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annotate man/dired.texi @ 70989:ada2d7961a39
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author | YAMAMOTO Mitsuharu <mituharu@math.s.chiba-u.ac.jp> |
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date | Sat, 27 May 2006 08:46:03 +0000 |
parents | d540eb230ee2 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not |
69741 | 16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} |
17 are redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands | |
18 @dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on | |
19 the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on | |
20 the flagged files. You first mark certain files in order to operate | |
21 on all of them with on command. | |
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22 |
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23 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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24 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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25 |
25829 | 26 @menu |
27 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
38745 | 28 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 29 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. |
30 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
31 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
32 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
33 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
34 either one file or several files. | |
35 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
36 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
37 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
38 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
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39 @ifnottex |
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40 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
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41 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 42 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. |
43 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
44 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
45 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
61047 | 46 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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47 * Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features. |
25829 | 48 @end menu |
49 | |
50 @node Dired Enter | |
51 @section Entering Dired | |
52 | |
53 @findex dired | |
54 @kindex C-x d | |
55 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
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56 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command |
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57 reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer |
69741 | 58 argument to specify the files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a |
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59 directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from |
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60 @code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so |
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61 that the special commands of Dired are available. |
25829 | 62 |
63 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
69741 | 64 give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} |
65 contain @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the | |
66 @code{dired} command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the | |
67 minibuffer before you enter the directory specification. No matter | |
68 how they are specified, the @code{ls} switches can include short | |
69 options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long | |
70 options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with | |
71 @samp{=}. | |
25829 | 72 |
73 @findex dired-other-window | |
74 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
75 @findex dired-other-frame | |
76 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
77 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
78 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
79 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
80 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
81 | |
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82 @node Dired Navigation |
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83 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer |
25829 | 84 |
85 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
86 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
87 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
69741 | 88 buffers. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the |
89 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at | |
90 the beginning of the line. | |
25829 | 91 |
92 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
93 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
94 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
95 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
96 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
97 | |
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98 @findex dired-goto-file |
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99 @kindex j @r{(Dired)} |
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100 @kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that |
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101 describes a specified file or directory. |
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102 |
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103 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired |
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104 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}. |
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105 |
25829 | 106 @node Dired Deletion |
107 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
108 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
109 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
110 | |
38745 | 111 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for |
112 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged. | |
25829 | 113 |
114 @table @kbd | |
115 @item d | |
116 Flag this file for deletion. | |
117 @item u | |
118 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
119 @item @key{DEL} | |
120 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
121 @item x | |
122 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
123 @end table | |
124 | |
125 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
126 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
69741 | 127 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing |
128 the file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The | |
129 deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at the beginning of the line. | |
130 This command moves point to the next line, so that repeated @kbd{d} | |
131 commands flag successive files. A numeric argument serves as a repeat | |
132 count. | |
25829 | 133 |
134 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
135 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
69741 | 136 The reason for flagging files for deletion, rather than deleting |
137 files immediately, is to reduce the danger of deleting a file | |
138 accidentally. Until you direct Dired to delete the flagged files, you | |
139 can remove deletion flags using the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. | |
140 @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works just like @kbd{d}, but removes | |
141 flags rather than making flags. @key{DEL} | |
142 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; it is | |
143 like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
25829 | 144 |
145 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
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146 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete |
25829 | 147 @cindex expunging (Dired) |
69741 | 148 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} |
149 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). (This is also known as | |
150 @dfn{expunging}.) This command first displays a list of all the file | |
151 names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. | |
152 If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their | |
153 lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired buffer, with | |
154 somewhat fewer lines, remains selected. | |
25829 | 155 |
156 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
157 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
158 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
159 | |
69741 | 160 @cindex recursive deletion |
161 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes | |
162 You can delete empty directories just like other files, but normally | |
163 Dired cannot delete directories that are nonempty. If the variable | |
164 @code{dired-recursive-deletes} is non-@code{nil}, then Dired can | |
165 delete nonempty directories including all their contents. That can | |
166 be somewhat risky. | |
167 | |
25829 | 168 @node Flagging Many Files |
169 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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170 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 171 |
172 @table @kbd | |
173 @item # | |
174 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
175 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
176 | |
177 @item ~ | |
178 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
179 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
180 | |
181 @item & | |
69741 | 182 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest |
183 you could easily create those files again. | |
25829 | 184 |
185 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
186 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
187 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
188 flagged. | |
189 | |
190 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
191 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
192 @var{regexp}. | |
193 @end table | |
194 | |
195 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
196 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
197 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
198 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
199 keep.@refill | |
200 | |
201 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
202 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
203 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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204 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 205 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
206 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
207 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
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208 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and |
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209 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. |
25829 | 210 |
211 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
212 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
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213 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 214 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
69741 | 215 files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose |
216 names begin and end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}. | |
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217 |
