Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 69490:a9aa9b45a386
(w32_init_fringe, w32_reset_fringes): Restore to being conditional on
HAVE_NTGUI, not WINDOWS_NT.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Wed, 15 Mar 2006 10:48:26 +0000 |
parents | 067115a6e738 |
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rev | line source |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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4 @c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
7 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
8 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
9 | |
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10 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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11 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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12 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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13 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 14 |
15 @menu | |
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16 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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17 customization declarations. |
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18 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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19 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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20 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
21006 | 21 @end menu |
22 | |
23 @node Common Keywords | |
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24 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 25 |
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26 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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27 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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28 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 29 |
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30 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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31 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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32 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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33 display one name. |
21006 | 34 |
35 @table @code | |
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36 @item :tag @var{label} |
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37 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the |
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38 item in customization menus and buffers. @strong{Don't use a tag |
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39 which is substantially different from the item's real name; that would |
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40 cause confusion.} One legitimate case for use of @code{:tag} is to |
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41 specify a dash where normally a hyphen would be converted to a space: |
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42 |
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43 @example |
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44 (defcustom cursor-in-non-selected-windows @dots{} |
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45 :tag "Cursor In Non-selected Windows" |
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46 @end example |
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47 |
21006 | 48 @item :group @var{group} |
49 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
50 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
51 @var{group}. | |
52 | |
53 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
54 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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55 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 56 |
57 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
58 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. | |
59 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
60 other documentation. | |
61 | |
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62 There are several alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 63 |
64 @table @code | |
65 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
66 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
67 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
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68 @samp{[Manual]} in the customization buffer and enters the built-in |
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69 Info reader on @var{info-node}. |
21006 | 70 |
71 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
72 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
73 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
74 | |
75 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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76 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the |
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77 @acronym{URL}. The link appears in the customization buffer as |
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78 @var{url} and invokes the WWW browser specified by |
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79 @code{browse-url-browser-function}. |
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80 |
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81 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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82 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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83 which specifies the library name. |
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84 |
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85 @item (emacs-library-link @var{library}) |
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86 Link to an Emacs Lisp library file; @var{library} is a string which |
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87 specifies the library name. |
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88 |
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89 @item (file-link @var{file}) |
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90 Link to a file; @var{file} is a string which specifies the name of the |
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91 file to visit with @code{find-file} when the user invokes this link. |
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92 |
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93 @item (function-link @var{function}) |
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94 Link to the documentation of a function; @var{function} is a string |
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95 which specifies the name of the function to describe with |
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96 @code{describe-function} when the user invokes this link. |
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97 |
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98 @item (variable-link @var{variable}) |
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99 Link to the documentation of a variable; @var{variable} is a string |
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100 which specifies the name of the variable to describe with |
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101 @code{describe-variable} when the user invokes this link. |
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102 |
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103 @item (custom-group-link @var{group}) |
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104 Link to another customization group. Invoking it creates a new |
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105 customization buffer for @var{group}. |
21006 | 106 @end table |
107 | |
108 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
109 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
110 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
111 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
112 | |
113 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
114 none at all. | |
115 | |
116 @item :load @var{file} | |
117 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization | |
118 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
119 not already loaded. | |
120 | |
121 @item :require @var{feature} | |
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122 Execute @code{(require '@var{feature})} when your saved customizations |
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123 set the value of this item. @var{feature} should be a symbol. |
21006 | 124 |
125 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
126 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
127 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
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128 |
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129 @item :version @var{version} |
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130 This option specifies that the item was first introduced in Emacs |
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131 version @var{version}, or that its default value was changed in that |
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132 version. The value @var{version} must be a string. |
21006 | 133 @end table |
134 | |
135 @node Group Definitions | |
136 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
137 | |
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138 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 139 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
140 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
141 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
142 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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143 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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144 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 145 the subgroups. |
146 | |
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147 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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148 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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149 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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150 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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151 keyword. |
21006 | 152 |
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153 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 154 |
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155 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
21006 | 156 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
157 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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158 the documentation string for the group. |
21006 | 159 |
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160 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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161 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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162 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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163 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 164 |
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165 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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166 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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167 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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168 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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169 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 170 |
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171 When you introduce a new group into Emacs, use the @code{:version} |
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172 keyword in the @code{defgroup}; then you need not use it for |
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173 the individual members of the group. |
33150 | 174 |
21006 | 175 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 176 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 177 |
178 @table @code | |
179 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
180 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the | |
181 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
182 | |
183 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
184 @end table | |
185 @end defmac | |
186 | |
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187 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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188 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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189 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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190 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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191 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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192 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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193 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 194 |
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195 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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196 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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197 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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198 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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199 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 200 |
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201 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 202 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
203 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
204 | |
205 @node Variable Definitions | |
206 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
207 | |
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208 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
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210 @defmac defcustom option default doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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211 Declare @var{option} as a customizable user option variable. Do not |
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212 quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} specifies the documentation |
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213 string for the variable. There is no need to start it with a @samp{*} |
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214 because @code{defcustom} automatically marks @var{option} as a |
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215 @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining Variables}). |
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216 |
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217 If @var{option} is void, @code{defcustom} initializes it to |
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218 @var{default}. @var{default} should be an expression to compute the |
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219 value; be careful in writing it, because it can be evaluated on more |
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220 than one occasion. You should normally avoid using backquotes in |
