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annotate man/building.texi @ 70989:ada2d7961a39
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author | YAMAMOTO Mitsuharu <mituharu@math.s.chiba-u.ac.jp> |
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date | Sat, 27 May 2006 08:46:03 +0000 |
parents | 69ce7ff6d07b |
children | 31d9cfc257a4 a5812696f7bf |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
38202 | 5 @node Building, Maintaining, Programs, Top |
25829 | 6 @chapter Compiling and Testing Programs |
7 @cindex building programs | |
8 @cindex program building | |
9 @cindex running Lisp functions | |
10 | |
11 The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for | |
12 making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that assist | |
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13 in the larger process of compiling and testing programs. |
25829 | 14 |
15 @menu | |
16 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
17 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
18 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
19 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
20 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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21 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
61050 | 22 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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23 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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24 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
25829 | 25 with different facilities for running |
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26 the Lisp programs. |
25829 | 27 * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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28 * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
25829 | 29 * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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30 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
25829 | 31 @end menu |
32 | |
33 @node Compilation | |
34 @section Running Compilations under Emacs | |
35 @cindex inferior process | |
36 @cindex make | |
37 @cindex compilation errors | |
38 @cindex error log | |
39 | |
40 Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and | |
41 Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer. | |
42 It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where | |
43 compilation errors occurred. | |
44 | |
45 @table @kbd | |
46 @item M-x compile | |
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47 Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages going to |
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48 the @samp{*compilation*} buffer. |
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49 @item M-x recompile |
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50 Invoke a compiler with the same command as in the last invocation of |
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51 @kbd{M-x compile}. |
25829 | 52 @item M-x kill-compilation |
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53 Kill the running compilation subprocess. |
25829 | 54 @end table |
55 | |
56 @findex compile | |
57 To run @code{make} or another compilation command, do @kbd{M-x | |
58 compile}. This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, | |
59 and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in | |
60 the buffer named @samp{*compilation*}. The current buffer's default | |
61 directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the | |
62 command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this | |
63 directory. | |
64 | |
65 @vindex compile-command | |
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66 The default for the compilation command is normally @samp{make -k}, |
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67 which is correct most of the time for nontrivial programs. |
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68 (@xref{Top,, Make, make, GNU Make Manual}.) If you have done @kbd{M-x |
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69 compile} before, the default each time is the command you used the |
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70 previous time. @code{compile} stores this command in the variable |
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71 @code{compile-command}, so setting that variable specifies the default |
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72 for the next use of @kbd{M-x compile}. If a file specifies a file |
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73 local value for @code{compile-command}, that provides the default when |
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74 you type @kbd{M-x compile} in that file's buffer. @xref{File |
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75 Variables}. |
25829 | 76 |
77 Starting a compilation displays the buffer @samp{*compilation*} in | |
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78 another window but does not select it. The buffer's mode line tells |
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79 you whether compilation is finished, with the word @samp{run}, |
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80 @samp{signal} or @samp{exit} inside the parentheses. You do not have |
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81 to keep this buffer visible; compilation continues in any case. While |
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82 a compilation is going on, the string @samp{Compiling} appears in the |
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83 mode lines of all windows. When this string disappears, the |
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84 compilation is finished. |
25829 | 85 |
86 If you want to watch the compilation transcript as it appears, switch | |
87 to the @samp{*compilation*} buffer and move point to the end of the | |
88 buffer. When point is at the end, new compilation output is inserted | |
89 above point, which remains at the end. If point is not at the end of | |
90 the buffer, it remains fixed while more compilation output is added at | |
91 the end of the buffer. | |
92 | |
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93 @cindex compilation buffer, keeping point at end |
25829 | 94 @vindex compilation-scroll-output |
95 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a | |
96 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to | |
97 follow output as it comes in. | |
98 | |
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99 @findex recompile |
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100 To rerun the last compilation with the same command, type @kbd{M-x |
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101 recompile}. This automatically reuses the compilation command from |
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102 the last invocation of @kbd{M-x compile}. It also reuses the |
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103 @samp{*compilation*} buffer and starts the compilation in its default |
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104 directory, which is the directory in which the previous compilation |
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105 was started. |
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106 |
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107 When the compiler process terminates, for whatever reason, the mode |
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108 line of the @samp{*compilation*} buffer changes to say @samp{exit} |
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109 (followed by the exit code, @samp{[0]} for a normal exit), or |
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110 @samp{signal} (if a signal terminated the process), instead of |
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111 @samp{run}. |
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112 |
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113 @findex kill-compilation |
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114 Starting a new compilation also kills any compilation |
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115 running in @samp{*compilation*}, as the buffer can only handle one |
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116 compilation at any time. However, @kbd{M-x compile} asks for |
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117 confirmation before actually killing a compilation that is running. |
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118 You can also kill the compilation process with @kbd{M-x |
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119 kill-compilation}. |
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120 |
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121 If you want to run two compilations at once, you should start the |
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122 first one, then rename the @samp{*compilation*} buffer (perhaps using |
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123 @code{rename-uniquely}; @pxref{Misc Buffer}), and start the other |
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124 compilation. That will create a new @samp{*compilation*} buffer. |
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125 |
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126 Emacs does not expect a compiler process to launch asynchronous |
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127 subprocesses; if it does, and they keep running after the main |
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128 compiler process has terminated, Emacs may kill them or their output |
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129 may not arrive in Emacs. To avoid this problem, make the main process |
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130 wait for its subprocesses to finish. In a shell script, you can do this |
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131 using @samp{$!} and @samp{wait}, like this: |
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132 |
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133 @example |
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134 (sleep 10; echo 2nd)& pid=$! # @r{Record pid of subprocess} |
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135 echo first message |
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136 wait $pid # @r{Wait for subprocess} |
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137 @end example |
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138 |
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139 If the background process does not output to the compilation buffer, |
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140 so you only need to prevent it from being killed when the main |
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141 compilation process terminates, this is sufficient: |
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142 |
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143 @example |
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144 nohup @var{command}; sleep 1 |
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145 @end example |
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146 |
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147 @vindex compilation-environment |
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148 You can control the environment passed to the compilation command |
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149 with the variable @code{compilation-environment}. Its value is a list |
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150 of environment variable settings; each element should be a string of |
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151 the form @code{"@var{envvarname}=@var{value}"}. These environment |
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152 variable settings override the usual ones. |
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153 |
25829 | 154 @node Compilation Mode |
155 @section Compilation Mode | |
156 | |
157 @cindex Compilation mode | |
158 @cindex mode, Compilation | |
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159 The @samp{*compilation*} buffer uses a special major mode, |
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160 Compilation mode, whose main feature is to provide a convenient way to |
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161 visit the source line corresponding to an error message. These |
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162 commands are also available in other special buffers that list |
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163 locations in files, including those made by @kbd{M-x grep} and |
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164 @kbd{M-x occur}. |
25829 | 165 |
166 @table @kbd | |
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167 @item M-g M-n |
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168 @itemx M-g n |
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169 @itemx C-x ` |
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170 Visit the locus of the next error message or match. |
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171 @item M-g M-p |
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172 @itemx M-g p |
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173 Visit the locus of the previous error message or match. |
25829 | 174 @item @key{RET} |
175 Visit the locus of the error message that point is on. | |
176 This command is used in the compilation buffer. | |
177 @item Mouse-2 | |
178 Visit the locus of the error message that you click on. | |
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179 @item M-n |
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180 Find and highlight the locus of the next error message, without |
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181 selecting the source buffer. |
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182 @item M-p |
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183 Find and highlight the locus of the previous error message, without |
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184 selecting the source buffer. |
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185 @item M-@} |
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186 Move point to the next error for a different file than the current |
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187 one. |
