annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 33411:a873b191d4c5

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author Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
date Sat, 11 Nov 2000 17:55:18 +0000
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1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c %**start of header
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3 @setfilename elisp
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4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
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5 @c %**end of header
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6
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7 @dircategory Editors
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8 @direntry
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9 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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10 @end direntry
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11
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12 @smallbook
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13 @setchapternewpage odd
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14 @finalout
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15
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16 @c Combine indices.
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17 @synindex cp fn
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18 @syncodeindex vr fn
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19 @syncodeindex ky fn
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20 @syncodeindex pg fn
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21 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables.
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22 @c @syncodeindex tp fn
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23
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24 @ifnottex
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25 This Info file contains edition 2.6 of the GNU Emacs Lisp
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26 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 21.1.
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27 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file
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28 @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi
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29
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30 Published by the Free Software Foundation
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31 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
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32 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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33
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34 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000
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35 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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36
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37 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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38 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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39 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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40 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being
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41 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy
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42 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free
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43 Documentation License''.
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44
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45 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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46 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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47 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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48 @end ifnottex
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49
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50 @titlepage
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51 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
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52 @subtitle For Emacs Version 21
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53 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
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54 @c and also in the file intro.texi.
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55 @subtitle Revision 2.6, May 2000
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56
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57 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman
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58 @author and the GNU Manual Group
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59 @page
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60 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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61 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000
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62 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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63
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64 @sp 2
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65 Edition 2.6 @*
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66 Revised for Emacs Version 21.1,@*
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67 May 2000.@*
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68 @sp 2
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69 ISBN 1-882114-73-6
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70
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71 @sp 2
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72 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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73 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@*
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74 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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75
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76 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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77 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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78 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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80 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy
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81 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free
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82 Documentation License''.
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83
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84 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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85 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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86 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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87
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88 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
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89 @end titlepage
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90 @page
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91
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92 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
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93
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94 @ifnottex
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95 This Info file contains edition 2.6 of the GNU Emacs Lisp
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96 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 21.1.
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97 @end ifnottex
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98
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99 @menu
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100 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used.
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101 * Standards: Coding Conventions. Coding conventions for Emacs Lisp.
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102
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103 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
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104 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions.
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105 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them.
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106 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
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107 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
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108 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
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109 The description of vectors is here as well.
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110 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables.
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111 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely.
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112
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113 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
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114 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
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115 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
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116 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program
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117 that can be invoked from other functions.
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118 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
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119 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations.
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120
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121 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
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122 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster.
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123 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function.
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124 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.
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125
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126 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
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127 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input.
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128 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works,
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129 and how you can call its subroutines.
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130 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands.
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131 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes.
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132 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings.
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133
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134 * Files:: Accessing files.
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135 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
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136 files are made.
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137 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects.
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138 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
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139 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows.
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140 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions.
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141 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update
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142 automatically when the text is changed.
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143
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144 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers.
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145 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings.
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146 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
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147 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
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148 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.
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149
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150 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses.
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151 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display.
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152 * Calendar:: Customizing the calendar and diary.
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153 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment
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154 variables, and other such things.
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155
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156 Appendices
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157
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158 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 20.
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159 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
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160 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
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161 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp.
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162 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs;
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163 internal data structures.
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164 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols.
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165 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
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166 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.
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167 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps.
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168 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables.
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169
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170 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables,
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171 and other terms.
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172
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173 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 21.
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174
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175 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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176
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177 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed,
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178 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
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179
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180 Introduction
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181
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182 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help.
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183 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
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184 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted.
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185 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
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186
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187 Conventions
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188
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189 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
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190 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used.
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191 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation.
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192 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output.
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193 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors.
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194 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
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195 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
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196
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197 Tips and Conventions
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198
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199 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs.
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200 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast.
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201 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings.
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202 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments.
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203 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages.
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204
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205 Format of Descriptions
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206
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207 * A Sample Function Description::
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208 * A Sample Variable Description::
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209
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210 Lisp Data Types
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211
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212 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text.
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213 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions.
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214 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems.
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215 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs.
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216 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types.
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217 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects.
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218
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219 Programming Types
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220
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221 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts.
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222 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
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223 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and
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224 control characters.
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225 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
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226 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
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227 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors.
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228 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters.
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229 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays.
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230 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function,
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231 variable, property list, or itself.