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221 @var{default} because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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222 causing list values to appear to have the wrong structure. |
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223 |
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224 If you specify the @code{:set} option, to make the variable take other |
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225 special actions when set through the customization buffer, the |
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226 variable's documentation string should tell the user specifically how |
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227 to do the same job in hand-written Lisp code. |
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228 |
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229 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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230 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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231 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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232 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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233 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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234 @end defmac |
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236 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 237 |
238 @table @code | |
239 @item :type @var{type} | |
240 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
241 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
242 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
243 | |
244 @item :options @var{list} | |
245 Specify @var{list} as the list of reasonable values for use in this | |
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246 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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247 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 248 |
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249 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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250 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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251 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
21006 | 252 |
253 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
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254 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this |
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255 option. The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a |
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256 symbol (the option name) and the new value, and should do whatever is |
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257 necessary to update the value properly for this option (which may not |
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258 mean simply setting the option as a Lisp variable). The default for |
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259 @var{setfunction} is @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 260 |
261 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
262 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this | |
263 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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264 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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265 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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266 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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267 |
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268 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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269 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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270 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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271 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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272 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 273 |
274 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
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275 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable |
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276 when the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, |
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277 the option name (a symbol) and the value. Here are some predefined |
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278 functions meant for use in this way: |
21006 | 279 |
280 @table @code | |
281 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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282 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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283 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 284 |
285 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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286 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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287 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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288 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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289 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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290 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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291 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 292 |
293 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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294 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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295 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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296 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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297 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 298 |
299 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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300 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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301 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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302 @code{set-default}. |
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303 |
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304 @item custom-initialize-safe-set |
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305 @itemx custom-initialize-safe-default |
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306 These functions behave like @code{custom-initialize-set} |
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307 (@code{custom-initialize-default}, respectively), but catch errors. |
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308 If an error occurs during initialization, they set the variable to |
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309 @code{nil} using @code{set-default}, and throw no error. |
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310 |
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311 These two functions are only meant for options defined in pre-loaded |
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312 files, where some variables or functions used to compute the option's |
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313 value may not yet be defined. The option normally gets updated in |
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314 @file{startup.el}, ignoring the previously computed value. Because of |
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315 this typical usage, the value which these two functions compute |
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316 normally only matters when, after startup, one unsets the option's |
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317 value and then reevaluates the defcustom. By that time, the necessary |
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318 variables and functions will be defined, so there will not be an error. |
21006 | 319 @end table |
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320 |
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321 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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322 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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323 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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324 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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325 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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326 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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327 @end table |
21006 | 328 |
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329 The @code{:require} option is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 330 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
331 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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332 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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333 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{saveplace.el}: |
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334 |
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335 @example |
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336 (defcustom save-place nil |
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337 "*Non-nil means automatically save place in each file..." |
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338 :type 'boolean |
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339 :require 'saveplace |
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340 :group 'save-place) |
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341 @end example |
21006 | 342 |
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343 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or @code{alist}, |
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344 which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional options to the |
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345 item, outside the @code{defcustom} declaration, by calling |
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346 @code{custom-add-option}. For example, if you define a function |
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347 @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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348 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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349 options for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing its |
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350 definition. You can do it thus: |
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351 |
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352 @example |
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353 (custom-add-option 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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354 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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355 @end example |
21006 | 356 |
357 @defun custom-add-option symbol option | |
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358 To the customization @var{symbol}, add @var{option}. |
21006 | 359 |
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360 The precise effect of adding @var{option} depends on the customization |
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361 type of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 362 @end defun |
363 | |
364 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
365 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the default value, | |
366 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the | |
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367 customization buffer. Both properties are actually lists whose car is |
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368 an expression which evaluates to the value. |
21006 | 369 |
370 @node Customization Types | |
371 @section Customization Types | |
372 | |
373 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify | |
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374 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 375 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
376 customization buffer for editing. | |
377 | |
378 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the | |
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379 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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380 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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381 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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382 example: |
21006 | 383 |
384 @example | |
385 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
386 "*The command to use to run diff." | |
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387 :type '(string) |
21006 | 388 :group 'diff) |
389 @end example | |
390 | |
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391 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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392 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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393 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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394 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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395 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
21006 | 396 |
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397 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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398 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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399 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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400 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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401 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 402 |
403 @menu | |
404 * Simple Types:: | |
405 * Composite Types:: | |
406 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
407 * Type Keywords:: | |
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408 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 409 @end menu |
410 | |
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411 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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412 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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413 |
21006 | 414 @node Simple Types |
415 @subsection Simple Types | |
416 | |
417 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
418 | |
419 @table @code | |
420 @item sexp | |
421 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
422 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
423 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
424 | |
425 @item integer | |
426 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
427 in the customization buffer. | |
428 | |
429 @item number | |
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430 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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431 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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432 |