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218 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} |
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219 @findex dired-flag-backup-files |
69741 | 220 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all |
221 files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose | |
222 names end in @samp{~}. @xref{Backup}. | |
25829 | 223 |
224 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
225 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
226 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
227 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
228 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
229 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
230 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
231 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
232 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
233 keep. | |
234 | |
235 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
236 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
237 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
238 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
239 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
240 | |
241 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
242 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
243 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
244 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
245 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
69741 | 246 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain |
247 subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}. | |
248 @xref{Hiding Subdirectories}. | |
25829 | 249 |
250 @node Dired Visiting | |
251 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
252 | |
253 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
254 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
255 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
256 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
257 | |
258 @table @kbd | |
259 @item f | |
260 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
261 @findex dired-find-file | |
262 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
263 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
264 | |
265 @item @key{RET} | |
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266 @itemx e |
25829 | 267 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} |
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268 @kindex e @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 269 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. |
270 | |
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271 @ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all. |
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272 @item a |
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273 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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274 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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275 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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276 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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277 @end ignore |
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278 |
25829 | 279 @item o |
280 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
281 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
282 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
283 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
284 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
285 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
286 | |
287 @item C-o | |
288 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
289 @findex dired-display-file | |
290 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
291 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
292 | |
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293 @item Mouse-1 |
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294 @itemx Mouse-2 |
25829 | 295 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window |
296 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
297 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
298 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
299 | |
300 @item v | |
301 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
302 @findex dired-view-file | |
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303 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} |
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304 (@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is |
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305 like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file |
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306 conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File |
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307 Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. |
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308 |
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309 @item ^ |
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310 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)} |
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311 @findex dired-up-directory |
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312 Visit the parent directory of the current directory |
69741 | 313 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is equivalent to moving to the line |
314 for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there. | |
25829 | 315 @end table |
316 | |
317 @node Marks vs Flags | |
318 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
319 | |
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320 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
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321 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the |
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322 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired |
69741 | 323 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}. The |
324 only command that operates on flagged flies is @kbd{x}, which expunges | |
325 them. | |
25829 | 326 |
69741 | 327 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and |
328 for operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag | |
329 and unflag files.) | |
25829 | 330 |
331 @table @kbd | |
332 @item m | |
333 @itemx * m | |
334 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
335 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
336 @findex dired-mark | |
337 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
338 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
339 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
340 files.) | |
341 | |
342 @item * * | |
343 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
344 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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345 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 346 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
347 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
348 those files. | |
349 | |
350 @item * @@ | |
351 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
352 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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353 @cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired) |
25829 | 354 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
355 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
356 | |
357 @item * / | |
358 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
359 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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360 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
69741 | 361 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are directories, except for |
25829 | 362 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric |
363 argument, unmark all those files. | |
364 | |
365 @item * s | |
366 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
367 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
368 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
369 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
370 | |
371 @item u | |
372 @itemx * u | |
373 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
374 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
375 @findex dired-unmark | |
376 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
377 | |
378 @item @key{DEL} | |
379 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
380 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
381 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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382 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 383 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
384 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
385 | |
386 @item * ! | |
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387 @itemx U |
25829 | 388 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} |
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389 @kindex U @r{(Dired)} |
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390 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks |
25829 | 391 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer |
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392 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). |
25829 | 393 |
394 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
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395 @itemx M-@key{DEL} |
25829 | 396 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} |
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397 @kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 398 @findex dired-unmark-all-files |
399 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
400 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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401 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 402 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
403 character with another. | |
25829 | 404 |
405 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
406 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
407 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
408 files without asking about them. | |
409 | |
410 @item * C-n | |
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411 @itemx M-@} |
25829 | 412 @findex dired-next-marked-file |
413 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
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414 @kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 415 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) |
416 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
417 | |
418 @item * C-p | |
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419 @itemx M-@{ |
25829 | 420 @findex dired-prev-marked-file |
421 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
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422 @kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 423 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) |
424 | |
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425 @item t |
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426 @itemx * t |
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427 @kindex t @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 428 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} |
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429 @findex dired-toggle-marks |
