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annotate lispref/advice.texi @ 35758:aa069bbee4c8
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author | Francesco Potortì <pot@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 31 Jan 2001 08:53:56 +0000 |
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children | 338b1a97adf7 |
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21681 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21681 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/advising | |
6 @node Advising Functions, Debugging, Byte Compilation, Top | |
7 @chapter Advising Emacs Lisp Functions | |
8 @cindex advising functions | |
9 | |
10 The @dfn{advice} feature lets you add to the existing definition of a | |
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11 function, by @dfn{advising the function}. This is a clean method for a |
21681 | 12 library to customize functions defined by other parts of Emacs---cleaner |
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13 than redefining the whole function. |
21681 | 14 |
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15 @cindex piece of advice |
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16 Each function can have multiple @dfn{pieces of advice}, separately |
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17 defined. Each defined piece of advice can be enabled or disabled |
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18 explicitly. The enabled pieces of advice for any given function |
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19 actually take effect when you @dfn{activate} advice for that function, or when |
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20 that function is subsequently defined or redefined. |
21681 | 21 |
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22 @strong{Usage Note:} Advice is useful for altering the behavior of |
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23 existing calls to an existing function. If you want the new behavior |
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24 for new calls, or for key bindings, it is cleaner to define a new |
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25 function (or a new command) which uses the existing function. |
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26 |
21681 | 27 @menu |
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28 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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29 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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30 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
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31 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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32 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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33 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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34 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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35 loading of compiled advice. |
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36 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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37 * Subr Arguments:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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38 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
21681 | 39 @end menu |
40 | |
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41 @node Simple Advice |
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42 @section A Simple Advice Example |
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43 |
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44 The command @code{next-line} moves point down vertically one or more |
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45 lines; it is the standard binding of @kbd{C-n}. When used on the last |
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46 line of the buffer, this command inserts a newline to create a line to |
34103 | 47 move to if @code{next-line-add-newlines} is non-@code{nil} (its default |
48 is @code{nil}.) | |
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49 |
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50 Suppose you wanted to add a similar feature to @code{previous-line}, |
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51 which would insert a new line at the beginning of the buffer for the |
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52 command to move to. How could you do this? |
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53 |
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54 You could do it by redefining the whole function, but that is not |
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55 modular. The advice feature provides a cleaner alternative: you can |
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56 effectively add your code to the existing function definition, without |
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57 actually changing or even seeing that definition. Here is how to do |
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58 this: |
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59 |
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60 @example |
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61 (defadvice previous-line (before next-line-at-end (arg)) |
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62 "Insert an empty line when moving up from the top line." |
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63 (if (and next-line-add-newlines (= arg 1) |
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64 (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) (bobp))) |
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65 (progn |
