Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/lispref/display.texi @ 101327:b0eef2ac5a59
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column position which manifested e.g. in proced's signal completion.
author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Wed, 21 Jan 2009 21:20:55 +0000 |
parents | fb88ce222846 |
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84060 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, | |
100974 | 4 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84060 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
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6 @setfilename ../../info/display |
84060 | 7 @node Display, System Interface, Processes, Top |
8 @chapter Emacs Display | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes a number of features related to the display | |
11 that Emacs presents to the user. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
14 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
15 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. | |
16 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
17 * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. | |
18 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. | |
19 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. | |
20 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). | |
21 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
22 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. | |
23 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. | |
24 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. | |
25 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style for text characters: | |
26 font, colors, etc. | |
27 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. | |
28 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. | |
29 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. | |
30 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. | |
31 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. | |
32 * Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections. | |
33 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
34 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. | |
35 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
36 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
37 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
38 @end menu | |
39 | |
40 @node Refresh Screen | |
41 @section Refreshing the Screen | |
42 | |
43 The function @code{redraw-frame} clears and redisplays the entire | |
44 contents of a given frame (@pxref{Frames}). This is useful if the | |
45 screen is corrupted. | |
46 | |
47 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
48 @defun redraw-frame frame | |
49 This function clears and redisplays frame @var{frame}. | |
50 @end defun | |
51 | |
52 Even more powerful is @code{redraw-display}: | |
53 | |
54 @deffn Command redraw-display | |
55 This function clears and redisplays all visible frames. | |
56 @end deffn | |
57 | |
87098 | 58 In Emacs, processing user input takes priority over redisplay. If |
59 you call these functions when input is available, they don't redisplay | |
60 immediately, but the requested redisplay does happen | |
61 eventually---after all the input has been processed. | |
84060 | 62 |
63 Normally, suspending and resuming Emacs also refreshes the screen. | |
64 Some terminal emulators record separate contents for display-oriented | |
65 programs such as Emacs and for ordinary sequential display. If you are | |
66 using such a terminal, you might want to inhibit the redisplay on | |
67 resumption. | |
68 | |
69 @defvar no-redraw-on-reenter | |
70 @cindex suspend (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
71 @cindex resume (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
72 This variable controls whether Emacs redraws the entire screen after it | |
73 has been suspended and resumed. Non-@code{nil} means there is no need | |
74 to redraw, @code{nil} means redrawing is needed. The default is @code{nil}. | |
75 @end defvar | |
76 | |
77 @node Forcing Redisplay | |
78 @section Forcing Redisplay | |
79 @cindex forcing redisplay | |
80 | |
87098 | 81 Emacs normally tries to redisplay the screen whenever it waits for |
82 input. With this function you can request an immediate attempt to | |
83 redisplay, in the middle of Lisp code, without actually waiting for | |
84 input. | |
85 | |
86 @defun redisplay &optional force | |
87 This function tries immediately to redisplay, provided there are no | |
88 pending input events. It is equivalent to @code{(sit-for 0)}. | |
89 | |
90 If the optional argument @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, it does all | |
91 pending redisplay work even if input is available, with no | |
92 pre-emption. | |
93 | |
94 The function returns @code{t} if it actually tried to redisplay, and | |
95 @code{nil} otherwise. A value of @code{t} does not mean that | |
96 redisplay proceeded to completion; it could have been pre-empted by | |
97 newly arriving terminal input. | |
98 @end defun | |
99 | |
100 @code{redisplay} with no argument tries immediately to redisplay, | |
101 but has no effect on the usual rules for what parts of the screen to | |
102 redisplay. By contrast, the following function adds certain windows | |
103 to the pending redisplay work (as if their contents had completely | |
104 changed), but doesn't immediately try to do any redisplay work. | |
105 | |
106 @defun force-window-update &optional object | |
107 This function forces some or all windows to be updated on next | |
108 redisplay. If @var{object} is a window, it requires eventual | |
109 redisplay of that window. If @var{object} is a buffer or buffer name, | |
110 it requires eventual redisplay of all windows displaying that buffer. | |
111 If @var{object} is @code{nil} (or omitted), it requires eventual | |
112 redisplay of all windows. | |
113 @end defun | |
114 | |
115 @code{force-window-update} does not do a redisplay immediately. | |
116 (Emacs will do that when it waits for input.) Rather, its effect is | |
117 to put more work on the queue to be done by redisplay whenever there | |
118 is a chance. | |
119 | |
84060 | 120 Emacs redisplay normally stops if input arrives, and does not happen |
121 at all if input is available before it starts. Most of the time, this | |
122 is exactly what you want. However, you can prevent preemption by | |
123 binding @code{redisplay-dont-pause} to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
124 | |
87098 | 125 @defvar redisplay-dont-pause |
126 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, pending input does not | |
127 prevent or halt redisplay; redisplay occurs, and finishes, | |
128 regardless of whether input is available. | |
129 @end defvar | |
130 | |
84060 | 131 @defvar redisplay-preemption-period |
132 This variable specifies how many seconds Emacs waits between checks | |
133 for new input during redisplay. (The default is 0.1 seconds.) If | |
134 input has arrived when Emacs checks, it pre-empts redisplay and | |
135 processes the available input before trying again to redisplay. | |
136 | |
137 If this variable is @code{nil}, Emacs does not check for input during | |
138 redisplay, and redisplay cannot be preempted by input. | |
139 | |
140 This variable is only obeyed on graphical terminals. For | |
141 text terminals, see @ref{Terminal Output}. | |
142 @end defvar | |
143 | |
144 @node Truncation | |
145 @section Truncation | |
146 @cindex line wrapping | |
147 @cindex line truncation | |
148 @cindex continuation lines | |
149 @cindex @samp{$} in display | |
150 @cindex @samp{\} in display | |
151 | |
152 When a line of text extends beyond the right edge of a window, Emacs | |
153 can @dfn{continue} the line (make it ``wrap'' to the next screen | |
154 line), or @dfn{truncate} the line (limit it to one screen line). The | |
155 additional screen lines used to display a long text line are called | |
156 @dfn{continuation} lines. Continuation is not the same as filling; | |
157 continuation happens on the screen only, not in the buffer contents, | |
158 and it breaks a line precisely at the right margin, not at a word | |
159 boundary. @xref{Filling}. | |
160 | |
161 On a graphical display, tiny arrow images in the window fringes | |
162 indicate truncated and continued lines (@pxref{Fringes}). On a text | |
163 terminal, a @samp{$} in the rightmost column of the window indicates | |
164 truncation; a @samp{\} on the rightmost column indicates a line that | |
165 ``wraps.'' (The display table can specify alternate characters to use | |
166 for this; @pxref{Display Tables}). | |
167 | |
168 @defopt truncate-lines | |
169 This buffer-local variable controls how Emacs displays lines that extend | |
170 beyond the right edge of the window. The default is @code{nil}, which | |
171 specifies continuation. If the value is non-@code{nil}, then these | |
172 lines are truncated. | |
173 | |
174 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is non-@code{nil}, | |
175 then truncation is always used for side-by-side windows (within one | |
176 frame) regardless of the value of @code{truncate-lines}. | |
177 @end defopt | |
178 | |
179 @defopt default-truncate-lines | |
180 This variable is the default value for @code{truncate-lines}, for | |
181 buffers that do not have buffer-local values for it. | |
182 @end defopt | |
183 | |
184 @defopt truncate-partial-width-windows | |
185 This variable controls display of lines that extend beyond the right | |
186 edge of the window, in side-by-side windows (@pxref{Splitting Windows}). | |
187 If it is non-@code{nil}, these lines are truncated; otherwise, | |
188 @code{truncate-lines} says what to do with them. | |
189 @end defopt | |
190 | |
191 When horizontal scrolling (@pxref{Horizontal Scrolling}) is in use in | |
192 a window, that forces truncation. | |
193 | |
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194 @defvar wrap-prefix |
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195 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, the prefix it defines |
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196 will be added at display-time to the beginning of every continuation |
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197 line due to text wrapping (so if lines are truncated, the wrap-prefix |
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198 is never used). It may be a string, an image, or a stretch-glyph such |
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199 as used by the `display' text-property. @xref{Display Property}. |
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200 |
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201 A wrap-prefix may also be specified for regions of text using the |
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202 @code{wrap-prefix} text-property (which takes precedence over the |
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203 value of the @code{wrap-prefix} variable). @xref{Special Properties}. |
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204 @end defvar |
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205 |
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206 @defvar line-prefix |
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207 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, the prefix it defines |
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208 will be added at display-time to the beginning of every |
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209 non-continuation line It may be a string, an image, or a stretch-glyph |
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210 such as used by the `display' text-property. @xref{Display Property}. |
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211 |
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212 A line-prefix may also be specified for regions of text using the |
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213 @code{line-prefix} text-property (which takes precedence over the |
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214 value of the @code{line-prefix} variable). @xref{Special Properties}. |
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215 @end defvar |
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216 |
84060 | 217 If your buffer contains @emph{very} long lines, and you use |
218 continuation to display them, just thinking about them can make Emacs | |
219 redisplay slow. The column computation and indentation functions also | |
220 become slow. Then you might find it advisable to set | |
221 @code{cache-long-line-scans} to @code{t}. | |
222 | |
223 @defvar cache-long-line-scans | |
224 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, various indentation and motion | |
225 functions, and Emacs redisplay, cache the results of scanning the | |
226 buffer, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning regions of the buffer | |
227 unless they are modified. | |
228 | |
229 Turning on the cache slows down processing of short lines somewhat. | |
230 | |
231 This variable is automatically buffer-local in every buffer. | |
232 @end defvar | |
233 | |
234 @node The Echo Area | |
235 @section The Echo Area | |
236 @cindex error display | |
237 @cindex echo area | |
238 | |
239 The @dfn{echo area} is used for displaying error messages | |
240 (@pxref{Errors}), for messages made with the @code{message} primitive, | |
241 and for echoing keystrokes. It is not the same as the minibuffer, | |
242 despite the fact that the minibuffer appears (when active) in the same | |
243 place on the screen as the echo area. The @cite{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
244 specifies the rules for resolving conflicts between the echo area and | |
245 the minibuffer for use of that screen space (@pxref{Minibuffer,, The | |
246 Minibuffer, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
247 | |
248 You can write output in the echo area by using the Lisp printing | |
249 functions with @code{t} as the stream (@pxref{Output Functions}), or | |
250 explicitly. | |
251 | |
252 @menu | |
253 * Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area. | |
254 * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation. | |
255 * Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user. | |
256 * Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area. | |
257 @end menu | |
258 | |
259 @node Displaying Messages | |
260 @subsection Displaying Messages in the Echo Area | |
261 @cindex display message in echo area | |
262 | |
263 This section describes the functions for explicitly producing echo | |
264 area messages. Many other Emacs features display messages there, too. | |
265 | |
266 @defun message format-string &rest arguments | |
267 This function displays a message in the echo area. The argument | |
268 @var{format-string} is similar to a C language @code{printf} format | |
269 string. See @code{format} in @ref{Formatting Strings}, for the details | |
270 on the conversion specifications. @code{message} returns the | |
271 constructed string. | |
272 | |
273 In batch mode, @code{message} prints the message text on the standard | |
274 error stream, followed by a newline. | |
275 | |
276 If @var{format-string}, or strings among the @var{arguments}, have | |
277 @code{face} text properties, these affect the way the message is displayed. | |
278 | |
279 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
280 If @var{format-string} is @code{nil} or the empty string, | |
281 @code{message} clears the echo area; if the echo area has been | |
282 expanded automatically, this brings it back to its normal size. | |
283 If the minibuffer is active, this brings the minibuffer contents back | |
284 onto the screen immediately. | |
285 | |
286 @example | |
287 @group | |
288 (message "Minibuffer depth is %d." | |
289 (minibuffer-depth)) | |
290 @print{} Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
291 @result{} "Minibuffer depth is 0." | |
292 @end group | |
293 | |
294 @group | |
295 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
296 Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
297 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
298 @end group | |
299 @end example | |
300 | |
301 To automatically display a message in the echo area or in a pop-buffer, | |
302 depending on its size, use @code{display-message-or-buffer} (see below). | |
303 @end defun | |
304 | |
305 @defmac with-temp-message message &rest body | |
306 This construct displays a message in the echo area temporarily, during | |
307 the execution of @var{body}. It displays @var{message}, executes | |
308 @var{body}, then returns the value of the last body form while restoring | |
309 the previous echo area contents. | |
310 @end defmac | |
311 | |
312 @defun message-or-box format-string &rest arguments | |
313 This function displays a message like @code{message}, but may display it | |
314 in a dialog box instead of the echo area. If this function is called in | |
315 a command that was invoked using the mouse---more precisely, if | |
316 @code{last-nonmenu-event} (@pxref{Command Loop Info}) is either | |
317 @code{nil} or a list---then it uses a dialog box or pop-up menu to | |
318 display the message. Otherwise, it uses the echo area. (This is the | |
319 same criterion that @code{y-or-n-p} uses to make a similar decision; see | |
320 @ref{Yes-or-No Queries}.) | |
321 | |
322 You can force use of the mouse or of the echo area by binding | |
323 @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable value around the call. | |
324 @end defun | |
325 | |
326 @defun message-box format-string &rest arguments | |
327 @anchor{message-box} | |
328 This function displays a message like @code{message}, but uses a dialog | |
329 box (or a pop-up menu) whenever that is possible. If it is impossible | |
330 to use a dialog box or pop-up menu, because the terminal does not | |
331 support them, then @code{message-box} uses the echo area, like | |
332 @code{message}. | |
333 @end defun | |
334 | |
335 @defun display-message-or-buffer message &optional buffer-name not-this-window frame | |
336 This function displays the message @var{message}, which may be either a | |
337 string or a buffer. If it is shorter than the maximum height of the | |
338 echo area, as defined by @code{max-mini-window-height}, it is displayed | |
339 in the echo area, using @code{message}. Otherwise, | |
340 @code{display-buffer} is used to show it in a pop-up buffer. | |
341 | |
342 Returns either the string shown in the echo area, or when a pop-up | |
343 buffer is used, the window used to display it. | |
344 | |
345 If @var{message} is a string, then the optional argument | |
346 @var{buffer-name} is the name of the buffer used to display it when a | |
347 pop-up buffer is used, defaulting to @samp{*Message*}. In the case | |
348 where @var{message} is a string and displayed in the echo area, it is | |
349 not specified whether the contents are inserted into the buffer anyway. | |
350 | |
351 The optional arguments @var{not-this-window} and @var{frame} are as for | |
352 @code{display-buffer}, and only used if a buffer is displayed. | |
353 @end defun | |
354 | |
355 @defun current-message | |
356 This function returns the message currently being displayed in the | |
357 echo area, or @code{nil} if there is none. | |
358 @end defun | |
359 | |
360 @node Progress | |
361 @subsection Reporting Operation Progress | |
362 @cindex progress reporting | |
363 | |
364 When an operation can take a while to finish, you should inform the | |
365 user about the progress it makes. This way the user can estimate | |
366 remaining time and clearly see that Emacs is busy working, not hung. | |
367 | |
368 Functions listed in this section provide simple and efficient way of | |
369 reporting operation progress. Here is a working example that does | |
370 nothing useful: | |
371 | |
372 @smallexample | |
373 (let ((progress-reporter | |
374 (make-progress-reporter "Collecting mana for Emacs..." | |
375 0 500))) | |
376 (dotimes (k 500) | |
377 (sit-for 0.01) | |
378 (progress-reporter-update progress-reporter k)) | |
379 (progress-reporter-done progress-reporter)) | |
380 @end smallexample | |
381 | |
382 @defun make-progress-reporter message min-value max-value &optional current-value min-change min-time | |
383 This function creates and returns a @dfn{progress reporter}---an | |
384 object you will use as an argument for all other functions listed | |
385 here. The idea is to precompute as much data as possible to make | |
386 progress reporting very fast. | |
387 | |
388 When this progress reporter is subsequently used, it will display | |
389 @var{message} in the echo area, followed by progress percentage. | |
390 @var{message} is treated as a simple string. If you need it to depend | |
391 on a filename, for instance, use @code{format} before calling this | |
392 function. | |
393 | |
394 @var{min-value} and @var{max-value} arguments stand for starting and | |
395 final states of your operation. For instance, if you scan a buffer, | |
396 they should be the results of @code{point-min} and @code{point-max} | |
397 correspondingly. It is required that @var{max-value} is greater than | |
398 @var{min-value}. If you create progress reporter when some part of | |
399 the operation has already been completed, then specify | |
400 @var{current-value} argument. But normally you should omit it or set | |
401 it to @code{nil}---it will default to @var{min-value} then. | |
402 | |
403 Remaining arguments control the rate of echo area updates. Progress | |
404 reporter will wait for at least @var{min-change} more percents of the | |
405 operation to be completed before printing next message. | |
406 @var{min-time} specifies the minimum time in seconds to pass between | |
407 successive prints. It can be fractional. Depending on Emacs and | |
408 system capabilities, progress reporter may or may not respect this | |
409 last argument or do it with varying precision. Default value for | |
410 @var{min-change} is 1 (one percent), for @var{min-time}---0.2 | |
411 (seconds.) | |
412 | |
413 This function calls @code{progress-reporter-update}, so the first | |
414 message is printed immediately. | |
415 @end defun | |
416 | |
417 @defun progress-reporter-update reporter value | |
418 This function does the main work of reporting progress of your | |
419 operation. It displays the message of @var{reporter}, followed by | |
420 progress percentage determined by @var{value}. If percentage is zero, | |
421 or close enough according to the @var{min-change} and @var{min-time} | |
422 arguments, then it is omitted from the output. | |
423 | |
424 @var{reporter} must be the result of a call to | |
425 @code{make-progress-reporter}. @var{value} specifies the current | |
426 state of your operation and must be between @var{min-value} and | |
427 @var{max-value} (inclusive) as passed to | |
428 @code{make-progress-reporter}. For instance, if you scan a buffer, | |
429 then @var{value} should be the result of a call to @code{point}. | |
430 | |
431 This function respects @var{min-change} and @var{min-time} as passed | |
432 to @code{make-progress-reporter} and so does not output new messages | |
433 on every invocation. It is thus very fast and normally you should not | |
434 try to reduce the number of calls to it: resulting overhead will most | |
435 likely negate your effort. | |
436 @end defun | |
437 | |
438 @defun progress-reporter-force-update reporter value &optional new-message | |
439 This function is similar to @code{progress-reporter-update} except | |
440 that it prints a message in the echo area unconditionally. | |
441 | |
442 The first two arguments have the same meaning as for | |
443 @code{progress-reporter-update}. Optional @var{new-message} allows | |
444 you to change the message of the @var{reporter}. Since this functions | |
445 always updates the echo area, such a change will be immediately | |
446 presented to the user. | |
447 @end defun | |
448 | |
449 @defun progress-reporter-done reporter | |
450 This function should be called when the operation is finished. It | |
451 prints the message of @var{reporter} followed by word ``done'' in the | |
452 echo area. | |
453 | |
454 You should always call this function and not hope for | |
455 @code{progress-reporter-update} to print ``100%.'' Firstly, it may | |
456 never print it, there are many good reasons for this not to happen. | |
457 Secondly, ``done'' is more explicit. | |
458 @end defun | |
459 | |
460 @defmac dotimes-with-progress-reporter (var count [result]) message body@dots{} | |
461 This is a convenience macro that works the same way as @code{dotimes} | |
462 does, but also reports loop progress using the functions described | |
463 above. It allows you to save some typing. | |
464 | |
465 You can rewrite the example in the beginning of this node using | |
466 this macro this way: | |
467 | |
468 @example | |
469 (dotimes-with-progress-reporter | |
470 (k 500) | |
471 "Collecting some mana for Emacs..." | |
472 (sit-for 0.01)) | |
473 @end example | |
474 @end defmac | |
475 | |
476 @node Logging Messages | |
477 @subsection Logging Messages in @samp{*Messages*} | |
478 @cindex logging echo-area messages | |
479 | |
480 Almost all the messages displayed in the echo area are also recorded | |
481 in the @samp{*Messages*} buffer so that the user can refer back to | |
482 them. This includes all the messages that are output with | |
483 @code{message}. | |
484 | |
485 @defopt message-log-max | |
486 This variable specifies how many lines to keep in the @samp{*Messages*} | |