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430 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
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431 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*} |
25829 | 432 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files |
433 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
434 | |
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435 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 436 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
437 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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438 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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439 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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440 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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441 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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442 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 443 |
444 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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445 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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446 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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447 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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448 acts on. |
25829 | 449 |
450 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
451 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
452 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
453 | |
454 @example | |
455 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
456 @end example | |
457 | |
36507 | 458 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 459 |
460 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
461 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
462 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
463 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
464 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
465 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
466 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
467 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
69741 | 468 with @samp{D}. |
25829 | 469 |
470 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
69741 | 471 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude |
472 subdirectories by temporarily hiding them (@pxref{Hiding | |
473 Subdirectories}). | |
25829 | 474 |
475 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
476 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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477 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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478 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 479 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
480 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
481 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
482 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
483 name. | |
484 | |
69741 | 485 @item C-x u |
486 @itemx C-_ | |
487 @itemx C-/ | |
25829 | 488 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} |
489 @findex dired-undo | |
490 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
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491 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the |
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492 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes |
69741 | 493 changes in the buffer itself. |
494 | |
495 In some cases, using this after commands that operate on files can | |
496 cause trouble. For example, after renaming one or more files, | |
497 @code{dired-undo} restores the original names in the Dired buffer, | |
498 which gets the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of | |
499 the directory. | |
25829 | 500 @end table |
501 | |
502 @node Operating on Files | |
503 @section Operating on Files | |
504 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
505 | |
506 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
507 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
508 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
69741 | 509 confirmation, before they act. All of them let you specify the |
510 files to manipulate in these ways: | |
25829 | 511 |
512 @itemize @bullet | |
513 @item | |
514 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
515 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
516 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
517 the current line.) | |
518 | |
519 @item | |
520 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
521 on all those files. | |
522 | |
523 @item | |
524 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
525 @end itemize | |
526 | |
69741 | 527 @noindent |
528 Certain other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
529 commands, use the same conventions to decide which files to work on. | |
530 | |
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531 @vindex dired-dwim-target |
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532 @cindex two directories (in Dired) |
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533 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which |
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534 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default |
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535 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired |
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536 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} |
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537 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the |
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538 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. |
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539 |
69741 | 540 Here are the file-manipulating Dired commands that operate on files. |
25829 | 541 |
542 @table @kbd | |
543 @findex dired-do-copy | |
544 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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545 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 546 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
547 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
548 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
549 name. | |
550 | |
551 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
69741 | 552 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying |
553 with this command preserves the modification time of the old file in | |
554 the copy. | |
25829 | 555 |
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556 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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557 @cindex recursive copying |
69741 | 558 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether to copy |
559 directories recursively. The default is @code{nil}, which means that | |
560 directories cannot be copied. | |
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561 |
25829 | 562 @item D |
563 @findex dired-do-delete | |
564 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
565 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
566 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
567 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
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568 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. |
25829 | 569 |
570 @findex dired-do-rename | |
571 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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572 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
25829 | 573 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
574 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
575 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
576 file) the new name. | |
577 | |
578 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
579 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
580 | |
581 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
582 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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583 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 584 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
585 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
586 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
587 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
588 | |
589 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
590 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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591 @cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired) |
25829 | 592 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
593 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
594 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
595 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
596 | |
597 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
598 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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599 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 600 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
601 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
602 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
603 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
604 | |
605 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
606 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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607 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 608 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
609 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
610 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
611 | |
612 @findex dired-do-chown | |
613 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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614 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 615 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
616 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
617 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
618 this.) | |
619 | |
620 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
621 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
622 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
623 different places). | |
624 | |
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625 @findex dired-do-touch |
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626 @kindex T @r{(Dired)} |
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627 @cindex changing file time (in Dired) |
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628 @item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET} |
69741 | 629 Touch the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). This means |
630 updating their modification times to the present time. | |
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631 |
25829 | 632 @findex dired-do-print |
633 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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634 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 635 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
636 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
637 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
638 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