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188 @item M-@{ |
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189 Move point to the previous error for a different file than the current |
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190 one. |
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191 @item C-c C-f |
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192 Toggle Next Error Follow minor mode, which makes cursor motion in the |
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193 compilation buffer produce automatic source display. |
25829 | 194 @end table |
195 | |
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196 @findex compile-goto-error |
25829 | 197 You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving |
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198 point in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to that error message and |
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199 typing @key{RET} (@code{compile-goto-error}). Alternatively, you can |
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200 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the error message; you need not switch to the |
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201 @samp{*compilation*} buffer first. |
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203 @kindex M-g M-n |
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204 @kindex M-g n |
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205 @kindex C-x ` |
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206 @findex next-error |
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207 @vindex next-error-highlight |
25829 | 208 To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type @kbd{C-x `} |
209 (@code{next-error}). The character following the @kbd{C-x} is the | |
210 backquote or ``grave accent,'' not the single-quote. This command is | |
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211 available in all buffers, not just in @samp{*compilation*}; it |
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212 displays the next error message at the top of one window and source |
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213 location of the error in another window. It also momentarily |
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214 highlights the relevant source line. You can change the behavior of |
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215 this highlighting with the variable @code{next-error-highlight}. |
25829 | 216 |
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217 The first time @w{@kbd{C-x `}} is used after the start of a compilation, |
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218 it moves to the first error's location. Subsequent uses of @kbd{C-x |
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219 `} advance down to subsequent errors. If you visit a specific error |
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220 message with @key{RET} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, subsequent @w{@kbd{C-x `}} |
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221 commands advance from there. When @w{@kbd{C-x `}} gets to the end of the |
25829 | 222 buffer and finds no more error messages to visit, it fails and signals |
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223 an Emacs error. @w{@kbd{C-u C-x `}} starts scanning from the beginning of |
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224 the compilation buffer, and goes to the first error's location. |
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226 @vindex compilation-skip-threshold |
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227 By default, @w{@kbd{C-x `}} skips less important messages. The variable |
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228 @code{compilation-skip-threshold} controls this. If its value is 2, |
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229 @w{@kbd{C-x `}} skips anything less than error, 1 skips anything less |
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230 than warning, and 0 doesn't skip any messages. The default is 1. |
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231 |
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232 When the window has a left fringe, an arrow in the fringe points to |
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233 the current message in the compilation buffer. The variable |
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234 @code{compilation-context-lines} controls the number of lines of |
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235 leading context to display before the current message. Going to an |
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236 error message location scrolls the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to put |
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237 the message that far down from the top. The value @code{nil} is |
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238 special: if there's a left fringe, the window doesn't scroll at all |
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239 if the message is already visible. If there is no left fringe, |
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240 @code{nil} means display the message at the top of the window. |
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241 |
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242 If you're not in the compilation buffer when you run |
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243 @code{next-error}, Emacs will look for a buffer that contains error |
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244 messages. First, it looks for one displayed in the selected frame, |
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245 then for one that previously had @code{next-error} called on it, and |
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246 then at the current buffer. Finally, Emacs looks at all the remaining |
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247 buffers. @code{next-error} signals an error if it can't find any such |
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248 buffer. |
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249 |
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250 @vindex compilation-error-regexp-alist |
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251 @vindex grep-regexp-alist |
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252 To parse messages from the compiler, Compilation mode uses the |
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253 variable @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} which lists various |
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254 formats of error messages and tells Emacs how to extract the source file |
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255 and the line number from the text of a message. If your compiler isn't |
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256 supported, you can tailor Compilation mode to it by adding elements to |
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257 that list. A similar variable @code{grep-regexp-alist} tells Emacs how |
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258 to parse output of a @code{grep} command. |
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259 |
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260 @findex compilation-next-error |
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261 @findex compilation-previous-error |
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262 @findex compilation-next-file |
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263 @findex compilation-previous-file |
25829 | 264 Compilation mode also redefines the keys @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} to |
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265 scroll by screenfuls, and @kbd{M-n} (@code{compilation-next-error}) |
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266 and @kbd{M-p} (@code{compilation-previous-error}) to move to the next |
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267 or previous error message. You can also use @kbd{M-@{} |
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268 (@code{compilation-next-file} and @kbd{M-@}} |
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269 (@code{compilation-previous-file}) to move up or down to an error |
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270 message for a different source file. |
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271 |
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272 @cindex Next Error Follow mode |
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273 @findex next-error-follow-minor-mode |
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274 You can type @kbd{C-c C-f} to toggle Next Error Follow mode. In |
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275 this minor mode, ordinary cursor motion in the compilation buffer |
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276 automatically updates the source buffer. For instance, moving the |
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277 cursor to the next error message causes the location of that error to |
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278 be displayed immediately. |
25829 | 279 |
280 The features of Compilation mode are also available in a minor mode | |
281 called Compilation Minor mode. This lets you parse error messages in | |
282 any buffer, not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type @kbd{M-x | |
283 compilation-minor-mode} to enable the minor mode. This defines the keys | |
284 @key{RET} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, as in the Compilation major mode. | |
285 | |
286 Compilation minor mode works in any buffer, as long as the contents | |
287 are in a format that it understands. In an Rlogin buffer (@pxref{Remote | |
288 Host}), Compilation minor mode automatically accesses remote source | |
289 files by FTP (@pxref{File Names}). | |
290 | |
291 @node Compilation Shell | |
292 @section Subshells for Compilation | |
293 | |
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294 Emacs uses a shell to run the compilation command, but specifies the |
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295 option for a noninteractive shell. This means, in particular, that |
25829 | 296 the shell should start with no prompt. If you find your usual shell |
297 prompt making an unsightly appearance in the @samp{*compilation*} | |
298 buffer, it means you have made a mistake in your shell's init file by | |
299 setting the prompt unconditionally. (This init file's name may be | |
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300 @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile}, @file{.cshrc}, @file{.shrc}, or |
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301 various other things, depending on the shell you use.) The shell init |
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302 file should set the prompt only if there already is a prompt. Here's |
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303 how to do it in bash: |
25829 | 304 |
305 @example | |
306 if [ "$@{PS1+set@}" = set ] | |
307 then PS1=@dots{} | |
308 fi | |
309 @end example | |
310 | |
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311 @noindent |
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312 And here's how to do it in csh: |
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313 |
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314 @example |
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315 if ($?prompt) set prompt = @dots{} |
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316 @end example |
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317 |
25829 | 318 There may well be other things that your shell's init file |
319 ought to do only for an interactive shell. You can use the same | |
320 method to conditionalize them. | |
321 | |
322 The MS-DOS ``operating system'' does not support asynchronous | |
323 subprocesses; to work around this lack, @kbd{M-x compile} runs the | |
324 compilation command synchronously on MS-DOS. As a consequence, you must | |
325 wait until the command finishes before you can do anything else in | |
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326 Emacs. |
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327 @iftex |
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328 @inforef{MS-DOS,,emacs-xtra}. |
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329 @end iftex |
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330 @ifnottex |
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331 @xref{MS-DOS}. |
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332 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 333 |
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334 @node Grep Searching |
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335 @section Searching with Grep under Emacs |
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336 |
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337 Just as you can run a compiler from Emacs and then visit the lines |
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338 with compilation errors, you can also run @code{grep} and |
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339 then visit the lines on which matches were found. This works by |
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340 treating the matches reported by @code{grep} as if they were ``errors.'' |
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341 |
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342 @table @kbd |
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343 @item M-x grep |
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344 @item M-x lgrep |
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345 Run @code{grep} asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines |
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346 listed in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. |
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347 @item M-x grep-find |
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348 @itemx M-x find-grep |
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349 @itemx M-x rgrep |
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350 Run @code{grep} via @code{find}, with user-specified arguments, and |
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351 collect output in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. |
