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annotate man/abbrevs.texi @ 70874:acd53b4b2285
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author | YAMAMOTO Mitsuharu <mituharu@math.s.chiba-u.ac.jp> |
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date | Wed, 24 May 2006 08:08:43 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, |
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3 @c 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Abbrevs |
25829 | 6 @chapter Abbrevs |
7 @cindex abbrevs | |
8 @cindex expansion (of abbrevs) | |
9 | |
10 A defined @dfn{abbrev} is a word which @dfn{expands}, if you insert | |
11 it, into some different text. Abbrevs are defined by the user to expand | |
12 in specific ways. For example, you might define @samp{foo} as an abbrev | |
68696 | 13 expanding to @samp{find outer otter}. Then you could insert |
25829 | 14 @samp{find outer otter } into the buffer by typing @kbd{f o o |
15 @key{SPC}}. | |
16 | |
17 A second kind of abbreviation facility is called @dfn{dynamic abbrev | |
18 expansion}. You use dynamic abbrev expansion with an explicit command | |
19 to expand the letters in the buffer before point by looking for other | |
20 words in the buffer that start with those letters. @xref{Dynamic | |
21 Abbrevs}. | |
22 | |
68696 | 23 ``Hippie'' expansion generalizes abbreviation expansion. |
24 @xref{Hippie Expand, , Hippie Expansion, autotype, Features for | |
25 Automatic Typing}. | |
27208 | 26 |
25829 | 27 @menu |
28 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
29 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
30 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
31 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
32 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
33 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
34 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. | |
35 @end menu | |
36 | |
37 @node Abbrev Concepts | |
38 @section Abbrev Concepts | |
39 | |
40 An @dfn{abbrev} is a word which has been defined to @dfn{expand} into | |
41 a specified @dfn{expansion}. When you insert a word-separator character | |
42 following the abbrev, that expands the abbrev---replacing the abbrev | |
43 with its expansion. For example, if @samp{foo} is defined as an abbrev | |
44 expanding to @samp{find outer otter}, then you can insert @samp{find | |
45 outer otter.} into the buffer by typing @kbd{f o o .}. | |
46 | |
47 @findex abbrev-mode | |
48 @vindex abbrev-mode | |
49 @cindex Abbrev mode | |
50 @cindex mode, Abbrev | |
51 Abbrevs expand only when Abbrev mode (a minor mode) is enabled. | |
52 Disabling Abbrev mode does not cause abbrev definitions to be forgotten, | |
53 but they do not expand until Abbrev mode is enabled again. The command | |
54 @kbd{M-x abbrev-mode} toggles Abbrev mode; with a numeric argument, it | |
55 turns Abbrev mode on if the argument is positive, off otherwise. | |
56 @xref{Minor Modes}. @code{abbrev-mode} is also a variable; Abbrev mode is | |
57 on when the variable is non-@code{nil}. The variable @code{abbrev-mode} | |
58 automatically becomes local to the current buffer when it is set. | |
59 | |
68696 | 60 Abbrevs can have @dfn{mode-specific} definitions, active only in one major |
25829 | 61 mode. Abbrevs can also have @dfn{global} definitions that are active in |
62 all major modes. The same abbrev can have a global definition and various | |
63 mode-specific definitions for different major modes. A mode-specific | |
64 definition for the current major mode overrides a global definition. | |
65 | |
70485 | 66 You can define abbrevs interactively during the editing session. You |
68696 | 67 can also save lists of abbrev definitions in files for use in later |
68 sessions. Some users keep extensive lists of abbrevs that they load | |
69 in every session. | |
25829 | 70 |
71 @node Defining Abbrevs | |
72 @section Defining Abbrevs | |
73 | |
74 @table @kbd | |
75 @item C-x a g | |
76 Define an abbrev, using one or more words before point as its expansion | |
77 (@code{add-global-abbrev}). | |
78 @item C-x a l | |
79 Similar, but define an abbrev specific to the current major mode | |
80 (@code{add-mode-abbrev}). | |
81 @item C-x a i g | |
82 Define a word in the buffer as an abbrev (@code{inverse-add-global-abbrev}). | |