487 buffer. The value @code{t} means there is no limit on how many lines to | |
488 keep. The value @code{nil} disables message logging entirely. Here's | |
489 how to display a message and prevent it from being logged: | |
490 | |
491 @example | |
492 (let (message-log-max) | |
493 (message @dots{})) | |
494 @end example | |
495 @end defopt | |
496 | |
497 To make @samp{*Messages*} more convenient for the user, the logging | |
498 facility combines successive identical messages. It also combines | |
499 successive related messages for the sake of two cases: question | |
500 followed by answer, and a series of progress messages. | |
501 | |
502 A ``question followed by an answer'' means two messages like the | |
503 ones produced by @code{y-or-n-p}: the first is @samp{@var{question}}, | |
504 and the second is @samp{@var{question}...@var{answer}}. The first | |
505 message conveys no additional information beyond what's in the second, | |
506 so logging the second message discards the first from the log. | |
507 | |
508 A ``series of progress messages'' means successive messages like | |
509 those produced by @code{make-progress-reporter}. They have the form | |
510 @samp{@var{base}...@var{how-far}}, where @var{base} is the same each | |
511 time, while @var{how-far} varies. Logging each message in the series | |
512 discards the previous one, provided they are consecutive. | |
513 | |
514 The functions @code{make-progress-reporter} and @code{y-or-n-p} | |
515 don't have to do anything special to activate the message log | |
516 combination feature. It operates whenever two consecutive messages | |
517 are logged that share a common prefix ending in @samp{...}. | |
518 | |
519 @node Echo Area Customization | |
520 @subsection Echo Area Customization | |
521 | |
522 These variables control details of how the echo area works. | |
523 | |
524 @defvar cursor-in-echo-area | |
525 This variable controls where the cursor appears when a message is | |
526 displayed in the echo area. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the cursor | |
527 appears at the end of the message. Otherwise, the cursor appears at | |
528 point---not in the echo area at all. | |
529 | |
530 The value is normally @code{nil}; Lisp programs bind it to @code{t} | |
531 for brief periods of time. | |
532 @end defvar | |
533 | |
534 @defvar echo-area-clear-hook | |
535 This normal hook is run whenever the echo area is cleared---either by | |
536 @code{(message nil)} or for any other reason. | |
537 @end defvar | |
538 | |
539 @defvar echo-keystrokes | |
540 This variable determines how much time should elapse before command | |
541 characters echo. Its value must be an integer or floating point number, | |
542 which specifies the | |
543 number of seconds to wait before echoing. If the user types a prefix | |
544 key (such as @kbd{C-x}) and then delays this many seconds before | |
545 continuing, the prefix key is echoed in the echo area. (Once echoing | |
546 begins in a key sequence, all subsequent characters in the same key | |
547 sequence are echoed immediately.) | |
548 | |
549 If the value is zero, then command input is not echoed. | |
550 @end defvar | |
551 | |
552 @defvar message-truncate-lines | |
553 Normally, displaying a long message resizes the echo area to display | |
554 the entire message. But if the variable @code{message-truncate-lines} | |
555 is non-@code{nil}, the echo area does not resize, and the message is | |
556 truncated to fit it, as in Emacs 20 and before. | |
557 @end defvar | |
558 | |
559 The variable @code{max-mini-window-height}, which specifies the | |
560 maximum height for resizing minibuffer windows, also applies to the | |
561 echo area (which is really a special use of the minibuffer window. | |
98185
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* display.texi (Echo Area Customization): Fix typo.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
562 @xref{Minibuffer Misc}.). |
84060 | 563 |
564 @node Warnings | |
565 @section Reporting Warnings | |
566 @cindex warnings | |
567 | |
568 @dfn{Warnings} are a facility for a program to inform the user of a | |
569 possible problem, but continue running. | |
570 | |
571 @menu | |
572 * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them. | |
573 * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings. | |
574 * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings. | |
575 @end menu | |
576 | |
577 @node Warning Basics | |
578 @subsection Warning Basics | |
579 @cindex severity level | |
580 | |
581 Every warning has a textual message, which explains the problem for | |
582 the user, and a @dfn{severity level} which is a symbol. Here are the | |
583 possible severity levels, in order of decreasing severity, and their | |
584 meanings: | |
585 | |
586 @table @code | |
587 @item :emergency | |
588 A problem that will seriously impair Emacs operation soon | |
589 if you do not attend to it promptly. | |
590 @item :error | |
591 A report of data or circumstances that are inherently wrong. | |
592 @item :warning | |
593 A report of data or circumstances that are not inherently wrong, but | |
594 raise suspicion of a possible problem. | |
595 @item :debug | |
596 A report of information that may be useful if you are debugging. | |
597 @end table | |
598 | |
599 When your program encounters invalid input data, it can either | |
600 signal a Lisp error by calling @code{error} or @code{signal} or report | |
601 a warning with severity @code{:error}. Signaling a Lisp error is the | |
602 easiest thing to do, but it means the program cannot continue | |
603 processing. If you want to take the trouble to implement a way to | |
604 continue processing despite the bad data, then reporting a warning of | |
605 severity @code{:error} is the right way to inform the user of the | |
606 problem. For instance, the Emacs Lisp byte compiler can report an | |
607 error that way and continue compiling other functions. (If the | |
608 program signals a Lisp error and then handles it with | |
609 @code{condition-case}, the user won't see the error message; it could | |
610 show the message to the user by reporting it as a warning.) | |
611 | |
612 @cindex warning type | |
613 Each warning has a @dfn{warning type} to classify it. The type is a | |
614 list of symbols. The first symbol should be the custom group that you | |
615 use for the program's user options. For example, byte compiler | |
616 warnings use the warning type @code{(bytecomp)}. You can also | |
617 subcategorize the warnings, if you wish, by using more symbols in the | |
618 list. | |
619 | |
620 @defun display-warning type message &optional level buffer-name | |
621 This function reports a warning, using @var{message} as the message | |
622 and @var{type} as the warning type. @var{level} should be the | |
623 severity level, with @code{:warning} being the default. | |
624 | |
625 @var{buffer-name}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the name of the buffer | |
626 for logging the warning. By default, it is @samp{*Warnings*}. | |
627 @end defun | |
628 | |
629 @defun lwarn type level message &rest args | |
630 This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format | |
631 @var{message} @var{args}...)} as the message. In other respects it is | |
632 equivalent to @code{display-warning}. | |
633 @end defun | |
634 | |
635 @defun warn message &rest args | |
636 This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format | |
637 @var{message} @var{args}...)} as the message, @code{(emacs)} as the | |
638 type, and @code{:warning} as the severity level. It exists for | |
639 compatibility only; we recommend not using it, because you should | |
640 specify a specific warning type. | |
641 @end defun | |
642 | |
643 @node Warning Variables | |
644 @subsection Warning Variables | |
645 | |
646 Programs can customize how their warnings appear by binding | |
647 the variables described in this section. | |
648 | |
649 @defvar warning-levels | |
650 This list defines the meaning and severity order of the warning | |
651 severity levels. Each element defines one severity level, | |
652 and they are arranged in order of decreasing severity. | |
653 | |
654 Each element has the form @code{(@var{level} @var{string} | |
655 @var{function})}, where @var{level} is the severity level it defines. | |
656 @var{string} specifies the textual description of this level. | |
657 @var{string} should use @samp{%s} to specify where to put the warning | |
658 type information, or it can omit the @samp{%s} so as not to include | |
659 that information. | |
660 | |
661 The optional @var{function}, if non-@code{nil}, is a function to call | |
662 with no arguments, to get the user's attention. | |
663 | |
664 Normally you should not change the value of this variable. | |
665 @end defvar | |
666 | |
667 @defvar warning-prefix-function | |
668 If non-@code{nil}, the value is a function to generate prefix text for | |
669 warnings. Programs can bind the variable to a suitable function. | |
670 @code{display-warning} calls this function with the warnings buffer | |
671 current, and the function can insert text in it. That text becomes | |
672 the beginning of the warning message. | |
673 | |
674 The function is called with two arguments, the severity level and its | |
675 entry in @code{warning-levels}. It should return a list to use as the | |
676 entry (this value need not be an actual member of | |
677 @code{warning-levels}). By constructing this value, the function can | |
678 change the severity of the warning, or specify different handling for | |
679 a given severity level. | |
680 | |
681 If the variable's value is @code{nil} then there is no function | |
682 to call. | |
683 @end defvar | |
684 | |
685 @defvar warning-series | |
686 Programs can bind this variable to @code{t} to say that the next | |
687 warning should begin a series. When several warnings form a series, | |
688 that means to leave point on the first warning of the series, rather | |
689 than keep moving it for each warning so that it appears on the last one. | |
690 The series ends when the local binding is unbound and | |
691 @code{warning-series} becomes @code{nil} again. | |
692 | |
693 The value can also be a symbol with a function definition. That is | |
694 equivalent to @code{t}, except that the next warning will also call | |
695 the function with no arguments with the warnings buffer current. The | |
696 function can insert text which will serve as a header for the series | |
697 of warnings. | |
698 | |
699 Once a series has begun, the value is a marker which points to the | |
700 buffer position in the warnings buffer of the start of the series. | |
701 | |
702 The variable's normal value is @code{nil}, which means to handle | |
703 each warning separately. | |
704 @end defvar | |
705 | |
706 @defvar warning-fill-prefix | |
707 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a fill prefix to | |
708 use for filling each warning's text. | |
709 @end defvar | |
710 | |
711 @defvar warning-type-format | |
712 This variable specifies the format for displaying the warning type | |
713 in the warning message. The result of formatting the type this way | |
714 gets included in the message under the control of the string in the | |
715 entry in @code{warning-levels}. The default value is @code{" (%s)"}. | |
716 If you bind it to @code{""} then the warning type won't appear at | |
717 all. | |
718 @end defvar | |
719 | |
720 @node Warning Options | |
721 @subsection Warning Options | |
722 | |
723 These variables are used by users to control what happens | |
724 when a Lisp program reports a warning. | |
725 | |
726 @defopt warning-minimum-level | |
727 This user option specifies the minimum severity level that should be | |
728 shown immediately to the user. The default is @code{:warning}, which | |
729 means to immediately display all warnings except @code{:debug} | |
730 warnings. | |
731 @end defopt | |
732 | |
733 @defopt warning-minimum-log-level | |
734 This user option specifies the minimum severity level that should be | |
735 logged in the warnings buffer. The default is @code{:warning}, which | |
736 means to log all warnings except @code{:debug} warnings. | |
737 @end defopt | |
738 | |
739 @defopt warning-suppress-types | |
740 This list specifies which warning types should not be displayed | |
741 immediately for the user. Each element of the list should be a list | |
742 of symbols. If its elements match the first elements in a warning | |
743 type, then that warning is not displayed immediately. | |
744 @end defopt | |
745 | |
746 @defopt warning-suppress-log-types | |
747 This list specifies which warning types should not be logged in the | |
748 warnings buffer. Each element of the list should be a list of | |
749 symbols. If it matches the first few elements in a warning type, then | |
750 that warning is not logged. | |
751 @end defopt | |
752 | |
753 @node Invisible Text | |
754 @section Invisible Text | |
755 | |
756 @cindex invisible text | |
757 You can make characters @dfn{invisible}, so that they do not appear on | |
758 the screen, with the @code{invisible} property. This can be either a | |
759 text property (@pxref{Text Properties}) or a property of an overlay | |
760 (@pxref{Overlays}). Cursor motion also partly ignores these | |
761 characters; if the command loop finds point within them, it moves | |
762 point to the other side of them. | |
763 | |
764 In the simplest case, any non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property makes | |
765 a character invisible. This is the default case---if you don't alter | |
766 the default value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}, this is how the | |
767 @code{invisible} property works. You should normally use @code{t} | |
768 as the value of the @code{invisible} property if you don't plan | |
769 to set @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} yourself. | |
770 | |
771 More generally, you can use the variable @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} | |
772 to control which values of the @code{invisible} property make text | |
773 invisible. This permits you to classify the text into different subsets | |
774 in advance, by giving them different @code{invisible} values, and | |
775 subsequently make various subsets visible or invisible by changing the | |
776 value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. | |
777 | |
778 Controlling visibility with @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is | |
779 especially useful in a program to display the list of entries in a | |
780 database. It permits the implementation of convenient filtering | |
781 commands to view just a part of the entries in the database. Setting | |
782 this variable is very fast, much faster than scanning all the text in | |
783 the buffer looking for properties to change. | |
784 | |
785 @defvar buffer-invisibility-spec | |
786 This variable specifies which kinds of @code{invisible} properties | |
787 actually make a character invisible. Setting this variable makes it | |
788 buffer-local. | |
789 | |
790 @table @asis | |
791 @item @code{t} | |
792 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property is | |
793 non-@code{nil}. This is the default. | |
794 | |
795 @item a list | |
796 Each element of the list specifies a criterion for invisibility; if a | |
797 character's @code{invisible} property fits any one of these criteria, | |
798 the character is invisible. The list can have two kinds of elements: | |
799 | |
800 @table @code | |
801 @item @var{atom} | |
802 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value | |
803 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. | |
804 | |
805 @item (@var{atom} . t) | |
806 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value is | |
807 @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. Moreover, | |
808 a sequence of such characters displays as an ellipsis. | |
809 @end table | |
810 @end table | |
811 @end defvar | |
812 | |
813 Two functions are specifically provided for adding elements to | |
814 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and removing elements from it. | |
815 | |
816 @defun add-to-invisibility-spec element | |
817 This function adds the element @var{element} to | |
818 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. If @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} | |
819 was @code{t}, it changes to a list, @code{(t)}, so that text whose | |
820 @code{invisible} property is @code{t} remains invisible. | |
821 @end defun | |
822 | |
823 @defun remove-from-invisibility-spec element | |
824 This removes the element @var{element} from | |
825 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. This does nothing if @var{element} | |
826 is not in the list. | |
827 @end defun | |
828 | |
829 A convention for use of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is that a | |
830 major mode should use the mode's own name as an element of | |
831 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and as the value of the | |
832 @code{invisible} property: | |
833 | |
834 @example | |
835 ;; @r{If you want to display an ellipsis:} | |
836 (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) | |
837 ;; @r{If you don't want ellipsis:} | |
838 (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) | |
839 | |
840 (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) | |
841 'invisible 'my-symbol) | |
842 | |
843 ;; @r{When done with the overlays:} | |
844 (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) | |
845 ;; @r{Or respectively:} | |
846 (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) | |
847 @end example | |
848 | |
849 @vindex line-move-ignore-invisible | |
850 Ordinarily, functions that operate on text or move point do not care | |
851 whether the text is invisible. The user-level line motion commands | |
852 explicitly ignore invisible newlines if | |
853 @code{line-move-ignore-invisible} is non-@code{nil} (the default), but | |
854 only because they are explicitly programmed to do so. | |
855 | |
856 However, if a command ends with point inside or immediately before | |
857 invisible text, the main editing loop moves point further forward or | |
858 further backward (in the same direction that the command already moved | |
859 it) until that condition is no longer true. Thus, if the command | |
860 moved point back into an invisible range, Emacs moves point back to | |
861 the beginning of that range, and then back one more character. If the | |
862 command moved point forward into an invisible range, Emacs moves point | |
863 forward up to the first visible character that follows the invisible | |
864 text. | |
865 | |
866 Incremental search can make invisible overlays visible temporarily | |
867 and/or permanently when a match includes invisible text. To enable | |
868 this, the overlay should have a non-@code{nil} | |
869 @code{isearch-open-invisible} property. The property value should be a | |
870 function to be called with the overlay as an argument. This function | |
871 should make the overlay visible permanently; it is used when the match | |
872 overlaps the overlay on exit from the search. | |
873 | |
874 During the search, such overlays are made temporarily visible by | |
875 temporarily modifying their invisible and intangible properties. If you | |
876 want this to be done differently for a certain overlay, give it an | |
877 @code{isearch-open-invisible-temporary} property which is a function. | |
878 The function is called with two arguments: the first is the overlay, and | |
879 the second is @code{nil} to make the overlay visible, or @code{t} to | |
880 make it invisible again. | |
881 | |
882 @node Selective Display | |
883 @section Selective Display | |
884 @c @cindex selective display Duplicates selective-display | |
885 | |
886 @dfn{Selective display} refers to a pair of related features for | |
887 hiding certain lines on the screen. | |
888 | |
889 The first variant, explicit selective display, is designed for use | |
890 in a Lisp program: it controls which lines are hidden by altering the | |
891 text. This kind of hiding in some ways resembles the effect of the | |
892 @code{invisible} property (@pxref{Invisible Text}), but the two | |
893 features are different and do not work the same way. | |
894 | |
895 In the second variant, the choice of lines to hide is made | |
896 automatically based on indentation. This variant is designed to be a | |
897 user-level feature. | |
898 | |
899 The way you control explicit selective display is by replacing a | |
900 newline (control-j) with a carriage return (control-m). The text that | |
901 was formerly a line following that newline is now hidden. Strictly | |
902 speaking, it is temporarily no longer a line at all, since only | |
903 newlines can separate lines; it is now part of the previous line. | |
904 | |
905 Selective display does not directly affect editing commands. For | |
906 example, @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) moves point unhesitatingly | |
907 into hidden text. However, the replacement of newline characters with | |
908 carriage return characters affects some editing commands. For | |
909 example, @code{next-line} skips hidden lines, since it searches only | |
910 for newlines. Modes that use selective display can also define | |
911 commands that take account of the newlines, or that control which | |
912 parts of the text are hidden. | |
913 | |
914 When you write a selectively displayed buffer into a file, all the | |
915 control-m's are output as newlines. This means that when you next read | |
916 in the file, it looks OK, with nothing hidden. The selective display | |
917 effect is seen only within Emacs. | |
918 | |
919 @defvar selective-display | |
920 This buffer-local variable enables selective display. This means that | |
921 lines, or portions of lines, may be made hidden. | |
922 | |
923 @itemize @bullet | |
924 @item | |
925 If the value of @code{selective-display} is @code{t}, then the character | |
926 control-m marks the start of hidden text; the control-m, and the rest | |
927 of the line following it, are not displayed. This is explicit selective | |
928 display. | |
929 | |
930 @item | |
931 If the value of @code{selective-display} is a positive integer, then | |
932 lines that start with more than that many columns of indentation are not | |
933 displayed. | |
934 @end itemize | |
935 | |
936 When some portion of a buffer is hidden, the vertical movement | |
937 commands operate as if that portion did not exist, allowing a single | |
938 @code{next-line} command to skip any number of hidden lines. | |
939 However, character movement commands (such as @code{forward-char}) do | |
940 not skip the hidden portion, and it is possible (if tricky) to insert | |
941 or delete text in an hidden portion. | |
942 | |
943 In the examples below, we show the @emph{display appearance} of the | |
944 buffer @code{foo}, which changes with the value of | |
945 @code{selective-display}. The @emph{contents} of the buffer do not | |
946 change. | |
947 | |
948 @example | |
949 @group | |
950 (setq selective-display nil) | |
951 @result{} nil | |
952 | |
953 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
954 1 on this column | |
955 2on this column | |
956 3n this column | |
957 3n this column | |
958 2on this column | |
959 1 on this column | |
960 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
961 @end group | |
962 | |
963 @group | |
964 (setq selective-display 2) | |
965 @result{} 2 | |
966 | |
967 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
968 1 on this column | |
969 2on this column | |
970 2on this column | |
971 1 on this column | |
972 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
973 @end group | |
974 @end example | |
975 @end defvar | |
976 | |
977 @defvar selective-display-ellipses | |
978 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays | |
979 @samp{@dots{}} at the end of a line that is followed by hidden text. | |
980 This example is a continuation of the previous one. | |
981 | |
982 @example | |
983 @group | |
984 (setq selective-display-ellipses t) | |
985 @result{} t | |
986 | |
987 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
988 1 on this column | |
989 2on this column ... | |
990 2on this column | |
991 1 on this column | |
992 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
993 @end group | |
994 @end example | |
995 | |
996 You can use a display table to substitute other text for the ellipsis | |
997 (@samp{@dots{}}). @xref{Display Tables}. | |
998 @end defvar | |
999 | |
1000 @node Temporary Displays | |
1001 @section Temporary Displays | |
1002 | |
1003 Temporary displays are used by Lisp programs to put output into a | |
1004 buffer and then present it to the user for perusal rather than for | |
1005 editing. Many help commands use this feature. | |
1006 | |
1007 @defspec with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer-name forms@dots{} | |
1008 This function executes @var{forms} while arranging to insert any output | |
1009 they print into the buffer named @var{buffer-name}, which is first | |
1010 created if necessary, and put into Help mode. Finally, the buffer is | |
1011 displayed in some window, but not selected. | |
1012 | |
1013 If the @var{forms} do not change the major mode in the output buffer, | |
1014 so that it is still Help mode at the end of their execution, then | |
1015 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} makes this buffer read-only at the | |
1016 end, and also scans it for function and variable names to make them | |
1017 into clickable cross-references. @xref{Docstring hyperlinks, , Tips | |