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352 @item M-x kill-grep |
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353 Kill the running @code{grep} subprocess. |
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354 @end table |
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355 |
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356 @findex grep |
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357 To run @code{grep}, type @kbd{M-x grep}, then enter a command line |
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358 that specifies how to run @code{grep}. Use the same arguments you |
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359 would give @code{grep} when running it normally: a @code{grep}-style |
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360 regexp (usually in single-quotes to quote the shell's special |
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361 characters) followed by file names, which may use wildcards. If you |
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362 specify a prefix argument for @kbd{M-x grep}, it detects the tag |
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363 (@pxref{Tags}) around point, and puts that into the default |
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364 @code{grep} command. |
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365 |
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366 The output from @code{grep} goes in the @samp{*grep*} buffer. You |
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367 can find the corresponding lines in the original files using @w{@kbd{C-x |
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368 `}}, @key{RET}, and so forth, just like compilation errors. |
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369 |
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370 Some grep programs accept a @samp{--color} option to output special |
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371 markers around matches for the purpose of highlighting. You can make |
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372 use of this feature by setting @code{grep-highlight-matches} to |
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373 @code{t}. When displaying a match in the source buffer, the exact |
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374 match will be highlighted, instead of the entire source line. |
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375 |
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376 @findex grep-find |
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377 @findex find-grep |
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378 The command @kbd{M-x grep-find} (also available as @kbd{M-x |
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379 find-grep}) is similar to @kbd{M-x grep}, but it supplies a different |
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380 initial default for the command---one that runs both @code{find} and |
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381 @code{grep}, so as to search every file in a directory tree. See also |
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382 the @code{find-grep-dired} command, in @ref{Dired and Find}. |
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383 |
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384 @findex lgrep |
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385 @findex rgrep |
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386 The commands @kbd{M-x lgrep} (local grep) and @kbd{M-x rgrep} |
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387 (recursive grep) are more user-friendly versions of @code{grep} and |
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388 @code{grep-find}, which prompt separately for the regular expression |
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389 to match, the files to search, and the base directory for the search |
70485 | 390 (rgrep only). Case sensitivity of the search is controlled by the |
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391 current value of @code{case-fold-search}. |
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392 |
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393 These commands build the shell commands based on the variables |
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394 @code{grep-template} (for @code{lgrep}) and @code{grep-find-template} |
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395 (for @code{rgrep}). |
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396 |
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397 The files to search can use aliases defined in the variable |
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398 @code{grep-files-aliases}. |
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399 |
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400 Subdirectories listed in the variable |
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401 @code{grep-find-ignored-directories} such as those typically used by |
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402 various version control systems, like CVS and arch, are automatically |
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403 skipped by @code{rgrep}. |
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404 |
61050 | 405 @node Flymake |
406 @section Finding Syntax Errors On The Fly | |
407 @cindex checking syntax | |
408 | |
409 Flymake mode is a minor mode that performs on-the-fly syntax | |
410 checking for many programming and markup languages, including C, C++, | |
411 Perl, HTML, and @TeX{}/La@TeX{}. It is somewhat analogous to Flyspell | |
412 mode, which performs spell checking for ordinary human languages in a | |
413 similar fashion (@pxref{Spelling}). As you edit a file, Flymake mode | |
414 runs an appropriate syntax checking tool in the background, using a | |
415 temporary copy of the buffer. It then parses the error and warning | |
416 messages, and highlights the erroneous lines in the buffer. The | |
417 syntax checking tool used depends on the language; for example, for | |
418 C/C++ files this is usually the C compiler. Flymake can also use | |
419 build tools such as @code{make} for checking complicated projects. | |
420 | |
421 To activate Flymake mode, type @kbd{M-x flymake-mode}. You can move | |
422 to the errors spotted by Flymake mode with @kbd{M-x | |
423 flymake-goto-next-error} and @kbd{M-x flymake-goto-prev-error}. To | |
424 display any error messages associated with the current line, use | |
425 @kbd{M-x flymake-display-err-menu-for-current-line}. | |
426 | |
427 For more details about using Flymake, see @ref{Top, Flymake, | |
428 Flymake, flymake, The Flymake Manual}. | |
429 | |
25829 | 430 @node Debuggers |
431 @section Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
432 @cindex debuggers | |
433 @cindex GUD library | |
434 @cindex GDB | |
435 @cindex DBX | |
436 @cindex SDB | |
437 @cindex XDB | |
438 @cindex Perldb | |
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439 @cindex bashdb |
25829 | 440 @cindex JDB |
441 @cindex PDB | |
442 | |
443 @c Do you believe in GUD? | |
444 The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an interface to | |
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445 various symbolic debuggers from within Emacs. We recommend the |
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446 debugger GDB, which is free software, but GUD can also run DBX, SDB or |
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447 XDB. GUD can also serve as an interface to Perl's debugging mode, the |
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448 Python debugger PDB, the Bash debugger, and to JDB, the Java Debugger. |
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449 @xref{Debugging,, The Lisp Debugger, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference |
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450 Manual}, for information on debugging Emacs Lisp programs. |
25829 | 451 |
452 @menu | |
453 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
454 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
455 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
456 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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457 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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458 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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459 Emacs. |
25829 | 460 @end menu |
461 | |
462 @node Starting GUD | |
463 @subsection Starting GUD | |
464 | |
465 There are several commands for starting a debugger, each corresponding | |
466 to a particular debugger program. | |
467 | |
468 @table @kbd | |
469 @item M-x gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
470 @findex gdb | |
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471 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. By default, this uses an IDE-like |
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472 graphical interface; see @ref{GDB Graphical Interface}. Only GDB |
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473 works with the graphical interface. |
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474 |
25829 | 475 @item M-x dbx @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
476 @findex dbx | |
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477 Run DBX as a subprocess of Emacs. Since Emacs does not implement a |
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478 graphical interface for DBX, communication with DBX works by typing |
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479 commands in the GUD interaction buffer. The same is true for all |
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480 the other supported debuggers. |
25829 | 481 |
482 @item M-x xdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
483 @findex xdb | |
484 @vindex gud-xdb-directories | |
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485 Similar, but run XDB. Use the variable |
25829 | 486 @code{gud-xdb-directories} to specify directories to search for source |
487 files. | |
488 | |
489 @item M-x sdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
490 @findex sdb | |
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491 Similar, but run SDB. |
25829 | 492 |
493 Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their | |
494 messages. When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table | |
495 (@pxref{Tags}) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code. | |
496 If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list one | |
497 of the functions, you get a message saying @samp{The sdb support | |
498 requires a valid tags table to work}. If this happens, generate a valid | |
499 tags table in the working directory and try again. | |
500 | |
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501 @item M-x bashdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
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502 @findex bashdb |
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503 Run the bash debugger to debug @var{file}, a shell script. |
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504 |
25829 | 505 @item M-x perldb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
506 @findex perldb | |
507 Run the Perl interpreter in debug mode to debug @var{file}, a Perl program. | |
508 | |
509 @item M-x jdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
510 @findex jdb | |
511 Run the Java debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
512 | |
513 @item M-x pdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
514 @findex pdb | |
515 Run the Python debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
516 @end table | |
517 | |
518 Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke | |
519 the debugger. In the simplest case, specify just the name of the | |
520 executable file you want to debug. You may also use options that the | |
521 debugger supports. However, shell wildcards and variables are not | |
522 allowed. GUD assumes that the first argument not starting with a | |
523 @samp{-} is the executable file name. | |
524 | |
525 @node Debugger Operation | |
526 @subsection Debugger Operation | |
527 | |
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528 @cindex fringes, and current execution line in GUD |
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529 When you run a debugger with GUD using the textual interface, the |
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530 debugger uses an Emacs buffer for its ordinary input and output. This |
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531 is called the GUD buffer. Input and output from the program you are |
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532 debugging also use this buffer. |
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533 |
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534 The debugger displays the source files of the program by visiting |
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535 them in Emacs buffers. An arrow in the left fringe indicates the |
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536 current execution line.@footnote{On a text-only terminal, the arrow |
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537 appears as @samp{=>} and overlays the first two text columns.} Moving |
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538 point in this buffer does not move the arrow. The arrow is not part |
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539 of the file's text; it appears only on the screen. |
25829 | 540 |
541 You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers | |
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542 that display them. If you do modify a source file, keep in mind that |
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543 inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's positioning; |
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544 GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded before your |
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545 changes to the line number in a debugger message. Also, you'll |
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546 typically have to recompile and restart the program for your changes |
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547 to be reflected in the debugger's tables. |
25829 | 548 |