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66 (beginning-of-line) |
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67 (newline)))) |
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68 @end example |
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69 |
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70 This expression defines a @dfn{piece of advice} for the function |
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71 @code{previous-line}. This piece of advice is named |
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72 @code{next-line-at-end}, and the symbol @code{before} says that it is |
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73 @dfn{before-advice} which should run before the regular definition of |
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74 @code{previous-line}. @code{(arg)} specifies how the advice code can |
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75 refer to the function's arguments. |
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76 |
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77 When this piece of advice runs, it creates an additional line, in the |
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78 situation where that is appropriate, but does not move point to that |
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79 line. This is the correct way to write the advice, because the normal |
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80 definition will run afterward and will move back to the newly inserted |
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81 line. |
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82 |
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83 Defining the advice doesn't immediately change the function |
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84 @code{previous-line}. That happens when you @dfn{activate} the advice, |
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85 like this: |
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86 |
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87 @example |
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88 (ad-activate 'previous-line) |
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89 @end example |
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90 |
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91 @noindent |
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92 This is what actually begins to use the advice that has been defined so |
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93 far for the function @code{previous-line}. Henceforth, whenever that |
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94 function is run, whether invoked by the user with @kbd{C-p} or |
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95 @kbd{M-x}, or called from Lisp, it runs the advice first, and its |
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96 regular definition second. |
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97 |
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98 This example illustrates before-advice, which is one @dfn{class} of |
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99 advice: it runs before the function's base definition. There are two |
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100 other advice classes: @dfn{after-advice}, which runs after the base |
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101 definition, and @dfn{around-advice}, which lets you specify an |
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102 expression to wrap around the invocation of the base definition. |
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103 |
21681 | 104 @node Defining Advice |
105 @section Defining Advice | |
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106 @cindex defining advice |
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107 @cindex advice, defining |
21681 | 108 |
109 To define a piece of advice, use the macro @code{defadvice}. A call | |
110 to @code{defadvice} has the following syntax, which is based on the | |
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111 syntax of @code{defun} and @code{defmacro}, but adds more: |
21681 | 112 |
113 @findex defadvice | |
114 @example | |
115 (defadvice @var{function} (@var{class} @var{name} | |
116 @r{[}@var{position}@r{]} @r{[}@var{arglist}@r{]} | |
117 @var{flags}...) | |
118 @r{[}@var{documentation-string}@r{]} | |
119 @r{[}@var{interactive-form}@r{]} | |
120 @var{body-forms}...) | |
121 @end example | |
122 | |
123 @noindent | |
124 Here, @var{function} is the name of the function (or macro or special | |
125 form) to be advised. From now on, we will write just ``function'' when | |
126 describing the entity being advised, but this always includes macros and | |
127 special forms. | |
128 | |
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129 @cindex class of advice |
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130 @cindex before-advice |
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131 @cindex after-advice |
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132 @cindex around-advice |
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133 @var{class} specifies the @dfn{class} of the advice---one of @code{before}, |
21681 | 134 @code{after}, or @code{around}. Before-advice runs before the function |
135 itself; after-advice runs after the function itself; around-advice is | |
136 wrapped around the execution of the function itself. After-advice and | |
137 around-advice can override the return value by setting | |
138 @code{ad-return-value}. | |
139 | |
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140 @defvar ad-return-value |
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141 While advice is executing, after the function's original definition has |
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142 been executed, this variable holds its return value, which will |