1018 for Documentation Strings}, in particular the item on hyperlinks in | |
1019 documentation strings, for more details. | |
1020 | |
1021 The string @var{buffer-name} specifies the temporary buffer, which | |
1022 need not already exist. The argument must be a string, not a buffer. | |
1023 The buffer is erased initially (with no questions asked), and it is | |
1024 marked as unmodified after @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} exits. | |
1025 | |
1026 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} binds @code{standard-output} to the | |
1027 temporary buffer, then it evaluates the forms in @var{forms}. Output | |
1028 using the Lisp output functions within @var{forms} goes by default to | |
1029 that buffer (but screen display and messages in the echo area, although | |
1030 they are ``output'' in the general sense of the word, are not affected). | |
1031 @xref{Output Functions}. | |
1032 | |
1033 Several hooks are available for customizing the behavior | |
1034 of this construct; they are listed below. | |
1035 | |
1036 The value of the last form in @var{forms} is returned. | |
1037 | |
1038 @example | |
1039 @group | |
1040 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1041 This is the contents of foo. | |
1042 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1043 @end group | |
1044 | |
1045 @group | |
1046 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "foo" | |
1047 (print 20) | |
1048 (print standard-output)) | |
1049 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
1050 | |
1051 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1052 20 | |
1053 | |
1054 #<buffer foo> | |
1055 | |
1056 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1057 @end group | |
1058 @end example | |
1059 @end defspec | |
1060 | |
1061 @defvar temp-buffer-show-function | |
1062 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} | |
1063 calls it as a function to do the job of displaying a help buffer. The | |
1064 function gets one argument, which is the buffer it should display. | |
1065 | |
1066 It is a good idea for this function to run @code{temp-buffer-show-hook} | |
1067 just as @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} normally would, inside of | |
1068 @code{save-selected-window} and with the chosen window and buffer | |
1069 selected. | |
1070 @end defvar | |
1071 | |
1072 @defvar temp-buffer-setup-hook | |
1073 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} before | |
1074 evaluating @var{body}. When the hook runs, the temporary buffer is | |
1075 current. This hook is normally set up with a function to put the | |
1076 buffer in Help mode. | |
1077 @end defvar | |
1078 | |
1079 @defvar temp-buffer-show-hook | |
1080 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} after | |
1081 displaying the temporary buffer. When the hook runs, the temporary buffer | |
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1082 is current, and the window it was displayed in is selected. |
84060 | 1083 @end defvar |
1084 | |
1085 @defun momentary-string-display string position &optional char message | |
1086 This function momentarily displays @var{string} in the current buffer at | |
1087 @var{position}. It has no effect on the undo list or on the buffer's | |
1088 modification status. | |
1089 | |
1090 The momentary display remains until the next input event. If the next | |
1091 input event is @var{char}, @code{momentary-string-display} ignores it | |
1092 and returns. Otherwise, that event remains buffered for subsequent use | |
1093 as input. Thus, typing @var{char} will simply remove the string from | |
1094 the display, while typing (say) @kbd{C-f} will remove the string from | |
1095 the display and later (presumably) move point forward. The argument | |
1096 @var{char} is a space by default. | |
1097 | |
1098 The return value of @code{momentary-string-display} is not meaningful. | |
1099 | |
1100 If the string @var{string} does not contain control characters, you can | |
1101 do the same job in a more general way by creating (and then subsequently | |
1102 deleting) an overlay with a @code{before-string} property. | |
1103 @xref{Overlay Properties}. | |
1104 | |
1105 If @var{message} is non-@code{nil}, it is displayed in the echo area | |
1106 while @var{string} is displayed in the buffer. If it is @code{nil}, a | |
1107 default message says to type @var{char} to continue. | |
1108 | |
1109 In this example, point is initially located at the beginning of the | |
1110 second line: | |
1111 | |
1112 @example | |
1113 @group | |
1114 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1115 This is the contents of foo. | |
1116 @point{}Second line. | |
1117 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1118 @end group | |
1119 | |
1120 @group | |
1121 (momentary-string-display | |
1122 "**** Important Message! ****" | |
1123 (point) ?\r | |
1124 "Type RET when done reading") | |
1125 @result{} t | |
1126 @end group | |
1127 | |
1128 @group | |
1129 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1130 This is the contents of foo. | |
1131 **** Important Message! ****Second line. | |
1132 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1133 | |
1134 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
1135 Type RET when done reading | |
1136 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
1137 @end group | |
1138 @end example | |
1139 @end defun | |
1140 | |
1141 @node Overlays | |
1142 @section Overlays | |
1143 @cindex overlays | |
1144 | |
1145 You can use @dfn{overlays} to alter the appearance of a buffer's text on | |
1146 the screen, for the sake of presentation features. An overlay is an | |
1147 object that belongs to a particular buffer, and has a specified | |
1148 beginning and end. It also has properties that you can examine and set; | |
1149 these affect the display of the text within the overlay. | |
1150 | |
1151 An overlay uses markers to record its beginning and end; thus, | |
1152 editing the text of the buffer adjusts the beginning and end of each | |
1153 overlay so that it stays with the text. When you create the overlay, | |
1154 you can specify whether text inserted at the beginning should be | |
1155 inside the overlay or outside, and likewise for the end of the overlay. | |
1156 | |
1157 @menu | |
1158 * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. | |
1159 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. | |
1160 What properties do to the screen display. | |
1161 * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. | |
1162 @end menu | |
1163 | |
1164 @node Managing Overlays | |
1165 @subsection Managing Overlays | |
1166 | |
1167 This section describes the functions to create, delete and move | |
1168 overlays, and to examine their contents. Overlay changes are not | |
1169 recorded in the buffer's undo list, since the overlays are not | |
1170 part of the buffer's contents. | |
1171 | |
1172 @defun overlayp object | |
1173 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an overlay. | |
1174 @end defun | |
1175 | |
1176 @defun make-overlay start end &optional buffer front-advance rear-advance | |
1177 This function creates and returns an overlay that belongs to | |
1178 @var{buffer} and ranges from @var{start} to @var{end}. Both @var{start} | |
1179 and @var{end} must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or | |
1180 markers. If @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay is created in the | |
1181 current buffer. | |
1182 | |
1183 The arguments @var{front-advance} and @var{rear-advance} specify the | |
1184 marker insertion type for the start of the overlay and for the end of | |
1185 the overlay, respectively. @xref{Marker Insertion Types}. If they | |
1186 are both @code{nil}, the default, then the overlay extends to include | |
1187 any text inserted at the beginning, but not text inserted at the end. | |
1188 If @var{front-advance} is non-@code{nil}, text inserted at the | |
1189 beginning of the overlay is excluded from the overlay. If | |
1190 @var{rear-advance} is non-@code{nil}, text inserted at the end of the | |
1191 overlay is included in the overlay. | |
1192 @end defun | |
1193 | |
1194 @defun overlay-start overlay | |
1195 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} starts, | |
1196 as an integer. | |
1197 @end defun | |
1198 | |
1199 @defun overlay-end overlay | |
1200 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} ends, | |
1201 as an integer. | |
1202 @end defun | |
1203 | |
1204 @defun overlay-buffer overlay | |
1205 This function returns the buffer that @var{overlay} belongs to. It | |
1206 returns @code{nil} if @var{overlay} has been deleted. | |
1207 @end defun | |
1208 | |
1209 @defun delete-overlay overlay | |
1210 This function deletes @var{overlay}. The overlay continues to exist as | |
1211 a Lisp object, and its property list is unchanged, but it ceases to be | |
1212 attached to the buffer it belonged to, and ceases to have any effect on | |
1213 display. | |
1214 | |
1215 A deleted overlay is not permanently disconnected. You can give it a | |
1216 position in a buffer again by calling @code{move-overlay}. | |
1217 @end defun | |
1218 | |
1219 @defun move-overlay overlay start end &optional buffer | |
1220 This function moves @var{overlay} to @var{buffer}, and places its bounds | |
1221 at @var{start} and @var{end}. Both arguments @var{start} and @var{end} | |
1222 must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or markers. | |
1223 | |
1224 If @var{buffer} is omitted, @var{overlay} stays in the same buffer it | |
1225 was already associated with; if @var{overlay} was deleted, it goes into | |
1226 the current buffer. | |
1227 | |
1228 The return value is @var{overlay}. | |
1229 | |
1230 This is the only valid way to change the endpoints of an overlay. Do | |
1231 not try modifying the markers in the overlay by hand, as that fails to | |
1232 update other vital data structures and can cause some overlays to be | |
1233 ``lost.'' | |
1234 @end defun | |
1235 | |
1236 @defun remove-overlays &optional start end name value | |
1237 This function removes all the overlays between @var{start} and | |
1238 @var{end} whose property @var{name} has the value @var{value}. It can | |
1239 move the endpoints of the overlays in the region, or split them. | |
1240 | |
1241 If @var{name} is omitted or @code{nil}, it means to delete all overlays in | |
1242 the specified region. If @var{start} and/or @var{end} are omitted or | |
1243 @code{nil}, that means the beginning and end of the buffer respectively. | |
1244 Therefore, @code{(remove-overlays)} removes all the overlays in the | |
1245 current buffer. | |
1246 @end defun | |
1247 | |
1248 Here are some examples: | |
1249 | |
1250 @example | |
1251 ;; @r{Create an overlay.} | |
1252 (setq foo (make-overlay 1 10)) | |
1253 @result{} #<overlay from 1 to 10 in display.texi> | |
1254 (overlay-start foo) | |
1255 @result{} 1 | |
1256 (overlay-end foo) | |
1257 @result{} 10 | |
1258 (overlay-buffer foo) | |
1259 @result{} #<buffer display.texi> | |
1260 ;; @r{Give it a property we can check later.} | |
1261 (overlay-put foo 'happy t) | |
1262 @result{} t | |
1263 ;; @r{Verify the property is present.} | |
1264 (overlay-get foo 'happy) | |
1265 @result{} t | |
1266 ;; @r{Move the overlay.} | |
1267 (move-overlay foo 5 20) | |
1268 @result{} #<overlay from 5 to 20 in display.texi> | |
1269 (overlay-start foo) | |
1270 @result{} 5 | |
1271 (overlay-end foo) | |
1272 @result{} 20 | |
1273 ;; @r{Delete the overlay.} | |
1274 (delete-overlay foo) | |
1275 @result{} nil | |
1276 ;; @r{Verify it is deleted.} | |
1277 foo | |
1278 @result{} #<overlay in no buffer> | |
1279 ;; @r{A deleted overlay has no position.} | |
1280 (overlay-start foo) | |
1281 @result{} nil | |
1282 (overlay-end foo) | |
1283 @result{} nil | |
1284 (overlay-buffer foo) | |
1285 @result{} nil | |
1286 ;; @r{Undelete the overlay.} | |
1287 (move-overlay foo 1 20) | |
1288 @result{} #<overlay from 1 to 20 in display.texi> | |
1289 ;; @r{Verify the results.} | |
1290 (overlay-start foo) | |
1291 @result{} 1 | |
1292 (overlay-end foo) | |
1293 @result{} 20 | |
1294 (overlay-buffer foo) | |
1295 @result{} #<buffer display.texi> | |
1296 ;; @r{Moving and deleting the overlay does not change its properties.} | |
1297 (overlay-get foo 'happy) | |
1298 @result{} t | |
1299 @end example | |
1300 | |
1301 Emacs stores the overlays of each buffer in two lists, divided | |
1302 around an arbitrary ``center position.'' One list extends backwards | |
1303 through the buffer from that center position, and the other extends | |
1304 forwards from that center position. The center position can be anywhere | |
1305 in the buffer. | |
1306 | |
1307 @defun overlay-recenter pos | |
1308 This function recenters the overlays of the current buffer around | |
1309 position @var{pos}. That makes overlay lookup faster for positions | |
1310 near @var{pos}, but slower for positions far away from @var{pos}. | |
1311 @end defun | |
1312 | |
1313 A loop that scans the buffer forwards, creating overlays, can run | |
1314 faster if you do @code{(overlay-recenter (point-max))} first. | |
1315 | |
1316 @node Overlay Properties | |
1317 @subsection Overlay Properties | |
1318 | |
1319 Overlay properties are like text properties in that the properties that | |
1320 alter how a character is displayed can come from either source. But in | |
1321 most respects they are different. @xref{Text Properties}, for comparison. | |
1322 | |
1323 Text properties are considered a part of the text; overlays and | |
1324 their properties are specifically considered not to be part of the | |
1325 text. Thus, copying text between various buffers and strings | |
1326 preserves text properties, but does not try to preserve overlays. | |
1327 Changing a buffer's text properties marks the buffer as modified, | |
1328 while moving an overlay or changing its properties does not. Unlike | |
1329 text property changes, overlay property changes are not recorded in | |
1330 the buffer's undo list. | |
1331 | |
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1332 Since more than one overlay can specify a property value for the |
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1333 same character, Emacs lets you specify a priority value of each |
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1334 overlay. You should not make assumptions about which overlay will |
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1335 prevail when there is a conflict and they have the same priority. |
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1336 |
84060 | 1337 These functions read and set the properties of an overlay: |
1338 | |
1339 @defun overlay-get overlay prop | |
1340 This function returns the value of property @var{prop} recorded in | |
1341 @var{overlay}, if any. If @var{overlay} does not record any value for | |
1342 that property, but it does have a @code{category} property which is a | |
1343 symbol, that symbol's @var{prop} property is used. Otherwise, the value | |
1344 is @code{nil}. | |
1345 @end defun | |
1346 | |
1347 @defun overlay-put overlay prop value | |
1348 This function sets the value of property @var{prop} recorded in | |
1349 @var{overlay} to @var{value}. It returns @var{value}. | |
1350 @end defun | |
1351 | |
1352 @defun overlay-properties overlay | |
1353 This returns a copy of the property list of @var{overlay}. | |
1354 @end defun | |
1355 | |
1356 See also the function @code{get-char-property} which checks both | |
1357 overlay properties and text properties for a given character. | |
1358 @xref{Examining Properties}. | |
1359 | |
1360 Many overlay properties have special meanings; here is a table | |
1361 of them: | |
1362 | |
1363 @table @code | |
1364 @item priority | |
1365 @kindex priority @r{(overlay property)} | |
1366 This property's value (which should be a nonnegative integer number) | |
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1367 determines the priority of the overlay. No priority, or @code{nil}, |
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1368 means zero. |
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1369 |
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1370 The priority matters when two or more overlays cover the same |
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1371 character and both specify the same property; the one whose |
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1372 @code{priority} value is larger overrides the other. For the |
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1373 @code{face} property, the higher priority overlay's value does not |
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1374 completely override the other value; instead, its face attributes |
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1375 override the face attributes of the lower priority @code{face} |
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1376 property. |
84060 | 1377 |
1378 Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties. Please | |
1379 avoid using negative priority values, as we have not yet decided just | |
1380 what they should mean. | |
1381 | |
1382 @item window | |
1383 @kindex window @r{(overlay property)} | |
1384 If the @code{window} property is non-@code{nil}, then the overlay | |
1385 applies only on that window. | |
1386 | |
1387 @item category | |
1388 @kindex category @r{(overlay property)} | |
1389 If an overlay has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
1390 @dfn{category} of the overlay. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
1391 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the overlay. | |
1392 | |
1393 @item face | |
1394 @kindex face @r{(overlay property)} | |
1395 This property controls the way text is displayed---for example, which | |
1396 font and which colors. @xref{Faces}, for more information. | |
1397 | |
1398 In the simplest case, the value is a face name. It can also be a list; | |
1399 then each element can be any of these possibilities: | |
1400 | |
1401 @itemize @bullet | |
1402 @item | |
1403 A face name (a symbol or string). | |
1404 | |
1405 @item | |
1406 A property list of face attributes. This has the form (@var{keyword} | |
1407 @var{value} @dots{}), where each @var{keyword} is a face attribute | |
1408 name and @var{value} is a meaningful value for that attribute. With | |
1409 this feature, you do not need to create a face each time you want to | |
1410 specify a particular attribute for certain text. @xref{Face | |
1411 Attributes}. | |
1412 | |
1413 @item | |
1414 A cons cell, either of the form @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or | |
1415 @code{(background-color . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify | |
1416 just the foreground color or just the background color. | |
1417 | |
1418 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} has the same effect as | |
1419 @code{(:foreground @var{color-name})}; likewise for the background. | |
1420 @end itemize | |
1421 | |
1422 @item mouse-face | |
1423 @kindex mouse-face @r{(overlay property)} | |
1424 This property is used instead of @code{face} when the mouse is within | |
1425 the range of the overlay. | |
1426 | |
1427 @item display | |
1428 @kindex display @r{(overlay property)} | |
1429 This property activates various features that change the | |
1430 way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller | |
1431 or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narrower, or replaced with an image. | |
1432 @xref{Display Property}. | |
1433 | |
1434 @item help-echo | |
1435 @kindex help-echo @r{(overlay property)} | |
1436 If an overlay has a @code{help-echo} property, then when you move the | |
1437 mouse onto the text in the overlay, Emacs displays a help string in the | |
1438 echo area, or in the tooltip window. For details see @ref{Text | |
1439 help-echo}. | |
1440 | |
1441 @item modification-hooks | |
1442 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
1443 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if any | |
1444 character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly | |
1445 within the overlay. | |
1446 | |
1447 The hook functions are called both before and after each change. | |
1448 If the functions save the information they receive, and compare notes | |
1449 between calls, they can determine exactly what change has been made | |
1450 in the buffer text. | |
1451 | |
1452 When called before a change, each function receives four arguments: the | |
1453 overlay, @code{nil}, and the beginning and end of the text range to be | |
1454 modified. | |
1455 | |
1456 When called after a change, each function receives five arguments: the | |
1457 overlay, @code{t}, the beginning and end of the text range just | |
1458 modified, and the length of the pre-change text replaced by that range. | |
1459 (For an insertion, the pre-change length is zero; for a deletion, that | |
1460 length is the number of characters deleted, and the post-change | |
1461 beginning and end are equal.) | |
1462 | |
1463 If these functions modify the buffer, they should bind | |
1464 @code{inhibit-modification-hooks} to @code{t} around doing so, to | |
1465 avoid confusing the internal mechanism that calls these hooks. | |
1466 | |
1467 Text properties also support the @code{modification-hooks} property, | |
1468 but the details are somewhat different (@pxref{Special Properties}). | |
1469 | |
1470 @item insert-in-front-hooks | |
1471 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
1472 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and | |
1473 after inserting text right at the beginning of the overlay. The calling | |
1474 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
1475 | |
1476 @item insert-behind-hooks | |
1477 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
1478 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and | |
1479 after inserting text right at the end of the overlay. The calling | |
1480 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
1481 | |
1482 @item invisible | |
1483 @kindex invisible @r{(overlay property)} | |
1484 The @code{invisible} property can make the text in the overlay | |
1485 invisible, which means that it does not appear on the screen. | |
1486 @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
1487 | |
1488 @item intangible | |
1489 @kindex intangible @r{(overlay property)} | |
1490 The @code{intangible} property on an overlay works just like the | |
1491 @code{intangible} text property. @xref{Special Properties}, for details. | |
1492 | |
1493 @item isearch-open-invisible | |
1494 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay | |
1495 visible, permanently, if the final match overlaps it. @xref{Invisible | |
1496 Text}. | |
1497 | |
1498 @item isearch-open-invisible-temporary | |
1499 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay | |
1500 visible, temporarily, during the search. @xref{Invisible Text}. | |
1501 | |
1502 @item before-string | |
1503 @kindex before-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
1504 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the beginning | |
1505 of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
1506 sense---only on the screen. | |
1507 | |
1508 @item after-string | |
1509 @kindex after-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
1510 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the end of | |
1511 the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
1512 sense---only on the screen. | |
1513 | |
1514 @item evaporate | |
1515 @kindex evaporate @r{(overlay property)} | |
1516 If this property is non-@code{nil}, the overlay is deleted automatically | |
1517 if it becomes empty (i.e., if its length becomes zero). If you give | |
1518 an empty overlay a non-@code{nil} @code{evaporate} property, that deletes | |
1519 it immediately. | |
1520 | |
1521 @item local-map | |
1522 @cindex keymap of character (and overlays) | |
1523 @kindex local-map @r{(overlay property)} | |
1524 If this property is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a keymap for a portion | |
1525 of the text. The property's value replaces the buffer's local map, when | |
1526 the character after point is within the overlay. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
1527 | |
1528 @item keymap | |
1529 @kindex keymap @r{(overlay property)} | |
1530 The @code{keymap} property is similar to @code{local-map} but overrides the | |
1531 buffer's local map (and the map specified by the @code{local-map} | |
1532 property) rather than replacing it. | |
1533 @end table | |
1534 | |
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1535 The @code{local-map} and @code{keymap} properties do not affect a |
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1536 string displayed by the @code{before-string}, @code{after-string}, or |
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1537 @code{display} properties. This is only relevant for mouse clicks and |
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1538 other mouse events that fall on the string, since point is never on |
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1539 the string. To bind special mouse events for the string, assign it a |
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1540 @code{local-map} or @code{keymap} text property. @xref{Special |
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1541 Properties}. |
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1542 |
84060 | 1543 @node Finding Overlays |
1544 @subsection Searching for Overlays | |
1545 | |
1546 @defun overlays-at pos | |
1547 This function returns a list of all the overlays that cover the | |