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549 @cindex tooltips with GUD |
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550 @vindex tooltip-gud-modes |
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551 @vindex gud-tooltip-mode |
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552 @vindex gud-tooltip-echo-area |
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553 The Tooltip facility (@pxref{Tooltips}) provides support for GUD@. |
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554 You activate this feature by turning on the minor mode |
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555 @code{gud-tooltip-mode}. Then you can display a variable's value in a |
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556 tooltip simply by pointing at it with the mouse. In graphical mode, |
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557 with a C program, you can also display the @code{#define} directive |
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558 associated with an identifier when the program is not executing. This |
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559 operates in the GUD buffer and in source buffers with major modes in |
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560 the list @code{gud-tooltip-modes}. If the variable |
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561 @code{gud-tooltip-echo-area} is non-@code{nil} then the variable's |
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562 value is displayed in the echo area. |
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563 |
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564 GUD tooltips are disabled when you use GDB in text command mode |
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565 (@pxref{GDB Graphical Interface}), because displaying an expression's |
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566 value in GDB can sometimes expand a macro and result in a side effect |
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567 that interferes with the program's operation. The GDB graphical |
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568 interface supports GUD tooltips and assures they will not cause side |
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569 effects. |
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570 |
25829 | 571 @node Commands of GUD |
572 @subsection Commands of GUD | |
573 | |
574 The GUD interaction buffer uses a variant of Shell mode, so the | |
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575 Emacs commands of Shell mode are available (@pxref{Shell Mode}). All |
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576 the usual commands for your debugger are available, and you can use |
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577 the Shell mode history commands to repeat them. If you wish, you can |
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578 control your debugger process entirely through this buffer. |
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579 |
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580 GUD mode also provides commands for setting and clearing |
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581 breakpoints, for selecting stack frames, and for stepping through the |
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582 program. These commands are available both in the GUD buffer and |
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583 globally, but with different key bindings. It also has its own tool |
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584 bar from which you can invoke the more common commands by clicking on |
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585 the appropriate icon. This is particularly useful for repetitive |
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586 commands like @code{gud-next} and @code{gud-step}, and allows you to |
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587 keep the GUD buffer hidden. |
25829 | 588 |
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589 The breakpoint commands are normally used in source file buffers, |
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590 because that is the easiest way to specify where to set or clear the |
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591 breakpoint. Here's the global command to set a breakpoint: |
25829 | 592 |
593 @table @kbd | |
594 @item C-x @key{SPC} | |
595 @kindex C-x SPC | |
596 Set a breakpoint on the source line that point is on. | |
597 @end table | |
598 | |
599 @kindex C-x C-a @r{(GUD)} | |
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600 Here are the other special commands provided by GUD@. The keys |
25829 | 601 starting with @kbd{C-c} are available only in the GUD interaction |
602 buffer. The key bindings that start with @kbd{C-x C-a} are available in | |
603 the GUD interaction buffer and also in source files. | |
604 | |
605 @table @kbd | |
606 @item C-c C-l | |
607 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(GUD)} | |
608 @itemx C-x C-a C-l | |
609 @findex gud-refresh | |
610 Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD | |
611 buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message). | |
612 This runs the command @code{gud-refresh}. | |
613 | |
614 @item C-c C-s | |
615 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(GUD)} | |
616 @itemx C-x C-a C-s | |
617 @findex gud-step | |
618 Execute a single line of code (@code{gud-step}). If the line contains | |
619 a function call, execution stops after entering the called function. | |
620 | |
621 @item C-c C-n | |
622 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(GUD)} | |
623 @itemx C-x C-a C-n | |
624 @findex gud-next | |
625 Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls | |
626 at full speed (@code{gud-next}). | |
627 | |
628 @item C-c C-i | |
629 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(GUD)} | |
630 @itemx C-x C-a C-i | |
631 @findex gud-stepi | |
632 Execute a single machine instruction (@code{gud-stepi}). | |
633 | |
634 @need 3000 | |
635 @item C-c C-r | |
636 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} | |
637 @itemx C-x C-a C-r | |
638 @findex gud-cont | |
639 Continue execution without specifying any stopping point. The program | |
640 will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, or gets a signal that | |
641 the debugger is checking for (@code{gud-cont}). | |
642 | |
643 @need 1000 | |
644 @item C-c C-d | |
645 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(GUD)} | |
646 @itemx C-x C-a C-d | |
647 @findex gud-remove | |
648 Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any | |
649 (@code{gud-remove}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction | |
650 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
651 | |
652 @item C-c C-t | |
653 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(GUD)} | |
654 @itemx C-x C-a C-t | |
655 @findex gud-tbreak | |
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656 Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any |
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657 (@code{gud-tbreak}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction |
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658 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. |
25829 | 659 @end table |
660 | |
661 The above commands are common to all supported debuggers. If you are | |
662 using GDB or (some versions of) DBX, these additional commands are available: | |
663 | |
664 @table @kbd | |
665 @item C-c < | |
666 @kindex C-c < @r{(GUD)} | |
667 @itemx C-x C-a < | |
668 @findex gud-up | |
669 Select the next enclosing stack frame (@code{gud-up}). This is | |
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670 equivalent to the GDB command @samp{up}. |
25829 | 671 |
672 @item C-c > | |
673 @kindex C-c > @r{(GUD)} | |
674 @itemx C-x C-a > | |
675 @findex gud-down | |
676 Select the next inner stack frame (@code{gud-down}). This is | |
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677 equivalent to the GDB command @samp{down}. |
25829 | 678 @end table |
679 | |
680 If you are using GDB, these additional key bindings are available: | |
681 | |
682 @table @kbd | |
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683 @item C-c C-r |
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684 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} |
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685 @itemx C-x C-a C-r |
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686 @findex gud-run |
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687 Start execution of the program (@code{gud-run}). |
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688 |
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689 @item C-c C-u |
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690 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(GUD)} |
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691 @itemx C-x C-a C-u |
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692 @findex gud-until |
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693 Continue execution to the current line (@code{gud-until}). The |
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694 program will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, gets a signal |
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695 that the debugger is checking for, or reaches the line on which the |
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696 cursor currently sits. |
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697 |
25829 | 698 @item @key{TAB} |
699 @kindex TAB @r{(GUD)} | |
700 @findex gud-gdb-complete-command | |
701 With GDB, complete a symbol name (@code{gud-gdb-complete-command}). | |
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702 This key is available only in the GUD interaction buffer. |
25829 | 703 |
704 @item C-c C-f | |
705 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(GUD)} | |
706 @itemx C-x C-a C-f | |
707 @findex gud-finish | |
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708 Run the program until the selected stack frame returns or |
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709 stops for some other reason (@code{gud-finish}). |
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710 |
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711 @item C-x C-a C-j |
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712 @kindex C-x C-a C-j @r{(GUD)} |
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713 @findex gud-jump |
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714 Only useful in a source buffer, @code{gud-jump} transfers the |
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715 program's execution point to the current line. In other words, the |
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716 next line that the program executes will be the one where you gave the |
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717 command. If the new execution line is in a different function from |
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718 the previously one, GDB prompts for confirmation since the results may |
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719 be bizarre. See the GDB manual entry regarding @code{jump} for |
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720 details. |
25829 | 721 @end table |
722 | |
723 These commands interpret a numeric argument as a repeat count, when | |
724 that makes sense. | |
725 | |
726 Because @key{TAB} serves as a completion command, you can't use it to | |
727 enter a tab as input to the program you are debugging with GDB. | |
728 Instead, type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to enter a tab. | |
729 | |
730 @node GUD Customization | |
731 @subsection GUD Customization | |
732 | |
733 @vindex gdb-mode-hook | |
734 @vindex dbx-mode-hook | |
735 @vindex sdb-mode-hook | |
736 @vindex xdb-mode-hook | |
737 @vindex perldb-mode-hook | |
738 @vindex pdb-mode-hook | |
739 @vindex jdb-mode-hook | |
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740 @vindex bashdb-mode-hook |
25829 | 741 On startup, GUD runs one of the following hooks: @code{gdb-mode-hook}, |
742 if you are using GDB; @code{dbx-mode-hook}, if you are using DBX; | |
743 @code{sdb-mode-hook}, if you are using SDB; @code{xdb-mode-hook}, if you | |
744 are using XDB; @code{perldb-mode-hook}, for Perl debugging mode; | |
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745 @code{pdb-mode-hook}, for PDB; @code{jdb-mode-hook}, for JDB; |
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746 @code{bashdb-mode-hook}, for the Bash debugger. You can |
25829 | 747 use these hooks to define custom key bindings for the debugger |
748 interaction buffer. @xref{Hooks}. | |
749 | |
750 Here is a convenient way to define a command that sends a particular | |
751 command string to the debugger, and set up a key binding for it in the | |
752 debugger interaction buffer: | |
753 | |
754 @findex gud-def | |
755 @example | |
756 (gud-def @var{function} @var{cmdstring} @var{binding} @var{docstring}) | |
757 @end example | |
758 | |
759 This defines a command named @var{function} which sends | |
760 @var{cmdstring} to the debugger process, and gives it the documentation | |
38743 | 761 string @var{docstring}. You can then use the command @var{function} in any |
25829 | 762 buffer. If @var{binding} is non-@code{nil}, @code{gud-def} also binds |
763 the command to @kbd{C-c @var{binding}} in the GUD buffer's mode and to | |
764 @kbd{C-x C-a @var{binding}} generally. | |
765 | |
766 The command string @var{cmdstring} may contain certain | |
767 @samp{%}-sequences that stand for data to be filled in at the time | |
768 @var{function} is called: | |
769 | |
770 @table @samp | |
771 @item %f | |
772 The name of the current source file. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
773 buffer, then the ``current source file'' is the file that the program | |
774 stopped in. | |
775 | |
776 @item %l | |
777 The number of the current source line. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
778 buffer, then the ``current source line'' is the line that the program | |
779 stopped in. | |
780 | |
781 @item %e | |
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782 In transient-mark-mode the text in the region, if it is active. |
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783 Otherwise the text of the C lvalue or function-call expression at or |
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784 adjacent to point. |
25829 | 785 |
786 @item %a | |