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143 ultimately be returned to the caller after finishing all the advice. |
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144 After-advice and around-advice can arrange to return some other value |
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145 by storing it in this variable. |
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146 @end defvar |
21681 | 147 |
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148 The argument @var{name} is the name of the advice, a non-@code{nil} |
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149 symbol. The advice name uniquely identifies one piece of advice, within all |
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150 the pieces of advice in a particular class for a particular |
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151 @var{function}. The name allows you to refer to the piece of |
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152 advice---to redefine it, or to enable or disable it. |
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153 |
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154 In place of the argument list in an ordinary definition, an advice |
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155 definition calls for several different pieces of information. |
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156 |
21681 | 157 The optional @var{position} specifies where, in the current list of |
158 advice of the specified @var{class}, this new advice should be placed. | |
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159 It should be either @code{first}, @code{last} or a number that specifies |
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160 a zero-based position (@code{first} is equivalent to 0). If no position |
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161 is specified, the default is @code{first}. Position values outside the |
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162 range of existing positions in this class are mapped to the beginning or |
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163 the end of the range, whichever is closer. The @var{position} value is |
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164 ignored when redefining an existing piece of advice. |
21681 | 165 |
166 The optional @var{arglist} can be used to define the argument list for | |
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167 the sake of advice. This becomes the argument list of the combined |
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168 definition that is generated in order to run the advice (@pxref{Combined |
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169 Definition}). Therefore, the advice expressions can use the argument |
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170 variables in this list to access argument values. |
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171 |
25875 | 172 The argument list used in advice need not be the same as the argument |
173 list used in the original function, but must be compatible with it, so | |
174 that it can handle the ways the function is actually called. If two | |
175 pieces of advice for a function both specify an argument list, they must | |
176 specify the same argument list. | |
21681 | 177 |
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178 @xref{Argument Access in Advice}, for more information about argument |
25875 | 179 lists and advice, and a more flexible way for advice to access the |
180 arguments. | |
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181 |
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182 The remaining elements, @var{flags}, are symbols that specify further |
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183 information about how to use this piece of advice. Here are the valid |
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184 symbols and their meanings: |
21681 | 185 |
186 @table @code | |
187 @item activate | |
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188 Activate the advice for @var{function} now. Changes in a function's |
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189 advice always take effect the next time you activate advice for the |
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190 function; this flag says to do so, for @var{function}, immediately after |
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191 defining this piece of advice. |
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192 |
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193 @cindex forward advice |
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194 This flag has no effect if @var{function} itself is not defined yet (a |
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195 situation known as @dfn{forward advice}), because it is impossible to |
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196 activate an undefined function's advice. However, defining |
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197 @var{function} will automatically activate its advice. |
21681 | 198 |
199 @item protect | |
200 Protect this piece of advice against non-local exits and errors in | |
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201 preceding code and advice. Protecting advice places it as a cleanup in |
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202 an @code{unwind-protect} form, so that it will execute even if the |
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203 previous code gets an error or uses @code{throw}. @xref{Cleanups}. |
21681 | 204 |
205 @item compile | |
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206 Compile the combined definition that is used to run the advice. This |
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207 flag is ignored unless @code{activate} is also specified. |
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208 @xref{Combined Definition}. |