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433 @item float |
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434 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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435 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 436 |
437 @item string | |
438 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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439 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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440 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 441 |
442 @item regexp | |
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443 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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444 expression. |
21006 | 445 |
446 @item character | |
447 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
448 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
449 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
450 | |
451 @item file | |
452 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
453 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
454 | |
455 @item (file :must-match t) | |
456 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
457 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
458 | |
459 @item directory | |
460 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
461 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
462 | |
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463 @item hook |
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464 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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465 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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466 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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467 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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468 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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469 |
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470 @item alist |
24952 | 471 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
472 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
473 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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474 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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475 |
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476 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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477 |
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478 @smallexample |
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479 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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480 @end smallexample |
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481 |
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482 @noindent |
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483 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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484 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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485 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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486 |
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487 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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488 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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489 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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490 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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491 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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492 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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493 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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494 |
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495 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of option |
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496 specifications. Ordinarily, the options are simply atoms, which are the |
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497 specified keys. For example: |
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498 |
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499 @smallexample |
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500 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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501 @end smallexample |
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502 |
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503 @noindent |
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504 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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505 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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506 |
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507 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for example, |
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508 the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an integer. |
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509 You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in the option |
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510 specification. The first element will specify the key, like before, |
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511 while the second element will specify the value type. |
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512 |
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513 @smallexample |
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514 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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515 @end smallexample |
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516 |
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517 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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518 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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519 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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520 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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521 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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522 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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523 symbol for the key. |
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524 |
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525 @smallexample |
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526 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) "baz") |
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527 @end smallexample |
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528 |
24952 | 529 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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530 example, |
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531 |
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532 @smallexample |
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533 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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534 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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535 @end smallexample |
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536 |
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537 @noindent |
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538 instead of |
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539 |
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540 @smallexample |
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541 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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542 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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543 @end smallexample |
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544 |
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545 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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546 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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547 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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548 value. |
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549 |
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550 @smallexample |
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551 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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552 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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553 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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554 @end smallexample |
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555 |
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556 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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557 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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558 |
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559 Similarly, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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560 key, using variations of this trick: |
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561 |
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562 @smallexample |
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563 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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564 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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565 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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566 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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567 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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568 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer boolean))) |
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569 |
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570 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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571 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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572 ("ken" "cat")) |
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573 "Alist of people's pets. |
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574 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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575 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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576 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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577 @end smallexample |
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578 |
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579 @item plist |
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580 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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581 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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582 this form: |
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583 |
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584 @smallexample |
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585 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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586 @end smallexample |
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587 |
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588 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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589 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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590 |
21006 | 591 @item symbol |
592 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
593 the name of the symbol. | |
594 | |
595 @item function | |
596 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
597 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
598 | |
599 @item variable | |
600 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
601 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
602 | |
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603 @item face |
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604 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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605 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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606 |
21006 | 607 @item boolean |
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608 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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609 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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610 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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611 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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612 meaning of the alternative. |
32521
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613 |
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614 @item coding-system |
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615 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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616 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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617 |
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618 @item color |
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619 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 620 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 621 @end table |
622 | |
623 @node Composite Types | |
624 @subsection Composite Types | |
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625 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 626 |
627 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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628 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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629 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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630 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 631 |
632 @example | |
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633 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 634 @end example |
635 | |
636 @noindent | |
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637 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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638 this: |
21006 | 639 |
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640 @example |
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641 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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642 @end example |
21006 | 643 |
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644 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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645 composite types: |