787 The text of the hexadecimal address at or adjacent to point. | |
788 | |
789 @item %p | |
790 The numeric argument of the called function, as a decimal number. If | |
791 the command is used without a numeric argument, @samp{%p} stands for the | |
792 empty string. | |
793 | |
794 If you don't use @samp{%p} in the command string, the command you define | |
795 ignores any numeric argument. | |
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796 |
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797 @item %d |
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798 The name of the directory of the current source file. |
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799 |
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800 @item %c |
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801 Fully qualified class name derived from the expression surrounding point |
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802 (jdb only). |
25829 | 803 @end table |
804 | |
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805 @node GDB Graphical Interface |
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806 @subsection GDB Graphical Interface |
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807 |
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808 By default, the command @code{gdb} starts GDB using a graphical |
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809 interface, using Emacs windows for display program state information. |
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810 In effect, this makes Emacs into an IDE (interactive development |
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811 environment). With it, you do not need to use textual GDB commands; |
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812 you can control the debugging session with the mouse. |
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813 |
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814 @c @findex gdb-mouse-set-clear-breakpoint |
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815 @c @findex gdb-mouse-toggle-breakpoint |
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816 For example, you can click @kbd{Mouse-1} in the fringe or display |
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817 margin of a source buffer to set a breakpoint there and, on a |
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818 graphical display, a red bullet will appear on that line. If a |
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819 breakpoint already exists on that line, the same click will remove it. |
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820 You can also enable or disable a breakpoint by clicking @kbd{Mouse-3} |
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821 on the bullet. If you drag the debugger arrow in the fringe with |
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822 @kbd{Mouse-1} (@code{gdb-mouse-until}), execution will continue to the |
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823 line where you release the button, provided it is still in the same |
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824 frame. Alternatively, you can click @kbd{Mouse-2} at some point in |
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825 the fringe of this buffer and execution will advance to there. |
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826 |
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827 This mode requires telling GDB that its ``screen size'' is |
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828 unlimited, so it sets the height and width accordingly. For correct |
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829 operation you must not change these values during the GDB session. |
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830 |
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831 @vindex gud-gdb-command-name |
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832 @findex gdba |
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833 You can also run GDB in text command mode, like other debuggers. To |
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834 do this, set @code{gud-gdb-command-name} to @code{"gdb --fullname"} or |
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835 edit the startup command in the minibuffer to say that. You need to |
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836 do use text command mode to run multiple debugging sessions within one |
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837 Emacs session. If you have customized @code{gud-gdb-command-name} in |
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838 that way, you can use @kbd{M-x gdba} to invoke GDB in graphical mode. |
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839 |
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840 @menu |
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841 * GDB User Interface Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers. |
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842 * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel. |
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843 * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack. |
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844 * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar. |
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845 * Other GDB User Interface Buffers:: Input/output, locals, registers, |
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846 assembler, threads and memory buffers. |
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847 @end menu |
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848 |
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849 @node GDB User Interface Layout |
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850 @subsubsection GDB User Interface Layout |
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851 @cindex GDB User Interface layout |
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852 |
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853 @vindex gdb-many-windows |
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854 If the variable @code{gdb-many-windows} is @code{nil} (the default |
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855 value) then @kbd{M-x gdb} normally displays only the GUD buffer. |
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856 However, if the variable @code{gdb-show-main} is also non-@code{nil}, |
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857 it starts with two windows: one displaying the GUD buffer, and the |
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858 other showing the source for the @code{main} function of the program |
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859 you are debugging. |
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860 |
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861 If @code{gdb-many-windows} is non-@code{nil}, then @kbd{M-x gdb} |
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862 displays the following frame layout: |
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863 |
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864 @example |
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|
865 +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ |
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|
866 | | | |
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867 | GUD buffer (I/O of GDB) | Locals buffer | |
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868 | | | |
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869 |--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ |
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|
870 | | | |
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871 | Source buffer | I/O buffer for debugged pgm | |
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872 | | | |
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873 |--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ |
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874 | | | |
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875 | Stack buffer | Breakpoints buffer | |
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876 | | | |
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|
877 +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ |
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|
878 @end example |
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879 |
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880 However, if @code{gdb-use-separate-io-buffer} is @code{nil}, the I/O |
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|
881 buffer does not appear and the source buffer occupies the full width |
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882 of the frame. |
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883 |
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884 @findex gdb-restore-windows |
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885 If you change the window layout, for example, while editing and |
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886 re-compiling your program, then you can restore this standard window |
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887 layout with the command @code{gdb-restore-windows}. |
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|
888 |
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|
889 @findex gdb-many-windows |
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890 To switch between this standard layout and a simple layout |
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891 containing just the GUD buffer and a source file, type @kbd{M-x |
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892 gdb-many-windows}. |
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893 |
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894 You may also specify additional GUD-related buffers to display, |
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895 either in the same frame or a different one. Select the buffers you |
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896 want with the @samp{GUD->GDB-windows} and @samp{GUD->GDB-Frames} |
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897 sub-menus. If the menu-bar is unavailable, type @code{M-x |
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898 gdb-display-@var{buffertype}-buffer} or @code{M-x |
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|
899 gdb-frame-@var{buffertype}-buffer} respectively, where |
68686
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900 @var{buffertype} is the relevant buffer type, such as |
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901 @samp{breakpoints}. Most of these buffers are read-only, and typing |
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902 @kbd{q} in them kills them. |
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|
903 |
68686
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|
904 When you finish debugging, kill the GUD buffer with @kbd{C-x k}, |
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|
905 which will also kill all the buffers associated with the session. |
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|
906 However you need not do this if, after editing and re-compiling your |
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|
907 source code within Emacs, you wish continue debugging. When you |
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Update documentation relating to GDB Graphical
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|
908 restart execution, GDB will automatically find your new executable. |
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|
909 Keeping the GUD buffer has the advantage of keeping the shell history |
68686
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|
910 as well as GDB's breakpoints. You do need to check that the |
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|
911 breakpoints in recently edited source files are still in the right |
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|
912 places. |
59825
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|
913 |
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|
914 @node Breakpoints Buffer |
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915 @subsubsection Breakpoints Buffer |
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|
916 |
68686
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|
917 The breakpoints buffer shows the existing breakpoints and |
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|
918 watchpoints (@pxref{Breakpoints,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). It has |
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|
919 these special commands, which mostly apply to the @dfn{current |
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|
920 breakpoint}, the breakpoint which point is on. |
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|
921 |
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|
922 @table @kbd |
56808
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(Building): Interchange nodes (for correct numbering).
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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diff
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|
923 @item @key{SPC} |
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|
924 @kindex SPC @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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|
925 @findex gdb-toggle-breakpoint |
68686
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|
926 Enable/disable the current breakpoint (@code{gdb-toggle-breakpoint}). |
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|
927 On a graphical display, this changes the color of a bullet in the |
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|
928 margin of the source buffer at the relevant line. This is red when |
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|
929 the breakpoint is enabled and grey when it is disabled. Text-only |
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|
930 terminals correspondingly display a @samp{B} or @samp{b}. |
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|
931 |
67231
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(GDB User Interface Layout): Describe how to kill associated buffers.
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|
932 @item D |
c0926bb237e2
(GDB User Interface Layout): Describe how to kill associated buffers.
