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annotate man/frames.texi @ 35758:aa069bbee4c8
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author | Francesco Potortì <pot@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 31 Jan 2001 08:53:56 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
28126 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 2000 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Frames, International, Windows, Top | |
6 @chapter Frames and X Windows | |
7 @cindex frames | |
8 | |
9 When using the X Window System, you can create multiple windows at the | |
10 X level in a single Emacs session. Each X window that belongs to Emacs | |
11 displays a @dfn{frame} which can contain one or several Emacs windows. | |
12 A frame initially contains a single general-purpose Emacs window which | |
13 you can subdivide vertically or horizontally into smaller windows. A | |
14 frame normally contains its own echo area and minibuffer, but you can | |
15 make frames that don't have these---they use the echo area and | |
16 minibuffer of another frame. | |
17 | |
18 Editing you do in one frame also affects the other frames. For | |
19 instance, if you put text in the kill ring in one frame, you can yank it | |
20 in another frame. If you exit Emacs through @kbd{C-x C-c} in one frame, | |
21 it terminates all the frames. To delete just one frame, use @kbd{C-x 5 | |
22 0}. | |
23 | |
24 To avoid confusion, we reserve the word ``window'' for the | |
25 subdivisions that Emacs implements, and never use it to refer to a | |
26 frame. | |
27 | |
28 Emacs compiled for MS-DOS emulates some aspects of the window system | |
29 so that you can use many of the features described in this chapter. | |
30 @xref{MS-DOS Input}, for more information. | |
31 | |
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32 @cindex MS Windows |
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33 Emacs compiled for MS Windows mostly supports the same features as |
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34 under X. However, as of version 21.1, images, tool bars, and tooltips |
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35 are not yet available on MS Windows. |
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36 |
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37 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
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38 will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one |
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39 face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening, such as the |
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40 Linux console. Emacs determines automatically whether the terminal has |
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41 such support. |
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42 |
25829 | 43 @menu |
44 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
45 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
33920 | 46 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
25829 | 47 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
48 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
49 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
50 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
51 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
52 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
53 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
54 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
55 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
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56 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
25829 | 57 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
31609 | 58 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
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59 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. |
25829 | 60 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
61 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
62 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster. | |
63 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. | |
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64 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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65 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
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66 * Tooltips:: Showing `tooltips', AKA `ballon help' for active text. |
28124 | 67 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
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68 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. |
25829 | 69 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
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70 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
25829 | 71 @end menu |
72 | |
73 @node Mouse Commands | |
74 @section Mouse Commands for Editing | |
75 @cindex mouse buttons (what they do) | |
76 | |
77 The mouse commands for selecting and copying a region are mostly | |
78 compatible with the @code{xterm} program. You can use the same mouse | |
79 commands for copying between Emacs and other X client programs. | |
80 | |
81 @kindex DELETE | |
82 If you select a region with any of these mouse commands, and then | |
83 immediately afterward type the @key{DELETE} function key, it deletes the | |
84 region that you selected. The @key{BACKSPACE} function key and the | |
85 ASCII character @key{DEL} do not do this; if you type any other key | |
86 in between the mouse command and @key{DELETE}, it does not do this. | |
87 | |
88 @findex mouse-set-region | |
89 @findex mouse-set-point | |
90 @findex mouse-yank-at-click | |
91 @findex mouse-save-then-click | |
92 @kindex Mouse-1 | |
93 @kindex Mouse-2 | |
94 @kindex Mouse-3 | |
95 @table @kbd | |
96 @item Mouse-1 | |
97 Move point to where you click (@code{mouse-set-point}). | |
98 This is normally the left button. | |
99 | |
100 @item Drag-Mouse-1 | |
101 Set the region to the text you select by dragging, and copy it to the | |
102 kill ring (@code{mouse-set-region}). You can specify both ends of the | |
103 region with this single command. | |
104 | |
105 @vindex mouse-scroll-min-lines | |
106 If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while | |
107 dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse | |
108 back into the window. This way, you can select regions that don't fit | |
109 entirely on the screen. The number of lines scrolled per step depends | |
110 on how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable | |
111 @code{mouse-scroll-min-lines} specifies a minimum step size. | |
112 | |
113 @item Mouse-2 | |
114 Yank the last killed text, where you click (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}). | |
115 This is normally the middle button. | |
116 | |
117 @item Mouse-3 | |
118 This command, @code{mouse-save-then-kill}, has several functions | |
119 depending on where you click and the status of the region. | |
120 | |
121 The most basic case is when you click @kbd{Mouse-1} in one place and | |
122 then @kbd{Mouse-3} in another. This selects the text between those two | |
123 positions as the region. It also copies the new region to the kill | |
124 ring, so that you can copy it to someplace else. | |
125 | |
126 If you click @kbd{Mouse-1} in the text, scroll with the scroll bar, and | |
127 then click @kbd{Mouse-3}, it remembers where point was before scrolling | |
128 (where you put it with @kbd{Mouse-1}), and uses that position as the | |
129 other end of the region. This is so that you can select a region that | |
130 doesn't fit entirely on the screen. | |
131 | |
132 More generally, if you do not have a highlighted region, @kbd{Mouse-3} | |
133 selects the text between point and the click position as the region. It | |
134 does this by setting the mark where point was, and moving point to where | |
135 you click. | |
136 | |
137 If you have a highlighted region, or if the region was set just before | |
138 by dragging button 1, @kbd{Mouse-3} adjusts the nearer end of the region | |
139 by moving it to where you click. The adjusted region's text also | |
140 replaces the old region's text in the kill ring. | |
141 | |
142 If you originally specified the region using a double or triple | |
143 @kbd{Mouse-1}, so that the region is defined to consist of entire words | |
144 or lines, then adjusting the region with @kbd{Mouse-3} also proceeds by | |
145 entire words or lines. | |
146 | |
147 If you use @kbd{Mouse-3} a second time consecutively, at the same place, | |
148 that kills the region already selected. | |
149 | |
150 @item Double-Mouse-1 | |
151 This key sets the region around the word which you click on. If you | |
152 click on a character with ``symbol'' syntax (such as underscore, in C | |
153 mode), it sets the region around the symbol surrounding that character. | |
154 | |
155 If you click on a character with open-parenthesis or close-parenthesis | |
156 syntax, it sets the region around the parenthetical grouping (sexp) | |
157 which that character starts or ends. If you click on a character with | |
158 string-delimiter syntax (such as a singlequote or doublequote in C), it | |
159 sets the region around the string constant (using heuristics to figure | |
160 out whether that character is the beginning or the end of it). | |
161 | |
162 @item Double-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
163 This key selects a region made up of the words you drag across. | |
164 | |
165 @item Triple-Mouse-1 | |
166 This key sets the region around the line you click on. | |
167 | |
168 @item Triple-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
169 This key selects a region made up of the lines you drag across. | |
170 @end table | |
171 | |
172 The simplest way to kill text with the mouse is to press @kbd{Mouse-1} | |
173 at one end, then press @kbd{Mouse-3} twice at the other end. | |
174 @xref{Killing}. To copy the text into the kill ring without deleting it | |
175 from the buffer, press @kbd{Mouse-3} just once---or just drag across the | |
176 text with @kbd{Mouse-1}. Then you can copy it elsewhere by yanking it. | |
177 | |
178 @vindex mouse-yank-at-point | |
179 To yank the killed or copied text somewhere else, move the mouse there | |
180 and press @kbd{Mouse-2}. @xref{Yanking}. However, if | |
181 @code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{Mouse-2} yanks at | |
182 point. Then it does not matter where you click, or even which of the | |
