `/usr/local/info'.
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316
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317 `mandir' indicates where to put the man pages for Emacs and its
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318 utilities (like `etags'); it defaults to
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319 `/usr/local/man/man1'.
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320
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321 `manext' gives the extension the man pages should be installed with.
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322 It should contain a period, followed by the appropriate
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323 digit. It defaults to `.1'. For example given the default
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324 values for `mandir' and `manext', the Emacs man page would be
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325 installed as `/usr/local/man/man1/emacs.1'.
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326
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327 `prefix' doesn't give a path for any specific part of Emacs; instead,
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328 its value is used to determine the defaults for all the
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329 architecture-independent path variables - `datadir',
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330 `sharedstatedir', `infodir', and `mandir'. Its default value is
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331 `/usr/local'; the other variables add on `lib' or `man' to it
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332 by default.
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333
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334 For example, suppose your site generally places GNU software
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335 under `/usr/users/software/gnusoft' instead of `/usr/local'.
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336 By including
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337 `prefix=/usr/users/software/gnusoft'
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338 in the arguments to `make', you can instruct the build process
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339 to place all of the Emacs data files in the appropriate
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340 directories under that path.
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341
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342 `exec_prefix' serves the same purpose as `prefix', but instead
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343 determines the default values for the architecture-dependent
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344 path variables - `bindir' and `libexecdir'.
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345
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346 The above variables serve analogous purposes in the makefiles for all
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347 GNU software; here are some variables specific to Emacs.
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348
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349 `lispdir' indicates where Emacs installs and expects its Lisp library.
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350 Its default value, based on `datadir' (see above), is
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351 `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp' (where `VERSION' is as
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352 described above).
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353
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354 `locallisppath' indicates where Emacs should search for Lisp files
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355 specific to your site. It should be a colon-separated list of
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356 directories; Emacs checks them in order before checking
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357 `lispdir'. Its default value, based on `datadir' (see above), is
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358 `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp:/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp'.
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359
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360 `lisppath' is the complete list of directories Emacs should search for
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361 its Lisp files; its default value is the concatenation of
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362 `locallisppath' and `lispdir'. It should be a colon-separated
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363 list of directories; Emacs checks them in the order they
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364 appear.
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365
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366 `etcdir' indicates where Emacs should install and expect the rest of
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367 its architecture-independent data, like the tutorial, DOC
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368 file, and yow database. Its default value, based on `datadir'
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369 (which see), is `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/etc'.
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370
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371 `lockdir' indicates the directory where Emacs keeps track of its
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372 locking information. Its default value, based on
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373 `sharedstatedir' (which see), is `/usr/local/com/emacs/lock'.
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374
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375 `archlibdir' indicates where Emacs installs and expects the executable
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376 files and other architecture-dependent data it uses while
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377 running. Its default value, based on `libexecdir' (which
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378 see), is `/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME'
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379 (where VERSION and CONFIGURATION-NAME are as described above).
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380
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381 Remember that you must specify any variable values you need each time
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382 you run `make' in the top directory. If you run `make' once to build
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383 emacs, test it, and then run `make' again to install the files, you
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384 must provide the same variable settings each time. To make the
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385 settings persist, you can edit them into the `Makefile' in the top
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386 directory, but be aware that running the `configure' program erases
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387 `Makefile' and rebuilds it from `Makefile.in'.
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388
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389 The top-level Makefile stores the variable settings it used in the
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390 Makefiles for the subdirectories, so you don't have to specify them
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391 when running make in the subdirectories.
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392
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393
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394 CONFIGURATION BY HAND
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395
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396 Instead of running the `configure' program, you have to perform the
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397 following steps.
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398
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399 1) Copy `./src/config.in' to `./src/config.h'.