21681 | 209 |
210 @item disable | |
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211 Initially disable this piece of advice, so that it will not be used |
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212 unless subsequently explicitly enabled. @xref{Enabling Advice}. |
21681 | 213 |
214 @item preactivate | |
215 Activate advice for @var{function} when this @code{defadvice} is | |
216 compiled or macroexpanded. This generates a compiled advised definition | |
217 according to the current advice state, which will be used during | |
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218 activation if appropriate. @xref{Preactivation}. |
21681 | 219 |
220 This is useful only if this @code{defadvice} is byte-compiled. | |
221 @end table | |
222 | |
223 The optional @var{documentation-string} serves to document this piece of | |
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224 advice. When advice is active for @var{function}, the documentation for |
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225 @var{function} (as returned by @code{documentation}) combines the |
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226 documentation strings of all the advice for @var{function} with the |
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227 documentation string of its original function definition. |
21681 | 228 |
229 The optional @var{interactive-form} form can be supplied to change the | |
230 interactive behavior of the original function. If more than one piece | |
231 of advice has an @var{interactive-form}, then the first one (the one | |
232 with the smallest position) found among all the advice takes precedence. | |
233 | |
234 The possibly empty list of @var{body-forms} specifies the body of the | |
235 advice. The body of an advice can access or change the arguments, the | |
236 return value, the binding environment, and perform any other kind of | |
237 side effect. | |
238 | |
239 @strong{Warning:} When you advise a macro, keep in mind that macros are | |
240 expanded when a program is compiled, not when a compiled program is run. | |
241 All subroutines used by the advice need to be available when the byte | |
242 compiler expands the macro. | |
243 | |
26178 | 244 @deffn Command ad-unadvise function |
245 This command deletes the advice from @var{function}. | |
246 @end deffn | |
247 | |
248 @deffn Command ad-unadvise-all | |
249 This command deletes all pieces of advice from all functions. | |
250 @end deffn | |
251 | |
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252 @node Around-Advice |
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253 @section Around-Advice |
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254 |
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255 Around-advice lets you ``wrap'' a Lisp expression ``around'' the |
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256 original function definition. You specify where the original function |
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257 definition should go by means of the special symbol @code{ad-do-it}. |
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258 Where this symbol occurs inside the around-advice body, it is replaced |
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259 with a @code{progn} containing the forms of the surrounded code. Here |
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260 is an example: |
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261 |
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262 @example |
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263 (defadvice foo (around foo-around) |
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264 "Ignore case in `foo'." |
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265 (let ((case-fold-search t)) |
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266 ad-do-it)) |
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267 @end example |
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268 |
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269 @noindent |
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270 Its effect is to make sure that case is ignored in |
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271 searches when the original definition of @code{foo} is run. |
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272 |
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273 @defvar ad-do-it |
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274 This is not really a variable, but it is somewhat used like one |
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275 in around-advice. It specifies the place to run the function's |
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276 original definition and other ``earlier'' around-advice. |
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277 @end defvar |
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278 |
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279 If the around-advice does not use @code{ad-do-it}, then it does not run |
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280 the original function definition. This provides a way to override the |
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281 original definition completely. (It also overrides lower-positioned |
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282 pieces of around-advice). |
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283 |
25223 | 284 If the around-advice uses @code{ad-do-it} more than once, the original |
285 definition is run at each place. In this way, around-advice can execute | |
286 the original definition (and lower-positioned pieces of around-advice) | |
287 several times. Another way to do that is by using @code{ad-do-it} | |
288 inside of a loop. | |
289 | |
21681 | 290 @node Computed Advice |
291 @section Computed Advice | |
292 | |
293 The macro @code{defadvice} resembles @code{defun} in that the code for | |
