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annotate man/emacs.texi @ 70989:ada2d7961a39
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author | YAMAMOTO Mitsuharu <mituharu@math.s.chiba-u.ac.jp> |
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date | Sat, 27 May 2006 08:46:03 +0000 |
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs |
24093 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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7 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
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8 @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
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9 |
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10 @copying |
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11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 13 |
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14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, |
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15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software |
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16 Foundation, Inc. |
24093 | 17 |
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18 @quotation |
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19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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26 License.'' |
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27 |
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28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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29 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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30 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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31 @end quotation |
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32 @end copying |
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33 |
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34 @dircategory Emacs |
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35 @direntry |
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36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
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37 @end direntry |
24093 | 38 |
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
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41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
24093 | 42 |
69012 | 43 @smallbook |
24093 | 44 |
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45 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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46 @c save on paper cost. Also do not declare @setchapternewpage odd. |
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47 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
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48 @tex |
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49 @fonttextsize 10 |
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50 @end tex |
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51 |
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52 @defcodeindex op |
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53 @synindex pg cp |
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54 |
24093 | 55 @iftex |
56 @kbdinputstyle code | |
57 | |
58 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
59 @end iftex | |
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60 |
24093 | 61 @titlepage |
62 @sp 6 | |
63 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
64 @sp 4 | |
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65 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 66 @sp 5 |
67 @center Richard Stallman | |
68 @page | |
69 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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70 @insertcopying |
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71 |
24093 | 72 @sp 2 |
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73 ISBN 1-882114-06-X @* |
24093 | 74 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
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75 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* |
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76 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA |
24093 | 77 |
78 @sp 2 | |
79 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
80 | |
81 @end titlepage | |
69885 | 82 |
83 | |
84 @summarycontents | |
85 @contents | |
86 | |
87 | |
30870 | 88 @ifnottex |
24093 | 89 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
90 @top The Emacs Editor | |
91 | |
92 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
93 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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94 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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95 @value{EMACSVER}. |
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96 |
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97 @ifinfo |
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98 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and |
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99 Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info |
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100 commands. |
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101 @end ifinfo |
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102 |
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103 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
24093 | 104 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
30870 | 105 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 106 |
107 @ignore | |
108 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
109 and to avoid conflicts. | |
110 Completion | |
111 Backup Files | |
112 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
113 Snapshots | |
114 Text Mode | |
115 Outline Mode | |
116 @TeX{} Mode | |
117 Formatted Text | |
118 Shell Command History | |
119 | |
120 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
121 to avoid conflicts. | |
122 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
123 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
124 @end ignore | |
125 | |
126 @menu | |
127 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
128 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
129 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
130 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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131 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 132 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
133 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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134 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21. |
34199 | 135 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
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136 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. |
24093 | 137 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! |
53695 | 138 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 139 |
140 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
141 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
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142 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
24093 | 143 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. |
144 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
145 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
146 | |
147 Important General Concepts | |
148 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
149 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
150 function keys). | |
151 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
152 editing action. | |
153 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
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154 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers |
24093 | 155 and strings). |
156 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
157 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
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158 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
24093 | 159 |
160 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
161 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
162 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
163 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
164 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
165 | |
166 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
167 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
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168 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
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169 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
24093 | 170 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
171 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
172 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
173 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
174 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
175 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
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176 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of |
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177 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
24093 | 178 |
179 Major Structures of Emacs | |
180 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
181 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
182 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
183 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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184 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 185 |
186 Advanced Features | |
187 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
188 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
189 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
190 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
191 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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192 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 193 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
194 the number of characters you must type. | |
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195 @ifnottex |
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196 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using |
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197 the quarter-plane screen model. |
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198 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 199 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. |
200 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
201 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
202 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
203 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
204 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
205 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
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206 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. |
24093 | 207 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
208 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
209 of the buffer. | |
210 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
211 in side-by-side windows. | |
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212 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. |
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213 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. |
24093 | 214 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing |
215 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 216 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 217 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 218 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
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219 * Thumbnails:: Browsing images using thumbnails. |
24093 | 220 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
221 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
222 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
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223 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
24093 | 224 |
225 Recovery from Problems | |
226 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
227 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
228 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
229 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
230 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
231 | |
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232 Detailed Node Listing |
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233 --------------------- |
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234 |
24093 | 235 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones |
236 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
237 | |
238 The Organization of the Screen | |
239 | |
240 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
241 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
242 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
243 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
244 | |
245 Basic Editing Commands | |
246 | |
247 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
248 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
249 change something. | |
250 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
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251 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. |
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252 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
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253 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. |
24093 | 254 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. |
255 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
256 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
257 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
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258 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. |
24093 | 259 |
260 The Minibuffer | |
261 | |
262 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
263 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
264 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
265 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
266 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
267 | |
268 Help | |
269 | |
270 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
271 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
272 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
273 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
274 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
275 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
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276 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. |
24093 | 277 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. |
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278 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. |
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279 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') |
24093 | 280 |
281 The Mark and the Region | |
282 | |
283 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
284 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
285 when there is one. | |
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286 * Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily. |
24093 | 287 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