83 @item C-x a i l | |
84 Define a word in the buffer as a mode-specific abbrev | |
85 (@code{inverse-add-mode-abbrev}). | |
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86 @item M-x define-global-abbrev @key{RET} @var{abbrev} @key{RET} @var{exp} @key{RET} |
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87 Define @var{abbrev} as an abbrev expanding into @var{exp}. |
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88 @item M-x define-mode-abbrev @key{RET} @var{abbrev} @key{RET} @var{exp} @key{RET} |
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89 Define @var{abbrev} as a mode-specific abbrev expanding into @var{exp}. |
25829 | 90 @item M-x kill-all-abbrevs |
68696 | 91 Discard all abbrev definitions, leaving a blank slate. |
25829 | 92 @end table |
93 | |
94 @kindex C-x a g | |
95 @findex add-global-abbrev | |
96 The usual way to define an abbrev is to enter the text you want the | |
97 abbrev to expand to, position point after it, and type @kbd{C-x a g} | |
98 (@code{add-global-abbrev}). This reads the abbrev itself using the | |
99 minibuffer, and then defines it as an abbrev for one or more words before | |
100 point. Use a numeric argument to say how many words before point should be | |
101 taken as the expansion. For example, to define the abbrev @samp{foo} as | |
102 mentioned above, insert the text @samp{find outer otter} and then type | |
103 @kbd{C-u 3 C-x a g f o o @key{RET}}. | |
104 | |
105 An argument of zero to @kbd{C-x a g} means to use the contents of the | |
106 region as the expansion of the abbrev being defined. | |
107 | |
108 @kindex C-x a l | |
109 @findex add-mode-abbrev | |
110 The command @kbd{C-x a l} (@code{add-mode-abbrev}) is similar, but | |
111 defines a mode-specific abbrev. Mode-specific abbrevs are active only in a | |
112 particular major mode. @kbd{C-x a l} defines an abbrev for the major mode | |
113 in effect at the time @kbd{C-x a l} is typed. The arguments work the same | |
114 as for @kbd{C-x a g}. | |
115 | |
116 @kindex C-x a i g | |
117 @findex inverse-add-global-abbrev | |
118 @kindex C-x a i l | |
119 @findex inverse-add-mode-abbrev | |
68696 | 120 If the abbrev text itself is already in the buffer, you can use the |
121 commands @kbd{C-x a i g} (@code{inverse-add-global-abbrev}) and | |
122 @kbd{C-x a i l} (@code{inverse-add-mode-abbrev}) to define it as an | |
123 abbrev by specify the expansion in the minibuffer. These commands are | |
124 called ``inverse'' because they invert the meaning of the two text | |
125 strings they use (one from the buffer and one read with the | |
126 minibuffer). | |
25829 | 127 |
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128 @findex define-mode-abbrev |
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129 @findex define-global-abbrev |
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130 You can define an abbrev without inserting either the abbrev or its |
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131 expansion in the buffer using the command @code{define-global-abbrev}. |
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132 It reads two arguments---the abbrev, and its expansion. The command |
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133 @code{define-mode-abbrev} does likewise for a mode-specific abbrev. |
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134 |
25829 | 135 To change the definition of an abbrev, just define a new definition. |
136 When the abbrev has a prior definition, the abbrev definition commands | |
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137 ask for confirmation before replacing it. |
25829 | 138 |
139 @findex kill-all-abbrevs | |
68696 | 140 To remove an abbrev definition, give a negative argument to the |
141 abbrev definition command: @kbd{C-u - C-x a g} or @kbd{C-u - C-x a l}. | |
142 The former removes a global definition, while the latter removes a | |
143 mode-specific definition. @kbd{M-x kill-all-abbrevs} removes all | |
144 abbrev definitions, both global and local. | |
25829 | 145 |
146 @node Expanding Abbrevs | |
147 @section Controlling Abbrev Expansion | |
148 | |
149 An abbrev expands whenever it is present in the buffer just before | |
150 point and you type a self-inserting whitespace or punctuation character | |
151 (@key{SPC}, comma, etc.@:). More precisely, any character that is not a | |