639 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
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640 @pxref{Printing}). |
25829 | 641 |
642 @findex dired-do-compress | |
643 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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644 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 645 @item Z |
646 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
69741 | 647 appears to be a compressed file already, uncompress it instead. |
25829 | 648 |
649 @findex dired-do-load | |
650 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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651 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 652 @item L |
653 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
654 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
655 | |
656 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
657 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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658 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 659 @item B |
660 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
661 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
662 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
663 | |
664 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
665 @findex dired-do-search | |
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666 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 667 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
668 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
669 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
670 | |
671 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
672 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
673 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
674 | |
675 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
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676 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp |
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677 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
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678 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
25829 | 679 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, |
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680 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string |
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681 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). |
25829 | 682 |
683 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
684 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
685 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
686 @end table | |
687 | |
688 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
689 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
690 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
691 | |
692 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
693 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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694 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
69741 | 695 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a |
696 shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on | |
697 all the specified files. (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.) You can | |
698 specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands | |
699 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). | |
700 | |
701 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
702 of the Dired buffer. | |
703 | |
704 There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files: | |
25829 | 705 |
706 @itemize @bullet | |
707 @item | |
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708 If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command, |
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709 then the command runs just once, with the list of file names |
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710 substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of |
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711 appearance in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 712 |
713 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
714 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
715 | |
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716 If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around |
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717 it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*}; |
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718 but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does |
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719 not treat it specially. |
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720 |
25829 | 721 @item |
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722 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by |
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723 whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file |
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724 name is added at the end. |
25829 | 725 |
726 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
727 file. | |
728 | |
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729 @item |
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730 However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by |
69741 | 731 whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather |
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732 than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once |
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733 in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence. |
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734 @end itemize |
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735 |
69741 | 736 To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an |
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737 explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file, |
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738 making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file |
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739 name: |
25829 | 740 |
741 @example | |
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742 for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done |
25829 | 743 @end example |
744 | |
69741 | 745 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to |
746 show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell | |
25829 | 747 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use |
748 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
749 Updating}). | |
750 | |
751 @node Transforming File Names | |
752 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
753 | |
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754 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a |
69741 | 755 systematic way. Each command operates on some or all of the marked |
756 files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name. | |
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757 |
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758 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on |
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759 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next |
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760 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current |
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761 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs |
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762 Flags}.) |
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763 |
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764 All of the commands described in this section work |
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765 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each |
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766 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually |
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767 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and |
69741 | 768 then filter the selected names by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the |
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769 command prompts for confirmation. |
25829 | 770 |
771 @table @kbd | |
772 @findex dired-upcase | |
773 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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774 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 775 @item % u |
776 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
777 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
778 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
779 | |
780 @item % l | |
781 @findex dired-downcase | |
782 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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783 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 784 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
785 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
786 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
787 | |
788 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
789 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
790 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
791 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
792 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
793 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
794 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
795 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
796 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
797 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
798 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
799 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
800 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
801 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
802 from the name of the old file. | |
803 @end table | |
804 | |
69741 | 805 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively |
806 perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names. They read | |
807 two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a substitution | |
808 pattern @var{to}; they match each ``old'' file name against | |
809 @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. You can | |
810 use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to all or | |
811 part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
812 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular | |
813 expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match | |
814 is replaced. | |
25829 | 815 |
816 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
817 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
818 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
819 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
820 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
821 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
822 | |
823 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
824 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
825 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
69741 | 826 entire absolute file name including directory name. (A non-zero |
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827 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) |
25829 | 828 |
69741 | 829 You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same |
830 regexp @var{from} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