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232 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
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233 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another
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234 expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
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235 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
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236 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
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237 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
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238 functions.
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239
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240 List Type
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241
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242 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists.
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243 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list.
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244
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245 Editing Types
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246
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247 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing.
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248 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible.
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249 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like.
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250 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer.
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251 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS.
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252 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters.
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253 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes.
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254 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented.
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255
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256 Numbers
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257
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258 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers.
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259 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point.
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260 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers.
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261 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates.
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262 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
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263 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting.
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264 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa.
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265 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
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266 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
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267
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268 Strings and Characters
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269
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270 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters.
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271 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char.
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272 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings.
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273 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings.
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274 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa.
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275 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}.
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276 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions.
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277
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278 Lists
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279
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280 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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281 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists.
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282 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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283 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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284 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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285 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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286 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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287 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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288
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289 Modifying Existing List Structure
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290
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291 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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292 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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293 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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294 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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295
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296 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
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297
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298 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
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299 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
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300 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays.
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301 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors.
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302
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303 Symbols
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304
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305 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions
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306 and property lists.
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307 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used.
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308 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique.
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309 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list
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310 for recording miscellaneous information.
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311
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312 Evaluation
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313
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314 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things.
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315 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
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316 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
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317 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
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318 the program).
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319
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320 Kinds of Forms
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321
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322 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves.
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323 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables.
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324 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
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325 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions.
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326 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros.
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327 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives,
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328 most of them extremely important.
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329 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files
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330 containing their real definitions.
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331
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332 Control Structures
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333
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334 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order.
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335 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}.
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336 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
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337 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops.
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338 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence.
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339
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340 Nonlocal Exits
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341
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342 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes.
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343 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written.
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344 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled.
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345 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an
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346 error happens.
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347
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348 Errors
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349
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350 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error.
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351 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error.
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352 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution.
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353 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them.
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354
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355 Variables
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356
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357 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
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358 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change.
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359 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily.
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360 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values.
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361 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
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362 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names
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363 are known only at run time.
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364 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables.
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365 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
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366 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
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367
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368 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
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369
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370 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value
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371 is visible. Comparison with other languages.
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372 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists.
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373 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping.
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374 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and
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375 avoid problems.
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376
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377 Buffer-Local Variables
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378
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379 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts.
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380 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
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381 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers
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382 that don't have their own buffer-local values.
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383
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384 Functions
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385
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386 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
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387 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.
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388 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function.
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389 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions.
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390 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function.
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391 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
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392 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
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393 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition
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394 of a symbol.
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395 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
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396 that have a special bearing on how
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397 functions work.
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398
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399 Lambda Expressions
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400
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401 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression.
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402 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example.
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403 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists.
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404 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function.
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405
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406 Macros
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407
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408 * Simple Macro:: A basic example.
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409 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded.
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410 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler.
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411 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition.
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412 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure.
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413 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
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414 Don't hide the user's variables.
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415
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416 Loading
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417
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418 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
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419 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload.
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420 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
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421 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice.
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422
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423 Byte Compilation
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424
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425 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
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426 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
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427
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428 Advising Functions
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429
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430 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice.
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431 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}.
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432 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}.
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433 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it.
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434 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice.
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435 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the
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436 loading of compiled advice.
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437 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments.
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438 * Subr Arguments:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive.
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439 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented.
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440
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441 Debugging Lisp Programs
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442
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443 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
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444 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors.
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445 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in
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446 byte compilation.
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447 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.
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448
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449 The Lisp Debugger
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450
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451 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens.
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452 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called.
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453 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program.
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454 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
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455 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger.
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456 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}.
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457 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.
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458
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459 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
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460
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461 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
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462 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.
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463
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464 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
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465
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466 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing.
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467 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
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468 input streams.
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469 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
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470 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
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471 output streams.
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472 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
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473
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474 Minibuffers
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475
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476 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers.
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477 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string.
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478 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression.
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479 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion.
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480 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer.
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481 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables.
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482
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483 Completion
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484
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485 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings.
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486 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.)
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487 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
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488 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion.
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489 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion
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490 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.)
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491 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names.
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492 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
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493
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494 Command Loop
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495
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496 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands.
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497 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments.
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498 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
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499 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
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500 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it.
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501 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
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502 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
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503 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting.
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504 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work.
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505 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit,
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506 and why you usually shouldn't.