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400
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401 2) Consult `./etc/MACHINES' to see what configuration name you should
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402 use for your system. Look at the code of the `configure' script to
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403 see which operating system and architecture description files from
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404 `src/s' and `src/m' should be used for that configuration name. Edit
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405 `src/config.h', and change the two `#include' directives to include
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406 the appropriate system and architecture description files.
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407
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408 2) Edit `./src/config.h' to set the right options for your system. If
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409 you need to override any of the definitions in the s/*.h and m/*.h
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410 files for your system and machine, do so by editing config.h, not by
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411 changing the s/*.h and m/*.h files. Occasionally you may need to
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412 redefine parameters used in `./lib-src/movemail.c'.
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413
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414 3) Create src/Makefile and lib-src/Makefile from the corresponding
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415 `Makefile.in' files. First copy `Makefile.in' to `Makefile.c',
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416 then edit in appropriate substitutions for the @...@ constructs,
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417 and then copy the shell commands near the end of `configure'
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418 that run cpp to construct `Makefile'.
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419
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420 4) Create `Makefile' files in various other directories
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421 from the corresponding `Makefile.in' files. This isn't so hard,
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422 just a matter of substitution.
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423
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424 The `configure' script is built from `configure.in' by the `autoconf'
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425 program. You need version 2.0 or newer of `autoconf' to rebuild `configure'.
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426
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427 BUILDING GNU EMACS BY HAND
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428
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429 Once Emacs is configured, running `make' in the top directory performs
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430 the following steps.
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431
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432 1) Run `make src/paths.h' in the top directory. This produces
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433 `./src/paths.h' from the template file `./src/paths.in', changing
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434 the paths to the values specified in `./Makefile'.
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435
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436 2) Go to directory `./lib-src' and run `make'. This creates
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437 executables named `ctags' and `etags' and `wakeup' and `make-docfile'
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438 and `digest-doc' and `test-distrib'. And others.
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439
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440 3) Go to directory `./src' and Run `make'. This refers to files in
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441 the `./lisp' and `./lib-src' subdirectories using names `../lisp' and
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442 `../lib-src'.
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443
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444 This creates a file `./src/emacs' which is the runnable Emacs,
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445 which has another name that contains a version number.
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446 Each time you do this, that version number increments in the last place.
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447
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448 It also creates a file in `./etc' whose name is `DOC' followed by the
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449 current Emacs version. This file contains documentation strings for
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450 all the functions in Emacs. Each time you run make to make a new
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451 emacs, a new DOC file with a new name is made. You must keep the DOC
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452 file for an Emacs version as long as you keep using that Emacs
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453 version.
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454
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455
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456 INSTALLATION BY HAND
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457
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458 The steps below are done by running `make install' in the main
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459 directory of the Emacs distribution.
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460
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461 1) Copy `./lisp' and its subdirectories, `./etc', and the executables
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462 in `./lib-src' to their final destinations, as selected in `./src/paths.h'.
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463
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464 Strictly speaking, not all of the executables in `./lib-src' need be copied.
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465 - The programs `cvtmail', `emacsserver', `fakemail', `hexl',
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466 `movemail', `profile', `rcs2log', `timer', `vcdiff', `wakeup',
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467 and `yow' are used by Emacs; they do need to be copied.
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468 - The programs `etags', `ctags', `emacsclient', `b2m', and `rcs-checkin'
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469 are intended to be run by users; they are handled below.
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470 - The programs `make-docfile' and `test-distrib' were
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471 used in building Emacs, and are not needed any more.
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472 - The programs `digest-doc' and `sorted-doc' convert a `DOC' file into
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473 a file for users to read. There is no important reason to move them.
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474
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475 2) Copy the files in `./info' to the place specified in
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476 `./lisp/site-init.el' or `./lisp/paths.el'. Note that if the
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477 destination directory already contains a file named `dir', you
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478 probably don't want to replace it with the `dir' file in the Emacs
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479 distribution. Instead, you should make sure that the existing `dir'
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480 file contains an appropriate menu entry for the Emacs info.