831 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{from} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
832 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To | |
833 make this more convenient, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files | |
834 use the last regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a | |
835 default. | |
25829 | 836 |
837 @node Comparison in Dired | |
838 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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839 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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840 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 841 |
842 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
69741 | 843 @code{diff}. They show the output in a buffer using Diff mode |
844 (@pxref{Comparing Files}). | |
25829 | 845 |
846 @table @kbd | |
847 @item = | |
848 @findex dired-diff | |
849 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
69741 | 850 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the |
851 file at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). | |
852 The file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the | |
853 file at point is the second argument. This refers to the ordinary | |
854 Emacs mark, not Dired marks; use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} | |
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855 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line |
69741 | 856 (@pxref{Setting Mark}). |
25829 | 857 |
858 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
859 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
860 @item M-= | |
861 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
862 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
863 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
69741 | 864 a file with any one of its backups. |
25829 | 865 |
866 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
867 @end table | |
868 | |
869 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
870 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
871 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
872 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
873 | |
874 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
875 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
876 | |
877 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
878 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
879 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
880 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
881 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
882 | |
69741 | 883 More often, you will want to show only specific subdirectories. You |
884 can do this with the @kbd{i} command: | |
25829 | 885 |
886 @table @kbd | |
887 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
888 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
889 @item i | |
890 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
891 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
892 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
893 @end table | |
894 | |
895 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
896 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
897 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
898 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
899 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
900 | |
901 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
902 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
903 | |
904 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
905 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
906 describing that subdirectory). | |
907 | |
908 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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909 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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910 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 911 |
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912 @ifnottex |
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913 @include dired-xtra.texi |
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914 @end ifnottex |
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915 |
25829 | 916 @node Subdirectory Motion |
917 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
918 | |
919 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
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920 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories |
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921 (@pxref{Pages}). |
25829 | 922 |
923 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
924 @cindex directory header lines | |
925 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
926 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
927 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
928 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
929 | |
930 @table @kbd | |
931 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
932 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
933 @item C-M-n | |
934 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
935 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
936 | |
937 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
938 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
939 @item C-M-p | |
940 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
941 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
942 | |
943 @findex dired-tree-up | |
944 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
945 @item C-M-u | |
946 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
947 | |
948 @findex dired-tree-down | |
949 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
950 @item C-M-d | |
951 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
952 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
953 | |
954 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
955 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
956 @item < | |
957 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
958 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
959 parent directory. | |
960 | |
961 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
962 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
963 @item > | |
964 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
965 @end table | |
966 | |
967 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
968 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
969 | |
970 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
971 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
69741 | 972 header line. |
25829 | 973 |
974 @table @kbd | |
975 @item $ | |
976 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
977 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
978 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
979 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
980 as a repeat count. | |
981 | |
982 @item M-$ | |
983 @findex dired-hide-all | |
984 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
985 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
986 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
987 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
988 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
989 subdirectories far away. | |
990 @end table | |
991 | |
992 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
993 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
994 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
995 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
69741 | 996 without having to remove the Dired marks on files in those |
997 subdirectories. | |
25829 | 998 |
999 @node Dired Updating | |
1000 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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1001 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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1002 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 1003 |
1004 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
1005 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
1006 part of the Dired buffer. | |
1007 | |
1008 @table @kbd | |
1009 @item g | |
1010 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
1011 | |
1012 @item l | |
69741 | 1013 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). You specify the |
1014 files for @kbd{l} in the same way as for file operations. | |
25829 | 1015 |
1016 @item k | |
1017 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
1018 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
1019 | |
1020 @item s | |
1021 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
1022 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
1023 | |
1024 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
1025 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
1026 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1027 @end table | |
1028 | |
1029 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
1030 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
1031 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
1032 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
1033 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
1034 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
1035 | |
1036 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
1037 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
1038 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
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1039 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, |
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1040 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous |
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1041 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the |
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1042 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, |
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1043 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. |
25829 | 1044 |
1045 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
1046 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
1047 | |
1048 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
1049 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
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1050 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not |
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1051 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like |
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1052 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} |
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1053 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the |
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1054 current file as a last resort. |
25829 | 1055 |
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1056 If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line |
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1057 for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired |
69741 | 1058 buffer as a subdirectory, it deletes that subdirectory from the buffer |
1059 as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory | |
1060 also deletes the subdirectory from the Dired buffer. | |
25829 | 1061 |
1062 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
1063 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
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1064 reinsert a subdirectory. |
25829 | 1065 |
1066 @cindex Dired sorting | |
1067 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