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|
933 @kindex D @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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|
934 @findex gdb-delete-breakpoint |
68686
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|
935 Delete the current breakpoint (@code{gdb-delete-breakpoint}). |
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|
936 |
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|
937 @item @key{RET} |
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|
938 @kindex RET @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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|
939 @findex gdb-goto-breakpoint |
68686
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|
940 Visit the source line for the current breakpoint |
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|
941 (@code{gdb-goto-breakpoint}). |
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|
942 |
f2477980fde3
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|
943 @item Mouse-2 |
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(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
944 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
945 Visit the source line for the breakpoint you click on. |
51296
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
946 @end table |
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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|
947 |
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|
948 @node Stack Buffer |
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changeset
|
949 @subsubsection Stack Buffer |
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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|
950 |
68686
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|
951 The stack buffer displays a @dfn{call stack}, with one line for each |
51296
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
952 of the nested subroutine calls (@dfn{stack frames}) now active in the |
65974
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(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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changeset
|
953 program. @xref{Backtrace,, Backtraces, gdb, The GNU debugger}. |
51296
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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changeset
|
954 |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
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diff
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|
955 @findex gdb-frames-select |
68686
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|
956 The selected frame number is displayed in reverse contrast. To |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
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diff
changeset
|
957 select a frame in GDB, move point in the stack buffer to that stack |
f2477980fde3
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|
958 frame and type @key{RET} (@code{gdb-frames-select}), or click |
f2477980fde3
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
959 @kbd{Mouse-2} on a stack frame. If the locals buffer is visible, |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
960 selecting a stack frame updates it to display the local variables of |
f2477980fde3
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
961 the new frame. |
51296
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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parents:
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changeset
|
962 |
52907
d1707faf8297
(Watch Expressions): Update section on data display
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
963 @node Watch Expressions |
d1707faf8297
(Watch Expressions): Update section on data display
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
964 @subsubsection Watch Expressions |
d1707faf8297
(Watch Expressions): Update section on data display
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
965 @cindex Watching expressions in GDB |
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parents:
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changeset
|
966 |
65881
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(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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changeset
|
967 @findex gud-watch |
70056
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(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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diff
changeset
|
968 @kindex C-x C-a C-w @r{(GUD)} |
68686
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changeset
|
969 If you want to see how a variable changes each time your program |
f2477980fde3
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
970 stops, move point into the variable name and click on the watch icon |
70056
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
971 in the tool bar (@code{gud-watch}) or type @kbd{C-x C-a C-w}. If you |
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
972 specify a prefix argument, you can enter the variable name in the |
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69898
diff
changeset
|
973 minibuffer. |
51296
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
974 |
68686
f2477980fde3
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
975 Each watch expression is displayed in the speedbar. Complex data |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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diff
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|
976 types, such as arrays, structures and unions are represented in a tree |
67067
18cd75eca849
(Watch Expressions): Expand description.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67066
diff
changeset
|
977 format. Leaves and simple data types show the name of the expression |
68979
c330cf4601fa
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
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|
978 and its value and, when the speedbar frame is selected, display the |
c330cf4601fa
(Watch Expressions): Update and be more precise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
68904
diff
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|
979 type as a tooltip. Higher levels show the name, type and address |
70056
7a7da1db58d4
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
980 value for pointers and just the name and type otherwise. Root expressions |
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
69898
diff
changeset
|
981 also display the frame address as a tooltip to help identify the frame |
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69898
diff
changeset
|
982 in which they were defined. |
67066
9a9cddf82cc4
(Watch Expressions): Expand description.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67041
diff
changeset
|
983 |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
984 To expand or contract a complex data type, click @kbd{Mouse-2} |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
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|
985 on the tag to the left of the expression. |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
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|
986 |
70056
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69898
diff
changeset
|
987 @kindex D @r{(GDB speedbar)} |
52907
d1707faf8297
(Watch Expressions): Update section on data display
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52401
diff
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|
988 @findex gdb-var-delete |
68686
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(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
989 To delete a complex watch expression, move point to the root |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
990 expression in the speedbar and type @kbd{D} (@code{gdb-var-delete}). |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
991 |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65024
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|
992 @kindex RET @r{(GDB speedbar)} |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
993 @findex gdb-edit-value |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
994 To edit a variable with a simple data type, or a simple element of a |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
995 complex data type, move point there in the speedbar and type @key{RET} |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
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|
996 (@code{gdb-edit-value}). Or you can click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a value to |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
997 edit it. Either way, this reads the new value using the minibuffer. |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
998 |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
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parents:
65024
diff
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|
999 @vindex gdb-show-changed-values |
68686
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(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1000 If you set the variable @code{gdb-show-changed-values} to |
f2477980fde3
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parents:
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diff
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|
1001 non-@code{nil} (the default value), Emacs uses |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1002 @code{font-lock-warning-face} to highlight values that have recently |
68979
c330cf4601fa
(Watch Expressions): Update and be more precise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1003 changed and @code{shadow} face to make variables which have gone out of |
69060
89f6168254d0
(Watch Expressions): Update and describe gdb-speedbar-auto-raise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
changeset
|
1004 scope less noticeable. When a variable goes out of scope you can't |
89f6168254d0
(Watch Expressions): Update and describe gdb-speedbar-auto-raise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
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|
1005 edit its value. |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
1006 |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65024
diff
changeset
|
1007 @vindex gdb-use-colon-colon-notation |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
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parents:
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diff
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|
1008 If the variable @code{gdb-use-colon-colon-notation} is |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1009 non-@code{nil}, Emacs uses the @samp{@var{function}::@var{variable}} |
70056
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
69898
diff
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|
1010 format. This allows the user to display watch expressions which share |
7a7da1db58d4
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
69898
diff
changeset
|
1011 the same variable name. The default value is @code{nil}. |
51296
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1012 |
69060
89f6168254d0
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
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|
1013 @vindex gdb-speedbar-auto-raise |
89f6168254d0
(Watch Expressions): Update and describe gdb-speedbar-auto-raise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
changeset
|
1014 To automatically raise the speedbar every time the display of watch |
89f6168254d0
(Watch Expressions): Update and describe gdb-speedbar-auto-raise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
changeset
|
1015 expressions updates, set @code{gdb-speedbar-auto-raise} to |
89f6168254d0
(Watch Expressions): Update and describe gdb-speedbar-auto-raise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
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|
1016 non-@code{nil}. This can be useful if you are debugging with a full |
89f6168254d0
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
changeset
|
1017 screen Emacs frame. |
89f6168254d0
(Watch Expressions): Update and describe gdb-speedbar-auto-raise.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
69011
diff
changeset
|
1018 |
65022
af2cce893ff5
(GDB Graphical Interface): Use better node names.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
64949
diff
changeset
|
1019 @node Other GDB User Interface Buffers |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1020 @subsubsection Other Buffers |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1021 |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1022 @table @asis |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1023 @item Input/Output Buffer |
68897
32dec66a83cf
(GDB Graphical Interface): Replace
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1024 @vindex gdb-use-separate-io-buffer |
32dec66a83cf
(GDB Graphical Interface): Replace
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
68824
diff
changeset
|
1025 If the variable @code{gdb-use-separate-io-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, |
55577
66ec9893d229
(GDB Graphical Interface): Update and describe layout first.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
54131
diff
changeset
|
1026 the executable program that is being debugged takes its input and |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1027 displays its output here. Otherwise it uses the GUD buffer for that. |
68821
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1028 To toggle whether GUD mode uses this buffer, do @kbd{M-x |