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481
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482 3) Create a directory for Emacs to use for clash detection, named as
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483 indicated by the PATH_LOCK macro in `./src/paths.h'.
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484
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485 4) Copy `./src/emacs' to `/usr/local/bin', or to some other directory
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486 in users' search paths. `./src/emacs' has an alternate name
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487 `./src/emacs-EMACSVERSION'; you may wish to make a symbolic link named
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488 `/usr/local/bin/emacs' pointing to that alternate name, as an easy way
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489 of installing different versions.
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490
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491 You can delete `./src/temacs'.
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492
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493 5) Copy the programs `b2m', `emacsclient', `ctags', `etags', and
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494 `rcs-checkin' from `./lib-src' to `/usr/local/bin'. These programs are
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495 intended for users to run.
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496
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497 6) Copy the man pages in `./etc' for emacs, ctags, and etags into the
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498 appropriate man directories.
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499
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500 7) The files in the `./src' subdirectory, except for `emacs', are not
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501 used by Emacs once it is built. However, it is very desirable to keep
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502 the source on line for debugging.
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503
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504
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505 PROBLEMS
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506
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507 See the file PROBLEMS in this directory for a list of various
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508 problems sometimes encountered, and what to do about them.
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509
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510
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511 Installation on MSDOG (a.k.a. MSDOS)
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512
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513 To install on MSDOG, you need to have the GNU C compiler for MSDOG
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514 (also known as djgpp), GNU Make, rm, mv, chmod, and sed. See the
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515 remarks in config.bat for more information about locations and
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516 versions.
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517
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518 If you are compiling on an MSDOG-like system which has long file
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519 names, you may need to do `SET LFN=y' for some of the commands,
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520 especially the compilation commands. It might be more convenient to
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521 unpack the Emacs distribution with djtar, which comes with djgpp; if
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522 you do `SET LFN=n' before unpacking, djtar truncates file names to 8.3
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523 naming as it extracts files, even if the system allows long file
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524 names, and this ensures that build procedures designed for 8.3 file
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525 names still work. Use djtar with the command `djtar -x foo.tar' or
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526 `djtar -x foo.tgz'.
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527
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528 Some users report that running Emacs 19.29 requires dpmi memory
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529 management. We do not know why this is so, since 19.28 did not need
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530 it. If we find out what change introduced this requirement, we may
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531 try to eliminate it. ("May" because perhaps djgpp version 2's
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532 improved dpmi handling means this is no longer a problem.)
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533
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534 It is possible that this problem happens only when there is not enough
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535 physical memory on the machine.
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536
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537 You can find out if you have a dpmi host by running go32 (part of
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538 djgpp) without arguments; it will tell you if it uses dpmi memory.
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539 For more information about dpmi memory, consult the djgpp FAQ.
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540
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541 To build and install Emacs, type these commands:
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542
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543 config msdos
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544 make install
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545
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546 Building Emacs creates executable files in the src and lib-src
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547 directories. Installing Emacs on MSDOS moves these executables to a
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548 sibling directory called bin. For example, if you build in directory
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549 /emacs, installing moves the executables from /emacs/src and
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550 /emacs/lib-src to the directory /emacs/bin, so you can then delete the
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551 subdirectories /emacs/src and /emacs/lib-src if you wish. The only
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552 subdirectories you need to keep are bin, lisp, etc and info.
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553
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554 Emacs on MSDOS finds the lisp, etc and info directories by looking in
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555 ../lisp, ../etc and ../info, starting from the directory where the
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556 Emacs executable was run from. You can override this by setting the
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557 environment variable HOME; if you do that, the directories lisp, etc
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558 and info are accessed as subdirectories of the HOME directory.
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559
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560 MSDOG is a not a multitasking operating system, so Emacs features such
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561 as asynchronous subprocesses that depend on multitasking will not
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562 work. Synchronous subprocesses do work.