294 the advice, and all other information about it, are explicitly stated in | |
295 the source code. You can also create advice whose details are computed, | |
296 using the function @code{ad-add-advice}. | |
297 | |
298 @defun ad-add-advice function advice class position | |
299 Calling @code{ad-add-advice} adds @var{advice} as a piece of advice to | |
300 @var{function} in class @var{class}. The argument @var{advice} has | |
301 this form: | |
302 | |
303 @example | |
304 (@var{name} @var{protected} @var{enabled} @var{definition}) | |
305 @end example | |
306 | |
307 Here @var{protected} and @var{enabled} are flags, and @var{definition} | |
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308 is the expression that says what the advice should do. If @var{enabled} |
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309 is @code{nil}, this piece of advice is initially disabled |
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310 (@pxref{Enabling Advice}). |
21681 | 311 |
312 If @var{function} already has one or more pieces of advice in the | |
313 specified @var{class}, then @var{position} specifies where in the list | |
314 to put the new piece of advice. The value of @var{position} can either | |
315 be @code{first}, @code{last}, or a number (counting from 0 at the | |
316 beginning of the list). Numbers outside the range are mapped to the | |
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317 beginning or the end of the range, whichever is closer. The |
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318 @var{position} value is ignored when redefining an existing piece of |
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319 advice. |
21681 | 320 |
321 If @var{function} already has a piece of @var{advice} with the same | |
322 name, then the position argument is ignored and the old advice is | |
323 replaced with the new one. | |
324 @end defun | |
325 | |
326 @node Activation of Advice | |
327 @section Activation of Advice | |
328 @cindex activating advice | |
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329 @cindex advice, activating |
21681 | 330 |
331 By default, advice does not take effect when you define it---only when | |
332 you @dfn{activate} advice for the function that was advised. You can | |
333 request the activation of advice for a function when you define the | |
334 advice, by specifying the @code{activate} flag in the @code{defadvice}. | |
335 But normally you activate the advice for a function by calling the | |
336 function @code{ad-activate} or one of the other activation commands | |
337 listed below. | |
338 | |
339 Separating the activation of advice from the act of defining it permits | |
340 you to add several pieces of advice to one function efficiently, without | |
341 redefining the function over and over as each advice is added. More | |
342 importantly, it permits defining advice for a function before that | |
343 function is actually defined. | |
344 | |
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345 When a function's advice is first activated, the function's original |
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346 definition is saved, and all enabled pieces of advice for that function |
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347 are combined with the original definition to make a new definition. |
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348 (Pieces of advice that are currently disabled are not used; see |
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349 @ref{Enabling Advice}.) This definition is installed, and optionally |
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350 byte-compiled as well, depending on conditions described below. |
21681 | 351 |
352 In all of the commands to activate advice, if @var{compile} is @code{t}, | |
353 the command also compiles the combined definition which implements the | |
354 advice. | |
355 | |
356 @deffn Command ad-activate function &optional compile | |
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357 This command activates all the advice defined for @var{function}. |
21681 | 358 @end deffn |
359 | |
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360 To activate advice for a function whose advice is already active is not |
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361 a no-op. It is a useful operation which puts into effect any changes in |
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362 that function's advice since the previous activation of advice for that |
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363 function. |
21681 | 364 |
365 @deffn Command ad-deactivate function | |
366 This command deactivates the advice for @var{function}. | |
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367 @cindex deactivating advice |
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368 @cindex advice, deactivating |
21681 | 369 @end deffn |
370 | |
26178 | 371 @deffn Command ad-update function &optional compile |
372 This command activates the advice for @var{function} | |
373 if its advice is already activated. This is useful | |
374 if you change the advice. | |
375 @end deffn | |
376 | |
21681 | 377 @deffn Command ad-activate-all &optional compile |
378 This command activates the advice for all functions. | |
379 @end deffn | |
380 | |
381 @deffn Command ad-deactivate-all | |
382 This command deactivates the advice for all functions. | |
383 @end deffn | |
384 | |
26178 | 385 @deffn Command ad-update-all &optional compile |
386 This command activates the advice for all functions | |
387 whose advice is already activated. This is useful | |
388 if you change the advice of some functions. | |
389 @end deffn | |
390 | |
21681 | 391 @deffn Command ad-activate-regexp regexp &optional compile |
392 This command activates all pieces of advice whose names match | |
393 @var{regexp}. More precisely, it activates all advice for any function | |
394 which has at least one piece of advice that matches @var{regexp}. | |