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646 |
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647 @table @code |
21006 | 648 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
649 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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650 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 651 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
652 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
653 | |
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654 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 655 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
656 that you specify for it. | |
657 | |
658 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
659 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
660 @var{element-types} you have specified; and each element must fit the | |
661 corresponding @var{element-type}. | |
662 | |
663 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
664 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
665 string, and the third a function. | |
666 | |
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667 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 668 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
669 | |
670 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
671 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
672 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
673 | |
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674 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 675 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
676 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
677 integer or a string. | |
678 | |
679 In the customization buffer, the user selects one of the alternatives | |
680 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that | |
681 alternative. | |
682 | |
683 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
684 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
685 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
686 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
687 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
688 | |
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689 @example |
21006 | 690 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
691 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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692 @end example |
21006 | 693 |
694 @noindent | |
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695 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal text}. |
21006 | 696 |
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697 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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698 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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699 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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700 |
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701 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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702 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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703 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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704 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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705 |
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706 @example |
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707 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) |
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708 symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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709 @end example |
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710 |
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711 @noindent |
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712 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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713 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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714 |
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715 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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716 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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717 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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718 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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719 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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720 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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721 |
21006 | 722 @item (const @var{value}) |
723 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
724 | |
725 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
726 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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727 @code{nil}. |
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728 |
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729 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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730 For example, |
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731 |
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732 @example |
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733 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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734 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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735 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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736 @end example |
21006 | 737 |
22433
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738 @noindent |
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739 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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740 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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741 |
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742 @item (other @var{value}) |
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743 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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744 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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745 |
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746 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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747 For example, |
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748 |
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749 @example |
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750 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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751 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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752 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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753 @end example |
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754 |
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755 @noindent |
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756 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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757 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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758 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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759 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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760 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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761 |
21006 | 762 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
763 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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764 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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765 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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766 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 767 |
768 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
769 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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770 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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771 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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772 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 773 |
23902 | 774 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
775 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
776 the @var{types} specified. | |
777 | |
778 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
779 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
780 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
781 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
782 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
783 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
784 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
785 | |
786 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
787 shown here: | |
788 | |
789 @example | |
790 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
791 @end example | |
792 | |
793 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
794 | |
795 @example | |
796 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
797 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
798 @end example | |
799 | |
800 @noindent | |
801 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
802 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 803 |
804 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
805 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
806 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
807 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
808 more elements or removing elements. | |
46643
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809 |
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810 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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811 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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812 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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813 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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814 possibilities: |
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815 |
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816 @itemize @bullet |
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817 @item |
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818 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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819 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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820 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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821 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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822 |
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823 @item |
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824 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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825 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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826 @end itemize |
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827 |
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828 For example, |
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829 |
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830 @example |
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831 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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832 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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833 @end example |
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834 |
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835 @noindent |
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836 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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837 |
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838 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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839 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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840 @end table |
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841 |
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842 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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843 in a composite type: |
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844 |
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845 @table @code |
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846 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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847 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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848 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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849 @code{choice}. |
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850 |
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851 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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852 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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853 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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854 |
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855 @item :args @var{argument-list} |
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856 Use the elements of @var{argument-list} as the arguments of the type |
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857 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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858 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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859 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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860 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 861 @end table |
862 | |
863 @node Splicing into Lists | |
864 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
865 | |
866 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
867 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
868 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
869 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
870 | |
871 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
872 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
873 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
874 length which appears as one element. | |
875 | |
876 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
877 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
878 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
879 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
880 construct. | |
881 | |
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882 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 883 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
884 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