183 frame's windows you click on. The default value is @code{nil}. This | |
184 variable also affects yanking the secondary selection. | |
185 | |
186 @cindex cutting and X | |
187 @cindex pasting and X | |
188 @cindex X cutting and pasting | |
189 To copy text to another X window, kill it or save it in the kill ring. | |
190 Under X, this also sets the @dfn{primary selection}. Then use the | |
191 ``paste'' or ``yank'' command of the program operating the other window | |
192 to insert the text from the selection. | |
193 | |
194 To copy text from another X window, use the ``cut'' or ``copy'' command | |
195 of the program operating the other window, to select the text you want. | |
196 Then yank it in Emacs with @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{Mouse-2}. | |
197 | |
198 These cutting and pasting commands also work on MS-Windows. | |
199 | |
200 @cindex primary selection | |
201 @cindex cut buffer | |
202 @cindex selection, primary | |
203 @vindex x-cut-buffer-max | |
204 When Emacs puts text into the kill ring, or rotates text to the front | |
205 of the kill ring, it sets the @dfn{primary selection} in the X server. | |
206 This is how other X clients can access the text. Emacs also stores the | |
207 text in the cut buffer, but only if the text is short enough | |
208 (@code{x-cut-buffer-max} specifies the maximum number of characters); | |
209 putting long strings in the cut buffer can be slow. | |
210 | |
211 The commands to yank the first entry in the kill ring actually check | |
212 first for a primary selection in another program; after that, they check | |
213 for text in the cut buffer. If neither of those sources provides text | |
214 to yank, the kill ring contents are used. | |
215 | |
216 @node Secondary Selection | |
217 @section Secondary Selection | |
218 @cindex secondary selection | |
219 | |
220 The @dfn{secondary selection} is another way of selecting text using | |
221 X. It does not use point or the mark, so you can use it to kill text | |
222 without setting point or the mark. | |
223 | |
224 @table @kbd | |
225 @findex mouse-set-secondary | |
226 @kindex M-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
227 @item M-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
228 Set the secondary selection, with one end at the place where you press | |
229 down the button, and the other end at the place where you release it | |
230 (@code{mouse-set-secondary}). The highlighting appears and changes as | |
231 you drag. | |
232 | |
233 If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while | |
234 dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse | |
235 back into the window. This way, you can mark regions that don't fit | |
236 entirely on the screen. | |
237 | |
238 @findex mouse-start-secondary | |
239 @kindex M-Mouse-1 | |
240 @item M-Mouse-1 | |
241 Set one endpoint for the @dfn{secondary selection} | |
242 (@code{mouse-start-secondary}). | |
243 | |
244 @findex mouse-secondary-save-then-kill | |
245 @kindex M-Mouse-3 | |
246 @item M-Mouse-3 | |
247 Make a secondary selection, using the place specified with @kbd{M-Mouse-1} | |
248 as the other end (@code{mouse-secondary-save-then-kill}). A second click | |
249 at the same place kills the secondary selection just made. | |
250 | |
251 @findex mouse-yank-secondary | |
252 @kindex M-Mouse-2 | |
253 @item M-Mouse-2 | |
254 Insert the secondary selection where you click | |
255 (@code{mouse-yank-secondary}). This places point at the end of the | |
256 yanked text. | |
257 @end table | |
258 | |
259 Double or triple clicking of @kbd{M-Mouse-1} operates on words and | |
260 lines, much like @kbd{Mouse-1}. | |
261 | |
262 If @code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{M-Mouse-2} | |
263 yanks at point. Then it does not matter precisely where you click; all | |
264 that matters is which window you click on. @xref{Mouse Commands}. | |
265 | |
33920 | 266 @node Clipboard |
267 @section Using the Clipboard | |
268 @cindex X clipboard | |
269 @cindex clipboard | |
270 @vindex x-select-enable-clipboard | |
271 @findex menu-bar-enable-clipboard | |
272 @cindex OpenWindows | |
273 @cindex Gnome | |
274 | |
275 As well as the primary and secondary selection types, X supports a | |
276 @dfn{clipboard} selection type which is used by some applications, | |
277 particularly under OpenWindows and Gnome. | |
278 | |
279 The command @kbd{M-x menu-bar-enable-clipboard} makes the @code{Cut}, | |
280 @code{Paste} and @code{Copy} menu items, as well as the keys of the same | |
281 names, all use the clipboard. | |
282 | |
283 You can customize the option @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to make | |
284 the Emacs yank functions consult the clipboard before the primary | |
285 selection, and to make the kill functions to store in the clipboard as | |
286 well as the primary selection. Otherwise they do not access the | |
287 clipboard at all. Using the clipboard is the default on MS-Windows, | |
288 unlike most systems. | |
289 | |
25829 | 290 @node Mouse References |
291 @section Following References with the Mouse | |
292 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(selection)} | |
293 | |
294 Some Emacs buffers display lists of various sorts. These include | |
295 lists of files, of buffers, of possible completions, of matches for | |
296 a pattern, and so on. | |
297 | |
298 Since yanking text into these buffers is not very useful, most of them | |
299 define @kbd{Mouse-2} specially, as a command to use or view the item you | |
300 click on. | |
301 | |
302 For example, if you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a file name in a Dired | |
303 buffer, you visit that file. If you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on an error | |
304 message in the @samp{*Compilation*} buffer, you go to the source code | |
305 for that error message. If you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a completion in | |
306 the @samp{*Completions*} buffer, you choose that completion. | |
307 | |
308 You can usually tell when @kbd{Mouse-2} has this special sort of | |
309 meaning because the sensitive text highlights when you move the mouse | |
310 over it. | |
311 | |
312 @node Menu Mouse Clicks | |
313 @section Mouse Clicks for Menus | |
314 | |
315 Mouse clicks modified with the @key{CTRL} and @key{SHIFT} keys | |
316 bring up menus. | |
317 | |
318 @table @kbd | |
319 @item C-Mouse-1 | |
30872 | 320 @kindex C-Mouse-1 |
321 @findex msb-mode | |
322 @cindex MSB minor mode | |
323 @cindex mode, MSB | |
25829 | 324 This menu is for selecting a buffer. |
325 | |
30872 | 326 The MSB (`mouse select buffer') global minor mode alters this menu to a |
327 form some people prefer and which is customizable. See the Custom group | |
328 @code{msb}. | |
329 | |
25829 | 330 @item C-Mouse-2 |
30872 | 331 @kindex C-Mouse-2 |
25829 | 332 This menu is for specifying faces and other text properties |
333 for editing formatted text. @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
334 | |
335 @item C-Mouse-3 | |
30872 | 336 @kindex C-Mouse-3 |
337 This menu is mode-specific. For most modes if Menu-bar mode is on, this | |
338 menu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu-bar menus put | |
339 together. Some modes may specify a different menu for this | |
340 button.@footnote{Some systems use @kbd{Mouse-3} for a mode-specific | |
341 menu. We took a survey of users, and found they preferred to keep | |
342 @kbd{Mouse-3} for selecting and killing regions. Hence the decision to | |
343 use @kbd{C-Mouse-3} for this menu.} If Menu-bar mode is off, this menu | |
344 contains all the items which would be present in the menu bar---not just | |
345 the mode-specific ones---so that you can access them without having to | |
346 display the menu bar. | |
25829 | 347 |
348 @item S-mouse-1 | |
349 This menu is for specifying the frame's principal font. | |
350 @end table | |
351 | |
352 @node Mode Line Mouse | |
353 @section Mode Line Mouse Commands | |
30872 | 354 @cindex mode line, mouse |
355 @cindex mouse on mode line | |
25829 | 356 |
357 You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulate | |
358 windows. | |
359 | |
360 @table @kbd | |
361 @item Mouse-1 | |
30872 | 362 @kindex mode-line mouse-1 |
25829 | 363 @kbd{Mouse-1} on a mode line selects the window above. By dragging |
364 @kbd{Mouse-1} on the mode line, you can move it, thus changing the | |
365 height of the windows above and below. | |
366 | |
367 @item Mouse-2 | |
30872 | 368 @kindex mode-line mouse-2 |
25829 | 369 @kbd{Mouse-2} on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame. |
370 | |
371 @item Mouse-3 | |
30872 | 372 @kindex mode-line mouse-3 |
25829 | 373 @kbd{Mouse-3} on a mode line deletes the window above. |
374 | |
375 @item C-Mouse-2 | |
30872 | 376 @kindex mode-line C-mouse-2 |
25829 | 377 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a mode line splits the window above |
378 horizontally, above the place in the mode line where you click. | |
379 @end table | |
380 | |
30872 | 381 @kindex vertical-scroll-bar mouse-1 |
25829 | 382 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a scroll bar splits the corresponding window |
383 vertically. @xref{Split Window}. | |
384 | |
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385 The commands above apply to areas of the mode line which do not have |
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386 mouse bindings of their own. Normally some areas, such as those |
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387 displaying the buffer name and the major mode name, have their own mouse |
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388 bindings. Help on these bindings is echoed when the mouse is positioned |
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389 over them. |
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390 |
25829 | 391 @node Creating Frames |
392 @section Creating Frames | |
393 @cindex creating frames | |
394 | |
395 @kindex C-x 5 | |
396 The prefix key @kbd{C-x 5} is analogous to @kbd{C-x 4}, with parallel | |
397 subcommands. The difference is that @kbd{C-x 5} commands create a new | |
398 frame rather than just a new window in the selected frame (@pxref{Pop | |
399 Up Window}). If an existing visible or iconified frame already displays | |
400 the requested material, these commands use the existing frame, after | |
401 raising or deiconifying as necessary. | |
402 | |
403 The various @kbd{C-x 5} commands differ in how they find or create the | |