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507 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands.
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508 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed.
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509 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented.
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510
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511 Defining Commands
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512
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513 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}.
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514 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
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515 in various ways.
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516 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments.
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517
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518 Keymaps
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519
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520 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps.
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521 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
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522 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps.
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523 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
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524 of another keymap.
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525 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
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526 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X windows
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527 or for use from the terminal.
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528 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
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529 to override the standard (global) bindings.
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530 Each minor mode can also override them.
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531 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works.
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532 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup.
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533 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap.
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534 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
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535 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
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536
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537 Major and Minor Modes
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538
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539 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
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540 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
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541 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
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542 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that
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543 provides hooks.
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544
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diff changeset
545 Major Modes
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546
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547 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
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548 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes.
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549 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
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550 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode.
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551
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552 Minor Modes
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553
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554 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode.
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555 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
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556
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557 Mode Line Format
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558
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559 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line.
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560 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure.
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561 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line.
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562
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563 Documentation
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564
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565 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings.
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566 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them.
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567 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings.
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568 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings.
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569 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of
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570 non-printing characters and key sequences.
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571 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities.
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572
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573 Files
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574
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575 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
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576 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
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577 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers.
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578 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
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579 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
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580 simultaneous editing by two people.
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581 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
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582 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
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583 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
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parents: 17279
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584 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
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585
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diff changeset
586 Visiting Files
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587
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588 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
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589 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
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590
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591 Information about Files
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592
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593 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
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594 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link?
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595 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
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596
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597 File Names
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598
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599 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
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600 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
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601 is different from its name as a file.
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602 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a
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603 current directory.
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604 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
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605 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
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606 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
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607
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608 Backups and Auto-Saving
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609
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610 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names
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611 are chosen.
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612 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their
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613 names are chosen.
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614 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize
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diff changeset
615 what it does.
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616
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617 Backup Files
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618
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619 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when.
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620 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file
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diff changeset
621 or copying it.
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622 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file.
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623 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization.
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624
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diff changeset
625 Buffers
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diff changeset
626
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diff changeset
627 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer?
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diff changeset
628 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names.
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629 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file
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630 is visited.
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diff changeset
631 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
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632 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed
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parents:
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633 ``behind Emacs's back''.
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634 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a
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diff changeset
635 read-only buffer.
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diff changeset
636 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers.
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637 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers.
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parents:
diff changeset
638 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
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diff changeset
639 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current
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diff changeset
640 so primitives will access its contents.
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641
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diff changeset
642 Windows
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diff changeset
643
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diff changeset
644 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows.
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645 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows.
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parents:
diff changeset
646 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
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647 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in.
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diff changeset
648 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows.
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649 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
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parents:
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650 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer
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parents:
diff changeset
651 and choosing a window for it.
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parents:
diff changeset
652 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point.
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parents:
diff changeset
653 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text
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parents:
diff changeset
654 is on-screen in the window.
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parents:
diff changeset
655 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window.
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parents:
diff changeset
656 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window.
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parents:
diff changeset
657 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window.
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parents:
diff changeset
658 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window.
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parents:
diff changeset
659 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
660
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661 Frames
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diff changeset
662
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663 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames.
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diff changeset
664 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
665 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
666 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
667 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted.
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
668 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames.
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
669 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows;
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
670 display of text always works through windows.
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diff changeset
671 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
672 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame.
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parents: 12067
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673 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
674 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows;
22252
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
675 lowering it puts it underneath the others.
12098
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diff changeset
676 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
677 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
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diff changeset
678 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
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diff changeset
679 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
680 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
681 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
22267
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diff changeset
682 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows.
12098
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683 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names.
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diff changeset
684 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server.
27476
e732cf6d8d12 Fix entry in main menu.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
685 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal.
12098
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686
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687 Positions
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parents:
diff changeset
688
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parents:
diff changeset
689 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place.
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parents:
diff changeset
690 * Motion:: Changing point.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes.
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parents:
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692 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
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parents:
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693
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parents:
diff changeset
694 Motion
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parents:
diff changeset
695
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parents:
diff changeset
696 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters.
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parents:
diff changeset
697 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words.
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parents:
diff changeset
698 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
699 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text.
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parents:
diff changeset
700 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
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parents:
diff changeset
701 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
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parents:
diff changeset
702 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703
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parents:
diff changeset
704 Markers
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parents:
diff changeset
705
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parents:
diff changeset
706 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
707 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
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parents:
diff changeset
708 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
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parents:
diff changeset
709 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 position.