395 @end deffn | |
396 | |
397 @deffn Command ad-deactivate-regexp regexp | |
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398 This command deactivates all pieces of advice whose names match |
21681 | 399 @var{regexp}. More precisely, it deactivates all advice for any |
400 function which has at least one piece of advice that matches | |
401 @var{regexp}. | |
402 @end deffn | |
403 | |
404 @deffn Command ad-update-regexp regexp &optional compile | |
405 This command activates pieces of advice whose names match @var{regexp}, | |
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406 but only those for functions whose advice is already activated. |
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407 @cindex reactivating advice |
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408 |
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409 Reactivating a function's advice is useful for putting into effect all |
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410 the changes that have been made in its advice (including enabling and |
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411 disabling specific pieces of advice; @pxref{Enabling Advice}) since the |
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412 last time it was activated. |
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413 @end deffn |
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414 |
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415 @deffn Command ad-start-advice |
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416 Turn on automatic advice activation when a function is defined or |
26178 | 417 redefined. If you turn on this mode, then advice takes effect |
418 immediately when defined. | |
21681 | 419 @end deffn |
420 | |
421 @deffn Command ad-stop-advice | |
422 Turn off automatic advice activation when a function is defined or | |
423 redefined. | |
424 @end deffn | |
425 | |
426 @defopt ad-default-compilation-action | |
427 This variable controls whether to compile the combined definition | |
428 that results from activating advice for a function. | |
26178 | 429 |
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430 A value of @code{always} specifies to compile unconditionally. |
26178 | 431 A value of @code{nil} specifies never compile the advice. |
432 | |
433 A value of @code{maybe} specifies to compile if the byte-compiler is | |
434 already loaded. A value of @code{like-original} specifies to compile | |
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435 the advice if the original definition of the advised function is |
26178 | 436 compiled or a built-in function. |
437 | |
438 This variable takes effect only if the @var{compile} argument of | |
439 @code{ad-activate} (or any of the above functions) was supplied as | |
440 @code{nil}. If that argument is non-@code{nil}, that means | |
441 to compile the advice regardless. | |
21681 | 442 @end defopt |
443 | |
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444 If the advised definition was constructed during ``preactivation'' |
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445 (@pxref{Preactivation}), then that definition must already be compiled, |
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446 because it was constructed during byte-compilation of the file that |
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447 contained the @code{defadvice} with the @code{preactivate} flag. |
21681 | 448 |
449 @node Enabling Advice | |
450 @section Enabling and Disabling Advice | |
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451 @cindex enabling advice |
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452 @cindex advice, enabling and disabling |
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453 @cindex disabling advice |
21681 | 454 |
455 Each piece of advice has a flag that says whether it is enabled or | |
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456 not. By enabling or disabling a piece of advice, you can turn it on |
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457 and off without having to undefine and redefine it. For example, here is |
21681 | 458 how to disable a particular piece of advice named @code{my-advice} for |
459 the function @code{foo}: | |
460 | |
461 @example | |
462 (ad-disable-advice 'foo 'before 'my-advice) | |
463 @end example | |
464 | |
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465 This function by itself only changes the enable flag for a piece of |
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466 advice. To make the change take effect in the advised definition, you |
21681 | 467 must activate the advice for @code{foo} again: |
468 | |
469 @example | |
470 (ad-activate 'foo) | |
471 @end example | |
472 | |
473 @deffn Command ad-disable-advice function class name | |
474 This command disables the piece of advice named @var{name} in class | |
475 @var{class} on @var{function}. | |
476 @end deffn | |
477 | |
478 @deffn Command ad-enable-advice function class name | |
479 This command enables the piece of advice named @var{name} in class | |
480 @var{class} on @var{function}. | |
481 @end deffn | |
482 | |
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483 You can also disable many pieces of advice at once, for various |
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484 functions, using a regular expression. As always, the changes take real |
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485 effect only when you next reactivate advice for the functions in |
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486 question. |
21681 | 487 |
488 @deffn Command ad-disable-regexp regexp | |
489 This command disables all pieces of advice whose names match | |
490 @var{regexp}, in all classes, on all functions. | |
491 @end deffn | |
492 | |
493 @deffn Command ad-enable-regexp regexp | |
494 This command enables all pieces of advice whose names match | |
495 @var{regexp}, in all classes, on all functions. | |