404 buffer to select: | |
405 | |
406 @table @kbd | |
30984 | 407 @item C-x 5 1 |
408 @kindex C-x 5 1 | |
409 @findex delete-other-frames | |
410 Delete all frames except the selected one (@code{delete-other-frames}). | |
25829 | 411 @item C-x 5 2 |
412 @kindex C-x 5 2 | |
413 @findex make-frame-command | |
414 Create a new frame (@code{make-frame-command}). | |
415 @item C-x 5 b @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
416 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another frame. This runs | |
417 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}. | |
418 @item C-x 5 f @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
419 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another frame. This | |
420 runs @code{find-file-other-frame}. @xref{Visiting}. | |
421 @item C-x 5 d @var{directory} @key{RET} | |
422 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another frame. | |
423 This runs @code{dired-other-frame}. @xref{Dired}. | |
424 @item C-x 5 m | |
425 Start composing a mail message in another frame. This runs | |
426 @code{mail-other-frame}. It is the other-frame variant of @kbd{C-x m}. | |
427 @xref{Sending Mail}. | |
428 @item C-x 5 . | |
429 Find a tag in the current tag table in another frame. This runs | |
430 @code{find-tag-other-frame}, the multiple-frame variant of @kbd{M-.}. | |
431 @xref{Tags}. | |
432 @item C-x 5 r @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
433 @kindex C-x 5 r | |
434 @findex find-file-read-only-other-frame | |
435 Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another | |
436 frame. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-frame}. | |
437 @xref{Visiting}. | |
438 @end table | |
439 | |
440 @cindex default-frame-alist | |
441 @cindex initial-frame-alist | |
442 You can control the appearance of new frames you create by setting the | |
443 frame parameters in @code{default-frame-alist}. You can use the | |
444 variable @code{initial-frame-alist} to specify parameters that affect | |
445 only the initial frame. @xref{Initial Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs | |
446 Lisp Reference Manual}, for more information. | |
447 | |
448 @cindex font (default) | |
449 The easiest way to specify the principal font for all your Emacs | |
450 frames is with an X resource (@pxref{Font X}), but you can also do it by | |
451 modifying @code{default-frame-alist} to specify the @code{font} | |
452 parameter, as shown here: | |
453 | |
454 @example | |
455 (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "10x20")) | |
456 @end example | |
457 | |
458 @node Speedbar | |
459 @section Making and Using a Speedbar Frame | |
460 @cindex speedbar | |
461 | |
462 An Emacs frame can have a @dfn{speedbar}, which is a vertical window | |
463 that serves as a scrollable menu of files you could visit and tags | |
464 within those files. To create a speedbar, type @kbd{M-x speedbar}; this | |
465 creates a speedbar window for the selected frame. From then on, you can | |
466 click on a file name in the speedbar to visit that file in the | |
467 corresponding Emacs frame, or click on a tag name to jump to that tag in | |
468 the Emacs frame. | |
469 | |
470 Initially the speedbar lists the immediate contents of the current | |
471 directory, one file per line. Each line also has a box, @samp{[+]} or | |
472 @samp{<+>}, that you can click on with @kbd{Mouse-2} to ``open up'' the | |
473 contents of that item. If the line names a directory, opening it adds | |
474 the contents of that directory to the speedbar display, underneath the | |
475 directory's own line. If the line lists an ordinary file, opening it up | |
476 adds a list of the tags in that file to the speedbar display. When a | |
477 file is opened up, the @samp{[+]} changes to @samp{[-]}; you can click | |
478 on that box to ``close up'' that file (hide its contents). | |
479 | |
480 Some major modes, including Rmail mode, Info, and GUD, have | |
481 specialized ways of putting useful items into the speedbar for you to | |
482 select. For example, in Rmail mode, the speedbar shows a list of Rmail | |
483 files, and lets you move the current message to another Rmail file by | |
484 clicking on its @samp{<M>} box. | |
485 | |
486 A speedbar belongs to one Emacs frame, and always operates on that | |
487 frame. If you use multiple frames, you can make a speedbar for some or | |
488 all of the frames; type @kbd{M-x speedbar} in any given frame to make a | |
489 speedbar for it. | |
490 | |
491 @node Multiple Displays | |
492 @section Multiple Displays | |
493 @cindex multiple displays | |
494 | |
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495 A single Emacs can talk to more than one X display. Initially, Emacs |
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496 uses just one display---the one specified with the @env{DISPLAY} |
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497 environment variable or with the @samp{--display} option (@pxref{Initial |
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498 Options}). To connect to another display, use the command |
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499 @code{make-frame-on-display}: |
25829 | 500 |
501 @findex make-frame-on-display | |
502 @table @kbd | |
503 @item M-x make-frame-on-display @key{RET} @var{display} @key{RET} | |
504 Create a new frame on display @var{display}. | |
505 @end table | |
506 | |
507 A single X server can handle more than one screen. When you open | |
508 frames on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share a | |
509 single keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from these | |
510 screens as a single stream of input. | |
511 | |
512 When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separate | |
513 input stream for each server. This way, two users can type | |
514 simultaneously on the two displays, and Emacs will not garble their | |
515 input. Each server also has its own selected frame. The commands you | |
516 enter with a particular X server apply to that server's selected frame. | |
517 | |
518 Despite these features, people using the same Emacs job from different | |
519 displays can still interfere with each other if they are not careful. | |
520 For example, if any one types @kbd{C-x C-c}, that exits the Emacs job | |
521 for all of them! | |
522 | |
523 @node Special Buffer Frames | |
524 @section Special Buffer Frames | |
525 | |
526 @vindex special-display-buffer-names | |
527 You can make certain chosen buffers, for which Emacs normally creates | |
528 a second window when you have just one window, appear in special frames | |
529 of their own. To do this, set the variable | |
530 @code{special-display-buffer-names} to a list of buffer names; any | |
531 buffer whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame, | |
532 when an Emacs command wants to display it ``in another window.'' | |
533 | |
534 For example, if you set the variable this way, | |
535 | |
536 @example | |
537 (setq special-display-buffer-names | |
538 '("*Completions*" "*grep*" "*tex-shell*")) | |
539 @end example | |
540 | |
541 @noindent | |
542 then completion lists, @code{grep} output and the @TeX{} mode shell | |
543 buffer get individual frames of their own. These frames, and the | |
544 windows in them, are never automatically split or reused for any other | |
545 buffers. They continue to show the buffers they were created for, | |
546 unless you alter them by hand. Killing the special buffer deletes its | |
547 frame automatically. | |
548 | |
549 @vindex special-display-regexps | |
550 More generally, you can set @code{special-display-regexps} to a list | |
551 of regular expressions; then a buffer gets its own frame if its name | |
552 matches any of those regular expressions. (Once again, this applies only | |
553 to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a separate window.) | |
554 | |
555 @vindex special-display-frame-alist | |
556 The variable @code{special-display-frame-alist} specifies the frame | |
557 parameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't need | |
558 to set it. | |
559 | |
560 For those who know Lisp, an element of | |
561 @code{special-display-buffer-names} or @code{special-display-regexps} | |
562 can also be a list. Then the first element is the buffer name or | |
563 regular expression; the rest of the list specifies how to create the | |
564 frame. It can be an association list specifying frame parameter values; | |
565 these values take precedence over parameter values specified in | |
566 @code{special-display-frame-alist}. Alternatively, it can have this | |
567 form: | |
568 | |
569 @example | |
570 (@var{function} @var{args}...) | |
571 @end example | |
572 | |
573 @noindent | |
574 where @var{function} is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by | |
575 calling @var{function}; its first argument is the buffer, and its | |
576 remaining arguments are @var{args}. | |
577 | |
578 An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be | |
579 displayed in the selected window. @xref{Force Same Window}. The | |
580 same-window feature takes precedence over the special-frame feature; | |
581 therefore, if you add a buffer name to | |
582 @code{special-display-buffer-names} and it has no effect, check to see | |
583 whether that feature is also in use for the same buffer name. | |
584 | |
585 @node Frame Parameters | |
586 @section Setting Frame Parameters | |
587 @cindex colors | |
588 @cindex Auto-Raise mode | |
589 @cindex Auto-Lower mode | |
590 | |
591 This section describes commands for altering the display style and | |
592 window management behavior of the selected frame. | |
593 | |
594 @findex set-foreground-color | |
595 @findex set-background-color | |
596 @findex set-cursor-color | |
597 @findex set-mouse-color | |
598 @findex set-border-color | |
599 @findex auto-raise-mode | |
600 @findex auto-lower-mode | |
601 @table @kbd | |
602 @item M-x set-foreground-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
603 Specify color @var{color} for the foreground of the selected frame. | |
604 (This also changes the foreground color of the default face.) | |
605 | |
606 @item M-x set-background-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
607 Specify color @var{color} for the background of the selected frame. | |
608 (This also changes the background color of the default face.) | |
609 | |
610 @item M-x set-cursor-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
611 Specify color @var{color} for the cursor of the selected frame. | |