152 word constituent expands an abbrev, and any word-constituent character | |
153 can be part of an abbrev. The most common way to use an abbrev is to | |
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154 insert it and then insert a punctuation or whitespace character to expand it. |
25829 | 155 |
156 @vindex abbrev-all-caps | |
157 Abbrev expansion preserves case; thus, @samp{foo} expands into @samp{find | |
158 outer otter}; @samp{Foo} into @samp{Find outer otter}, and @samp{FOO} into | |
159 @samp{FIND OUTER OTTER} or @samp{Find Outer Otter} according to the | |
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160 variable @code{abbrev-all-caps} (setting it non-@code{nil} specifies |
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161 @samp{FIND OUTER OTTER}). |
25829 | 162 |
163 These commands are used to control abbrev expansion: | |
164 | |
165 @table @kbd | |
166 @item M-' | |
167 Separate a prefix from a following abbrev to be expanded | |
168 (@code{abbrev-prefix-mark}). | |
169 @item C-x a e | |
170 @findex expand-abbrev | |
171 Expand the abbrev before point (@code{expand-abbrev}). | |
172 This is effective even when Abbrev mode is not enabled. | |
173 @item M-x expand-region-abbrevs | |
174 Expand some or all abbrevs found in the region. | |
175 @end table | |
176 | |
177 @kindex M-' | |
178 @findex abbrev-prefix-mark | |
68696 | 179 You may wish to expand an abbrev and attach a prefix to the expansion; |
180 for example, if @samp{cnst} expands into @samp{construction}, you might want | |
181 to use it to enter @samp{reconstruction}. It does not work to type | |
25829 | 182 @kbd{recnst}, because that is not necessarily a defined abbrev. What |
183 you can do is use the command @kbd{M-'} (@code{abbrev-prefix-mark}) in | |
184 between the prefix @samp{re} and the abbrev @samp{cnst}. First, insert | |
185 @samp{re}. Then type @kbd{M-'}; this inserts a hyphen in the buffer to | |
186 indicate that it has done its work. Then insert the abbrev @samp{cnst}; | |
187 the buffer now contains @samp{re-cnst}. Now insert a non-word character | |
188 to expand the abbrev @samp{cnst} into @samp{construction}. This | |
189 expansion step also deletes the hyphen that indicated @kbd{M-'} had been | |
190 used. The result is the desired @samp{reconstruction}. | |
191 | |
192 If you actually want the text of the abbrev in the buffer, rather than | |
193 its expansion, you can accomplish this by inserting the following | |
194 punctuation with @kbd{C-q}. Thus, @kbd{foo C-q ,} leaves @samp{foo,} in | |
68696 | 195 the buffer, not expanding it. |
25829 | 196 |
197 @findex unexpand-abbrev | |
198 If you expand an abbrev by mistake, you can undo the expansion and | |
199 bring back the abbrev itself by typing @kbd{C-_} to undo (@pxref{Undo}). | |
200 This also undoes the insertion of the non-word character that expanded | |
201 the abbrev. If the result you want is the terminating non-word | |
202 character plus the unexpanded abbrev, you must reinsert the terminating | |
203 character, quoting it with @kbd{C-q}. You can also use the command | |
204 @kbd{M-x unexpand-abbrev} to cancel the last expansion without | |
205 deleting the terminating character. | |
206 | |
207 @findex expand-region-abbrevs | |
208 @kbd{M-x expand-region-abbrevs} searches through the region for defined | |
209 abbrevs, and for each one found offers to replace it with its expansion. | |
210 This command is useful if you have typed in text using abbrevs but forgot | |
211 to turn on Abbrev mode first. It may also be useful together with a | |
212 special set of abbrev definitions for making several global replacements at | |
213 once. This command is effective even if Abbrev mode is not enabled. | |
214 | |
215 Expanding an abbrev runs the hook @code{pre-abbrev-expand-hook} | |
216 (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
217 | |
218 @need 1500 | |
219 @node Editing Abbrevs | |
220 @section Examining and Editing Abbrevs | |
221 | |
222 @table @kbd | |
223 @item M-x list-abbrevs | |
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224 Display a list of all abbrev definitions. With a numeric argument, list |
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225 only local abbrevs. |
25829 | 226 @item M-x edit-abbrevs |