496 @end deffn | |
497 | |
498 @node Preactivation | |
499 @section Preactivation | |
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500 @cindex preactivating advice |
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501 @cindex advice, preactivating |
21681 | 502 |
503 Constructing a combined definition to execute advice is moderately | |
504 expensive. When a library advises many functions, this can make loading | |
505 the library slow. In that case, you can use @dfn{preactivation} to | |
506 construct suitable combined definitions in advance. | |
507 | |
508 To use preactivation, specify the @code{preactivate} flag when you | |
509 define the advice with @code{defadvice}. This @code{defadvice} call | |
510 creates a combined definition which embodies this piece of advice | |
511 (whether enabled or not) plus any other currently enabled advice for the | |
512 same function, and the function's own definition. If the | |
513 @code{defadvice} is compiled, that compiles the combined definition | |
514 also. | |
515 | |
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516 When the function's advice is subsequently activated, if the enabled |
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517 advice for the function matches what was used to make this combined |
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518 definition, then the existing combined definition is used, thus avoiding |
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519 the need to construct one. Thus, preactivation never causes wrong |
21681 | 520 results---but it may fail to do any good, if the enabled advice at the |
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521 time of activation doesn't match what was used for preactivation. |
21681 | 522 |
523 Here are some symptoms that can indicate that a preactivation did not | |
524 work properly, because of a mismatch. | |
525 | |
526 @itemize @bullet | |
527 @item | |
528 Activation of the advised | |
529 function takes longer than usual. | |
530 @item | |
531 The byte-compiler gets | |
532 loaded while an advised function gets activated. | |
533 @item | |
534 @code{byte-compile} is included in the value of @code{features} even | |
535 though you did not ever explicitly use the byte-compiler. | |
536 @end itemize | |
537 | |
538 Compiled preactivated advice works properly even if the function itself | |
539 is not defined until later; however, the function needs to be defined | |
540 when you @emph{compile} the preactivated advice. | |
541 | |
542 There is no elegant way to find out why preactivated advice is not being | |
543 used. What you can do is to trace the function | |
544 @code{ad-cache-id-verification-code} (with the function | |
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545 @code{trace-function-background}) before the advised function's advice |
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546 is activated. After activation, check the value returned by |
21681 | 547 @code{ad-cache-id-verification-code} for that function: @code{verified} |
548 means that the preactivated advice was used, while other values give | |
549 some information about why they were considered inappropriate. | |
550 | |
551 @strong{Warning:} There is one known case that can make preactivation | |
552 fail, in that a preconstructed combined definition is used even though | |
553 it fails to match the current state of advice. This can happen when two | |
554 packages define different pieces of advice with the same name, in the | |
555 same class, for the same function. But you should avoid that anyway. | |
556 | |
557 @node Argument Access in Advice | |
558 @section Argument Access in Advice | |
559 | |
560 The simplest way to access the arguments of an advised function in the | |
561 body of a piece of advice is to use the same names that the function | |
562 definition uses. To do this, you need to know the names of the argument | |
563 variables of the original function. | |
564 | |
565 While this simple method is sufficient in many cases, it has a | |
566 disadvantage: it is not robust, because it hard-codes the argument names | |
567 into the advice. If the definition of the original function changes, | |
568 the advice might break. | |
569 | |
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570 Another method is to specify an argument list in the advice itself. |
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571 This avoids the need to know the original function definition's argument |
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572 names, but it has a limitation: all the advice on any particular |
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573 function must use the same argument list, because the argument list |
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574 actually used for all the advice comes from the first piece of advice |
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575 for that function. |
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576 |
21681 | 577 A more robust method is to use macros that are translated into the |
578 proper access forms at activation time, i.e., when constructing the | |
579 advised definition. Access macros access actual arguments by position | |
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580 regardless of how these actual arguments get distributed onto the |
21681 | 581 argument variables of a function. This is robust because in Emacs Lisp |
582 the meaning of an argument is strictly determined by its position in the | |
583 argument list. | |
584 | |
585 @defmac ad-get-arg position | |
586 This returns the actual argument that was supplied at @var{position}. | |
587 @end defmac | |
588 | |
589 @defmac ad-get-args position | |
590 This returns the list of actual arguments supplied starting at | |
591 @var{position}. | |
592 @end defmac | |
593 | |
594 @defmac ad-set-arg position value | |