612 | |
613 @item M-x set-mouse-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
614 Specify color @var{color} for the mouse cursor when it is over the | |
615 selected frame. | |
616 | |
617 @item M-x set-border-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
618 Specify color @var{color} for the border of the selected frame. | |
619 | |
620 @item M-x list-colors-display | |
621 Display the defined color names and show what the colors look like. | |
622 This command is somewhat slow. | |
623 | |
624 @item M-x auto-raise-mode | |
625 Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-raise. Auto-raise | |
626 means that every time you move the mouse onto the frame, it raises the | |
627 frame. | |
628 | |
629 Note that this auto-raise feature is implemented by Emacs itself. Some | |
630 window managers also implement auto-raise. If you enable auto-raise for | |
631 Emacs frames in your X window manager, it should work, but it is beyond | |
632 Emacs's control and therefore @code{auto-raise-mode} has no effect on | |
633 it. | |
634 | |
635 @item M-x auto-lower-mode | |
636 Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-lower. | |
637 Auto-lower means that every time you move the mouse off the frame, | |
638 the frame moves to the bottom of the stack of X windows. | |
639 | |
640 The command @code{auto-lower-mode} has no effect on auto-lower | |
641 implemented by the X window manager. To control that, you must use | |
642 the appropriate window manager features. | |
643 | |
644 @findex set-frame-font | |
645 @item M-x set-frame-font @key{RET} @var{font} @key{RET} | |
646 @cindex font (principal) | |
647 Specify font @var{font} as the principal font for the selected frame. | |
648 The principal font controls several face attributes of the | |
649 @code{default} face (@pxref{Faces}). For example, if the principal font | |
650 has a height of 12 pt, all text will be drawn in 12 pt fonts, unless you | |
651 use another face that specifies a different height. @xref{Font X}, for | |
652 ways to list the available fonts on your system. | |
653 | |
654 @kindex S-Mouse-1 | |
655 You can also set a frame's principal font through a pop-up menu. | |
656 Press @kbd{S-Mouse-1} to activate this menu. | |
657 @end table | |
658 | |
659 In Emacs versions that use an X toolkit, the color-setting and | |
660 font-setting functions don't affect menus and the menu bar, since they | |
661 are displayed by their own widget classes. To change the appearance of | |
662 the menus and menu bar, you must use X resources (@pxref{Resources X}). | |
663 @xref{Colors X}, regarding colors. @xref{Font X}, regarding choice of | |
664 font. | |
665 | |
666 For information on frame parameters and customization, see @ref{Frame | |
667 Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
668 | |
669 @node Scroll Bars | |
670 @section Scroll Bars | |
671 @cindex Scroll Bar mode | |
672 @cindex mode, Scroll Bar | |
673 | |
674 When using X, Emacs normally makes a @dfn{scroll bar} at the left of | |
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675 each Emacs window.@footnote{Placing it at the left is usually more |
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676 useful with overlapping frames with text starting at the left margin.} |
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677 The scroll bar runs the height of the window, and shows a moving |
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678 rectangular inner box which represents the portion of the buffer |
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679 currently displayed. The entire height of the scroll bar represents the |
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680 entire length of the buffer. |
25829 | 681 |
682 You can use @kbd{Mouse-2} (normally, the middle button) in the scroll | |
683 bar to move or drag the inner box up and down. If you move it to the | |
684 top of the scroll bar, you see the top of the buffer. If you move it to | |
685 the bottom of the scroll bar, you see the bottom of the buffer. | |
686 | |
687 The left and right buttons in the scroll bar scroll by controlled | |
688 increments. @kbd{Mouse-1} (normally, the left button) moves the line at | |
689 the level where you click up to the top of the window. @kbd{Mouse-3} | |
690 (normally, the right button) moves the line at the top of the window | |
691 down to the level where you click. By clicking repeatedly in the same | |
692 place, you can scroll by the same distance over and over. | |
693 | |
34523 | 694 If you are using Emacs's own implementation of scroll bars, as opposed |
34444 | 695 to scroll bars from an X toolkit, you can also click @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in |
696 the scroll bar to split a window vertically. The split occurs on the | |
697 line where you click. | |
25829 | 698 |
699 @findex scroll-bar-mode | |
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700 @vindex scroll-bar-mode |
25829 | 701 You can enable or disable Scroll Bar mode with the command @kbd{M-x |
702 scroll-bar-mode}. With no argument, it toggles the use of scroll bars. | |
703 With an argument, it turns use of scroll bars on if and only if the | |
704 argument is positive. This command applies to all frames, including | |
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705 frames yet to be created. Customize the option @code{scroll-bar-mode} |
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706 to control the use of scroll bars at startup. You can use it to specify |
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707 that they are placed at the right of windows if you prefer that. You |
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708 can use the X resource @samp{verticalScrollBars} to control the initial |
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709 setting of Scroll Bar mode similarly. @xref{Resources X}. |
25829 | 710 |
711 @findex toggle-scroll-bar | |
712 To enable or disable scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the | |
713 @kbd{M-x toggle-scroll-bar} command. | |
714 | |
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715 @node Wheeled Mice |
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716 @section Scrolling With `Wheeled' Mice |
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717 |
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718 @cindex mouse wheel |
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719 @findex mwheel-install |
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720 Some mice have a `wheel' instead of a third button. You can usually |
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721 click the wheel to act as @kbd{mouse-3}. You can also use the wheel to |
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722 scroll windows instead of using the scroll bar or keyboard commands. |
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723 Use @kbd{M-x mwheel-install} to set up the wheel for scrolling or put |
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724 @samp{(require 'mwheel)} in your @file{.emacs}. (Support for the wheel |
30872 | 725 depends on the system generating appropriate events for Emacs.) |
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726 |
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727 @vindex mwheel-follow-mouse |
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728 @vindex mwheel-scroll-amount |
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729 The variables @code{mwheel-follow-mouse} and @code{mwheel-scroll-amount} |
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730 determine where and by how much buffers are scrolled. |
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731 |
25829 | 732 @node Menu Bars |
733 @section Menu Bars | |
734 @cindex Menu Bar mode | |
735 @cindex mode, Menu Bar | |
736 | |
737 You can turn display of menu bars on or off with @kbd{M-x | |
31609 | 738 menu-bar-mode} or by customizing the option @code{menu-bar-mode}. |
739 With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, a | |
25829 | 740 minor mode. With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if the |
741 argument is positive, off if the argument is not positive. You can use | |
742 the X resource @samp{menuBarLines} to control the initial setting of | |
31609 | 743 Menu Bar mode. @xref{Resources X}. |
744 | |
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745 @kindex C-Mouse-3@r{, when menu bar is turned off} |
31609 | 746 Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text-only |
747 terminals, where this makes one additional line available for text. If | |
748 the menu bar is off, you can still pop up a menu of its contents with | |
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749 @kbd{C-mouse-3} on a display which supports popup menus. @xref{Menu |
31609 | 750 Mouse Clicks}. |
25829 | 751 |
752 @xref{Menu Bar}, for information on how to invoke commands with the | |
753 menu bar. | |
754 | |
31609 | 755 @node Tool Bars |
756 @section Tool Bars | |
757 @cindex Tool Bar mode | |
758 @cindex mode, Tool Bar | |
34040 | 759 @cindex icons, tool bar |
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760 |
31609 | 761 You can turn display of tool bars on or off with @kbd{M-x tool-bar-mode} |
762 analogously to @code{menu-bar-mode}. @xref{Menu Bars}. This will only | |
34040 | 763 work in an Emacs with appropriate image support for the available icons |
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764 on a graphic display. (In particular, the MS-Windows version doesn't |
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765 support tool bars as of version 21.1.) By default, monochrome (PBM or |
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766 XBM format) icons are used. XPM format icons, which normally look |
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767 better, will normally be used if Emacs was built with XPM support. |
31609 | 768 |
34040 | 769 There is a global tool bar with useful items and some modes define their |
770 own tool bars to replace it.@footnote{We could provide more if suitable | |
771 icons are contributed.} Some items are removed from the global bar in | |
772 `special' modes not designed for editing text. | |
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773 |
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774 @node Dialog Boxes |
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775 @section Using Dialog Boxes |
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776 @cindex dialog boxes |