68897
32dec66a83cf
(GDB Graphical Interface): Replace
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1029 gdb-use-separate-io-buffer}. That takes effect when you next |
68821
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1030 restart the program you are debugging. |
66584
9600fc8cfb65
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Describe
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
66567
diff
changeset
|
1031 |
68821
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1032 The history and replay commands from Shell mode are available here, |
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1033 as are the commands to send signals to the program you are debugging. |
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1034 @xref{Shell Mode}. |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1035 |
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(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1036 @item Locals Buffer |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1037 The locals buffer displays the values of local variables of the |
65974
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1038 current frame for simple data types (@pxref{Frame Info, Frame Info, |
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1039 Information on a frame, gdb, The GNU debugger}). |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1040 |
67366
de2840a4a2d9
(GDB Graphical Interface): Explain screen size setting.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67231
diff
changeset
|
1041 Arrays and structures display their type only. With GDB 6.4 or later, |
de2840a4a2d9
(GDB Graphical Interface): Explain screen size setting.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67231
diff
changeset
|
1042 move point to their name and press @key{RET}, or alternatively click |
de2840a4a2d9
(GDB Graphical Interface): Explain screen size setting.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67231
diff
changeset
|
1043 @kbd{Mouse-2} there, to examine their values. With earlier versions |
68821
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1044 of GDB, use @kbd{Mouse-2} or @key{RET} on the type description |
7e3f2f8237f6
(Other GDB User Interface Buffers): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68686
diff
changeset
|
1045 (@samp{[struct/union]} or @samp{[array]}). @xref{Watch Expressions}. |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1046 |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1047 @item Registers Buffer |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65024
diff
changeset
|
1048 @findex toggle-gdb-all-registers |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1049 The registers buffer displays the values held by the registers |
67231
c0926bb237e2
(GDB User Interface Layout): Describe how to kill associated buffers.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67074
diff
changeset
|
1050 (@pxref{Registers,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Press @key{RET} or |
c0926bb237e2
(GDB User Interface Layout): Describe how to kill associated buffers.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67074
diff
changeset
|
1051 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a register if you want to change its value. |
67366
de2840a4a2d9
(GDB Graphical Interface): Explain screen size setting.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
67231
diff
changeset
|
1052 With GDB 6.4 or later, recently changed register values display with |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1053 @code{font-lock-warning-face}. With earlier versions of GDB, you can |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1054 press @key{SPC} to toggle the display of floating point registers |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65024
diff
changeset
|
1055 (@code{toggle-gdb-all-registers}). |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1056 |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1057 @item Assembler Buffer |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50475
diff
changeset
|
1058 The assembler buffer displays the current frame as machine code. An |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1059 arrow points to the current instruction, and you can set and remove |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1060 breakpoints as in a source buffer. Breakpoint icons also appear in |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1061 the fringe or margin. |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
1062 |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
1063 @item Threads Buffer |
65881
6d77eb5953d0
(GDB Graphical Interface): Add variables and
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65024
diff
changeset
|
1064 @findex gdb-threads-select |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
1065 The threads buffer displays a summary of all threads currently in your |
65974
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1066 program (@pxref{Threads, Threads, Debugging programs with multiple |
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1067 threads, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Move point to any thread in the |
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1068 list and press @key{RET} to select it (@code{gdb-threads-select}) and |
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1069 display the associated source in the source buffer. Alternatively, |
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1070 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a thread to select it. If the locals buffer is |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1071 visible, its contents update to display the variables that are local |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1072 in the new thread. |
53254
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
1073 |
59825
c20149ca0bba
Update documentation relating to GDB Graphical
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
59688
diff
changeset
|
1074 @item Memory Buffer |
68686
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1075 The memory buffer lets you examine sections of program memory |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1076 (@pxref{Memory, Memory, Examining memory, gdb, The GNU debugger}). |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1077 Click @kbd{Mouse-1} on the appropriate part of the header line to |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1078 change the starting address or number of data items that the buffer |
f2477980fde3
(Compilation): Move and split kill-compilation para.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1079 displays. Click @kbd{Mouse-3} on the header line to select the |
65974
ef546abd2887
(GDB User Interface Layout): Improve diagram.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
65881
diff
changeset
|
1080 display format or unit size for these data items. |
59825
c20149ca0bba
Update documentation relating to GDB Graphical
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
59688
diff
changeset
|
1081 |
51296
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1082 @end table |
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1083 |
25829 | 1084 @node Executing Lisp |
1085 @section Executing Lisp Expressions | |
1086 | |
1087 Emacs has several different major modes for Lisp and Scheme. They are | |
1088 the same in terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for | |
1089 executing Lisp expressions. Each mode has its own purpose. | |
1090 | |
1091 @table @asis | |
1092 @item Emacs-Lisp mode | |
1093 The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp. | |
1094 This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to evaluate the current defun. | |
1095 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
1096 @item Lisp Interaction mode | |
1097 The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines | |
1098 @kbd{C-j} to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the | |
1099 buffer. @xref{Lisp Interaction}. | |
1100 @item Lisp mode | |
1101 The mode for editing source files of programs that run in Lisps other | |
1102 than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to send the current defun | |
1103 to an inferior Lisp process. @xref{External Lisp}. | |
1104 @item Inferior Lisp mode | |
1105 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process. | |
1106 This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode | |
1107 (@pxref{Shell Mode}). | |
1108 @item Scheme mode | |
1109 Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs. | |
1110 @item Inferior Scheme mode | |
1111 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme process. | |
1112 @end table | |
1113 | |
1114 Most editing commands for working with Lisp programs are in fact | |
1115 available globally. @xref{Programs}. | |
1116 | |
1117 @node Lisp Libraries | |
1118 @section Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs | |
1119 @cindex libraries | |
1120 @cindex loading Lisp code | |
1121 | |
1122 Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names | |
1123 conventionally end in @file{.el}. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in | |
1124 Emacs-Lisp mode (@pxref{Executing Lisp}). | |
1125 | |
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1126 @cindex byte code |
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1127 Emacs Lisp code can be compiled into byte-code, which loads faster, |
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1128 takes up less space, and executes faster. @xref{Byte Compilation,, |
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1129 Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. By |
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1130 convention, the compiled code for a library goes in a separate file |
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1131 whose name ends in @samp{.elc}. Thus, the compiled code for |
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1132 @file{foo.el} goes in @file{foo.elc}. |
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1133 |
25829 | 1134 @findex load-file |
1135 To execute a file of Emacs Lisp code, use @kbd{M-x load-file}. This | |
1136 command reads a file name using the minibuffer and then executes the | |
1137 contents of that file as Lisp code. It is not necessary to visit the | |
1138 file first; in any case, this command reads the file as found on disk, | |
1139 not text in an Emacs buffer. | |
1140 | |
1141 @findex load | |
1142 @findex load-library | |
1143 Once a file of Lisp code is installed in the Emacs Lisp library | |
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1144 directories, users can load it using @kbd{M-x load-library}. Programs |
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1145 can load it by calling @code{load}, a more primitive function that is |
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1146 similar but accepts some additional arguments. |
25829 | 1147 |
1148 @kbd{M-x load-library} differs from @kbd{M-x load-file} in that it | |
1149 searches a sequence of directories and tries three file names in each | |
1150 directory. Suppose your argument is @var{lib}; the three names are | |
1151 @file{@var{lib}.elc}, @file{@var{lib}.el}, and lastly just | |
1152 @file{@var{lib}}. If @file{@var{lib}.elc} exists, it is by convention | |
1153 the result of compiling @file{@var{lib}.el}; it is better to load the | |
1154 compiled file, since it will load and run faster. | |
1155 | |
1156 If @code{load-library} finds that @file{@var{lib}.el} is newer than | |
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1157 @file{@var{lib}.elc} file, it issues a warning, because it's likely |
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1158 that somebody made changes to the @file{.el} file and forgot to |
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1159 recompile it. Nonetheless, it loads @file{@var{lib}.elc}. This is |
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1160 because people often leave unfinished edits the source file, and don't |
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1161 recompile it until they think it is ready to use. |
25829 | 1162 |
1163 Because the argument to @code{load-library} is usually not in itself | |
1164 a valid file name, file name completion is not available. Indeed, when | |
1165 using this command, you usually do not know exactly what file name | |
1166 will be used. | |
1167 | |
1168 @vindex load-path | |
1169 The sequence of directories searched by @kbd{M-x load-library} is | |
1170 specified by the variable @code{load-path}, a list of strings that are | |
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1171 directory names. The default value of the list contains the directories where |
25829 | 1172 the Lisp code for Emacs itself is stored. If you have libraries of |
1173 your own, put them in a single directory and add that directory | |
1174 to @code{load-path}. @code{nil} in this list stands for the current default | |
1175 directory, but it is probably not a good idea to put @code{nil} in the | |
1176 list. If you find yourself wishing that @code{nil} were in the list, | |
1177 most likely what you really want to do is use @kbd{M-x load-file} | |
1178 this once. | |
1179 | |
1180 @cindex autoload | |
1181 Often you do not have to give any command to load a library, because | |
1182 the commands defined in the library are set up to @dfn{autoload} that | |
1183 library. Trying to run any of those commands calls @code{load} to load | |
1184 the library; this replaces the autoload definitions with the real ones | |