595 This sets the value of the actual argument at @var{position} to | |
596 @var{value} | |
597 @end defmac | |
598 | |
599 @defmac ad-set-args position value-list | |
600 This sets the list of actual arguments starting at @var{position} to | |
601 @var{value-list}. | |
602 @end defmac | |
603 | |
604 Now an example. Suppose the function @code{foo} is defined as | |
605 | |
606 @example | |
607 (defun foo (x y &optional z &rest r) ...) | |
608 @end example | |
609 | |
610 @noindent | |
611 and is then called with | |
612 | |
613 @example | |
614 (foo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6) | |
615 @end example | |
616 | |
617 @noindent | |
618 which means that @var{x} is 0, @var{y} is 1, @var{z} is 2 and @var{r} is | |
619 @code{(3 4 5 6)} within the body of @code{foo}. Here is what | |
620 @code{ad-get-arg} and @code{ad-get-args} return in this case: | |
621 | |
622 @example | |
623 (ad-get-arg 0) @result{} 0 | |
624 (ad-get-arg 1) @result{} 1 | |
625 (ad-get-arg 2) @result{} 2 | |
626 (ad-get-arg 3) @result{} 3 | |
627 (ad-get-args 2) @result{} (2 3 4 5 6) | |
628 (ad-get-args 4) @result{} (4 5 6) | |
629 @end example | |
630 | |
631 Setting arguments also makes sense in this example: | |
632 | |
633 @example | |
634 (ad-set-arg 5 "five") | |
635 @end example | |
636 | |
637 @noindent | |
638 has the effect of changing the sixth argument to @code{"five"}. If this | |
639 happens in advice executed before the body of @code{foo} is run, then | |
640 @var{r} will be @code{(3 4 "five" 6)} within that body. | |
641 | |
642 Here is an example of setting a tail of the argument list: | |
643 | |
644 @example | |
645 (ad-set-args 0 '(5 4 3 2 1 0)) | |
646 @end example | |
647 | |
648 @noindent | |
649 If this happens in advice executed before the body of @code{foo} is run, | |
650 then within that body, @var{x} will be 5, @var{y} will be 4, @var{z} | |
651 will be 3, and @var{r} will be @code{(2 1 0)} inside the body of | |
652 @code{foo}. | |
653 | |
654 These argument constructs are not really implemented as Lisp macros. | |
655 Instead they are implemented specially by the advice mechanism. | |
656 | |
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657 @node Subr Arguments |
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658 @section Definition of Subr Argument Lists |
21681 | 659 |
660 When the advice facility constructs the combined definition, it needs | |
661 to know the argument list of the original function. This is not always | |
662 possible for primitive functions. When advice cannot determine the | |
663 argument list, it uses @code{(&rest ad-subr-args)}, which always works | |
664 but is inefficient because it constructs a list of the argument values. | |
665 You can use @code{ad-define-subr-args} to declare the proper argument | |
666 names for a primitive function: | |
667 | |
668 @defun ad-define-subr-args function arglist | |
669 This function specifies that @var{arglist} should be used as the | |
670 argument list for function @var{function}. | |
671 @end defun | |
672 | |
673 For example, | |
674 | |
675 @example | |
676 (ad-define-subr-args 'fset '(sym newdef)) | |
677 @end example | |
678 | |
679 @noindent | |
680 specifies the argument list for the function @code{fset}. | |
681 | |
682 @node Combined Definition | |
683 @section The Combined Definition | |
684 | |
685 Suppose that a function has @var{n} pieces of before-advice, @var{m} | |
686 pieces of around-advice and @var{k} pieces of after-advice. Assuming no | |
687 piece of advice is protected, the combined definition produced to | |
688 implement the advice for a function looks like this: | |
689 | |
690 @example | |
691 (lambda @var{arglist} | |
692 @r{[} @r{[}@var{advised-docstring}@r{]} @r{[}(interactive ...)@r{]} @r{]} | |
693 (let (ad-return-value) | |
694 @r{before-0-body-form}... | |
695 .... | |
696 @r{before-@var{n}-1-body-form}... | |
697 @r{around-0-body-form}... | |
698 @r{around-1-body-form}... | |
699 .... | |
700 @r{around-@var{m}-1-body-form}... | |
701 (setq ad-return-value | |
702 @r{apply original definition to @var{arglist}}) | |
703 @r{other-around-@var{m}-1-body-form}... | |
704 .... | |
705 @r{other-around-1-body-form}... | |
706 @r{other-around-0-body-form}... | |
707 @r{after-0-body-form}... | |
708 .... | |
709 @r{after-@var{k}-1-body-form}... | |
710 ad-return-value)) | |
711 @end example | |
712 | |
713 Macros are redefined as macros, which means adding @code{macro} to | |
714 the beginning of the combined definition. | |
715 | |
716 The interactive form is present if the original function or some piece | |
717 of advice specifies one. When an interactive primitive function is | |
718 advised, a special method is used: to call the primitive with | |
719 @code{call-interactively} so that it will read its own arguments. | |
720 In this case, the advice cannot access the arguments. | |
721 | |
722 The body forms of the various advice in each class are assembled | |
723 according to their specified order. The forms of around-advice @var{l} | |
724 are included in one of the forms of around-advice @var{l} @minus{} 1. | |
725 | |
726 The innermost part of the around advice onion is | |
727 | |
728 @display | |
729 apply original definition to @var{arglist} | |
730 @end display | |
731 | |
732 @noindent | |
733 whose form depends on the type of the original function. The variable | |
734 @code{ad-return-value} is set to whatever this returns. The variable is | |
735 visible to all pieces of advice, which can access and modify it before | |
736 it is actually returned from the advised function. | |
737 | |
738 The semantic structure of advised functions that contain protected | |
739 pieces of advice is the same. The only difference is that | |
740 @code{unwind-protect} forms ensure that the protected advice gets | |
741 executed even if some previous piece of advice had an error or a | |
742 non-local exit. If any around-advice is protected, then the whole | |
743 around-advice onion is protected as a result. |