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777 |
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778 @vindex use-dialog-box |
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779 Certain operations invoked from menus will use a window system dialog |
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780 box to get information via the mouse if such dialog boxes are supported. |
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781 This includes yes/no questions and file selection under Motif/LessTif |
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782 and MS Windows. Customize the option @code{use-dialog-box} to suppress |
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783 the use of dialog boxes. |
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784 |
25829 | 785 @node Faces |
786 @section Using Multiple Typefaces | |
787 @cindex faces | |
788 | |
789 When using Emacs with X, you can set up multiple styles of displaying | |
790 characters. The aspects of style that you can control are the type | |
791 font, the foreground color, the background color, and whether to | |
792 underline. Emacs on MS-DOS supports faces partially by letting you | |
793 control the foreground and background colors of each face | |
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794 (@pxref{MS-DOS}). On non-windowed terminals faces are supported to the |
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795 extent the terminal can display them. |
25829 | 796 |
797 The way you control display style is by defining named @dfn{faces}. | |
798 Each face can specify a type font, a foreground color, a background | |
799 color, and an underline flag; but it does not have to specify all of | |
800 them. Then by specifying the face or faces to use for a given part | |
801 of the text in the buffer, you control how that text appears. | |
802 | |
803 The style of display used for a given character in the text is | |
804 determined by combining several faces. Any aspect of the display style | |
805 that isn't specified by overlays or text properties comes from the frame | |
806 itself. | |
807 | |
808 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several | |
809 commands and menus for specifying faces. @xref{Format Faces}, for how | |
810 to specify the font for text in the buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for | |
811 how to specify the foreground and background color. | |
812 | |
813 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. | |
814 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify | |
815 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). | |
816 | |
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817 @cindex face colors, setting |
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818 @findex set-face-foreground |
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819 @findex set-face-background |
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820 Alternatively, you could change the foreground and background colors |
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821 of a specific face with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x |
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822 set-face-background}. These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a |
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823 face name and a color name, with completion, and then setup that face to |
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824 use the specified color. |
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825 |
25829 | 826 @findex list-faces-display |
827 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type | |
828 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look | |
829 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the | |
830 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standardly defined | |
831 faces: | |
832 | |
833 @table @code | |
834 @item default | |
835 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. | |
836 @item modeline | |
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837 This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows |
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838 for a `raised' effect under X and set up as the inverse of the default |
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839 face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Vars}. |
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840 @item header-line |
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841 Similar to @code{modeline} for a window's header line. |
25829 | 842 @item highlight |
843 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. | |
844 @item region | |
845 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark | |
846 mode is enabled---see below). | |
847 @item secondary-selection | |
848 This face is used for displaying a secondary selection (@pxref{Secondary | |
849 Selection}). | |
850 @item bold | |
851 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
852 @item italic | |
853 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
854 @item bold-italic | |
855 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
856 @item underline | |
857 This face underlines text. | |
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858 @item fixed-pitch |
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859 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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860 @item fringe |
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861 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows under X. |
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862 @item scroll-bar |
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863 This face determines the colors of the scroll bar. |
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864 @item border |
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865 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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866 @item cursor |
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867 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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868 @item mouse |
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869 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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870 @item tool-bar |
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871 The basic tool-bar face. |
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872 @item menu |
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873 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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874 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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875 the font are ignored in this case. |
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876 @item trailing-whitespace |
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877 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
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878 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil. |
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879 @item variable-pitch |
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880 The basic variable-pitch face. |
25829 | 881 @end table |
882 | |
883 @cindex @code{region} face | |
884 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is | |
885 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named | |
886 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the | |
887 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, | |
888 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and | |
889 deactivation of the mark. | |
890 | |
891 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor | |
892 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to | |
893 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It | |
894 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several | |
895 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other | |
896 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about | |
897 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. | |
898 | |
899 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears | |
900 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. | |
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901 @xref{PostScript}. |
25829 | 902 |
903 @node Font Lock | |
904 @section Font Lock mode | |
905 @cindex Font Lock mode | |
906 @cindex mode, Font Lock | |
907 @cindex syntax highlighting | |
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908 @cindex syntax coloring |
25829 | 909 |
910 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular | |
911 buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces | |
912 according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can | |
913 recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several | |
914 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other | |
915 important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined | |
916 or reserved keywords. | |
917 | |
918 @findex font-lock-mode | |
919 @findex turn-on-font-lock | |
920 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off | |
921 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. | |
922 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock | |
923 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable | |
924 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: | |
925 | |
926 @example | |
927 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) | |
928 @end example | |
929 | |
930 @findex global-font-lock-mode | |
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931 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
25829 | 932 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support it, |
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933 customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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934 function @code{global-font-lock-mode}, like this: |
25829 | 935 |
936 @example | |
937 (global-font-lock-mode 1) | |
938 @end example | |
939 | |
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940 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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941 different parts of text, you can use one of the following: |
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942 |