288 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
289 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
290 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
291 | |
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292 Killing and Moving Text |
24093 | 293 |
294 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
295 blank areas. | |
296 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
297 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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298 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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299 * Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical displays: |
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300 yanking between applications. |
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301 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy |
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302 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support. |
24093 | 303 |
304 Yanking | |
305 | |
306 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
307 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
308 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
309 | |
310 Registers | |
311 | |
312 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
313 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
314 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
315 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
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316 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. |
24093 | 317 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. |
318 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
319 | |
320 Controlling the Display | |
321 | |
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322 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
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323 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. |
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324 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
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325 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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326 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. |
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327 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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328 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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329 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
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330 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
24093 | 331 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. |
332 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
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333 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. |
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334 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
36211 | 335 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 336 |
337 Searching and Replacement | |
338 | |
339 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
340 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
341 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
342 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
343 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
344 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
345 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
346 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
347 | |
348 Replacement Commands | |
349 | |
350 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
351 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
352 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
353 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
354 | |
355 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
356 | |
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357 * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands. |
24093 | 358 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. |
359 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
360 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
361 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
362 | |
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363 Keyboard Macros |
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364 |
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365 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
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366 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
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367 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
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368 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
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369 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
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370 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
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371 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard |
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372 macro. |
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373 |
24093 | 374 File Handling |
375 | |
376 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
377 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
378 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
379 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
380 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
381 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
382 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
383 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
384 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
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385 * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output. |
24093 | 386 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. |
387 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
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388 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
24093 | 389 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
390 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
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391 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
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392 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
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393 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. |
24093 | 394 |
395 Saving Files | |
396 | |
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397 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. |
24093 | 398 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. |
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399 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. |
24093 | 400 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing |
401 of one file by two users. | |
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402 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
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403 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
24093 | 404 |
405 Version Control | |
406 | |
407 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
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408 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
24093 | 409 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
410 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
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411 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
24093 | 412 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
413 | |
414 Using Multiple Buffers | |
415 | |
416 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
417 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 418 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 419 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
420 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
421 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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422 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
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423 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
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424 buffer handling. |
24093 | 425 |
426 Multiple Windows | |
427 | |
428 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
429 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
430 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
431 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
432 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
433 window rather than in another window. | |
434 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
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435 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
24093 | 436 |
437 Frames and X Windows | |
438 | |
439 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
440 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 441 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 442 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
443 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
444 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
445 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 446 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
447 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 448 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
449 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
450 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
451 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 452 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
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453 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. |
24093 | 454 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 455 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
456 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
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457 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. |
36211 | 458 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
24093 | 459 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
36211 | 460 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
24093 | 461 |
462 International Character Set Support | |
463 | |
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464 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 465 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
466 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
467 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
468 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
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469 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. |
24093 | 470 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and |
471 write files, and so on. | |
472 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
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473 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
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474 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
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475 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
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476 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting |
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477 terminal input and output. |
24093 | 478 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
479 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
480 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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481 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. |
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482 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
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483 to use without multibyte characters. |
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484 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
24093 | 485 |
486 Major Modes | |
487 | |
488 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
489 | |
490 Indentation | |
491 | |
492 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
493 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
494 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
495 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
496 | |
497 Commands for Human Languages | |
498 | |
499 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
500 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
501 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
502 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
503 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
504 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
505 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
506 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
507 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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508 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
24093 | 509 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
510 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
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511 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. |
24093 | 512 |
513 Filling Text | |
514 | |
515 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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516 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
24093 | 517 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
518 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
519 or in a comment, etc. | |
520 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
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521 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. |
24093 | 522 |
523 Editing Programs | |
524 | |
525 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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526 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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527 of a program. |
24093 | 528 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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529 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
24093 | 530 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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531 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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532 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 533 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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534 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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535 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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536 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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537 Java, and Pike modes. |
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538 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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539 |
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540 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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541 |