227 Edit a list of abbrevs; you can add, alter or remove definitions. | |
228 @end table | |
229 | |
230 @findex list-abbrevs | |
231 The output from @kbd{M-x list-abbrevs} looks like this: | |
232 | |
233 @example | |
68696 | 234 @var{various other tables@dots{}} |
25829 | 235 (lisp-mode-abbrev-table) |
236 "dk" 0 "define-key" | |
237 (global-abbrev-table) | |
238 "dfn" 0 "definition" | |
239 @end example | |
240 | |
241 @noindent | |
242 (Some blank lines of no semantic significance, and some other abbrev | |
243 tables, have been omitted.) | |
244 | |
245 A line containing a name in parentheses is the header for abbrevs in a | |
246 particular abbrev table; @code{global-abbrev-table} contains all the global | |
247 abbrevs, and the other abbrev tables that are named after major modes | |
248 contain the mode-specific abbrevs. | |
249 | |
250 Within each abbrev table, each nonblank line defines one abbrev. The | |
251 word at the beginning of the line is the abbrev. The number that | |
252 follows is the number of times the abbrev has been expanded. Emacs | |
253 keeps track of this to help you see which abbrevs you actually use, so | |
254 that you can eliminate those that you don't use often. The string at | |
255 the end of the line is the expansion. | |
256 | |
257 @findex edit-abbrevs | |
258 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Abbrevs)} | |
259 @kbd{M-x edit-abbrevs} allows you to add, change or kill abbrev | |
260 definitions by editing a list of them in an Emacs buffer. The list has | |
261 the same format described above. The buffer of abbrevs is called | |
262 @samp{*Abbrevs*}, and is in Edit-Abbrevs mode. Type @kbd{C-c C-c} in | |
263 this buffer to install the abbrev definitions as specified in the | |
264 buffer---and delete any abbrev definitions not listed. | |
265 | |
266 The command @code{edit-abbrevs} is actually the same as | |
267 @code{list-abbrevs} except that it selects the buffer @samp{*Abbrevs*} | |
268 whereas @code{list-abbrevs} merely displays it in another window. | |
269 | |
270 @node Saving Abbrevs | |
271 @section Saving Abbrevs | |
272 | |
273 These commands allow you to keep abbrev definitions between editing | |
274 sessions. | |
275 | |
276 @table @kbd | |
277 @item M-x write-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
278 Write a file @var{file} describing all defined abbrevs. | |
279 @item M-x read-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
280 Read the file @var{file} and define abbrevs as specified therein. | |
281 @item M-x quietly-read-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
282 Similar but do not display a message about what is going on. | |
283 @item M-x define-abbrevs | |
284 Define abbrevs from definitions in current buffer. | |
285 @item M-x insert-abbrevs | |
286 Insert all abbrevs and their expansions into current buffer. | |
287 @end table | |
288 | |
289 @findex write-abbrev-file | |
290 @kbd{M-x write-abbrev-file} reads a file name using the minibuffer and | |
291 then writes a description of all current abbrev definitions into that | |
292 file. This is used to save abbrev definitions for use in a later | |
293 session. The text stored in the file is a series of Lisp expressions | |
294 that, when executed, define the same abbrevs that you currently have. | |
295 | |
296 @findex read-abbrev-file | |
297 @findex quietly-read-abbrev-file | |
298 @vindex abbrev-file-name | |
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299 @kbd{M-x read-abbrev-file} reads a file name using the minibuffer |
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300 and then reads the file, defining abbrevs according to the contents of |
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301 the file. The function @code{quietly-read-abbrev-file} is similar |
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302 except that it does not display a message in the echo area; you cannot |
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303 invoke it interactively, and it is used primarily in the @file{.emacs} |
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304 file. If either of these functions is called with @code{nil} as the |
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305 argument, it uses the file name specified in the variable |