21007
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parents: 17279
diff changeset
711 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
712 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker.
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parents:
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713 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''.
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parents:
diff changeset
714
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parents:
diff changeset
715 Text
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parents:
diff changeset
716
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parents:
diff changeset
717 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point.
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parents:
diff changeset
718 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
720 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text.
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parents:
diff changeset
721 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
722 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 later use.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
726 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling.
12098
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
728 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands.
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
729 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
15725
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
733 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters.
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
734 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
15725
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
735 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer.
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
736 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 the text or position stored in a register.
15725
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
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parents: 12098
diff changeset
738 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed.
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diff changeset
739
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diff changeset
740 The Kill Ring
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
745 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access.
6451
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 Indentation
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756
15725
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
757 Text Properties
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
758
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
759 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
760 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
761 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
762 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
763 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
764 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
765 neighboring text.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
766 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
767 them back.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
768 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
769 only when text is examined.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
770 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
771 Lisp-visible text intervals.
bf32c17c153b Changes for Emacs 19.32.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
772
28635
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diff changeset
773 Non-ASCII Characters
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
774
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diff changeset
775 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
776 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
777 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
778 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
779 codes of individual characters.
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
780 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
781 is divided into various character sets.
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782 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings.
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diff changeset
783 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence.
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diff changeset
784 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer?
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
785 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion.
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diff changeset
786 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
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diff changeset
787 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
788 non-ASCII characters without speciak keyboards.
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
789 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale.
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parents: 27476
diff changeset
790
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diff changeset
791 Searching and Matching
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parents:
diff changeset
792
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parents:
diff changeset
793 * String Search:: Search for an exact match.
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parents:
diff changeset
794 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings.
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parents:
diff changeset
795 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp.
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parents:
diff changeset
796 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched
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parents:
diff changeset
797 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search.
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parents:
diff changeset
798 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information.
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parents:
diff changeset
799 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
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parents:
diff changeset
800 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching.
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parents:
diff changeset
801
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 Regular Expressions
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 Syntax Tables
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 using the syntax table.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 Syntax Descriptors
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 Processes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 an asynchronous subprocess.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
842 * Network:: Opening network connections.
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 Receiving Output from Processes
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 Operating System Interface
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 Starting Up Emacs
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
diff changeset
862 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up.
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
diff changeset
865 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed,
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 and how you can customize them.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 Getting out of Emacs
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 Emacs Display
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 * Waiting:: Forcing display update and waiting for user.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 * Usual Display:: How control characters are displayed.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 GNU Emacs Internals
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 Object Internals
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @end menu
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 @include intro.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @include objects.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 @include numbers.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 @include strings.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 @include lists.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 @include sequences.texi
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
diff changeset
909 @include hash.texi
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 @include symbols.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @include eval.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 @include control.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 @include variables.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 @include functions.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 @include macros.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17279
diff changeset
918 @include customize.texi
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 @include loading.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 @include compile.texi
21702
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
921 @include advice.texi
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
922
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @include debugging.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @include streams.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 @include minibuf.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 @include commands.texi
21702
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
927
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 @include keymaps.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @include modes.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 @include help.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @include files.texi
21702
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
932
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
933 @include backups.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @include buffers.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @include windows.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 @include frames.texi
21702
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
937
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
938 @include positions.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 @include markers.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @include text.texi
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17279
diff changeset
941 @include nonascii.texi
21702
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
942
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17279
diff changeset
943 @include searching.texi
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 @include syntax.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 @include abbrevs.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @include processes.texi
21702
05b1a2703a49 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
947
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
948 @include display.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 @include calendar.texi
26211
df0efa93750b Patch from rms.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 25875
diff changeset
950 @include os.texi
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 @c appendices
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
958 @include anti.texi
29116
194ae2469256 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 29114
diff changeset
959 @include doclicense.texi
194ae2469256 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 29114
diff changeset
960 @include gpl.texi
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
961 @include tips.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 @include internals.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 @include errors.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 @include locals.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 @include maps.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 @include hooks.texi
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 @include index.texi
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969
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970 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top
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971 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition
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972
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973 @printindex tp
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974
6451
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975 @c Print the tables of contents
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976 @summarycontents
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977 @contents
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978 @c That's all
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979
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980 @bye
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981
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982
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983 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.