1548 character at position @var{pos} in the current buffer. The list is in | |
1549 no particular order. An overlay contains position @var{pos} if it | |
1550 begins at or before @var{pos}, and ends after @var{pos}. | |
1551 | |
1552 To illustrate usage, here is a Lisp function that returns a list of the | |
1553 overlays that specify property @var{prop} for the character at point: | |
1554 | |
1555 @smallexample | |
1556 (defun find-overlays-specifying (prop) | |
1557 (let ((overlays (overlays-at (point))) | |
1558 found) | |
1559 (while overlays | |
1560 (let ((overlay (car overlays))) | |
1561 (if (overlay-get overlay prop) | |
1562 (setq found (cons overlay found)))) | |
1563 (setq overlays (cdr overlays))) | |
1564 found)) | |
1565 @end smallexample | |
1566 @end defun | |
1567 | |
1568 @defun overlays-in beg end | |
1569 This function returns a list of the overlays that overlap the region | |
1570 @var{beg} through @var{end}. ``Overlap'' means that at least one | |
1571 character is contained within the overlay and also contained within the | |
1572 specified region; however, empty overlays are included in the result if | |
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1573 they are located at @var{beg}, strictly between @var{beg} and @var{end}, |
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1574 or at @var{end} when @var{end} denotes the position at the end of the |
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1575 buffer. |
84060 | 1576 @end defun |
1577 | |
1578 @defun next-overlay-change pos | |
1579 This function returns the buffer position of the next beginning or end | |
1580 of an overlay, after @var{pos}. If there is none, it returns | |
1581 @code{(point-max)}. | |
1582 @end defun | |
1583 | |
1584 @defun previous-overlay-change pos | |
1585 This function returns the buffer position of the previous beginning or | |
1586 end of an overlay, before @var{pos}. If there is none, it returns | |
1587 @code{(point-min)}. | |
1588 @end defun | |
1589 | |
1590 As an example, here's a simplified (and inefficient) version of the | |
1591 primitive function @code{next-single-char-property-change} | |
1592 (@pxref{Property Search}). It searches forward from position | |
1593 @var{pos} for the next position where the value of a given property | |
1594 @code{prop}, as obtained from either overlays or text properties, | |
1595 changes. | |
1596 | |
1597 @smallexample | |
1598 (defun next-single-char-property-change (position prop) | |
1599 (save-excursion | |
1600 (goto-char position) | |
1601 (let ((propval (get-char-property (point) prop))) | |
1602 (while (and (not (eobp)) | |
1603 (eq (get-char-property (point) prop) propval)) | |
1604 (goto-char (min (next-overlay-change (point)) | |
1605 (next-single-property-change (point) prop))))) | |
1606 (point))) | |
1607 @end smallexample | |
1608 | |
1609 @node Width | |
1610 @section Width | |
1611 | |
1612 Since not all characters have the same width, these functions let you | |
1613 check the width of a character. @xref{Primitive Indent}, and | |
1614 @ref{Screen Lines}, for related functions. | |
1615 | |
1616 @defun char-width char | |
1617 This function returns the width in columns of the character @var{char}, | |
1618 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. | |
1619 @end defun | |
1620 | |
1621 @defun string-width string | |
1622 This function returns the width in columns of the string @var{string}, | |
1623 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. | |
1624 @end defun | |
1625 | |
1626 @defun truncate-string-to-width string width &optional start-column padding ellipsis | |
1627 This function returns the part of @var{string} that fits within | |
1628 @var{width} columns, as a new string. | |
1629 | |
1630 If @var{string} does not reach @var{width}, then the result ends where | |
1631 @var{string} ends. If one multi-column character in @var{string} | |
1632 extends across the column @var{width}, that character is not included in | |
1633 the result. Thus, the result can fall short of @var{width} but cannot | |
1634 go beyond it. | |
1635 | |
1636 The optional argument @var{start-column} specifies the starting column. | |
1637 If this is non-@code{nil}, then the first @var{start-column} columns of | |
1638 the string are omitted from the value. If one multi-column character in | |
1639 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}, that | |
1640 character is not included. | |
1641 | |
1642 The optional argument @var{padding}, if non-@code{nil}, is a padding | |
1643 character added at the beginning and end of the result string, to extend | |
1644 it to exactly @var{width} columns. The padding character is used at the | |
1645 end of the result if it falls short of @var{width}. It is also used at | |
1646 the beginning of the result if one multi-column character in | |
1647 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}. | |
1648 | |
1649 If @var{ellipsis} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a string which will | |
1650 replace the end of @var{str} (including any padding) if it extends | |
1651 beyond @var{end-column}, unless the display width of @var{str} is | |
1652 equal to or less than the display width of @var{ellipsis}. If | |
1653 @var{ellipsis} is non-@code{nil} and not a string, it stands for | |
1654 @code{"..."}. | |
1655 | |
1656 @example | |
1657 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4) | |
1658 @result{} "ab" | |
1659 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4 ?\s) | |
1660 @result{} " ab " | |
1661 @end example | |
1662 @end defun | |
1663 | |
1664 @node Line Height | |
1665 @section Line Height | |
1666 @cindex line height | |
1667 | |
1668 The total height of each display line consists of the height of the | |
1669 contents of the line, plus optional additional vertical line spacing | |
1670 above or below the display line. | |
1671 | |
1672 The height of the line contents is the maximum height of any | |
1673 character or image on that display line, including the final newline | |
1674 if there is one. (A display line that is continued doesn't include a | |
1675 final newline.) That is the default line height, if you do nothing to | |
1676 specify a greater height. (In the most common case, this equals the | |
1677 height of the default frame font.) | |
1678 | |
1679 There are several ways to explicitly specify a larger line height, | |
1680 either by specifying an absolute height for the display line, or by | |
1681 specifying vertical space. However, no matter what you specify, the | |
1682 actual line height can never be less than the default. | |
1683 | |
1684 @kindex line-height @r{(text property)} | |
1685 A newline can have a @code{line-height} text or overlay property | |
1686 that controls the total height of the display line ending in that | |
1687 newline. | |
1688 | |
1689 If the property value is @code{t}, the newline character has no | |
1690 effect on the displayed height of the line---the visible contents | |
1691 alone determine the height. This is useful for tiling small images | |
1692 (or image slices) without adding blank areas between the images. | |
1693 | |
1694 If the property value is a list of the form @code{(@var{height} | |
1695 @var{total})}, that adds extra space @emph{below} the display line. | |
1696 First Emacs uses @var{height} as a height spec to control extra space | |
1697 @emph{above} the line; then it adds enough space @emph{below} the line | |
1698 to bring the total line height up to @var{total}. In this case, the | |
1699 other ways to specify the line spacing are ignored. | |
1700 | |
1701 Any other kind of property value is a height spec, which translates | |
1702 into a number---the specified line height. There are several ways to | |
1703 write a height spec; here's how each of them translates into a number: | |
1704 | |
1705 @table @code | |
1706 @item @var{integer} | |
1707 If the height spec is a positive integer, the height value is that integer. | |
1708 @item @var{float} | |
1709 If the height spec is a float, @var{float}, the numeric height value | |
1710 is @var{float} times the frame's default line height. | |
1711 @item (@var{face} . @var{ratio}) | |
1712 If the height spec is a cons of the format shown, the numeric height | |
1713 is @var{ratio} times the height of face @var{face}. @var{ratio} can | |
1714 be any type of number, or @code{nil} which means a ratio of 1. | |
1715 If @var{face} is @code{t}, it refers to the current face. | |
1716 @item (nil . @var{ratio}) | |
1717 If the height spec is a cons of the format shown, the numeric height | |
1718 is @var{ratio} times the height of the contents of the line. | |
1719 @end table | |
1720 | |
1721 Thus, any valid height spec determines the height in pixels, one way | |
1722 or another. If the line contents' height is less than that, Emacs | |
1723 adds extra vertical space above the line to achieve the specified | |
1724 total height. | |
1725 | |
1726 If you don't specify the @code{line-height} property, the line's | |
1727 height consists of the contents' height plus the line spacing. | |
1728 There are several ways to specify the line spacing for different | |
1729 parts of Emacs text. | |
1730 | |
1731 @vindex default-line-spacing | |
1732 You can specify the line spacing for all lines in a frame with the | |
1733 @code{line-spacing} frame parameter (@pxref{Layout Parameters}). | |
1734 However, if the variable @code{default-line-spacing} is | |
1735 non-@code{nil}, it overrides the frame's @code{line-spacing} | |
1736 parameter. An integer value specifies the number of pixels put below | |
1737 lines on graphical displays. A floating point number specifies the | |
1738 spacing relative to the frame's default line height. | |
1739 | |
1740 @vindex line-spacing | |
1741 You can specify the line spacing for all lines in a buffer via the | |
1742 buffer-local @code{line-spacing} variable. An integer value specifies | |
1743 the number of pixels put below lines on graphical displays. A floating | |
1744 point number specifies the spacing relative to the default frame line | |
1745 height. This overrides line spacings specified for the frame. | |
1746 | |
1747 @kindex line-spacing @r{(text property)} | |
1748 Finally, a newline can have a @code{line-spacing} text or overlay | |
1749 property that overrides the default frame line spacing and the buffer | |
1750 local @code{line-spacing} variable, for the display line ending in | |
1751 that newline. | |
1752 | |
1753 One way or another, these mechanisms specify a Lisp value for the | |
1754 spacing of each line. The value is a height spec, and it translates | |
1755 into a Lisp value as described above. However, in this case the | |
1756 numeric height value specifies the line spacing, rather than the line | |
1757 height. | |
1758 | |
1759 @node Faces | |
1760 @section Faces | |
1761 @cindex faces | |
1762 | |
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1763 A @dfn{face} is a collection of graphical attributes for displaying |
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1764 text: font family, foreground color, background color, optional |
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1765 underlining, and so on. Faces control how buffer text is displayed, |
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1766 and how some parts of the frame, such as the mode-line, are displayed. |
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1767 @xref{Standard Faces,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for the list of |
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1768 faces Emacs normally comes with. |
84060 | 1769 |
1770 @cindex face id | |
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1771 For most purposes, you refer to a face in Lisp programs using its |
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1772 @dfn{face name}. This is either a string or (equivalently) a Lisp |
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1773 symbol whose name is equal to that string. |
84060 | 1774 |
1775 @defun facep object | |
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1776 This function returns a non-@code{nil} value if @var{object} is a Lisp |
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1777 symbol or string that names a face. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. |
84060 | 1778 @end defun |
1779 | |
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1780 Each face name is meaningful for all frames, and by default it has |
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1781 the same meaning in all frames. But you can arrange to give a |
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1782 particular face name a special meaning in one frame if you wish. |
84060 | 1783 |
1784 @menu | |
1785 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. | |
1786 * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? | |
1787 * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. | |
1788 * Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for a character. | |
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1789 * Face Remapping:: Remapping faces to alternative definitions. |
84060 | 1790 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. |
1791 * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. | |
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1792 * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. |
84060 | 1793 * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts |
1794 and information about them. | |
1795 * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts | |
1796 that handle a range of character sets. | |
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1797 * Low-Level Font:: Lisp representation for character display fonts. |
84060 | 1798 @end menu |
1799 | |
1800 @node Defining Faces | |
1801 @subsection Defining Faces | |
1802 | |
1803 The way to define a new face is with @code{defface}. This creates a | |
1804 kind of customization item (@pxref{Customization}) which the user can | |
1805 customize using the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy Customization,,, | |
1806 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
1807 | |
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1808 People are sometimes tempted to create variables whose values specify |
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1809 which faces to use (for example, Font-Lock does this). In the vast |
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1810 majority of cases, this is not necessary, and simply using faces |
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1811 directly is preferable. |
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1812 |
84060 | 1813 @defmac defface face spec doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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1814 This declares @var{face} as a customizable face whose default |
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1815 attributes are given by @var{spec}. You should not quote the symbol |
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1816 @var{face}, and it should not end in @samp{-face} (that would be |
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1817 redundant). The argument @var{doc} specifies the face documentation. |
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1818 The keywords you can use in @code{defface} are the same as in |
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1819 @code{defgroup} and @code{defcustom} (@pxref{Common Keywords}). |
84060 | 1820 |
1821 When @code{defface} executes, it defines the face according to | |
1822 @var{spec}, then uses any customizations that were read from the | |
1823 init file (@pxref{Init File}) to override that specification. | |
1824 | |
1825 When you evaluate a @code{defface} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs | |
1826 Lisp mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} | |
1827 overrides any customizations of the face. This way, the face reflects | |
1828 exactly what the @code{defface} says. | |
1829 | |
1830 The purpose of @var{spec} is to specify how the face should appear on | |
1831 different kinds of terminals. It should be an alist whose elements | |
1832 have the form @code{(@var{display} @var{atts})}. Each element's | |
1833 @sc{car}, @var{display}, specifies a class of terminals. (The first | |
1834 element, if its @sc{car} is @code{default}, is special---it specifies | |
1835 defaults for the remaining elements). The element's @sc{cadr}, | |
1836 @var{atts}, is a list of face attributes and their values; it | |
1837 specifies what the face should look like on that kind of terminal. | |
1838 The possible attributes are defined in the value of | |
1839 @code{custom-face-attributes}. | |
1840 | |
1841 The @var{display} part of an element of @var{spec} determines which | |
1842 frames the element matches. If more than one element of @var{spec} | |
1843 matches a given frame, the first element that matches is the one used | |
1844 for that frame. There are three possibilities for @var{display}: | |
1845 | |
1846 @table @asis | |
1847 @item @code{default} | |
1848 This element of @var{spec} doesn't match any frames; instead, it | |
1849 specifies defaults that apply to all frames. This kind of element, if | |
1850 used, must be the first element of @var{spec}. Each of the following | |
1851 elements can override any or all of these defaults. | |
1852 | |
1853 @item @code{t} | |
1854 This element of @var{spec} matches all frames. Therefore, any | |
1855 subsequent elements of @var{spec} are never used. Normally | |
1856 @code{t} is used in the last (or only) element of @var{spec}. | |
1857 | |
1858 @item a list | |
1859 If @var{display} is a list, each element should have the form | |
1860 @code{(@var{characteristic} @var{value}@dots{})}. Here | |
1861 @var{characteristic} specifies a way of classifying frames, and the | |
1862 @var{value}s are possible classifications which @var{display} should | |
1863 apply to. Here are the possible values of @var{characteristic}: | |
1864 | |
1865 @table @code | |
1866 @item type | |
1867 The kind of window system the frame uses---either @code{graphic} (any | |
1868 graphics-capable display), @code{x}, @code{pc} (for the MS-DOS console), | |
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1869 @code{w32} (for MS Windows 9X/NT/2K/XP), or @code{tty} |
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1870 (a non-graphics-capable display). |
84060 | 1871 @xref{Window Systems, window-system}. |
1872 | |
1873 @item class | |
1874 What kinds of colors the frame supports---either @code{color}, | |
1875 @code{grayscale}, or @code{mono}. | |
1876 | |
1877 @item background | |
1878 The kind of background---either @code{light} or @code{dark}. | |
1879 | |
1880 @item min-colors | |
1881 An integer that represents the minimum number of colors the frame | |
1882 should support. This matches a frame if its | |
1883 @code{display-color-cells} value is at least the specified integer. | |
1884 | |
1885 @item supports | |
1886 Whether or not the frame can display the face attributes given in | |
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1887 @var{value}@dots{} (@pxref{Face Attributes}). @xref{Display Face |
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1888 Attribute Testing}, for more information on exactly how this testing |
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1889 is done. |
84060 | 1890 @end table |
1891 | |
1892 If an element of @var{display} specifies more than one @var{value} for a | |
1893 given @var{characteristic}, any of those values is acceptable. If | |
1894 @var{display} has more than one element, each element should specify a | |
1895 different @var{characteristic}; then @emph{each} characteristic of the | |
1896 frame must match one of the @var{value}s specified for it in | |
1897 @var{display}. | |
1898 @end table | |
1899 @end defmac | |
1900 | |
1901 Here's how the standard face @code{region} is defined: | |
1902 | |
1903 @example | |
1904 @group | |
1905 (defface region | |
1906 '((((class color) (min-colors 88) (background dark)) | |
1907 :background "blue3") | |
1908 @end group | |
1909 (((class color) (min-colors 88) (background light)) | |
1910 :background "lightgoldenrod2") | |
1911 (((class color) (min-colors 16) (background dark)) | |
1912 :background "blue3") | |
1913 (((class color) (min-colors 16) (background light)) | |
1914 :background "lightgoldenrod2") | |
1915 (((class color) (min-colors 8)) | |
1916 :background "blue" :foreground "white") | |
1917 (((type tty) (class mono)) | |
1918 :inverse-video t) | |
1919 (t :background "gray")) | |
1920 @group | |
1921 "Basic face for highlighting the region." | |
1922 :group 'basic-faces) | |
1923 @end group | |
1924 @end example | |
1925 | |
1926 Internally, @code{defface} uses the symbol property | |
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1927 @code{face-defface-spec} to record the specified face attributes. The |
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1928 attributes saved by the user with the customization buffer are |
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1929 recorded in the symbol property @code{saved-face}; the attributes |
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1930 customized by the user for the current session, but not saved, are |
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1931 recorded in the symbol property @code{customized-face}. The |
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1932 documentation string is recorded in the symbol property |
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1933 @code{face-documentation}. |
84060 | 1934 |
1935 @defopt frame-background-mode | |
1936 This option, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the background type to use for | |
1937 interpreting face definitions. If it is @code{dark}, then Emacs treats | |
1938 all frames as if they had a dark background, regardless of their actual | |
1939 background colors. If it is @code{light}, then Emacs treats all frames | |
1940 as if they had a light background. | |
1941 @end defopt | |
1942 | |
1943 @node Face Attributes | |
1944 @subsection Face Attributes | |
1945 @cindex face attributes | |
1946 | |
1947 The effect of using a face is determined by a fixed set of @dfn{face | |
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1948 attributes}. This table lists all the face attributes, their possible |
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1949 values, and their effects. You can specify more than one face for a |
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1950 given piece of text; Emacs merges the attributes of all the faces to |
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1951 determine how to display the text. @xref{Displaying Faces}. |
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1952 |
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1953 In addition to the values given below, each face attribute can also |
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1954 have the value @code{unspecified}. This special value means the face |
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1955 doesn't specify that attribute. In face merging, when the first face |
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1956 fails to specify a particular attribute, the next face gets a chance. |
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1957 However, the @code{default} face must specify all attributes. |
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1958 |
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1959 Some of these font attributes are meaningful only on certain kinds |
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1960 of displays. If your display cannot handle a certain attribute, the |
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1961 attribute is ignored. |
84060 | 1962 |
1963 @table @code | |
1964 @item :family | |
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1965 Font family name or fontset name (a string). If you specify a font |
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1966 family name, the wild-card characters @samp{*} and @samp{?} are |
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1967 allowed. The function @code{font-family-list}, described below, |
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1968 returns a list of available family names. @xref{Fontsets}, for |
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1969 information about fontsets. |
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1970 |
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1971 @item :foundry |
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1972 The name of the @dfn{font foundry} in which the font family specified |
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1973 by the @code{:family} attribute is located (a string). The wild-card |
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1974 characters @samp{*} and @samp{?} are allowed. |
84060 | 1975 |
1976 @item :width | |
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1977 Relative proportionate character width, also known as the character |
84060 | 1978 set width. This should be one of the symbols @code{ultra-condensed}, |
1979 @code{extra-condensed}, @code{condensed}, @code{semi-condensed}, | |
1980 @code{normal}, @code{semi-expanded}, @code{expanded}, | |
1981 @code{extra-expanded}, or @code{ultra-expanded}. | |
1982 | |
1983 @item :height | |
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1984 Font height---either an integer in units of 1/10 point, or a floating |