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542 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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543 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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544 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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545 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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546 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 547 |
548 Indentation for Programs | |
549 | |
550 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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551 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 552 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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553 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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554 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 555 |
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556 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 557 |
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558 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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559 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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560 in the structure of parentheses. |
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561 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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562 |
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563 Manipulating Comments |
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564 |
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565 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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566 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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567 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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568 |
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569 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 570 |
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571 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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572 in Info files. |
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573 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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574 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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575 |
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576 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 577 |
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578 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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579 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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580 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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581 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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582 and other neat features. |
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583 |
24093 | 584 Compiling and Testing Programs |
585 | |
586 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
587 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
588 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
589 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
590 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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591 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
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592 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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593 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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594 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
24093 | 595 with different facilities for running |
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596 the Lisp programs. |
24093 | 597 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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598 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
24093 | 599 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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600 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
24093 | 601 |
602 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
603 | |
604 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
605 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
606 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
607 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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608 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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609 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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610 Emacs. |
24093 | 611 |
69012 | 612 Maintaining Large Programs |
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613 |
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614 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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615 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. |
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616 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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617 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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618 |
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619 Tags Tables |
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620 |
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621 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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622 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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623 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. |
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624 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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625 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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626 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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627 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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628 |
24093 | 629 Abbrevs |
630 | |
631 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
632 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
633 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
634 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
635 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
636 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
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637 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. |
24093 | 638 |
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639 @ifnottex |
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640 Editing Pictures |
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641 |
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642 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. |
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643 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion |
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644 after "self-inserting" characters. |
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645 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. |
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646 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. |
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647 @end ifnottex |
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648 |
24093 | 649 Sending Mail |
650 | |
651 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
652 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
653 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
654 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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655 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 656 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
657 | |
658 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
659 | |
660 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
661 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
662 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
663 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
664 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
665 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
666 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
667 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
668 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
669 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
670 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
671 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
672 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
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673 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. |
24093 | 674 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. |
675 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
676 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
677 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
678 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
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679 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. |
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680 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in |
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681 Various Formats |
24093 | 682 |
683 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
684 | |
685 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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686 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 687 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
688 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
689 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
690 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
691 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
692 either one file or several files. | |
693 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
694 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
695 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
696 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
697 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
698 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
699 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
700 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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701 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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702 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. |
24093 | 703 |
704 The Calendar and the Diary | |
705 | |
706 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
707 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
708 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
709 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
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710 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. |
24093 | 711 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. |
712 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
713 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
714 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
715 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
716 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
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717 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. |
24093 | 718 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. |
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719 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. |
24093 | 720 |
721 Movement in the Calendar | |
722 | |
723 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
724 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
725 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
726 specific date. | |
727 | |
728 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
729 | |
730 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
731 (aside from Gregorian). | |
732 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
733 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
734 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
735 | |
736 The Diary | |
737 | |
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738 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. |
24093 | 739 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. |
740 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
741 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
742 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
743 | |
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744 Gnus |
24093 | 745 |
746 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
747 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
748 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
749 | |
750 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
751 | |
752 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
753 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
754 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
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755 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
24093 | 756 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
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757 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
24093 | 758 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. |
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759 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
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760 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. |
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761 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. |
24093 | 762 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
763 | |
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764 Using Emacs as a Server |
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765 |
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766 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. |
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767 |
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768 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
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769 |
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770 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. |
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771 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. |
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772 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
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773 |
24093 | 774 Customization |
775 | |
776 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
777 independently of any others. | |
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778 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
24093 | 779 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
780 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
781 you can control their functioning. | |
782 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
783 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