1185 from the library. | |
1186 | |
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1187 @vindex load-dangerous-libraries |
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1188 @cindex Lisp files byte-compiled by XEmacs |
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1189 By default, Emacs refuses to load compiled Lisp files which were |
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1190 compiled with XEmacs, a modified versions of Emacs---they can cause |
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1191 Emacs to crash. Set the variable @code{load-dangerous-libraries} to |
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1192 @code{t} if you want to try loading them. |
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1193 |
25829 | 1194 @node Lisp Eval |
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1195 @section Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions |
25829 | 1196 @cindex Emacs-Lisp mode |
1197 @cindex mode, Emacs-Lisp | |
1198 | |
1199 @findex emacs-lisp-mode | |
1200 Lisp programs intended to be run in Emacs should be edited in | |
1201 Emacs-Lisp mode; this happens automatically for file names ending in | |
1202 @file{.el}. By contrast, Lisp mode itself is used for editing Lisp | |
1203 programs intended for other Lisp systems. To switch to Emacs-Lisp mode | |
1204 explicitly, use the command @kbd{M-x emacs-lisp-mode}. | |
1205 | |
1206 For testing of Lisp programs to run in Emacs, it is often useful to | |
1207 evaluate part of the program as it is found in the Emacs buffer. For | |
1208 example, after changing the text of a Lisp function definition, | |
1209 evaluating the definition installs the change for future calls to the | |
1210 function. Evaluation of Lisp expressions is also useful in any kind of | |
1211 editing, for invoking noninteractive functions (functions that are | |
1212 not commands). | |
1213 | |
1214 @table @kbd | |
1215 @item M-: | |
1216 Read a single Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluate it, and print | |
1217 the value in the echo area (@code{eval-expression}). | |
1218 @item C-x C-e | |
1219 Evaluate the Lisp expression before point, and print the value in the | |
1220 echo area (@code{eval-last-sexp}). | |
1221 @item C-M-x | |
1222 Evaluate the defun containing or after point, and print the value in | |
1223 the echo area (@code{eval-defun}). | |
1224 @item M-x eval-region | |
1225 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the region. | |
1226 @item M-x eval-current-buffer | |
1227 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the buffer. | |
1228 @end table | |
1229 | |
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1230 @ifinfo |
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1231 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot |
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1232 @c cope with a `:' in a menu |
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1233 @kindex M-@key{colon} |
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1234 @end ifinfo |
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1235 @ifnotinfo |
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1236 @kindex M-: |
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1237 @end ifnotinfo |
25829 | 1238 @findex eval-expression |
1239 @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}) is the most basic command for evaluating | |
1240 a Lisp expression interactively. It reads the expression using the | |
1241 minibuffer, so you can execute any expression on a buffer regardless of | |
1242 what the buffer contains. When the expression is evaluated, the current | |
1243 buffer is once again the buffer that was current when @kbd{M-:} was | |
1244 typed. | |
1245 | |
1246 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Emacs-Lisp mode)} | |
1247 @findex eval-defun | |
1248 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the key @kbd{C-M-x} is bound to the command | |
1249 @code{eval-defun}, which parses the defun containing or following point | |
1250 as a Lisp expression and evaluates it. The value is printed in the echo | |
1251 area. This command is convenient for installing in the Lisp environment | |
1252 changes that you have just made in the text of a function definition. | |
1253 | |
1254 @kbd{C-M-x} treats @code{defvar} expressions specially. Normally, | |
1255 evaluating a @code{defvar} expression does nothing if the variable it | |
1256 defines already has a value. But @kbd{C-M-x} unconditionally resets the | |
1257 variable to the initial value specified in the @code{defvar} expression. | |
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1258 @code{defcustom} expressions are treated similarly. |
25829 | 1259 This special feature is convenient for debugging Lisp programs. |
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1260 Typing @kbd{C-M-x} on a @code{defface} expression reinitializes |
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1261 the face according to the @code{defface} specification. |
25829 | 1262 |
1263 @kindex C-x C-e | |
1264 @findex eval-last-sexp | |
1265 The command @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}) evaluates the Lisp | |
1266 expression preceding point in the buffer, and displays the value in the | |
1267 echo area. It is available in all major modes, not just Emacs-Lisp | |
1268 mode. It does not treat @code{defvar} specially. | |
1269 | |
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1270 When the result of an evaluation is an integer, you can type |
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1271 @kbd{C-x C-e} a second time to display the value of the integer result |
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1272 in additional formats (octal, hexadecimal, and character). |
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1273 |
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1274 If @kbd{C-x C-e}, or @kbd{M-:} is given a numeric argument, it |
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1275 inserts the value into the current buffer at point, rather than |
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1276 displaying it in the echo area. The argument's value does not matter. |
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1277 @kbd{C-M-x} with a numeric argument instruments the function |
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1278 definition for Edebug (@pxref{Instrumenting, Instrumenting for Edebug,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). |
25829 | 1279 |
1280 @findex eval-region | |
1281 @findex eval-current-buffer | |
1282 The most general command for evaluating Lisp expressions from a buffer | |
1283 is @code{eval-region}. @kbd{M-x eval-region} parses the text of the | |
1284 region as one or more Lisp expressions, evaluating them one by one. | |
1285 @kbd{M-x eval-current-buffer} is similar but evaluates the entire | |
1286 buffer. This is a reasonable way to install the contents of a file of | |
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1287 Lisp code that you are ready to test. Later, as you find bugs and |
25829 | 1288 change individual functions, use @kbd{C-M-x} on each function that you |
1289 change. This keeps the Lisp world in step with the source file. | |
1290 | |
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1291 @vindex eval-expression-print-level |
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1292 @vindex eval-expression-print-length |
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1293 @vindex eval-expression-debug-on-error |
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1294 The customizable variables @code{eval-expression-print-level} and |
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1295 @code{eval-expression-print-length} control the maximum depth and length |
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1296 of lists to print in the result of the evaluation commands before |
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1297 abbreviating them. @code{eval-expression-debug-on-error} controls |
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1298 whether evaluation errors invoke the debugger when these commands are |
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1299 used; its default is @code{t}. |
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1300 |
25829 | 1301 @node Lisp Interaction |
1302 @section Lisp Interaction Buffers | |
1303 | |
1304 The buffer @samp{*scratch*} which is selected when Emacs starts up is | |
1305 provided for evaluating Lisp expressions interactively inside Emacs. | |
1306 | |
1307 The simplest way to use the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is to insert Lisp | |
1308 expressions and type @kbd{C-j} after each expression. This command | |
1309 reads the Lisp expression before point, evaluates it, and inserts the | |
1310 value in printed representation before point. The result is a complete | |
1311 typescript of the expressions you have evaluated and their values. | |
1312 | |
1313 The @samp{*scratch*} buffer's major mode is Lisp Interaction mode, which | |
1314 is the same as Emacs-Lisp mode except for the binding of @kbd{C-j}. | |
1315 | |
1316 @findex lisp-interaction-mode | |
1317 The rationale for this feature is that Emacs must have a buffer when | |
1318 it starts up, but that buffer is not useful for editing files since a | |
1319 new buffer is made for every file that you visit. The Lisp interpreter | |
1320 typescript is the most useful thing I can think of for the initial | |
1321 buffer to do. Type @kbd{M-x lisp-interaction-mode} to put the current | |
1322 buffer in Lisp Interaction mode. | |
1323 | |
1324 @findex ielm | |
1325 An alternative way of evaluating Emacs Lisp expressions interactively | |
1326 is to use Inferior Emacs-Lisp mode, which provides an interface rather | |
1327 like Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}) for evaluating Emacs Lisp | |
1328 expressions. Type @kbd{M-x ielm} to create an @samp{*ielm*} buffer | |
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1329 which uses this mode. For more information see that command's |
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1330 documentation. |
25829 | 1331 |
1332 @node External Lisp | |
1333 @section Running an External Lisp | |
1334 | |
1335 Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems. You can | |
1336 run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to | |
1337 be evaluated. You can also pass changed function definitions directly from | |
1338 the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp | |
1339 process. | |
1340 | |
1341 @findex run-lisp | |
1342 @vindex inferior-lisp-program | |
1343 @kindex C-x C-z | |
1344 To run an inferior Lisp process, type @kbd{M-x run-lisp}. This runs | |
1345 the program named @code{lisp}, the same program you would run by typing | |
1346 @code{lisp} as a shell command, with both input and output going through | |
1347 an Emacs buffer named @samp{*lisp*}. That is to say, any ``terminal | |
1348 output'' from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any | |
1349 ``terminal input'' for Lisp comes from text in the buffer. (You can | |
1350 change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable | |
1351 @code{inferior-lisp-program}.) | |
1352 | |
1353 To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, | |
1354 terminated by @key{RET}. The @samp{*lisp*} buffer is in Inferior Lisp | |
1355 mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode with most | |
1356 of the features of Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}). The definition of | |
1357 @key{RET} to send a line to a subprocess is one of the features of Shell | |
1358 mode. | |
1359 | |
1360 @findex lisp-mode | |
1361 For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp | |
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1362 mode. You can switch to this mode with @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}, and it is |
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1363 used automatically for files whose names end in @file{.l}, |
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1364 @file{.lsp}, or @file{.lisp}. |
25829 | 1365 |
1366 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Lisp mode)} | |
1367 @findex lisp-eval-defun | |
1368 When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest | |
1369 way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key | |
1370 @kbd{C-M-x}. In Lisp mode, this runs the function @code{lisp-eval-defun}, | |
1371 which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to | |
1372 the Lisp process. (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless | |
1373 of what buffer is current.) | |
1374 | |
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1375 Contrast the meanings of @kbd{C-M-x} in Lisp mode (for editing |
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1376 programs to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for |
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1377 editing Lisp programs to be run in Emacs; see @pxref{Lisp Eval}): in |
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1378 both modes it has the effect of installing the function definition |
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1379 that point is in, but the way of doing so is different according to |
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1380 where the relevant Lisp environment is found. |
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1381 |
52401 | 1382 |
1383 @ignore | |
1384 arch-tag: 9c3c2f71-b332-4144-8500-3ff9945a50ed | |
1385 @end ignore |