84060 | 1985 point number specifying the amount by which to scale the height of any |
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1986 underlying face, or a function that is called with one argument (the |
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1987 height of the underlying face) and returns the height of the new face. |
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1988 If the function is passed an integer argument, it must return an |
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1989 integer. |
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1990 |
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1991 The height of the default face must be specified using an integer; |
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1992 floating point and function values are not allowed. |
84060 | 1993 |
1994 @item :weight | |
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1995 Font weight---one of the symbols (from densest to faintest) |
84060 | 1996 @code{ultra-bold}, @code{extra-bold}, @code{bold}, @code{semi-bold}, |
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1997 @code{normal}, @code{semi-light}, @code{light}, @code{extra-light}, or |
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1998 @code{ultra-light}. On text-only terminals that support |
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1999 variable-brightness text, any weight greater than normal is displayed |
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2000 as extra bright, and any weight less than normal is displayed as |
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2001 half-bright. |
84060 | 2002 |
2003 @item :slant | |
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2004 Font slant---one of the symbols @code{italic}, @code{oblique}, |
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2005 @code{normal}, @code{reverse-italic}, or @code{reverse-oblique}. On |
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2006 text-only terminals that support variable-brightness text, slanted |
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2007 text is displayed as half-bright. |
84060 | 2008 |
2009 @item :foreground | |
2010 Foreground color, a string. The value can be a system-defined color | |
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2011 name, or a hexadecimal color specification. @xref{Color Names}. On |
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2012 black-and-white displays, certain shades of gray are implemented by |
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2013 stipple patterns. |
84060 | 2014 |
2015 @item :background | |
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2016 Background color, a string. The value can be a system-defined color |
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2017 name, or a hexadecimal color specification. @xref{Color Names}. |
84060 | 2018 |
2019 @item :underline | |
2020 Whether or not characters should be underlined, and in what color. If | |
2021 the value is @code{t}, underlining uses the foreground color of the | |
2022 face. If the value is a string, underlining uses that color. The | |
2023 value @code{nil} means do not underline. | |
2024 | |
2025 @item :overline | |
2026 Whether or not characters should be overlined, and in what color. | |
2027 The value is used like that of @code{:underline}. | |
2028 | |
2029 @item :strike-through | |
2030 Whether or not characters should be strike-through, and in what | |
2031 color. The value is used like that of @code{:underline}. | |
2032 | |
2033 @item :box | |
2034 Whether or not a box should be drawn around characters, its color, the | |
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2035 width of the box lines, and 3D appearance. Here are the possible |
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2036 values of the @code{:box} attribute, and what they mean: |
84060 | 2037 |
2038 @table @asis | |
2039 @item @code{nil} | |
2040 Don't draw a box. | |
2041 | |
2042 @item @code{t} | |
2043 Draw a box with lines of width 1, in the foreground color. | |
2044 | |
2045 @item @var{color} | |
2046 Draw a box with lines of width 1, in color @var{color}. | |
2047 | |
2048 @item @code{(:line-width @var{width} :color @var{color} :style @var{style})} | |
2049 This way you can explicitly specify all aspects of the box. The value | |
2050 @var{width} specifies the width of the lines to draw; it defaults to 1. | |
2051 | |
2052 The value @var{color} specifies the color to draw with. The default is | |
2053 the foreground color of the face for simple boxes, and the background | |
2054 color of the face for 3D boxes. | |
2055 | |
2056 The value @var{style} specifies whether to draw a 3D box. If it is | |
2057 @code{released-button}, the box looks like a 3D button that is not being | |
2058 pressed. If it is @code{pressed-button}, the box looks like a 3D button | |
2059 that is being pressed. If it is @code{nil} or omitted, a plain 2D box | |
2060 is used. | |
2061 @end table | |
2062 | |
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2063 @item :inverse-video |
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2064 Whether or not characters should be displayed in inverse video. The |
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2065 value should be @code{t} (yes) or @code{nil} (no). |
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2066 |
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2067 @item :stipple |
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2068 The background stipple, a bitmap. |
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2069 |
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2070 The value can be a string; that should be the name of a file containing |
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2071 external-format X bitmap data. The file is found in the directories |
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2072 listed in the variable @code{x-bitmap-file-path}. |
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2073 |
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2074 Alternatively, the value can specify the bitmap directly, with a list |
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2075 of the form @code{(@var{width} @var{height} @var{data})}. Here, |
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2076 @var{width} and @var{height} specify the size in pixels, and |
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2077 @var{data} is a string containing the raw bits of the bitmap, row by |
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2078 row. Each row occupies @math{(@var{width} + 7) / 8} consecutive bytes |
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2079 in the string (which should be a unibyte string for best results). |
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2080 This means that each row always occupies at least one whole byte. |
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2081 |
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2082 If the value is @code{nil}, that means use no stipple pattern. |
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2083 |
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2084 Normally you do not need to set the stipple attribute, because it is |
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2085 used automatically to handle certain shades of gray. |
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2086 |
84060 | 2087 @item :font |
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2088 The font used to display the face. Its value should be a font object. |
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2089 @xref{Font Selection}, for information about font objects. |
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2090 |
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2091 When specifying this attribute using @code{set-face-attribute} |
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2092 (@pxref{Attribute Functions}), you may also supply a font spec, a font |
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2093 entity, or a string. Emacs converts such values to an appropriate |
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2094 font object, and stores that font object as the actual attribute |
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2095 value. If you specify a string, the contents of the string should be |
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2096 a font name (@pxref{Font X,, Font Specification Options, emacs, The |
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2097 GNU Emacs Manual}); if the font name is an XLFD containing wildcards, |
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2098 Emacs chooses the first font matching those wildcards. Specifying |
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2099 this attribute also changes the values of the @code{:family}, |
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2100 @code{:foundry}, @code{:width}, @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and |
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2101 @code{:slant} attributes. |
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2102 |
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2103 @item :inherit |
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2104 The name of a face from which to inherit attributes, or a list of face |
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2105 names. Attributes from inherited faces are merged into the face like |
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2106 an underlying face would be, with higher priority than underlying |
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2107 faces. If a list of faces is used, attributes from faces earlier in |
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2108 the list override those from later faces. |
84060 | 2109 @end table |
2110 | |
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2111 For compatibility with Emacs 20, you can also specify values for two |
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2112 ``fake'' face attributes: @code{:bold} and @code{:italic}. Their |
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2113 values must be either @code{t} or @code{nil}; a value of |
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2114 @code{unspecified} is not allowed. Setting @code{:bold} to @code{t} |
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2115 is equivalent to setting the @code{:weight} attribute to @code{bold}, |
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2116 and setting it to @code{nil} is equivalent to setting @code{:weight} |
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2117 to @code{normal}. Setting @code{:italic} to @code{t} is equivalent to |
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2118 setting the @code{:slant} attribute to @code{italic}, and setting it |
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2119 to @code{nil} is equivalent to setting @code{:slant} to @code{normal}. |
84060 | 2120 |
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2121 @defun font-family-list &optional frame |
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2122 This function returns a list of available font family names. The |
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2123 optional argument @var{frame} specifies the frame on which the text is |
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2124 to be displayed; if it is @code{nil}, the selected frame is used. |
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2125 @end defun |
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2126 |
84060 | 2127 @defvar x-bitmap-file-path |
2128 This variable specifies a list of directories for searching | |
2129 for bitmap files, for the @code{:stipple} attribute. | |
2130 @end defvar | |
2131 | |
2132 @defun bitmap-spec-p object | |
2133 This returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a valid bitmap specification, | |
2134 suitable for use with @code{:stipple} (see above). It returns | |
2135 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
2136 @end defun | |
2137 | |
2138 @node Attribute Functions | |
2139 @subsection Face Attribute Functions | |
2140 | |
2141 This section describes the functions for accessing and modifying the | |
2142 attributes of an existing face. | |
2143 | |
2144 @defun set-face-attribute face frame &rest arguments | |
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2145 This function sets one or more attributes of @var{face} for |
84060 | 2146 @var{frame}. The attributes you specify this way override whatever |
2147 the @code{defface} says. | |
2148 | |
2149 The extra arguments @var{arguments} specify the attributes to set, and | |
2150 the values for them. They should consist of alternating attribute names | |
2151 (such as @code{:family} or @code{:underline}) and corresponding values. | |
2152 Thus, | |
2153 | |
2154 @example | |
2155 (set-face-attribute 'foo nil | |
2156 :width 'extended | |
2157 :weight 'bold | |
2158 :underline "red") | |
2159 @end example | |
2160 | |
2161 @noindent | |
2162 sets the attributes @code{:width}, @code{:weight} and @code{:underline} | |
2163 to the corresponding values. | |
2164 | |
2165 If @var{frame} is @code{t}, this function sets the default attributes | |
2166 for new frames. Default attribute values specified this way override | |
2167 the @code{defface} for newly created frames. | |
2168 | |
2169 If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, this function sets the attributes for | |
2170 all existing frames, and the default for new frames. | |
2171 @end defun | |
2172 | |
2173 @defun face-attribute face attribute &optional frame inherit | |
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2174 This returns the value of the @var{attribute} attribute of @var{face} |
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2175 on @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, that means the selected |
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2176 frame (@pxref{Input Focus}). |
84060 | 2177 |
2178 If @var{frame} is @code{t}, this returns whatever new-frames default | |
2179 value you previously specified with @code{set-face-attribute} for the | |
2180 @var{attribute} attribute of @var{face}. If you have not specified | |
2181 one, it returns @code{nil}. | |
2182 | |
2183 If @var{inherit} is @code{nil}, only attributes directly defined by | |
2184 @var{face} are considered, so the return value may be | |
2185 @code{unspecified}, or a relative value. If @var{inherit} is | |
2186 non-@code{nil}, @var{face}'s definition of @var{attribute} is merged | |
2187 with the faces specified by its @code{:inherit} attribute; however the | |
2188 return value may still be @code{unspecified} or relative. If | |
2189 @var{inherit} is a face or a list of faces, then the result is further | |
2190 merged with that face (or faces), until it becomes specified and | |
2191 absolute. | |
2192 | |
2193 To ensure that the return value is always specified and absolute, use | |
2194 a value of @code{default} for @var{inherit}; this will resolve any | |
2195 unspecified or relative values by merging with the @code{default} face | |
2196 (which is always completely specified). | |
2197 | |
2198 For example, | |
2199 | |
2200 @example | |
2201 (face-attribute 'bold :weight) | |
2202 @result{} bold | |
2203 @end example | |
2204 @end defun | |
2205 | |
2206 @defun face-attribute-relative-p attribute value | |
2207 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{value}, when used as the | |
2208 value of the face attribute @var{attribute}, is relative. This means | |
2209 it would modify, rather than completely override, any value that comes | |
2210 from a subsequent face in the face list or that is inherited from | |
2211 another face. | |
2212 | |
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2213 @code{unspecified} is a relative value for all attributes. For |
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2214 @code{:height}, floating point and function values are also relative. |
84060 | 2215 |
2216 For example: | |
2217 | |
2218 @example | |
2219 (face-attribute-relative-p :height 2.0) | |
2220 @result{} t | |
2221 @end example | |
2222 @end defun | |
2223 | |
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2224 @defun face-all-attributes face &optional frame |
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2225 This function returns an alist of attributes of @var{face}. The |
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2226 elements of the result are name-value pairs of the form |
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2227 @w{@code{(@var{attr-name} . @var{attr-value})}}. Optional argument |
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2228 @var{frame} specifies the frame whose definition of @var{face} to |
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2229 return; if omitted or @code{nil}, the returned value describes the |
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2230 default attributes of @var{face} for newly created frames. |
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2231 @end defun |
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2232 |
84060 | 2233 @defun merge-face-attribute attribute value1 value2 |
2234 If @var{value1} is a relative value for the face attribute | |
2235 @var{attribute}, returns it merged with the underlying value | |
2236 @var{value2}; otherwise, if @var{value1} is an absolute value for the | |
2237 face attribute @var{attribute}, returns @var{value1} unchanged. | |
2238 @end defun | |
2239 | |
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2240 The following functions provide compatibility with Emacs 20 and |
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2241 below. They work by calling @code{set-face-attribute}. Values of |
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2242 @code{t} and @code{nil} for their @var{frame} argument are handled |
84060 | 2243 just like @code{set-face-attribute} and @code{face-attribute}. |
2244 | |
2245 @defun set-face-foreground face color &optional frame | |
2246 @defunx set-face-background face color &optional frame | |
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2247 These functions set the @code{:foreground} attribute (or |
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2248 @code{:background} attribute, respectively) of @var{face} to |
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2249 @var{color}. |
84060 | 2250 @end defun |
2251 | |
2252 @defun set-face-stipple face pattern &optional frame | |
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2253 This function sets the @code{:stipple} attribute of @var{face} to |
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2254 @var{pattern}. |
84060 | 2255 @end defun |
2256 | |
2257 @defun set-face-font face font &optional frame | |
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2258 This function sets the @code{:font} attribute of @var{face} to |
84060 | 2259 @var{font}. |
2260 @end defun | |
2261 | |
2262 @defun set-face-bold-p face bold-p &optional frame | |
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2263 This function sets the @code{:weight} attribute of @var{face} to |
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2264 @var{normal} if @var{bold-p} is @code{nil}, and to @var{bold} |
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2265 otherwise. |
84060 | 2266 @end defun |
2267 | |
2268 @defun set-face-italic-p face italic-p &optional frame | |
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2269 This function sets the @code{:slant} attribute of @var{face} to |
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2270 @var{normal} if @var{italic-p} is @code{nil}, and to @var{italic} |
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2271 otherwise. |
84060 | 2272 @end defun |
2273 | |
2274 @defun set-face-underline-p face underline &optional frame | |
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2275 This function sets the @code{:underline} attribute of @var{face} to |
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2276 @var{underline}. |
84060 | 2277 @end defun |
2278 | |
2279 @defun set-face-inverse-video-p face inverse-video-p &optional frame | |
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2280 This function sets the @code{:inverse-video} attribute of @var{face} |
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2281 to @var{inverse-video-p}. |
84060 | 2282 @end defun |
2283 | |
2284 @defun invert-face face &optional frame | |
2285 This function swaps the foreground and background colors of face | |
2286 @var{face}. | |
2287 @end defun | |
2288 | |
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2289 The following functions examine the attributes of a face. If you |
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2290 don't specify @var{frame}, they refer to the selected frame; @code{t} |
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2291 refers to the default data for new frames. They return the symbol |
84060 | 2292 @code{unspecified} if the face doesn't define any value for that |
2293 attribute. | |
2294 | |
2295 @defun face-foreground face &optional frame inherit | |
2296 @defunx face-background face &optional frame inherit | |
2297 These functions return the foreground color (or background color, | |
2298 respectively) of face @var{face}, as a string. | |
2299 | |
2300 If @var{inherit} is @code{nil}, only a color directly defined by the face is | |
2301 returned. If @var{inherit} is non-@code{nil}, any faces specified by its | |
2302 @code{:inherit} attribute are considered as well, and if @var{inherit} | |
2303 is a face or a list of faces, then they are also considered, until a | |
2304 specified color is found. To ensure that the return value is always | |
2305 specified, use a value of @code{default} for @var{inherit}. | |
2306 @end defun | |
2307 | |
2308 @defun face-stipple face &optional frame inherit | |
2309 This function returns the name of the background stipple pattern of face | |
2310 @var{face}, or @code{nil} if it doesn't have one. | |
2311 | |
2312 If @var{inherit} is @code{nil}, only a stipple directly defined by the | |
2313 face is returned. If @var{inherit} is non-@code{nil}, any faces | |
2314 specified by its @code{:inherit} attribute are considered as well, and | |
2315 if @var{inherit} is a face or a list of faces, then they are also | |
2316 considered, until a specified stipple is found. To ensure that the | |
2317 return value is always specified, use a value of @code{default} for | |
2318 @var{inherit}. | |
2319 @end defun | |
2320 | |
2321 @defun face-font face &optional frame | |
2322 This function returns the name of the font of face @var{face}. | |
2323 @end defun | |
2324 | |
2325 @defun face-bold-p face &optional frame | |
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2326 This function returns a non-@code{nil} value if the @code{:weight} |
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2327 attribute of @var{face} is bolder than normal (i.e., one of |
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2328 @code{semi-bold}, @code{bold}, @code{extra-bold}, or |
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2329 @code{ultra-bold}). Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. |
84060 | 2330 @end defun |
2331 | |
2332 @defun face-italic-p face &optional frame | |
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2333 This function returns a non-@code{nil} value if the @code{:slant} |
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2334 attribute of @var{face} is @code{italic} or @code{oblique}, and |
84060 | 2335 @code{nil} otherwise. |
2336 @end defun | |
2337 | |
2338 @defun face-underline-p face &optional frame | |
2339 This function returns the @code{:underline} attribute of face @var{face}. | |
2340 @end defun | |
2341 | |
2342 @defun face-inverse-video-p face &optional frame | |
2343 This function returns the @code{:inverse-video} attribute of face @var{face}. | |
2344 @end defun | |
2345 | |
2346 @node Displaying Faces | |
2347 @subsection Displaying Faces | |
2348 | |
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2349 Here is how Emacs determines the face to use for displaying any |
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2350 given piece of text: |
84060 | 2351 |
2352 @itemize @bullet | |
2353 @item | |
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2354 If the text consists of a special glyph, the glyph can specify a |
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2355 particular face. @xref{Glyphs}. |
84060 | 2356 |
2357 @item | |
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2358 If the text lies within an active region, Emacs highlights it using |
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2359 the @code{region} face. @xref{Standard Faces,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
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2360 Manual}. |
84060 | 2361 |
2362 @item | |
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2363 If the text lies within an overlay with a non-@code{nil} @code{face} |
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2364 property, Emacs applies the face or face attributes specified by that |
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2365 property. If the overlay has a @code{mouse-face} property and the |
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2366 mouse is ``near enough'' to the overlay, Emacs applies the face or |