784 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
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785 expressions are parsed. |
24093 | 786 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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787 @file{.emacs} file. |
24093 | 788 |
789 Variables | |
790 | |
791 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
792 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
793 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
794 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
795 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
796 | |
797 Customizing Key Bindings | |
798 | |
799 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
800 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
801 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
802 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
803 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
804 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
805 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
806 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
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807 * Non-ASCII Rebinding:: Rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as Latin-1. |
24093 | 808 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. |
809 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
810 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
811 beginners from surprises. | |
812 | |
813 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
814 | |
815 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
816 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
817 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
818 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
819 | |
820 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
821 | |
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822 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 823 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
824 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
825 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
826 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
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827 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. |
24093 | 828 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- |
829 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
830 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
831 | |
832 Reporting Bugs | |
833 | |
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834 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? |
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835 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. |
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836 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. |
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837 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 838 |
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839 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
24093 | 840 |
841 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
842 and call functions. | |
843 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
844 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
845 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
846 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
847 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
848 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
43015 | 849 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
24093 | 850 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
851 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
852 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
853 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
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854 * Misc X:: Other display options. |
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855 |
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856 Environment Variables |
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857 |
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858 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. |
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859 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. |
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860 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
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861 |
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862 X Options and Resources |
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863 |
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864 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
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865 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
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866 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
24093 | 867 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
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868 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
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869 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. |
24093 | 870 |
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871 Emacs and Mac OS |
24093 | 872 |
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873 * Mac Input:: Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
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874 * Mac International:: International character sets on Mac. |
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875 * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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876 * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on Mac. |
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877 * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac. |
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878 * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
24093 | 879 |
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880 Emacs and Microsoft Windows |
24093 | 881 |
882 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
883 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
884 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
885 @end menu | |
886 | |
887 @iftex | |
888 @unnumbered Preface | |
889 | |
890 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
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891 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a |
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892 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can |
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893 ignore the customization hints. |
24093 | 894 |
895 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
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896 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with |
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897 the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To |
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898 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial |
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899 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the |
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900 results. |
24093 | 901 |
902 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
903 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
904 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
905 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
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906 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters |
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907 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. |
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908 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them |
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909 until you are fluent. |
24093 | 910 |
911 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
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912 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters |
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913 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you |
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914 need them. |
24093 | 915 |
916 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
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917 properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems |
24093 | 918 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs |
919 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
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920 |
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921 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. |
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922 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. |
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923 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. |
24093 | 924 |
925 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
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926 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is |
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927 the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU |
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928 system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with |
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929 GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially |
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930 the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are |
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931 also distributed with GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 932 |
69012 | 933 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many |
934 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For | |
935 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons | |
936 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, | |
937 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from | |
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938 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. |
24093 | 939 |
68456
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940 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs |
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941 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, |
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|
942 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. |
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|
943 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and |
70435
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Rename `Emacs and Microsoft Windows' into `Microsoft Windows'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
944 MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft |
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|
945 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. |
69898
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|
946 @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We |
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|
947 don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual. |
24093 | 948 @end iftex |
949 | |
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950 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
24093 | 951 @unnumbered Distribution |
952 | |
953 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
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954 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs |
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|
955 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are |
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|
956 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed |
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|
957 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. |
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|
958 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing |
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|
959 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise |
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|
960 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with |
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|
961 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself |
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962 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is |
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|
963 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable |
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|
964 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. |
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|
965 @xref{Copying}. |
24093 | 966 |
62647
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|
967 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. |
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|
968 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; |
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|
969 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the |
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|
970 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see |
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|
971 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more |
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|
972 information. |
24093 | 973 |
974 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
975 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
976 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
977 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
978 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
979 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
980 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
981 | |
52574
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982 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
62647
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|
983 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is |
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|
984 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions |
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|
985 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, |
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|
986 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at |
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|
987 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, |
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|
988 write to |
24093 | 989 |
990 @display | |
991 Free Software Foundation | |
62647
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|
992 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor |
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|
993 Boston, MA 02110-1301 |
24093 | 994 USA |
995 @end display | |
996 | |
997 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
998 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
999 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1000 | |
1001 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1002 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1003 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1004 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1005 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1006 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1007 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1008 | |
56820
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(Acknowledgments): Put inside @iftex instead of @ifnotinfo.