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306 @code{abbrev-file-name}, which is by default @code{"~/.abbrev_defs"}. |
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307 That file is your standard abbrev definition file, and Emacs loads |
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308 abbrevs from it automatically when it starts up. |
25829 | 309 |
310 @vindex save-abbrevs | |
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311 Emacs will offer to save abbrevs automatically if you have changed |
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312 any of them, whenever it offers to save all files (for @kbd{C-x s} or |
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313 @kbd{C-x C-c}). It saves them in the file specified by |
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314 @code{abbrev-file-name}. This feature can be inhibited by setting the |
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315 variable @code{save-abbrevs} to @code{nil}. |
25829 | 316 |
317 @findex insert-abbrevs | |
318 @findex define-abbrevs | |
319 The commands @kbd{M-x insert-abbrevs} and @kbd{M-x define-abbrevs} are | |
320 similar to the previous commands but work on text in an Emacs buffer. | |
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321 @kbd{M-x insert-abbrevs} inserts text into the current buffer after point, |
25829 | 322 describing all current abbrev definitions; @kbd{M-x define-abbrevs} parses |
68696 | 323 the entire current buffer and defines abbrevs accordingly. |
25829 | 324 |
325 @node Dynamic Abbrevs | |
326 @section Dynamic Abbrev Expansion | |
327 | |
68696 | 328 The abbrev facility described above operates automatically as you |
329 insert text, but all abbrevs must be defined explicitly. By contrast, | |
330 @dfn{dynamic abbrevs} allow the meanings of abbreviations to be | |
331 determined automatically from the contents of the buffer, but dynamic | |
332 abbrev expansion happens only when you request it explicitly. | |
25829 | 333 |
334 @kindex M-/ | |
335 @kindex C-M-/ | |
336 @findex dabbrev-expand | |
337 @findex dabbrev-completion | |
338 @table @kbd | |
339 @item M-/ | |
340 Expand the word in the buffer before point as a @dfn{dynamic abbrev}, | |
341 by searching in the buffer for words starting with that abbreviation | |
342 (@code{dabbrev-expand}). | |
343 | |
344 @item C-M-/ | |
345 Complete the word before point as a dynamic abbrev | |
346 (@code{dabbrev-completion}). | |
347 @end table | |
348 | |
349 @vindex dabbrev-limit | |
350 For example, if the buffer contains @samp{does this follow } and you | |
351 type @kbd{f o M-/}, the effect is to insert @samp{follow} because that | |
352 is the last word in the buffer that starts with @samp{fo}. A numeric | |
353 argument to @kbd{M-/} says to take the second, third, etc.@: distinct | |
354 expansion found looking backward from point. Repeating @kbd{M-/} | |
355 searches for an alternative expansion by looking farther back. After | |
356 scanning all the text before point, it searches the text after point. | |
357 The variable @code{dabbrev-limit}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies how far | |
68696 | 358 away in the buffer to search for an expansion. |
25829 | 359 |
360 @vindex dabbrev-check-all-buffers | |
361 After scanning the current buffer, @kbd{M-/} normally searches other | |
362 buffers, unless you have set @code{dabbrev-check-all-buffers} to | |
363 @code{nil}. | |
364 | |
35922 | 365 @vindex dabbrev-ignored-buffer-regexps |
35923 | 366 For finer control over which buffers to scan, customize the variable |
367 @code{dabbrev-ignored-buffer-regexps}. Its value is a list of regular | |
368 expressions. If a buffer's name matches any of these regular | |
369 expressions, dynamic abbrev expansion skips that buffer. | |
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370 |
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372 search first for expansions after point, then other buffers, and |
68696 | 373 consider expansions before point only as a last resort. If you repeat |
374 the @kbd{M-/} to look for another expansion, do not specify an | |
375 argument. Repeating @kbd{M-/} cycles through all the expansions after | |
376 point and then the expansions before point. | |
25829 | 377 |
378 After you have expanded a dynamic abbrev, you can copy additional | |