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943 @itemize @bullet |
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944 @item |
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945 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} to |
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946 change the colors of a particular face, such as |
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947 @code{font-lock-variable-name-face}, used by Font Lock. @xref{Faces}. |
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948 The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all the faces |
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949 currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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950 |
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951 @item |
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952 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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953 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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954 @end itemize |
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955 |
25829 | 956 @kindex M-g M-g |
957 @findex font-lock-fontify-block | |
958 In Font Lock mode, when you edit the text, the highlighting updates | |
959 automatically in the line that you changed. Most changes don't affect | |
960 the highlighting of subsequent lines, but occasionally they do. To | |
961 rehighlight a range of lines, use the command @kbd{M-g M-g} | |
962 (@code{font-lock-fontify-block}). | |
963 | |
964 @vindex font-lock-mark-block-function | |
965 In certain major modes, @kbd{M-g M-g} refontifies the entire current | |
966 function. (The variable @code{font-lock-mark-block-function} controls | |
967 how to find the current function.) In other major modes, @kbd{M-g M-g} | |
968 refontifies 16 lines above and below point. | |
969 | |
970 With a prefix argument @var{n}, @kbd{M-g M-g} refontifies @var{n} | |
971 lines above and below point, regardless of the mode. | |
972 | |
973 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a | |
974 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else | |
975 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. | |
976 | |
977 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration | |
978 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the | |
979 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple | |
980 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes | |
981 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as | |
982 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or | |
983 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for | |
984 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level | |
985 otherwise, use this: | |
986 | |
987 @example | |
988 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration | |
989 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) | |
990 @end example | |
991 | |
992 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size | |
993 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress | |
994 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, | |
995 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. | |
996 | |
997 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. | |
998 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function | |
999 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) | |
1000 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For | |
1001 the purposes of speed, some modes including C mode and Lisp mode rely on | |
1002 a special convention: an open-parenthesis in the leftmost column always | |
1003 defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is thus always outside any string | |
1004 or comment. (@xref{Defuns}.) If you don't follow this convention, | |
1005 then Font Lock mode can misfontify the text after an open-parenthesis in | |
1006 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. | |
1007 | |
1008 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always | |
1009 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position | |
1010 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the | |
1011 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable | |
1012 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the | |
1013 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer | |
1014 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price | |
1015 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan | |
1016 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. | |
1017 | |
1018 @findex font-lock-add-keywords | |
1019 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you | |
1020 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function | |
1021 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for | |
1022 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C | |
1023 comments, use this: | |
1024 | |
1025 @example | |
1026 (font-lock-add-keywords | |
1027 'c-mode | |
1028 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) | |
1029 @end example | |
1030 | |
1031 @node Support Modes | |
1032 @section Font Lock Support Modes | |
1033 | |
1034 Font Lock support modes make Font Lock mode faster for large buffers. | |
1035 There are two support modes: Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode. They | |
1036 use two different methods of speeding up Font Lock mode. | |
1037 | |
1038 @menu | |
1039 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files. | |
1040 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed. | |
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1041 * JIT Lock Mode:: Like Lazy Lock, but generally faster. |
25829 | 1042 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you? |
1043 @end menu | |
1044 | |
1045 @node Fast Lock Mode | |
1046 @subsection Fast Lock Mode | |
1047 | |
1048 @cindex Fast Lock mode | |
1049 @cindex mode, Fast Lock | |
1050 To make Font Lock mode faster for buffers visiting large files, you | |
1051 can use Fast Lock mode. Fast Lock mode saves the font information for | |
1052 each file in a separate cache file; each time you visit the file, it | |
1053 rereads the font information from the cache file instead of refontifying | |
1054 the text from scratch. | |
1055 | |
1056 @findex fast-lock-mode | |
1057 The command @kbd{M-x fast-lock-mode} turns Fast Lock mode on or off, | |
1058 according to the argument (with no argument, it toggles). You can also | |
1059 arrange to enable Fast Lock mode whenever you use Font Lock mode, like | |
1060 this: | |
1061 | |
1062 @example | |
1063 (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode) | |
1064 @end example | |
1065 | |
1066 @vindex fast-lock-minimum-size | |
1067 It is not worth writing a cache file for small buffers. Therefore, | |
1068 the variable @code{fast-lock-minimum-size} specifies a minimum file size | |
1069 for caching font information. | |
1070 | |
1071 @vindex fast-lock-cache-directories | |
1072 The variable @code{fast-lock-cache-directories} specifies where to put | |
1073 the cache files. Its value is a list of directories to try; @code{"."} | |
1074 means the same directory as the file being edited. The default value is | |
1075 @w{@code{("." "~/.emacs-flc")}}, which means to use the same directory if | |
1076 possible, and otherwise the directory @file{~/.emacs-flc}. | |
1077 | |
1078 @vindex fast-lock-save-others | |
1079 The variable @code{fast-lock-save-others} specifies whether Fast Lock | |
1080 mode should save cache files for files that you do not own. A | |
1081 non-@code{nil} value means yes (and that is the default). | |
1082 | |
1083 @node Lazy Lock Mode | |
1084 @subsection Lazy Lock Mode | |
1085 @cindex Lazy Lock mode | |
1086 @cindex mode, Lazy Lock | |
1087 | |
1088 To make Font Lock mode faster for large buffers, you can use Lazy Lock | |
1089 mode to reduce the amount of text that is fontified. In Lazy Lock mode, | |
1090 buffer fontification is demand-driven; it happens to portions of the | |
1091 buffer that are about to be displayed. And fontification of your | |
1092 changes is deferred; it happens only when Emacs has been idle for a | |
1093 certain short period of time. | |
1094 | |
1095 @findex lazy-lock-mode | |
1096 The command @kbd{M-x lazy-lock-mode} turns Lazy Lock mode on or off, | |
1097 according to the argument (with no argument, it toggles). You can also | |
1098 arrange to enable Lazy Lock mode whenever you use Font Lock mode, like | |
1099 this: | |
1100 | |
1101 @example | |
1102 (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode) | |
1103 @end example | |
1104 | |
1105 @vindex lazy-lock-minimum-size | |
1106 It is not worth avoiding buffer fontification for small buffers. | |
1107 Therefore, the variable @code{lazy-lock-minimum-size} specifies a | |
1108 minimum buffer size for demand-driven buffer fontification. Buffers | |
1109 smaller than that are fontified all at once, as in plain Font Lock mode. | |
1110 | |
1111 @vindex lazy-lock-defer-time | |
1112 When you alter the buffer, Lazy Lock mode defers fontification of the | |
1113 text you changed. The variable @code{lazy-lock-defer-time} specifies | |
1114 how many seconds Emacs must be idle before it starts fontifying your | |
1115 changes. If the value is 0, then changes are fontified immediately, as | |
1116 in plain Font Lock mode. | |
1117 | |
1118 @vindex lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling | |
1119 Lazy Lock mode normally fontifies newly visible portions of the buffer | |
1120 before they are first displayed. However, if the value of | |
1121 @code{lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling} is non-@code{nil}, newly visible | |
1122 text is fontified only when Emacs is idle for | |
1123 @code{lazy-lock-defer-time} seconds. | |
1124 | |
1125 @vindex lazy-lock-defer-contextually | |
1126 In some modes, including C mode and Emacs Lisp mode, changes in one | |
1127 line's contents can alter the context for subsequent lines, and thus | |
1128 change how they ought to be fontified. Ordinarily, you must type | |
1129 @kbd{M-g M-g} to refontify the subsequent lines. However, if you set | |
1130 the variable @code{lazy-lock-defer-contextually} to non-@code{nil}, Lazy | |
1131 Lock mode does this automatically, after @code{lazy-lock-defer-time} | |
1132 seconds. | |
1133 | |
1134 @cindex stealth fontification | |
1135 When Emacs is idle for a long time, Lazy Lock fontifies additional | |
1136 portions of the buffer, not yet displayed, in case you will display them | |