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|
1009 @iftex |
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|
1010 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
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|
1011 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
52574
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|
1012 |
60803
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1013 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Tomas Abrahamsson, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1014 Jay K.@: Adams, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Eli |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1015 Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Per |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1016 Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1017 Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1018 W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1019 Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1020 Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1021 Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1022 Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1023 Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1024 Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1025 Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1026 Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1027 Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{i}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1028 Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1029 Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael Gschwind, Henry |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1030 Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1031 John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1032 Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Denis Howe, Lars |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1033 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Ulf Jasper, Michael |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1034 K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon Josefsson, Tomoji Kagatani, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1035 Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1036 Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Larry K.@: Kolodney, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1037 Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1038 Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, Geoff |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1039 Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Aaron Larson, James |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1040 R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1041 Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Dave |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1042 Love, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1043 Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon |
24093 | 1044 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, |
60803
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1045 Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Richard |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1046 Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1047 Moore, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1048 Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1049 Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1050 David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1051 M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1052 L.@: Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1053 A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1054 Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1055 Rob Riepel, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: Roberts, John Robinson, Danny |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1056 Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Ivar Rummelhoff, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1057 Jason Rumney, Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1058 Sato, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1059 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1060 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, Oliver |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1061 Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1062 Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1063 Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1064 Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, Ake |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1065 Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1066 Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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parents:
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|
1067 Takahashi, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1068 Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Tom Tromey, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1069 Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Ulrik Vieth, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1070 Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, Colin Walters, Barry |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1071 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1072 Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1073 Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1074 Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1075 Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian |
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1076 T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, and Detlev Zundel. |
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1077 @end iftex |
24093 | 1078 |
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1079 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top |
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1080 @unnumbered Introduction |
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1081 |
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1082 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the |
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1083 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs. |
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1084 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) |
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1085 |
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1086 We call Emacs advanced because it provides much more than simple |
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1087 insertion and deletion. It can control subprocesses, indent programs |
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1088 automatically, show two or more files at once, and edit formatted |
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1089 text. Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, |
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1090 lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and |
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1091 comments in various programming languages. |
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1092 |
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1093 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special |
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1094 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can |
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1095 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands |
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1096 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. |
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1097 |
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1098 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can alter Emacs commands' behavior |
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1099 in simple ways. For example, if you use a programming language in |
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1100 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can |
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1101 tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings |
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1102 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of |
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1103 the command set. For example, you can rebind the basic cursor motion |
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1104 commands (up, down, left and right) to any keys on the keyboard that |
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1105 you find comfortable. @xref{Customization}. |
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1106 |
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1107 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization |
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1108 and write entirely new commands---programs in the Lisp language to be |
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1109 run by Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line |
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1110 extensible'' system, which means that it is divided into many |
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1111 functions that call each other, any of which can be redefined in the |
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1112 middle of an editing session. Almost any part of Emacs can be |
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1113 replaced without making a separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the |
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1114 editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions |
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1115 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency. |
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1116 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it |
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1117 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An |
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1118 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs |
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1119 Lisp programming. |
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1120 |
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1121 When running on a graphical display, Emacs provides its own menus |
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1122 and convenient handling of mouse buttons. In addition, Emacs provides |
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1123 many of the benefits of a graphical display even on a text-only |
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1124 terminal. For instance, it can highlight parts of a file, display and |
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1125 edit several files at once, move text between files, and edit files |
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1126 while running shell commands. |
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1127 |
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1128 @include screen.texi |
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1129 @include commands.texi |
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1130 @include entering.texi |
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1131 @include basic.texi |
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1132 @include mini.texi |
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1133 @include m-x.texi |
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1134 @include help.texi |
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1135 @include mark.texi |
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1136 @include killing.texi |
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1137 @include regs.texi |