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2367 face attributes specified by the @code{mouse-face} property instead. |
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2368 @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
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2369 |
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2370 When multiple overlays cover one character, an overlay with higher |
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2371 priority overrides those with lower priority. @xref{Overlays}. |
84060 | 2372 |
2373 @item | |
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2374 If the text contains a @code{face} or @code{mouse-face} property, |
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2375 Emacs applies the specified faces and face attributes. @xref{Special |
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2376 Properties}. (This is how Font Lock mode faces are applied. |
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2377 @xref{Font Lock Mode}.) |
84060 | 2378 |
2379 @item | |
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2380 If the text lies within the mode line of the selected window, Emacs |
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2381 applies the @code{mode-line} face. For the mode line of a |
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2382 non-selected window, Emacs applies the @code{mode-line-inactive} face. |
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2383 For a header line, Emacs applies the @code{header-line} face. |
84060 | 2384 |
2385 @item | |
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2386 If any given attribute has not been specified during the preceding |
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2387 steps, Emacs applies the attribute of the @code{default} face. |
84060 | 2388 @end itemize |
2389 | |
2390 If these various sources together specify more than one face for a | |
2391 particular character, Emacs merges the attributes of the various faces | |
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2392 specified. For each attribute, Emacs tries using the above order |
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2393 (i.e., first the face of any special glyph; then the face for region |
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2394 highlighting, if appropriate; then faces specified by overlays, then |
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2395 faces specified by text properties, then the @code{mode-line} or |
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2396 @code{mode-line-inactive} or @code{header-line} face, if appropriate, |
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2397 and finally the @code{default} face). |
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2398 |
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2399 @node Face Remapping |
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2400 @subsection Face Remapping |
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2401 |
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2402 The variable @code{face-remapping-alist} is used for buffer-local or |
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2403 global changes in the appearance of a face. For instance, it can be |
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2404 used to make the @code{default} face a variable-pitch face within a |
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2405 particular buffer. |
84060 | 2406 |
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2407 @defvar face-remapping-alist |
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2408 An alist whose elements have the form @code{(@var{face} |
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2409 @var{remapping...})}. This causes Emacs to display text using the |
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2410 face @var{face} using @var{remapping...} instead of @var{face}'s |
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2411 ordinary definition. @var{remapping...} may be any face specification |
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2412 suitable for a @code{face} text property: either a face name, or a |
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2413 property list of attribute/value pairs. @xref{Special Properties}. |
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2414 |
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2415 If @code{face-remapping-alist} is buffer-local, its local value takes |
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2416 effect only within that buffer. |
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2417 |
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2418 Two points bear emphasizing: |
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2419 |
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2420 @enumerate |
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2421 @item |
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2422 The new definition @var{remapping...} is the complete |
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2423 specification of how to display @var{face}---it entirely replaces, |
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2424 rather than augmenting or modifying, the normal definition of that |
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2425 face. |
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2426 |
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2427 @item |
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2428 If @var{remapping...} recursively references the same face name |
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2429 @var{face}, either directly remapping entry, or via the |
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2430 @code{:inherit} attribute of some other face in |
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2431 @var{remapping...}, then that reference uses normal frame-wide |
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2432 definition of @var{face} instead of the ``remapped'' definition. |
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2433 |
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2434 For instance, if the @code{mode-line} face is remapped using this |
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2435 entry in @code{face-remapping-alist}: |
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2436 @example |
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2437 (mode-line italic mode-line) |
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2438 @end example |
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2439 @noindent |
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2440 then the new definition of the @code{mode-line} face inherits from the |
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2441 @code{italic} face, and the @emph{normal} (non-remapped) definition of |
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2442 @code{mode-line} face. |
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2443 @end enumerate |
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2444 @end defvar |
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2445 |
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changeset
|
2446 A typical use of the @code{face-remapping-alist} is to change a |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2447 buffer's @code{default} face; for example, the following changes a |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2448 buffer's @code{default} face to use the @code{variable-pitch} face, |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2449 with the height doubled: |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2450 |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2451 @example |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2452 (set (make-local-variable 'face-remapping-alist) |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2453 '((default variable-pitch :height 2.0))) |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2454 @end example |
415f68458e61
Implement face-remapping-alist feature
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
94197
diff
changeset
|
2455 |
100978
d14fcdc20167
(Attribute Functions): Note that a function value :height is relative,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
100974
diff
changeset
|
2456 The following functions implement a higher-level interface to |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2457 @code{face-remapping-alist}, making it easier to use |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2458 ``cooperatively''. They are mainly intended for buffer-local use, and |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2459 so all make @code{face-remapping-alist} variable buffer-local as a |
100978
d14fcdc20167
(Attribute Functions): Note that a function value :height is relative,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
100974
diff
changeset
|
2460 side-effect. They use entries in @code{face-remapping-alist} which |
d14fcdc20167
(Attribute Functions): Note that a function value :height is relative,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
100974
diff
changeset
|
2461 have the general form: |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2462 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2463 @example |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2464 (@var{face} @var{relative_specs_1} @var{relative_specs_2} @var{...} @var{base_specs}) |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2465 @end example |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2466 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2467 Everything except the @var{face} is a ``face spec'', a list of face |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2468 names or face attribute-value pairs. All face specs are merged |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2469 together, with earlier values taking precedence. |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2470 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
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parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2471 The @var{relative_specs_}n values are ``relative specs'', and are |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2472 added by @code{face-remap-add-relative} (and removed by |
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2473 @code{face-remap-remove-relative}. These are intended for face |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2474 modifications (such as increasing the size). Typical users of these |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2475 relative specs would be minor modes. |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2476 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2477 @var{base_specs} is the lowest-priority value, and by default is just the |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2478 face name, which causes the global definition of that face to be used. |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2479 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2480 A non-default value of @var{base_specs} may also be set using |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2481 @code{face-remap-set-base}. Because this @emph{overwrites} the |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2482 default base-spec value (which inherits the global face definition), |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2483 it is up to the caller of @code{face-remap-set-base} to add such |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2484 inheritance if it is desired. A typical use of |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2485 @code{face-remap-set-base} would be a major mode adding a face |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2486 remappings, e.g., of the default face. |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2487 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2488 |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2489 @defun face-remap-add-relative face &rest specs |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2490 This functions adds a face remapping entry of @var{face} to @var{specs} |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2491 in the current buffer. |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2492 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2493 It returns a ``cookie'' which can be used to later delete the remapping with |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2494 @code{face-remap-remove-relative}. |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2495 |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2496 @var{specs} can be any value suitable for the @code{face} text |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2497 property, including a face name, a list of face names, or a |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2498 face-attribute property list. The attributes given by @var{specs} |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2499 will be merged with any other currently active face remappings of |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2500 @var{face}, and with the global definition of @var{face} (by default; |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2501 this may be changed using @code{face-remap-set-base}), with the most |
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2502 recently added relative remapping taking precedence. |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2503 @end defun |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2504 |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2505 @defun face-remap-remove-relative cookie |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2506 This function removes a face remapping previously added by |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2507 @code{face-remap-add-relative}. @var{cookie} should be a return value |
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2508 from that function. |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2509 @end defun |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2510 |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2511 @defun face-remap-set-base face &rest specs |
95515
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Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2512 This function sets the ``base remapping'' of @var{face} in the current |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2513 buffer to @var{specs}. If @var{specs} is empty, the default base |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2514 remapping is restored, which inherits from the global definition of |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2515 @var{face}; note that this is different from @var{specs} containing a |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2516 single value @code{nil}, which has the opposite result (the global |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2517 definition of @var{face} is ignored). |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2518 @end defun |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2519 |
95563
6d9c4248a579
Rename functions in lisp/face-remap.el
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95553
diff
changeset
|
2520 @defun face-remap-reset-base face |
95515
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
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parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2521 This function sets the ``base remapping'' of @var{face} to its default |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2522 value, which inherits from @var{face}'s global definition. |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2523 @end defun |
328f63bafded
Add lisp/face-remap.el and associated documentation
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
95457
diff
changeset
|
2524 |
100990
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2525 @node Face Functions |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2526 @subsection Functions for Working with Faces |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
100978
diff
changeset
|
2527 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2528 Here are additional functions for creating and working with faces. |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2529 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2530 @defun make-face name |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2531 This function defines a new face named @var{name}, initially with all |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2532 attributes @code{nil}. It does nothing if there is already a face named |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2533 @var{name}. |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2534 @end defun |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2535 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2536 @defun face-list |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2537 This function returns a list of all defined face names. |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2538 @end defun |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2539 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2540 @defun copy-face old-face new-name &optional frame new-frame |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2541 This function defines a face named @var{new-name} as a copy of the existing |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2542 face named @var{old-face}. It creates the face @var{new-name} if that |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2543 doesn't already exist. |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2544 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2545 If the optional argument @var{frame} is given, this function applies |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2546 only to that frame. Otherwise it applies to each frame individually, |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2547 copying attributes from @var{old-face} in each frame to @var{new-face} |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2548 in the same frame. |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2549 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2550 If the optional argument @var{new-frame} is given, then @code{copy-face} |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2551 copies the attributes of @var{old-face} in @var{frame} to @var{new-name} |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2552 in @var{new-frame}. |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2553 @end defun |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2554 |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2555 @defun face-id face |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2556 This function returns the @dfn{face number} of face @var{face}. This |
80faf5dfb6cd
(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
2557 is a number that uniquely identifies a face at low levels within |
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|
2558 Emacs. It is seldom necessary to refer to a face by its face number. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2559 @end defun |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2560 |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2561 @defun face-documentation face |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2562 This function returns the documentation string of face @var{face}, or |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2563 @code{nil} if none was specified for it. |
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|
2564 @end defun |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2565 |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2566 @defun face-equal face1 face2 &optional frame |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2567 This returns @code{t} if the faces @var{face1} and @var{face2} have the |
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|
2568 same attributes for display. |
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|
2569 @end defun |
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|
2570 |
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|
2571 @defun face-differs-from-default-p face &optional frame |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2572 This returns non-@code{nil} if the face @var{face} displays |
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|
2573 differently from the default face. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2574 @end defun |
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|
2575 |
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|
2576 @cindex face alias |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2577 A @dfn{face alias} provides an equivalent name for a face. You can |
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|
2578 define a face alias by giving the alias symbol the @code{face-alias} |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2579 property, with a value of the target face name. The following example |
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|
2580 makes @code{modeline} an alias for the @code{mode-line} face. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2581 |
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|
2582 @example |
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|
2583 (put 'modeline 'face-alias 'mode-line) |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2584 @end example |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2585 |
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|
2586 @node Auto Faces |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2587 @subsection Automatic Face Assignment |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2588 @cindex automatic face assignment |
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|
2589 @cindex faces, automatic choice |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2590 |
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|
2591 This hook is used for automatically assigning faces to text in the |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2592 buffer. It is part of the implementation of Jit-Lock mode, used by |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2593 Font-Lock. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2594 |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2595 @defvar fontification-functions |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2596 This variable holds a list of functions that are called by Emacs |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2597 redisplay as needed to assign faces automatically to text in the buffer. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2598 |
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|
2599 The functions are called in the order listed, with one argument, a |
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|
2600 buffer position @var{pos}. Each function should attempt to assign faces |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2601 to the text in the current buffer starting at @var{pos}. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2602 |
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|
2603 Each function should record the faces they assign by setting the |
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|
2604 @code{face} property. It should also add a non-@code{nil} |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2605 @code{fontified} property for all the text it has assigned faces to. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2606 That property tells redisplay that faces have been assigned to that text |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2607 already. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2608 |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2609 It is probably a good idea for each function to do nothing if the |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2610 character after @var{pos} already has a non-@code{nil} @code{fontified} |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2611 property, but this is not required. If one function overrides the |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2612 assignments made by a previous one, the properties as they are |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2613 after the last function finishes are the ones that really matter. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2614 |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2615 For efficiency, we recommend writing these functions so that they |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2616 usually assign faces to around 400 to 600 characters at each call. |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2617 @end defvar |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2618 |
101033
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2619 @node Font Selection |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2620 @subsection Font Selection |
100990
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2621 |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2622 Before Emacs can draw a character on a particular display, it must |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2623 select a @dfn{font} for that character@footnote{In this context, the |
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(Faces): Put Font Selection node after Auto Faces.