1137 later. This is called @dfn{stealth fontification}. | |
1138 | |
1139 @vindex lazy-lock-stealth-time | |
1140 @vindex lazy-lock-stealth-lines | |
1141 @vindex lazy-lock-stealth-verbose | |
1142 The variable @code{lazy-lock-stealth-time} specifies how many seconds | |
1143 Emacs has to be idle before stealth fontification starts. A value of | |
1144 @code{nil} means no stealth fontification. The variables | |
1145 @code{lazy-lock-stealth-lines} and @code{lazy-lock-stealth-verbose} | |
1146 specify the granularity and verbosity of stealth fontification. | |
1147 | |
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1148 @node JIT Lock Mode |
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1149 @subsection JIT Lock Mode |
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1150 |
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1151 @findex jit-lock-mode |
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1152 This Just-In-time support mode is roughly equivalent to Lazy Lock but is |
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1153 generally faster and more robust. It supports stealth and deferred |
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1154 contextual fontification. |
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1155 |
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1156 Font-lock uses @code{jit-lock-mode} as default support mode, so you |
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1157 don't have to do anything to activate it. |
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1158 |
25829 | 1159 @node Fast or Lazy |
1160 @subsection Fast Lock or Lazy Lock? | |
1161 | |
1162 Here is a simple guide to help you choose one of the Font Lock support | |
1163 modes. | |
1164 | |
1165 @itemize @bullet | |
1166 @item | |
1167 Fast Lock mode intervenes only during file visiting and buffer | |
1168 killing (and related events); therefore buffer editing and window | |
1169 scrolling are no faster or slower than in plain Font Lock mode. | |
1170 | |
1171 @item | |
1172 Fast Lock mode is slower at reading a cache file than Lazy Lock | |
1173 mode is at fontifying a window; therefore Fast Lock mode is slower at | |
1174 visiting a file than Lazy Lock mode. | |
1175 | |
1176 @item | |
1177 Lazy Lock mode intervenes during window scrolling to fontify text that | |
1178 scrolls onto the screen; therefore, scrolling is slower than in plain | |
1179 Font Lock mode. | |
1180 | |
1181 @item | |
1182 Lazy Lock mode doesn't fontify during buffer editing (it defers | |
1183 fontification of changes); therefore, editing is faster than in plain | |
1184 Font Lock mode. | |
1185 | |
1186 @item | |
1187 Fast Lock mode can be fooled by a file that is kept under version | |
1188 control software; therefore buffer fontification may occur even when | |
1189 a cache file exists for the file. | |
1190 | |
1191 @item | |
1192 Fast Lock mode only works with a buffer visiting a file; Lazy Lock | |
1193 mode works with any buffer. | |
1194 | |
1195 @item | |
1196 Fast Lock mode generates cache files; Lazy Lock mode does not. | |
1197 @end itemize | |
1198 | |
1199 @vindex font-lock-support-mode | |
1200 The variable @code{font-lock-support-mode} specifies which of these | |
1201 support modes to use; for example, to specify that Fast Lock mode is | |
1202 used for C/C++ modes, and Lazy Lock mode otherwise, set the variable | |
1203 like this: | |
1204 | |
1205 @example | |
1206 (setq font-lock-support-mode | |
1207 '((c-mode . fast-lock-mode) (c++-mode . fast-lock-mode) | |
1208 (t . lazy-lock-mode))) | |
1209 @end example | |
1210 | |
1211 @node Highlight Changes | |
1212 @section Highlight Changes Mode | |
1213 | |
1214 @findex highlight-changes-mode | |
1215 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode | |
1216 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of | |
1217 the buffer were changed most recently. | |
1218 | |
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1219 @node Highlight Interactively |
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1220 @section Interactive Highlighting of Arbitrary Text |
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1221 |
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1222 @cindex highlighting, arbitrary text |
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1223 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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1224 Sometimes, you could need to highlight arbitrary strings in the |
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1225 buffer. For example, you might wish to see all the references to a |
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1226 certain variable in a program source file or highlight certain parts in |
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1227 a voluminous output of some program, or make certain cliches stand out. |
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1228 |
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1229 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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1230 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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1231 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be highlighted. |
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1232 @code{hi-lock-mode} works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), except |
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1233 that it lets you control what parts of text are highlighted. |
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1234 @code{hi-lock-mode} provides several functions: |
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1235 |
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1236 @table @kbd |
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1237 @item C-x w h |
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1238 @kindex C-x w i |
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1239 @findex highlight-regexp |
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1240 Specify the regular expression (@pxref{Regexps}) for the parts of buffer |
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1241 text that are to be highlighted (@code{highlight-regexp}). It prompts |
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1242 for the regular expression, then for the name of the face with which to |
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1243 highlight the text that matches. |
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1244 |
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1245 @item C-x w r |
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1246 @kindex C-x w r |
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1247 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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1248 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). Prompts for the |
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1249 regular expression, and will accept only one of the regexps inserted by |
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1250 other @code{hi-lock} commands. |
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1251 |
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1252 @item C-x w l |
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1253 @kindex C-x w l |
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1254 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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1255 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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1256 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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1257 Specify the regular expression (@pxref{Regexps}) for the lines of buffer |
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1258 text that are to be highlighted |
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1259 (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). It prompts for the regular |
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1260 expression, then for the name of the face with which to highlight the |
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1261 matching lines. |
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1262 |
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1263 @item C-x w b |
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1264 @kindex C-x w b |
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1265 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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1266 This runs the @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command which |
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1267 inserts the patterns added by @kbd{M-x highlight-regexp} and @kbd{M-x |
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1268 highlight-lines-matching-regexp} into the current buffer at point, as |
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1269 comments. These patterns will be read the next time the file is |
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1270 visited, or when the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-find-patterns} command is issued. |
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1271 |
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1272 @item C-x w i |
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1273 @kindex C-x w i |
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1274 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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1275 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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1276 Re-read patterns stored in a buffer in the format produced by @kbd{M-x |
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1277 hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} |
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1278 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}. If you invoke this command |
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1279 in a buffer whose major mode is a member of the list that is the value |
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1280 of the variable @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}, this command has no |
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1281 effect. |
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1282 @end table |