885 | |
886 @example | |
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887 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 888 @end example |
889 | |
890 @noindent | |
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891 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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892 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 893 |
894 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
895 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
896 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
897 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
898 this customization type: | |
899 | |
900 @example | |
901 (list file | |
902 (choice (const t) | |
903 (list :inline t string string))) | |
904 @end example | |
905 | |
906 @noindent | |
907 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
908 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
909 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
910 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
911 | |
912 @node Type Keywords | |
913 @subsection Type Keywords | |
914 | |
915 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
916 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
917 meanings: | |
918 | |
919 @table @code | |
920 @item :value @var{default} | |
921 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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922 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 923 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
924 customization buffer. | |
925 | |
926 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
927 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
928 | |
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929 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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930 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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931 |
21006 | 932 @item :format @var{format-string} |
933 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value | |
934 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
935 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
936 | |
937 @table @samp | |
938 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
939 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
940 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
941 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
942 the button appears in, and the event. | |
943 | |
944 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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945 actions. |
21006 | 946 |
947 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
948 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
949 | |
950 @item %v | |
951 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
952 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
953 | |
954 @item %d | |
955 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
956 | |
957 @item %h | |
958 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
959 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
960 first line. | |
961 | |
962 @item %t | |
963 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
964 keyword. | |
965 | |
966 @item %% | |
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967 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 968 @end table |
969 | |
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970 @item :action @var{action} |
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971 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 972 |
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973 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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974 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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975 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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976 |
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977 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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978 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
21006 | 979 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
980 Each can be: | |
981 | |
982 @table @asis | |
983 @item @code{nil} | |
984 No text is inserted. | |
985 | |
986 @item a string | |
987 The string is inserted literally. | |
988 | |
989 @item a symbol | |
990 The symbol's value is used. | |
991 @end table | |
992 | |
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993 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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994 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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995 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 996 |
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997 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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998 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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999 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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1000 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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1001 in that value. |
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1002 |
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1003 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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1004 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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1005 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 1006 |
1007 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
1008 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or | |
30500 | 1009 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
1010 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
1011 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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1012 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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1013 argument, the widget. |
21006 | 1014 |
1015 @item :match @var{function} | |
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1016 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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1017 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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1018 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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1019 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 1020 |
1021 @ignore | |
1022 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
1023 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
1024 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
1025 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
1026 item except for the first line. | |
1027 | |
1028 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
1029 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
1030 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
1031 | |
1032 @item :extra-offset | |
1033 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
1034 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
1035 | |
1036 @item :notify | |
1037 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
1038 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
1039 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
1040 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
1041 | |
1042 @item :menu-tag | |
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1043 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1044 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1045 | |
1046 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1047 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1048 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1049 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1050 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1051 | |
1052 @item :validate | |
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1053 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1054 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1055 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1056 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1057 |
1058 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1059 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1060 | |
1061 @item :tab-order | |
1062 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1063 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1064 implemented. | |
1065 | |
1066 @enumerate a | |
1067 @item | |
1068 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1069 | |
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1070 @item |
21006 | 1071 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1072 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1073 whichever comes first. | |
1074 | |
1075 @item | |
1076 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1077 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1078 @end enumerate | |
1079 | |
1080 @item :parent | |
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1081 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1082 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1083 | |
1084 @item :sibling-args | |
1085 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1086 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1087 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1088 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1089 @end ignore | |
1090 @end table | |
52401 | 1091 |
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1092 @node Defining New Types |
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1093 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1094 |
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1095 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1096 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want |
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1097 to give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when |
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1098 you are using the same type for many user options: rather than repeat |
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1099 the specification for each option, you can give the type specification |
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1100 a name, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1101 when a user option's value is a recursive data structure. To make it |
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1102 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1103 |
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1104 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1105 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1106 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1107 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1108 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1109 types by a simple example. |
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1110 |
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1111 @example |
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1112 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1113 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1114 :offset 4 |
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1115 :tag "Node" |
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1116 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1117 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1118 :value ("" . "") |
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1119 binary-tree-of-string |
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1120 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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1121 |
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1122 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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1123 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1124 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1125 @end example |
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1126 |
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1127 The function to define a new widget is called @code{define-widget}. The |
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1128 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
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1129 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
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1130 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
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1131 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
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1132 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accepts a @code{:type} keyword |
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1133 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
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1134 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
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1135 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
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1136 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{RET} binary-tree-of-string |
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1137 @key{RET}} command. |
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1138 |
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1139 After these mandatory arguments follow the keyword arguments. The most |
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1140 important is @code{:type}, which describes the data type we want to match |
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1141 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
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1142 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
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1143 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
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1144 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
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1145 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
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1146 @code{:offset} argument is there to ensure that child nodes are |
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1147 indented four spaces relative to the parent node, making the tree |
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1148 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
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1149 |
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1150 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1151 customization type. |
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1152 |
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1153 The reason for the name @code{lazy} is that the other composite |
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1154 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the |
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1155 widget is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so |
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1156 the inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If |
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1157 the data structure is itself recursive, this conversion is an infinite |
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1158 recursion. The @code{lazy} widget prevents the recursion: it convert |
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1159 its @code{:type} argument only when needed. |
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1160 |
52401 | 1161 @ignore |
1162 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1163 @end ignore |