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|
2624 term @dfn{font} has nothing to do with Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock |
101033
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2625 Mode}).}. Normally, Emacs automatically chooses a font based on the |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2626 faces assigned to that character---specifically, the face attributes |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2627 @code{:family}, @code{:weight}, @code{:slant}, and @code{:width} |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2628 (@pxref{Face Attributes}). The choice of font also depends on the |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2629 character to be displayed; some fonts can only display a limited set |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2630 of characters. If no available font exactly fits the requirements, |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2631 Emacs looks for the @dfn{closest matching font}. The variables in |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2632 this section control how Emacs makes this selection. |
84060 | 2633 |
2634 @defvar face-font-family-alternatives | |
101033
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2635 If a given family is specified but does not exist, this variable |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2636 specifies alternative font families to try. Each element should have |
84060 | 2637 this form: |
2638 | |
2639 @example | |
2640 (@var{family} @var{alternate-families}@dots{}) | |
2641 @end example | |
2642 | |
2643 If @var{family} is specified but not available, Emacs will try the other | |
2644 families given in @var{alternate-families}, one by one, until it finds a | |
2645 family that does exist. | |
2646 @end defvar | |
2647 | |
101033
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2648 @defvar face-font-selection-order |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2649 If there is no font that exactly matches all desired face attributes |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2650 (@code{:width}, @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant}), |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2651 this variable specifies the order in which these attributes should be |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2652 considered when selecting the closest matching font. The value should |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2653 be a list containing those four attribute symbols, in order of |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2654 decreasing importance. The default is @code{(:width :height :weight |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2655 :slant)}. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2656 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2657 Font selection first finds the best available matches for the first |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2658 attribute in the list; then, among the fonts which are best in that |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2659 way, it searches for the best matches in the second attribute, and so |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2660 on. |
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|
2661 |
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|
2662 The attributes @code{:weight} and @code{:width} have symbolic values in |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2663 a range centered around @code{normal}. Matches that are more extreme |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2664 (farther from @code{normal}) are somewhat preferred to matches that are |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2665 less extreme (closer to @code{normal}); this is designed to ensure that |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2666 non-normal faces contrast with normal ones, whenever possible. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2667 |
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|
2668 One example of a case where this variable makes a difference is when the |
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|
2669 default font has no italic equivalent. With the default ordering, the |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2670 @code{italic} face will use a non-italic font that is similar to the |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2671 default one. But if you put @code{:slant} before @code{:height}, the |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2672 @code{italic} face will use an italic font, even if its height is not |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2673 quite right. |
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|
2674 @end defvar |
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|
2675 |
84060 | 2676 @defvar face-font-registry-alternatives |
2677 This variable lets you specify alternative font registries to try, if a | |
2678 given registry is specified and doesn't exist. Each element should have | |
2679 this form: | |
2680 | |
2681 @example | |
2682 (@var{registry} @var{alternate-registries}@dots{}) | |
2683 @end example | |
2684 | |
2685 If @var{registry} is specified but not available, Emacs will try the | |
2686 other registries given in @var{alternate-registries}, one by one, | |
2687 until it finds a registry that does exist. | |
2688 @end defvar | |
2689 | |
2690 Emacs can make use of scalable fonts, but by default it does not use | |
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2691 them. |
84060 | 2692 |
2693 @defvar scalable-fonts-allowed | |
2694 This variable controls which scalable fonts to use. A value of | |
2695 @code{nil}, the default, means do not use scalable fonts. @code{t} | |
2696 means to use any scalable font that seems appropriate for the text. | |
2697 | |
2698 Otherwise, the value must be a list of regular expressions. Then a | |
2699 scalable font is enabled for use if its name matches any regular | |
2700 expression in the list. For example, | |
2701 | |
2702 @example | |
2703 (setq scalable-fonts-allowed '("muleindian-2$")) | |
2704 @end example | |
2705 | |
2706 @noindent | |
2707 allows the use of scalable fonts with registry @code{muleindian-2}. | |
2708 @end defvar | |
2709 | |
2710 @defvar face-font-rescale-alist | |
2711 This variable specifies scaling for certain faces. Its value should | |
2712 be a list of elements of the form | |
2713 | |
2714 @example | |
2715 (@var{fontname-regexp} . @var{scale-factor}) | |
2716 @end example | |
2717 | |
2718 If @var{fontname-regexp} matches the font name that is about to be | |
2719 used, this says to choose a larger similar font according to the | |
2720 factor @var{scale-factor}. You would use this feature to normalize | |
2721 the font size if certain fonts are bigger or smaller than their | |
2722 nominal heights and widths would suggest. | |
2723 @end defvar | |
2724 | |
2725 @node Font Lookup | |
2726 @subsection Looking Up Fonts | |
2727 | |
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2728 @defun x-list-fonts name &optional reference-face frame maximum width |
84060 | 2729 This function returns a list of available font names that match |
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2730 @var{name}. @var{name} should be a string containing a font name in |
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2731 either the Fontconfig, GTK, or XLFD format (@pxref{Font X,, Font |
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2732 Specification Options, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). Within an XLFD |
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2733 string, wildcard characters may be used: the @samp{*} character |
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2734 matches any substring, and the @samp{?} character matches any single |
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2735 character. Case is ignored when matching font names. |
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2736 |
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2737 If the optional arguments @var{reference-face} and @var{frame} are |
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2738 specified, the returned list includes only fonts that are the same |
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2739 size as @var{reference-face} (a face name) currently is on the frame |
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2740 @var{frame}. |
84060 | 2741 |
2742 The optional argument @var{maximum} sets a limit on how many fonts to | |
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2743 return. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the return value is truncated |
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2744 after the first @var{maximum} matching fonts. Specifying a small |
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2745 value for @var{maximum} can make this function much faster, in cases |
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2746 where many fonts match the pattern. |
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2747 |
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2748 The optional argument @var{width} specifies a desired font width. If |
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2749 it is non-@code{nil}, the function only returns those fonts whose |
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2750 characters are (on average) @var{width} times as wide as |
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2751 @var{reference-face}. |
84060 | 2752 @end defun |
2753 | |
2754 @defun x-family-fonts &optional family frame | |
2755 This function returns a list describing the available fonts for family | |
2756 @var{family} on @var{frame}. If @var{family} is omitted or @code{nil}, | |
2757 this list applies to all families, and therefore, it contains all | |
2758 available fonts. Otherwise, @var{family} must be a string; it may | |
2759 contain the wildcards @samp{?} and @samp{*}. | |
2760 | |
2761 The list describes the display that @var{frame} is on; if @var{frame} is | |
2762 omitted or @code{nil}, it applies to the selected frame's display | |
2763 (@pxref{Input Focus}). | |
2764 | |
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2765 Each element in the list is a vector of the following form: |
84060 | 2766 |
2767 @example | |
2768 [@var{family} @var{width} @var{point-size} @var{weight} @var{slant} | |
2769 @var{fixed-p} @var{full} @var{registry-and-encoding}] | |
2770 @end example | |
2771 | |
2772 The first five elements correspond to face attributes; if you | |
2773 specify these attributes for a face, it will use this font. | |
2774 | |
2775 The last three elements give additional information about the font. | |
2776 @var{fixed-p} is non-@code{nil} if the font is fixed-pitch. | |
2777 @var{full} is the full name of the font, and | |
2778 @var{registry-and-encoding} is a string giving the registry and | |
2779 encoding of the font. | |
2780 @end defun | |
2781 | |
2782 @defvar font-list-limit | |
2783 This variable specifies maximum number of fonts to consider in font | |
2784 matching. The function @code{x-family-fonts} will not return more than | |
2785 that many fonts, and font selection will consider only that many fonts | |
2786 when searching a matching font for face attributes. The default is | |
2787 currently 100. | |
2788 @end defvar | |
2789 | |
2790 @node Fontsets | |
2791 @subsection Fontsets | |
2792 | |
2793 A @dfn{fontset} is a list of fonts, each assigned to a range of | |
2794 character codes. An individual font cannot display the whole range of | |
2795 characters that Emacs supports, but a fontset can. Fontsets have names, | |
2796 just as fonts do, and you can use a fontset name in place of a font name | |
2797 when you specify the ``font'' for a frame or a face. Here is | |
2798 information about defining a fontset under Lisp program control. | |
2799 | |
2800 @defun create-fontset-from-fontset-spec fontset-spec &optional style-variant-p noerror | |
2801 This function defines a new fontset according to the specification | |
2802 string @var{fontset-spec}. The string should have this format: | |
2803 | |
2804 @smallexample | |
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2805 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charset}:@var{font}@r{]@dots{}} |
84060 | 2806 @end smallexample |
2807 | |
2808 @noindent | |
2809 Whitespace characters before and after the commas are ignored. | |
2810 | |
2811 The first part of the string, @var{fontpattern}, should have the form of | |
2812 a standard X font name, except that the last two fields should be | |
2813 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
2814 | |
2815 The new fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
2816 @var{fontpattern} in its entirety. The short name is | |
2817 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You can refer to the fontset by either | |
2818 name. If a fontset with the same name already exists, an error is | |
2819 signaled, unless @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, in which case this | |
2820 function does nothing. | |
2821 | |
2822 If optional argument @var{style-variant-p} is non-@code{nil}, that says | |
2823 to create bold, italic and bold-italic variants of the fontset as well. | |
2824 These variant fontsets do not have a short name, only a long one, which | |
2825 is made by altering @var{fontpattern} to indicate the bold or italic | |
2826 status. | |
2827 | |
2828 The specification string also says which fonts to use in the fontset. | |
2829 See below for the details. | |
2830 @end defun | |
2831 | |
2832 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
2833 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
2834 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the font | |
2835 to use for that character set. You can use this construct any number of | |
2836 times in the specification string. | |
2837 | |
2838 For the remaining character sets, those that you don't specify | |
2839 explicitly, Emacs chooses a font based on @var{fontpattern}: it replaces | |
2840 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with a value that names one character set. | |
2841 For the @acronym{ASCII} character set, @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced | |
2842 with @samp{ISO8859-1}. | |
2843 | |
2844 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
2845 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
2846 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
2847 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
2848 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which Emacs does. | |
2849 | |
2850 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
2851 | |
2852 @example | |
2853 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
2854 @end example | |
2855 | |
2856 @noindent | |
2857 the font specification for @acronym{ASCII} characters would be this: | |
2858 | |
2859 @example | |
2860 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
2861 @end example | |
2862 | |
2863 @noindent | |
2864 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
2865 | |
2866 @example | |
2867 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
2868 @end example | |
2869 | |
2870 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
2871 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
2872 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in the @var{family} field. In | |
2873 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
2874 | |
2875 @smallexample | |
2876 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
2877 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
2878 @end smallexample | |
2879 | |
2880 @noindent | |
2881 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
2882 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
2883 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
2884 field. | |
2885 | |
2886 @defun set-fontset-font name character fontname &optional frame | |
2887 This function modifies the existing fontset @var{name} to | |
2888 use the font name @var{fontname} for the character @var{character}. | |
2889 | |
2890 If @var{name} is @code{nil}, this function modifies the default | |
2891 fontset, whose short name is @samp{fontset-default}. | |
2892 | |
2893 @var{character} may be a cons; @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, where | |
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2894 @var{from} and @var{to} are character codepoints. In that case, use |
84060 | 2895 @var{fontname} for all characters in the range @var{from} and @var{to} |
2896 (inclusive). | |
2897 | |
2898 @var{character} may be a charset. In that case, use | |
2899 @var{fontname} for all character in the charsets. | |
2900 | |
2901 @var{fontname} may be a cons; @code{(@var{family} . @var{registry})}, | |
2902 where @var{family} is a family name of a font (possibly including a | |
2903 foundry name at the head), @var{registry} is a registry name of a font | |
2904 (possibly including an encoding name at the tail). | |
2905 | |
2906 For instance, this changes the default fontset to use a font of which | |
2907 registry name is @samp{JISX0208.1983} for all characters belonging to | |
2908 the charset @code{japanese-jisx0208}. | |
2909 | |
2910 @smallexample | |
2911 (set-fontset-font nil 'japanese-jisx0208 '(nil . "JISX0208.1983")) | |
2912 @end smallexample | |
2913 @end defun | |
2914 | |
2915 @defun char-displayable-p char | |
2916 This function returns @code{t} if Emacs ought to be able to display | |
2917 @var{char}. More precisely, if the selected frame's fontset has a | |
2918 font to display the character set that @var{char} belongs to. | |
2919 | |
2920 Fontsets can specify a font on a per-character basis; when the fontset | |
2921 does that, this function's value may not be accurate. | |
2922 @end defun | |
2923 | |
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2924 @node Low-Level Font |
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2925 @subsection Low-Level Font Representation |
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2926 |
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2927 Normally, it is not necessary to manipulate fonts directly. In case |
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2928 you need to do so, this section explains how. |
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2929 |
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|
2930 In Emacs Lisp, fonts are represented using three different Lisp |
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2931 object types: @dfn{font objects}, @dfn{font specs}, and @dfn{font |
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2932 entities}. |
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|
2933 |
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2934 @defun fontp object &optional type |
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2935 Return @code{t} if @var{object} is a font object, font spec, or font |
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2936 entity. Otherwise, return @code{nil}. |
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|
2937 |
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2938 The optional argument @var{type}, if non-@code{nil}, determines the |
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2939 exact type of Lisp object to check for. In that case, @var{type} |
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2940 should be one of @code{font-object}, @code{font-spec}, or |
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|
2941 @code{font-entity}. |
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|
2942 @end defun |
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|
2943 |
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|
2944 A font object is a Lisp object that represents a font that Emacs has |
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2945 @dfn{opened}. Font objects cannot be modified in Lisp, but they can |
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2946 be inspected. If you call @code{set-face-attribute} and pass a font |
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2947 spec, font entity, or font name string as the value of the |
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2948 @code{:font} attribute, Emacs opens the best ``matching'' font that is |
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2949 available for display. It then stores the corresponding font object |
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2950 as the actual value of the @code{:font} attribute for that face. |
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|
2951 |
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|
2952 @defun font-at position &optional window string |
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2953 Return the font object that is being used to display the character at |
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2954 position @var{position} in the window @var{window}. If @var{window} |
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2955 is @code{nil}, it defaults to the selected window. If @var{string} is |
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2956 @code{nil}, @var{position} specifies a position in the current buffer; |
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2957 otherwise, @var{string} should be a string, and @var{position} |
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2958 specifies a position in that string. |
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|
2959 @end defun |
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|
2960 |
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|
2961 A font spec is a Lisp object that contains a set of specifications |
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|
2962 that can be used to find a font. More than one font may match the |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2963 specifications in a font spec. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2964 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2965 @defun font-spec &rest arguments |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2966 Return a new font spec using the specifications in @var{arguments}, |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2967 which should come in @code{property}-@code{value} pairs. The possible |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2968 specifications are as follows: |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2969 |
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|
2970 @table @code |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2971 @item :name |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2972 The font name (a string), in either XLFD, Fontconfig, or GTK format. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2973 @xref{Font X,, Font Specification Options, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2974 Manual}. |
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|
2975 |
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|
2976 @item :family |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2977 @itemx :foundry |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2978 @itemx :weight |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2979 @itemx :slant |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2980 @itemx :width |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2981 These have the same meanings as the face attributes of the same name. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2982 @xref{Face Attributes}. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2983 |
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changeset
|
2984 @item :size |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2985 The font size---either a non-negative integer that specifies the pixel |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2986 size, or a floating point number that specifies the point size. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2987 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
2988 @item :adstyle |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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parents:
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diff
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|
2989 Additional typographic style information for the font, such as |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
2990 @samp{sans}. The value should be a string or a symbol. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
changeset
|
2991 |
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changeset
|
2992 @item :registry |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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parents:
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|
2993 The charset registry and encoding of the font, such as |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2994 @samp{iso8859-1}. The value should be a string or a symbol. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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parents:
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diff
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|
2995 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
2996 @item :script |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2997 The script that the font must support (a symbol). |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
2998 @end table |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
2999 @end defun |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
changeset
|
3000 |
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|
3001 @defun font-put font-spec property value |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3002 Set the font property @var{property} in the font-spec @var{font-spec} |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3003 to @var{value}. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3004 @end defun |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3005 |
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|
3006 A font entity is a reference to a font that need not be open. Its |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3007 properties are intermediate between a font object and a font spec: |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3008 like a font object, and unlike a font spec, it refers to a single, |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3009 specific font. Unlike a font object, creating a font entity does not |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3010 load the contents of that font into computer memory. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3011 |
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|