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1138 @include display.texi |
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1139 @include search.texi |
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1140 @include fixit.texi |
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1141 @include kmacro.texi |
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1142 @include files.texi |
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1143 @include buffers.texi |
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1144 @include windows.texi |
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1145 @include frames.texi |
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1146 @include mule.texi |
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1147 @include major.texi |
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1148 @include indent.texi |
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1149 @include text.texi |
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1150 @include programs.texi |
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1151 @include building.texi |
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1152 @include maintaining.texi |
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1153 @include abbrevs.texi |
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1154 @ifnottex |
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1155 @include picture-xtra.texi |
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1156 @end ifnottex |
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1157 @include sending.texi |
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1158 @include rmail.texi |
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1159 @include dired.texi |
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1160 @include calendar.texi |
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1161 @include misc.texi |
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1162 @include custom.texi |
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1163 @include trouble.texi |
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|
1164 |
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1165 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top |
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1166 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
24093 | 1167 @center Version 2, June 1991 |
1168 | |
1169 @display | |
1170 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
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|
1171 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA |
24093 | 1172 |
1173 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1174 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1175 @end display | |
1176 | |
1177 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1178 | |
1179 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1180 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1181 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1182 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1183 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1184 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1185 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
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1186 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to |
24093 | 1187 your programs, too. |
1188 | |
1189 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1190 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1191 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1192 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1193 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1194 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1195 | |
1196 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1197 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1198 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1199 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1200 | |
1201 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1202 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1203 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1204 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1205 rights. | |
1206 | |
1207 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1208 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1209 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1210 | |
1211 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1212 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1213 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1214 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1215 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1216 authors' reputations. | |
1217 | |
1218 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1219 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1220 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1221 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1222 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1223 | |
1224 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1225 modification follow. | |
1226 | |
1227 @iftex | |
1228 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1229 @end iftex | |
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1230 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1231 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION |
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1232 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1233 |
1234 @enumerate 0 | |
1235 @item | |
1236 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1237 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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1238 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1239 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1240 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1241 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1242 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1243 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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1244 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1245 |
1246 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1247 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1248 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1249 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1250 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1251 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1252 | |
1253 @item | |
1254 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1255 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1256 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1257 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1258 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1259 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1260 along with the Program. | |
1261 | |
1262 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1263 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1264 | |
1265 @item | |
1266 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1267 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1268 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1269 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1270 | |
1271 @enumerate a | |
1272 @item | |
1273 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1274 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1275 | |
1276 @item | |
1277 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1278 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1279 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1280 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1281 | |
1282 @item | |
1283 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1284 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1285 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1286 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1287 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1288 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1289 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1290 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1291 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1292 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1293 @end enumerate | |
1294 | |
1295 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1296 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1297 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1298 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1299 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1300 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1301 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1302 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1303 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1304 | |
1305 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1306 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1307 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1308 collective works based on the Program. | |
1309 | |
1310 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1311 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1312 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1313 the scope of this License. | |
1314 | |
1315 @item | |
1316 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1317 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1318 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1319 | |
1320 @enumerate a | |
1321 @item | |
1322 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1323 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1324 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1325 | |
1326 @item | |
1327 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1328 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1329 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1330 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1331 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1332 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1333 | |
1334 @item | |
1335 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1336 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1337 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1338 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1339 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1340 @end enumerate | |
1341 | |
1342 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1343 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1344 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1345 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1346 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1347 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1348 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1349 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1350 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1351 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1352 | |
1353 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1354 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1355 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1356 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1357 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1358 | |
1359 @item | |
1360 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1361 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1362 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1363 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1364 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1365 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1366 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1367 | |
1368 @item | |
1369 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1370 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1371 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1372 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1373 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1374 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1375 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1376 the Program or works based on it. | |