1068 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
1069 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
1070 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
1071 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
1072 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
1073 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
1074 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
1075 | |
1076 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
1077 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1078 | |
1079 @node Dired and Find | |
1080 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
1081 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
1082 | |
1083 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
1084 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
1085 | |
1086 @findex find-name-dired | |
1087 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
1088 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
1089 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
1090 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
1091 | |
69741 | 1092 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer, in which the |
25829 | 1093 ordinary Dired commands are available. |
1094 | |
1095 @findex find-grep-dired | |
1096 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
1097 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
1098 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
1099 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
1100 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
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1101 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}. |
25829 | 1102 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. |
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1103 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1104 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1105 |
1106 @findex find-dired | |
1107 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1108 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1109 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1110 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1111 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1112 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1113 | |
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1114 @vindex find-ls-option |
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1115 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the |
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1116 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using |
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1117 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you |
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1118 may need to change the value of this variable. |
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1119 |
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1120 @findex locate |
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1121 @findex locate-with-filter |
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1122 @cindex file database (locate) |
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1123 @vindex locate-command |
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1124 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate} |
69741 | 1125 program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only files |
1126 whose names match a given regular expression. | |
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1127 |
69741 | 1128 These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file |
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1129 operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer. |
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1130 Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories, |
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1131 and erases all flags and marks. |
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1132 |
61047 | 1133 @node Wdired |
1134 @section Editing the Dired Buffer | |
1135 | |
1136 @cindex wdired mode | |
1137 @findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode | |
1138 Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations | |
1139 by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands | |
1140 for ``writable''.) To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{M-x | |
1141 wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively, | |
1142 use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu. | |
1143 | |
1144 @findex wdired-finish-edit | |
1145 While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names | |
1146 displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing | |
1147 commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are | |
1148 available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1149 (@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches | |
1150 back to ordinary Dired mode. | |
1151 | |
1152 Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another | |
1153 directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or | |
1154 relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire filename. | |
69741 | 1155 To change the target of a symbolic link, edit the link target name |
1156 which appears next to the link name. | |
61047 | 1157 |
1158 The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and | |
1159 modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it. | |
1160 However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to | |
69741 | 1161 @code{t}, you can edit the file permissions. For example, you can |
1162 change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file | |
61047 | 1163 world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c |
1164 C-c}. | |
1165 | |
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1166 @node Misc Dired Features |
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1167 @section Other Dired Features |
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1168 |
69741 | 1169 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} |
1170 @findex dired-create-directory | |
1171 An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
1172 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name, | |
1173 and creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
1174 | |
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1175 @cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired. |
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1176 @kindex w @r{(Dired)} |
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1177 @findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill |
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1178 The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the |
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1179 names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if |
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1180 you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space. |
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1181 |
69741 | 1182 With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of |
1183 each marked file. With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses | |
1184 file names relative to the Dired buffer's default directory. (This | |
1185 can still contain slashes if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, | |
1186 if point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute | |
1187 name of that directory. Any prefix argument or marked files are | |
1188 ignored in this case. | |
1189 | |
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1190 The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file |
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1191 names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what |
69741 | 1192 it added to the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list of |
1193 currently marked files in the echo area. | |
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1194 |
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1195 @findex dired-compare-directories |
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1196 The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare |
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1197 the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files |
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1198 that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks |
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1199 in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes |
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1200 the current buffer. |
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1201 |
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1202 The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the |
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1203 prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does |
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1204 not appear in the other directory is ``different''. You can specify |
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1205 more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can |
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1206 refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective |
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1207 file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification |
70485 | 1208 times in seconds, as floating point numbers; and @code{fa1} and |
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1209 @code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the |
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1210 function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for |
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1211 each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is |
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1212 non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different''. |
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1213 |
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1214 For instance, @code{M-x dired-compare-directories @key{RET} (> |
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1215 mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this directory than in |
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1216 the other, and marks files older in the other directory than in this |
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1217 one. It also marks files with no counterpart, in both directories, as |
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1218 always. |
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1219 |
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1220 @cindex drag and drop, Dired |
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1221 On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop'' |
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1222 protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop |
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1223 it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link |
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1224 to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is |
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1225 determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired |
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1226 buffer is currently not supported. |
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1227 |
52401 | 1228 @ignore |
1229 arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1 | |
1230 @end ignore |