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1283 |
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1284 |
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1285 @node Trailing Whitespace |
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1286 @section Trailing Whitespace |
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1287 |
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1288 @cindex trailing whitespace |
28124 | 1289 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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1290 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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1291 The option @code{show-trailing-whitespace} can be customized so that |
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1292 Emacs displays trailing whitespace in the face |
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1293 @code{trailing-whitespace}. Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or |
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1294 tabs at the end of a line. To avoid busy highlighting when entering new |
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1295 text, trailing whitespace is not displayed if point is at the end of the |
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1296 line containing the whitespace. |
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1297 |
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1298 @node Tooltips |
28124 | 1299 @section Tooltips (or `Balloon Help') |
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1300 |
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1301 @cindex balloon help |
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1302 @findex tooltip-mode |
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1303 Tooltips are small windows displaying a help string at the current |
28432 | 1304 mouse position, typically over text---including the mode line---which |
1305 can be activated with the mouse or other keys. (This facility is | |
1306 sometimes known as `balloon help'.) Tooltips may be available for menu | |
1307 items too. | |
1308 | |
1309 To use tooltips, customize the user option @code{tooltip-mode}. The | |
1310 customization group @code{tooltip} controls various aspects of their | |
1311 display. If Tooltip mode is not activated, the help text is displayed | |
1312 in the echo area instead. | |
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1313 |
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1314 As of version 21.1, tooltips are not supported in the MS-Windows port |
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1315 of Emacs. |
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1316 |
28124 | 1317 @node Mouse Avoidance |
1318 @section Mouse Avoidance | |
1319 | |
1320 Mouse Avoidance mode keeps the window system mouse pointer away from | |
1321 point to avoid obscuring text. Whenever the mouse is moved, the frame | |
1322 is also raised. To use it, customize the option | |
1323 @code{mouse-avoidance-mode}. You can set this to various values to move | |
1324 the mouse in several ways: | |
1325 | |
1326 @table @code | |
1327 @item banish | |
1328 Move the mouse to the upper-right corner on any keypress; | |
1329 @item exile | |
1330 Move the mouse to the corner only if the cursor gets too close, | |
1331 and allow it to return once the cursor is out of the way; | |
1332 @item jump | |
1333 If the cursor gets too close to the mouse, displace the mouse | |
1334 a random distance & direction; | |
1335 @item animate | |
1336 As @code{jump}, but shows steps along the way for illusion of motion; | |
1337 @item cat-and-mouse | |
1338 The same as @code{animate}; | |
1339 @item proteus | |
1340 As @code{animate}, but changes the shape of the mouse pointer too. | |
1341 @end table | |
1342 | |
1343 You can also use the command @kbd{M-x mouse-avoidance-mode} to turn on | |
1344 the mode. | |
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1345 |
25829 | 1346 @node Misc X |
1347 @section Miscellaneous X Window Features | |
1348 | |
1349 The following commands let you create, delete and operate on frames: | |
1350 | |
1351 @table @kbd | |
1352 @item C-z | |
1353 @kindex C-z @r{(X windows)} | |
1354 @findex iconify-or-deiconify-frame | |
1355 Iconify the selected Emacs frame (@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}). | |
1356 The normal meaning of @kbd{C-z}, to suspend Emacs, is not useful under a | |
1357 window system, so it has a different binding in that case. | |
1358 | |
1359 If you type this command on an Emacs frame's icon, it deiconifies the frame. | |
1360 | |
1361 @item C-x 5 0 | |
1362 @kindex C-x 5 0 | |
1363 @findex delete-frame | |
1364 Delete the selected frame (@code{delete-frame}). This is not allowed if | |
1365 there is only one frame. | |
1366 | |
1367 @item C-x 5 o | |
1368 @kindex C-x 5 o | |
1369 @findex other-frame | |
1370 Select another frame, raise it, and warp the mouse to it so that it | |
1371 stays selected. If you repeat this command, it cycles through all the | |
1372 frames on your terminal. | |
28432 | 1373 |
1374 @item C-x 5 1 | |
1375 @kindex C-x 5 1 | |
1376 @findex delete-other-frames | |
1377 Delete all frames except the selected one. | |
25829 | 1378 @end table |
1379 | |
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1380 @cindex busy-cursor display |
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1381 @vindex busy-cursor-delay |
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1382 Emacs can optionally display a busy cursor on X and other window |
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1383 systems. To turn this on or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. |
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1384 You can also control the amount of time Emacs is busy before the |
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1385 busy-cursor is displayed, by customizing the value of the variable |
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1386 @code{busy-cursor-delay}. |
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1387 |
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1388 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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1389 @cindex wide block cursor |
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1390 Emacs on X can draw the block cursor as wide as the glyph under the |
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1391 cursor. For example, if the cursor is on a TAB character, it is drawn |
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1392 as wide as that TAB is on the display. To turn on this feature, set the |
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1393 variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-nil value. |
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1394 |
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1395 @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
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1396 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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1397 @cindex empty lines |
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1398 Empty display lines at the end of the buffer can be optionally marked |
31187 | 1399 with a special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. This is |
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1400 activated by setting the buffer-local variable |
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1401 @code{indicate-empty-lines} to a non-nil value. The default value of |
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1402 this variable is found in @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}. |
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1403 |
25829 | 1404 @node Non-Window Terminals |
1405 @section Non-Window Terminals | |
1406 @cindex non-window terminals | |
1407 @cindex single-frame terminals | |
1408 | |
1409 If your terminal does not have a window system that Emacs supports, | |
1410 then it can display only one Emacs frame at a time. However, you can | |
1411 still create multiple Emacs frames, and switch between them. Switching | |
1412 frames on these terminals is much like switching between different | |
1413 window configurations. | |
1414 | |
1415 Use @kbd{C-x 5 2} to create a new frame and switch to it; use @kbd{C-x | |
1416 5 o} to cycle through the existing frames; use @kbd{C-x 5 0} to delete | |
1417 the current frame. | |
1418 | |
1419 Each frame has a number to distinguish it. If your terminal can | |
1420 display only one frame at a time, the selected frame's number @var{n} | |
1421 appears near the beginning of the mode line, in the form | |
1422 @samp{F@var{n}}. | |
1423 | |
1424 @findex set-frame-name | |
1425 @findex select-frame-by-name | |
1426 @samp{F@var{n}} is actually the frame's name. You can also specify a | |
1427 different name if you wish, and you can select a frame by its name. Use | |
1428 the command @kbd{M-x set-frame-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to | |
1429 specify a new name for the selected frame, and use @kbd{M-x | |
1430 select-frame-by-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to select a frame | |
1431 according to its name. The name you specify appears in the mode line | |
1432 when the frame is selected. | |
1433 | |
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1434 @node XTerm Mouse |
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1435 @section Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators |
28124 | 1436 @cindex xterm, mouse support |
1437 @cindex terminal emulators, mouse support | |
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1438 |
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1439 Some terminal emulators under X support mouse clicks in the terminal |
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1440 window. In a terminal emulator which is compatible with @code{xterm}, |
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1441 you can use @kbd{M-x xterm-mouse-mode} to enable simple use of the |
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1442 mouse---only single clicks are supported. The normal @code{xterm} mouse |
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1443 functionality is still available by holding down the @kbd{SHIFT} key |
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1444 when you press the mouse button. |