1377 | |
1378 @item | |
1379 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1380 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1381 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1382 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1383 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1384 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1385 this License. | |
1386 | |
1387 @item | |
1388 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1389 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1390 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1391 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1392 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1393 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1394 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1395 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1396 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1397 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1398 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1399 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1400 | |
1401 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1402 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1403 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1404 circumstances. | |
1405 | |
1406 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1407 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1408 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1409 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1410 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1411 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1412 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1413 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1414 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1415 impose that choice. | |
1416 | |
1417 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1418 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1419 | |
1420 @item | |
1421 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1422 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1423 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1424 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1425 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1426 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1427 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1428 | |
1429 @item | |
1430 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1431 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1432 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1433 address new problems or concerns. | |
1434 | |
1435 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1436 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1437 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1438 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1439 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1440 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1441 Foundation. | |
1442 | |
1443 @item | |
1444 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1445 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1446 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1447 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1448 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1449 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1450 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1451 | |
1452 @iftex | |
1453 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1454 @end iftex | |
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1455 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1456 @center NO WARRANTY |
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1457 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1458 |
1459 @item | |
1460 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1461 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1462 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1463 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1464 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1465 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1466 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1467 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1468 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1469 | |
1470 @item | |
1471 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1472 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1473 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1474 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1475 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1476 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1477 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1478 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1479 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1480 @end enumerate | |
1481 | |
1482 @iftex | |
1483 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1484 @end iftex | |
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1485 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1486 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS |
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1487 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1488 |
1489 @page | |
1490 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1491 | |
1492 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1493 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1494 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1495 | |
1496 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1497 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1498 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1499 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1500 | |
1501 @smallexample | |
1502 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1503 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1504 | |
1505 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1506 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1507 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1508 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1509 | |
1510 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1511 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1512 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1513 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1514 | |
1515 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1516 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
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1517 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. |
24093 | 1518 @end smallexample |
1519 | |
1520 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1521 | |
1522 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1523 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1524 | |
1525 @smallexample | |
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1526 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1527 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1528 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
49600
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1529 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' |
24093 | 1530 for details. |
1531 @end smallexample | |
1532 | |
1533 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1534 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1535 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1536 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1537 suits your program. | |
1538 | |
1539 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1540 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1541 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1542 | |
1543 @smallexample | |
1544 @group | |
1545 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1546 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
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1547 (which makes passes at compilers) written |
24093 | 1548 by James Hacker. |
1549 | |
1550 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1551 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1552 @end group | |
1553 @end smallexample | |
1554 | |
1555 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1556 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1557 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
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1558 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General |
24093 | 1559 Public License instead of this License. |
1560 | |
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1561 @include doclicense.texi |
24093 | 1562 @include cmdargs.texi |
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1563 @iftex |
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1564 @include xresmini.texi |
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1565 @end iftex |
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1566 @ifnottex |
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1567 @include xresources.texi |
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1568 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1569 |
1570 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1571 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1572 @include msdog.texi |
1573 @include gnu.texi | |
1574 @include glossary.texi | |
55626 | 1575 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1576 @include ack.texi |
55626 | 1577 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1578 |
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1579 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1580 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1581 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1582 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1583 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1584 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1585 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1586 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1587 |
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1588 @iftex |
24093 | 1589 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1590 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1591 @printindex ky | |
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1592 @end iftex |
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1593 |
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1594 @ifnottex |
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1595 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1596 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1597 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1598 |
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1599 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1600 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1601 @printindex op |
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1602 |
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1603 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1604 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1605 @printindex fn |
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1606 @end ifnottex |
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1607 |
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1608 @iftex |
24093 | 1609 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1610 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1611 @printindex fn | |
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1612 @end iftex |
24093 | 1613 |
1614 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1615 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1616 @printindex vr | |
1617 | |
1618 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1619 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1620 @printindex cp | |
1621 | |
1622 @bye | |
1623 | |
52401 | 1624 @ignore |
1625 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1626 @end ignore |