379 words that follow the expansion in its original context. Simply type | |
68696 | 380 @kbd{@key{SPC} M-/} for each additional word you want to copy. The |
381 spacing and punctuation between words is copied along with the words. | |
25829 | 382 |
383 The command @kbd{C-M-/} (@code{dabbrev-completion}) performs | |
68696 | 384 completion of a dynamic abbrev. Instead of trying the possible |
385 expansions one by one, it finds all of them, then inserts the text | |
386 that they have in common. If they have nothing in common, @kbd{C-M-/} | |
25829 | 387 displays a list of completions, from which you can select a choice in |
388 the usual manner. @xref{Completion}. | |
389 | |
390 Dynamic abbrev expansion is completely independent of Abbrev mode; the | |
391 expansion of a word with @kbd{M-/} is completely independent of whether | |
392 it has a definition as an ordinary abbrev. | |
393 | |
394 @node Dabbrev Customization | |
395 @section Customizing Dynamic Abbreviation | |
396 | |
397 Normally, dynamic abbrev expansion ignores case when searching for | |
398 expansions. That is, the expansion need not agree in case with the word | |
399 you are expanding. | |
400 | |
401 @vindex dabbrev-case-fold-search | |
402 This feature is controlled by the variable | |
403 @code{dabbrev-case-fold-search}. If it is @code{t}, case is ignored in | |
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404 this search; if it is @code{nil}, the word and the expansion must match |
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405 in case. If the value of @code{dabbrev-case-fold-search} is |
25829 | 406 @code{case-fold-search}, which is true by default, then the variable |
407 @code{case-fold-search} controls whether to ignore case while searching | |
408 for expansions. | |
409 | |
410 @vindex dabbrev-case-replace | |
68696 | 411 Normally, dynamic abbrev expansion preserves the case pattern |
412 @emph{of the dynamic abbrev you are expanding}, by converting the | |
413 expansion to that case pattern. | |
25829 | 414 |
415 @vindex dabbrev-case-fold-search | |
68696 | 416 The variable @code{dabbrev-case-replace} controls whether to |
417 preserve the case pattern of the dynamic abbrev. If it is @code{t}, | |
418 the dynamic abbrev's case pattern is preserved in most cases; if it is | |
419 @code{nil}, the expansion is always copied verbatim. If the value of | |
420 @code{dabbrev-case-replace} is @code{case-replace}, which is true by | |
421 default, then the variable @code{case-replace} controls whether to | |
422 copy the expansion verbatim. | |
25829 | 423 |
424 However, if the expansion contains a complex mixed case pattern, and | |
68696 | 425 the dynamic abbrev matches this pattern as far as it goes, then the |
426 expansion is always copied verbatim, regardless of those variables. | |
427 Thus, for example, if the buffer contains | |
428 @code{variableWithSillyCasePattern}, and you type @kbd{v a M-/}, it | |
429 copies the expansion verbatim including its case pattern. | |
25829 | 430 |
431 @vindex dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp | |
432 The variable @code{dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp}, if non-@code{nil}, | |
433 controls which characters are considered part of a word, for dynamic expansion | |
434 purposes. The regular expression must match just one character, never | |
435 two or more. The same regular expression also determines which | |
436 characters are part of an expansion. The value @code{nil} has a special | |
68696 | 437 meaning: dynamic abbrevs are made of word characters, but expansions are |
25829 | 438 made of word and symbol characters. |
439 | |
440 @vindex dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp | |
441 In shell scripts and makefiles, a variable name is sometimes prefixed | |
442 with @samp{$} and sometimes not. Major modes for this kind of text can | |
68696 | 443 customize dynamic abbrev expansion to handle optional prefixes by setting |
25829 | 444 the variable @code{dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp}. Its value |
445 should be a regular expression that matches the optional prefix that | |
68696 | 446 dynamic abbrev expression should ignore. |
52401 | 447 |
448 @ignore | |
449 arch-tag: 638e0079-9540-48ec-9166-414083e16445 | |
450 @end ignore |