3012 @defun find-font font-spec &optional frame |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3013 This function returns a font entity that best matches the font spec |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3014 @var{font-spec} on frame @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3015 it defaults to the selected frame. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3016 @end defun |
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|
3017 |
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|
3018 @defun list-fonts font-spec &optional frame num prefer |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3019 This function returns a list of all font entities that match the font |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3020 spec @var{font-spec}. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
changeset
|
3021 |
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|
3022 The optional argument @var{frame}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3023 frame on which the fonts are to be displayed. The optional argument |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3024 @var{num}, if non-@code{nil}, should be an integer that specifies the |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3025 maximum length of the returned list. The optional argument |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3026 @var{prefer}, if non-@code{nil}, should be another font spec, which is |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3027 used to control the order of the returned list; the returned font |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3028 entities are sorted in order of decreasing ``closeness'' to that font |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3029 spec. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3030 @end defun |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
changeset
|
3031 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
changeset
|
3032 The following functions can be used to obtain information about a |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3033 font. For these functions, the @var{font} argument can be a font |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3034 object, a font entity, or a font spec. |
652cf1b0fd5a
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diff
changeset
|
3035 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
3036 @defun font-get font property |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3037 This function returns the value of the font property @var{property} |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3038 for @var{font}. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3039 |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
3040 If @var{font} is a font spec and the font spec does not specify |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3041 @var{property}, the return value is @code{nil}. If @var{font} is a |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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parents:
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|
3042 font object or font entity, the value for the @var{:script} property |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3043 may be a list of scripts supported by the font. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
changeset
|
3044 @end defun |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3045 |
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|
3046 @defun font-face-attributes font &optional frame |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3047 This function returns a list of face attributes corresponding to |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3048 @var{font}. The optional argument @var{frame} specifies the frame on |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3049 which the font is to be displayed. If it is @code{nil}, the selected |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3050 frame is used. The return value has the form |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3051 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
3052 @smallexample |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3053 (:family @var{family} :height @var{height} :weight @var{weight} |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3054 :slant @var{slant} :width @var{width}) |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3055 @end smallexample |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3056 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
3057 where the values of @var{family}, @var{height}, @var{weight}, |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3058 @var{slant}, and @var{width} are face attribute values. Some of these |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3059 key-attribute pairs may be omitted from the list if they are not |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3060 specified by @var{font}. |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3061 @end defun |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3062 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3063 @defun font-xlfd-name font &optional fold-wildcards |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3064 This function returns the XLFD (X Logical Font Descriptor), a string, |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3065 matching @var{font}. @xref{Font X,, Font Specification Options, |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3066 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information about XLFDs. If the |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3067 name is too long for an XLFD (which can contain at most 255 |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3068 characters), the function returns @code{nil}. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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diff
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|
3069 |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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changeset
|
3070 If the optional argument @var{fold-wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3071 consecutive wildcards in the XLFD are folded into one. |
652cf1b0fd5a
(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3072 @end defun |
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(Font Lookup): Remove obsolete function
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|
3073 |
84060 | 3074 @node Fringes |
3075 @section Fringes | |
3076 @cindex fringes | |
3077 | |
3078 The @dfn{fringes} of a window are thin vertical strips down the | |
3079 sides that are used for displaying bitmaps that indicate truncation, | |
3080 continuation, horizontal scrolling, and the overlay arrow. | |
3081 | |
3082 @menu | |
3083 * Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes. | |
3084 * Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes. | |
3085 * Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe. | |
3086 * Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators. | |
3087 * Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes. | |
3088 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
3089 @end menu | |
3090 | |
3091 @node Fringe Size/Pos | |
3092 @subsection Fringe Size and Position | |
3093 | |
3094 The following buffer-local variables control the position and width | |
3095 of the window fringes. | |
3096 | |
3097 @defvar fringes-outside-margins | |
3098 The fringes normally appear between the display margins and the window | |
3099 text. If the value is non-@code{nil}, they appear outside the display | |
3100 margins. @xref{Display Margins}. | |
3101 @end defvar | |
3102 | |
3103 @defvar left-fringe-width | |
3104 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the width of the left | |
3105 fringe in pixels. A value of @code{nil} means to use the left fringe | |
3106 width from the window's frame. | |
3107 @end defvar | |
3108 | |
3109 @defvar right-fringe-width | |
3110 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the width of the right | |
3111 fringe in pixels. A value of @code{nil} means to use the right fringe | |
3112 width from the window's frame. | |
3113 @end defvar | |
3114 | |
3115 The values of these variables take effect when you display the | |
3116 buffer in a window. If you change them while the buffer is visible, | |
3117 you can call @code{set-window-buffer} to display it once again in the | |
3118 same window, to make the changes take effect. | |
3119 | |
3120 @defun set-window-fringes window left &optional right outside-margins | |
3121 This function sets the fringe widths of window @var{window}. | |
3122 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
3123 | |
3124 The argument @var{left} specifies the width in pixels of the left | |
3125 fringe, and likewise @var{right} for the right fringe. A value of | |
3126 @code{nil} for either one stands for the default width. If | |
3127 @var{outside-margins} is non-@code{nil}, that specifies that fringes | |
3128 should appear outside of the display margins. | |
3129 @end defun | |
3130 | |
3131 @defun window-fringes &optional window | |
3132 This function returns information about the fringes of a window | |
3133 @var{window}. If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, the selected | |
3134 window is used. The value has the form @code{(@var{left-width} | |
3135 @var{right-width} @var{outside-margins})}. | |
3136 @end defun | |
3137 | |
3138 | |
3139 @node Fringe Indicators | |
3140 @subsection Fringe Indicators | |
3141 @cindex fringe indicators | |
3142 @cindex indicators, fringe | |
3143 | |
3144 The @dfn{fringe indicators} are tiny icons Emacs displays in the | |
3145 window fringe (on a graphic display) to indicate truncated or | |
3146 continued lines, buffer boundaries, overlay arrow, etc. | |
3147 | |
3148 @defopt indicate-empty-lines | |
3149 @cindex fringes, and empty line indication | |
3150 When this is non-@code{nil}, Emacs displays a special glyph in the | |
3151 fringe of each empty line at the end of the buffer, on graphical | |
3152 displays. @xref{Fringes}. This variable is automatically | |
3153 buffer-local in every buffer. | |
3154 @end defopt | |
3155 | |
3156 @defvar indicate-buffer-boundaries | |
3157 This buffer-local variable controls how the buffer boundaries and | |
3158 window scrolling are indicated in the window fringes. | |
3159 | |
3160 Emacs can indicate the buffer boundaries---that is, the first and last | |
3161 line in the buffer---with angle icons when they appear on the screen. | |
3162 In addition, Emacs can display an up-arrow in the fringe to show | |
3163 that there is text above the screen, and a down-arrow to show | |
3164 there is text below the screen. | |
3165 | |
3166 There are three kinds of basic values: | |
3167 | |
3168 @table @asis | |
3169 @item @code{nil} | |
3170 Don't display any of these fringe icons. | |
3171 @item @code{left} | |
3172 Display the angle icons and arrows in the left fringe. | |
3173 @item @code{right} | |
3174 Display the angle icons and arrows in the right fringe. | |
3175 @item any non-alist | |
3176 Display the angle icons in the left fringe | |
3177 and don't display the arrows. | |
3178 @end table | |
3179 | |
3180 Otherwise the value should be an alist that specifies which fringe | |
3181 indicators to display and where. Each element of the alist should | |
3182 have the form @code{(@var{indicator} . @var{position})}. Here, | |
3183 @var{indicator} is one of @code{top}, @code{bottom}, @code{up}, | |
3184 @code{down}, and @code{t} (which covers all the icons not yet | |
3185 specified), while @var{position} is one of @code{left}, @code{right} | |
3186 and @code{nil}. | |
3187 | |
3188 For example, @code{((top . left) (t . right))} places the top angle | |
3189 bitmap in left fringe, and the bottom angle bitmap as well as both | |
3190 arrow bitmaps in right fringe. To show the angle bitmaps in the left | |
3191 fringe, and no arrow bitmaps, use @code{((top . left) (bottom . left))}. | |
3192 @end defvar | |
3193 | |
3194 @defvar default-indicate-buffer-boundaries | |
3195 The value of this variable is the default value for | |
3196 @code{indicate-buffer-boundaries} in buffers that do not override it. | |
3197 @end defvar | |
3198 | |
3199 @defvar fringe-indicator-alist | |
3200 This buffer-local variable specifies the mapping from logical fringe | |
3201 indicators to the actual bitmaps displayed in the window fringes. | |
3202 | |
3203 These symbols identify the logical fringe indicators: | |
3204 | |
3205 @table @asis | |
3206 @item Truncation and continuation line indicators: | |
3207 @code{truncation}, @code{continuation}. | |
3208 | |
3209 @item Buffer position indicators: | |
3210 @code{up}, @code{down}, | |
3211 @code{top}, @code{bottom}, | |
3212 @code{top-bottom}. | |
3213 | |
3214 @item Empty line indicator: | |
3215 @code{empty-line}. | |
3216 | |
3217 @item Overlay arrow indicator: | |
3218 @code{overlay-arrow}. | |
3219 | |
3220 @item Unknown bitmap indicator: | |
3221 @code{unknown}. | |
3222 @end table | |
3223 | |
3224 The value is an alist where each element @code{(@var{indicator} . @var{bitmaps})} | |
3225 specifies the fringe bitmaps used to display a specific logical | |
3226 fringe indicator. | |
3227 | |
3228 Here, @var{indicator} specifies the logical indicator type, and | |
3229 @var{bitmaps} is list of symbols @code{(@var{left} @var{right} | |
3230 [@var{left1} @var{right1}])} which specifies the actual bitmap shown | |
3231 in the left or right fringe for the logical indicator. | |
3232 | |
3233 The @var{left} and @var{right} symbols specify the bitmaps shown in | |
3234 the left and/or right fringe for the specific indicator. The | |
3235 @var{left1} or @var{right1} bitmaps are used only for the `bottom' and | |
3236 `top-bottom indicators when the last (only) line in has no final | |
3237 newline. Alternatively, @var{bitmaps} may be a single symbol which is | |
3238 used in both left and right fringes. | |
3239 | |
3240 When @code{fringe-indicator-alist} has a buffer-local value, and there | |
3241 is no bitmap defined for a logical indicator, or the bitmap is | |
3242 @code{t}, the corresponding value from the (non-local) | |
3243 @code{default-fringe-indicator-alist} is used. | |
3244 | |
3245 To completely hide a specific indicator, set the bitmap to @code{nil}. | |
3246 @end defvar | |
3247 | |
3248 @defvar default-fringe-indicator-alist | |
3249 The value of this variable is the default value for | |
3250 @code{fringe-indicator-alist} in buffers that do not override it. | |
3251 @end defvar | |
3252 | |
3253 Standard fringe bitmaps for indicators: | |
3254 @example | |
3255 left-arrow right-arrow up-arrow down-arrow | |
3256 left-curly-arrow right-curly-arrow | |
3257 left-triangle right-triangle | |
3258 top-left-angle top-right-angle | |
3259 bottom-left-angle bottom-right-angle | |
3260 left-bracket right-bracket | |
3261 filled-rectangle hollow-rectangle | |
3262 filled-square hollow-square | |
3263 vertical-bar horizontal-bar | |
3264 empty-line question-mark | |
3265 @end example | |
3266 | |
3267 @node Fringe Cursors | |
3268 @subsection Fringe Cursors | |
3269 @cindex fringe cursors | |
3270 @cindex cursor, fringe | |
3271 | |
3272 When a line is exactly as wide as the window, Emacs displays the | |
3273 cursor in the right fringe instead of using two lines. Different | |
3274 bitmaps are used to represent the cursor in the fringe depending on | |
3275 the current buffer's cursor type. | |
3276 | |
3277 @table @asis | |
3278 @item Logical cursor types: | |
3279 @code{box} , @code{hollow}, @code{bar}, | |
3280 @code{hbar}, @code{hollow-small}. | |
3281 @end table | |
3282 | |
3283 The @code{hollow-small} type is used instead of @code{hollow} when the | |
3284 normal @code{hollow-rectangle} bitmap is too tall to fit on a specific | |
3285 display line. | |
3286 | |
3287 @defvar overflow-newline-into-fringe | |
3288 If this is non-@code{nil}, lines exactly as wide as the window (not | |
3289 counting the final newline character) are not continued. Instead, | |
3290 when point is at the end of the line, the cursor appears in the right | |
3291 fringe. | |
3292 @end defvar | |
3293 | |
3294 @defvar fringe-cursor-alist | |
3295 This variable specifies the mapping from logical cursor type to the | |
3296 actual fringe bitmaps displayed in the right fringe. The value is an | |
3297 alist where each element @code{(@var{cursor} . @var{bitmap})} specifies | |
3298 the fringe bitmaps used to display a specific logical cursor type in | |
3299 the fringe. Here, @var{cursor} specifies the logical cursor type and | |
3300 @var{bitmap} is a symbol specifying the fringe bitmap to be displayed | |
3301 for that logical cursor type. | |
3302 | |
3303 When @code{fringe-cursor-alist} has a buffer-local value, and there is | |
3304 no bitmap defined for a cursor type, the corresponding value from the | |
3305 (non-local) @code{default-fringes-indicator-alist} is used. | |
3306 @end defvar | |
3307 | |
3308 @defvar default-fringes-cursor-alist | |
3309 The value of this variable is the default value for | |
3310 @code{fringe-cursor-alist} in buffers that do not override it. | |
3311 @end defvar | |
3312 | |
3313 Standard bitmaps for displaying the cursor in right fringe: | |
3314 @example | |
3315 filled-rectangle hollow-rectangle filled-square hollow-square | |
3316 vertical-bar horizontal-bar | |
3317 @end example | |
3318 | |
3319 | |
3320 @node Fringe Bitmaps | |
3321 @subsection Fringe Bitmaps | |
3322 @cindex fringe bitmaps | |
3323 @cindex bitmaps, fringe | |
3324 | |
3325 The @dfn{fringe bitmaps} are the actual bitmaps which represent the | |
3326 logical fringe indicators for truncated or continued lines, buffer | |
3327 boundaries, overlay arrow, etc. Fringe bitmap symbols have their own | |
3328 name space. The fringe bitmaps are shared by all frames and windows. | |
3329 You can redefine the built-in fringe bitmaps, and you can define new | |
3330 fringe bitmaps. | |
3331 | |
3332 The way to display a bitmap in the left or right fringes for a given | |
3333 line in a window is by specifying the @code{display} property for one | |
3334 of the characters that appears in it. Use a display specification of | |
3335 the form @code{(left-fringe @var{bitmap} [@var{face}])} or | |
3336 @code{(right-fringe @var{bitmap} [@var{face}])} (@pxref{Display | |
3337 Property}). Here, @var{bitmap} is a symbol identifying the bitmap you | |
3338 want, and @var{face} (which is optional) is the name of the face whose | |
3339 colors should be used for displaying the bitmap, instead of the | |
3340 default @code{fringe} face. @var{face} is automatically merged with | |
3341 the @code{fringe} face, so normally @var{face} need only specify the | |
3342 foreground color for the bitmap. | |
3343 | |
3344 @defun fringe-bitmaps-at-pos &optional pos window | |
3345 This function returns the fringe bitmaps of the display line | |
3346 containing position @var{pos} in window @var{window}. The return | |
3347 value has the form @code{(@var{left} @var{right} @var{ov})}, where @var{left} | |
3348 is the symbol for the fringe bitmap in the left fringe (or @code{nil} | |
3349 if no bitmap), @var{right} is similar for the right fringe, and @var{ov} | |
3350 is non-@code{nil} if there is an overlay arrow in the left fringe. | |
3351 | |
3352 The value is @code{nil} if @var{pos} is not visible in @var{window}. | |
3353 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, that stands for the selected window. | |
3354 If @var{pos} is @code{nil}, that stands for the value of point in | |
3355 @var{window}. | |
3356 @end defun | |
3357 | |
3358 @node Customizing Bitmaps | |
3359 @subsection Customizing Fringe Bitmaps | |
3360 | |
3361 @defun define-fringe-bitmap bitmap bits &optional height width align | |
3362 This function defines the symbol @var{bitmap} as a new fringe bitmap, | |
3363 or replaces an existing bitmap with that name. | |
3364 | |
3365 The argument @var{bits} specifies the image to use. It should be | |
3366 either a string or a vector of integers, where each element (an | |
3367 integer) corresponds to one row of the bitmap. Each bit of an integer | |
3368 corresponds to one pixel of the bitmap, where the low bit corresponds | |
3369 to the rightmost pixel of the bitmap. | |
3370 | |
3371 The height is normally the length of @var{bits}. However, you | |
3372 can specify a different height with non-@code{nil} @var{height}. The width | |
3373 is normally 8, but you can specify a different width with non-@code{nil} | |
3374 @var{width}. The width must be an integer between 1 and 16. | |
3375 | |
3376 The argument @var{align} specifies the positioning of the bitmap | |
3377 relative to the range of rows where it is used; the default is to | |
3378 center the bitmap. The allowed values are @code{top}, @code{center}, | |
3379 or @code{bottom}. | |
3380 | |
3381 The @var{align} argument may also be a list @code{(@var{align} | |
3382 @var{periodic})} where @var{align} is interpreted as described above. | |
3383 If @var{periodic} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies that the rows in | |
3384 @code{bits} should be repeated enough times to reach the specified | |
3385 height. | |
3386 @end defun | |
3387 | |
3388 @defun destroy-fringe-bitmap bitmap | |
3389 This function destroy the fringe bitmap identified by @var{bitmap}. | |
3390 If @var{bitmap} identifies a standard fringe bitmap, it actually | |
3391 restores the standard definition of that bitmap, instead of | |
3392 eliminating it entirely. | |
3393 @end defun | |
3394 | |
3395 @defun set-fringe-bitmap-face bitmap &optional face | |
3396 This sets the face for the fringe bitmap @var{bitmap} to @var{face}. | |
3397 If @var{face} is @code{nil}, it selects the @code{fringe} face. The | |
3398 bitmap's face controls the color to draw it in. | |
3399 | |
3400 @var{face} is merged with the @code{fringe} face, so normally | |
3401 @var{face} should specify only the foreground color. | |
3402 @end defun | |
3403 | |
3404 @node Overlay Arrow | |
3405 @subsection The Overlay Arrow | |
3406 @c @cindex overlay arrow Duplicates variable names | |
3407 | |
3408 The @dfn{overlay arrow} is useful for directing the user's attention | |
3409 to a particular line in a buffer. For example, in the modes used for | |
3410 interface to debuggers, the overlay arrow indicates the line of code | |
3411 about to be executed. This feature has nothing to do with | |
3412 @dfn{overlays} (@pxref{Overlays}). | |
3413 | |
3414 @defvar overlay-arrow-string | |
3415 This variable holds the string to display to call attention to a | |
3416 particular line, or @code{nil} if the arrow feature is not in use. | |
3417 On a graphical display the contents of the string are ignored; instead a | |
3418 glyph is displayed in the fringe area to the left of the display area. | |
3419 @end defvar | |
3420 | |
3421 @defvar overlay-arrow-position | |
3422 This variable holds a marker that indicates where to display the overlay | |
3423 arrow. It should point at the beginning of a line. On a non-graphical | |
3424 display the arrow text | |
3425 appears at the beginning of that line, overlaying any text that would | |
3426 otherwise appear. Since the arrow is usually short, and the line | |
3427 usually begins with indentation, normally nothing significant is | |
3428 overwritten. | |
3429 | |
3430 The overlay-arrow string is displayed in any given buffer if the value | |
3431 of @code{overlay-arrow-position} in that buffer points into that | |
3432 buffer. Thus, it is possible to display multiple overlay arrow strings | |
3433 by creating buffer-local bindings of @code{overlay-arrow-position}. | |
3434 However, it is usually cleaner to use | |
3435 @code{overlay-arrow-variable-list} to achieve this result. | |
3436 @c !!! overlay-arrow-position: but the overlay string may remain in the display | |
3437 @c of some other buffer until an update is required. This should be fixed | |
3438 @c now. Is it? | |
3439 @end defvar | |
3440 | |
3441 You can do a similar job by creating an overlay with a | |
3442 @code{before-string} property. @xref{Overlay Properties}. | |
3443 | |
3444 You can define multiple overlay arrows via the variable | |
3445 @code{overlay-arrow-variable-list}. | |
3446 | |
3447 @defvar overlay-arrow-variable-list | |
3448 This variable's value is a list of variables, each of which specifies | |
3449 the position of an overlay arrow. The variable | |
3450 @code{overlay-arrow-position} has its normal meaning because it is on | |
3451 this list. | |
3452 @end defvar | |
3453 | |
3454 Each variable on this list can have properties | |
3455 @code{overlay-arrow-string} and @code{overlay-arrow-bitmap} that | |
3456 specify an overlay arrow string (for text-only terminals) or fringe | |
3457 bitmap (for graphical terminals) to display at the corresponding | |
3458 overlay arrow position. If either property is not set, the default | |
3459 @code{overlay-arrow-string} or @code{overlay-arrow} fringe indicator | |
3460 is used. | |
3461 | |
3462 @node Scroll Bars | |
3463 @section Scroll Bars | |
3464 @cindex scroll bars | |
3465 | |
3466 Normally the frame parameter @code{vertical-scroll-bars} controls | |
3467 whether the windows in the frame have vertical scroll bars, and | |
3468 whether they are on the left or right. The frame parameter | |
3469 @code{scroll-bar-width} specifies how wide they are (@code{nil} | |
3470 meaning the default). @xref{Layout Parameters}. | |
3471 | |
3472 @defun frame-current-scroll-bars &optional frame | |
3473 This function reports the scroll bar type settings for frame | |
3474 @var{frame}. The value is a cons cell | |
3475 @code{(@var{vertical-type} .@: @var{horizontal-type})}, where | |
3476 @var{vertical-type} is either @code{left}, @code{right}, or @code{nil} | |
3477 (which means no scroll bar.) @var{horizontal-type} is meant to | |
3478 specify the horizontal scroll bar type, but since they are not | |
3479 implemented, it is always @code{nil}. | |
3480 @end defun | |
3481 | |
3482 @vindex vertical-scroll-bar | |
3483 You can enable or disable scroll bars for a particular buffer, | |
3484 by setting the variable @code{vertical-scroll-bar}. This variable | |
3485 automatically becomes buffer-local when set. The possible values are | |
3486 @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{t}, which means to use the | |
3487 frame's default, and @code{nil} for no scroll bar. | |
3488 | |
3489 You can also control this for individual windows. Call the function | |
3490 @code{set-window-scroll-bars} to specify what to do for a specific window: | |
3491 | |
3492 @defun set-window-scroll-bars window width &optional vertical-type horizontal-type | |
3493 This function sets the width and type of scroll bars for window | |
3494 @var{window}. | |
3495 | |
3496 @var{width} specifies the scroll bar width in pixels (@code{nil} means | |
3497 use the width specified for the frame). @var{vertical-type} specifies | |
3498 whether to have a vertical scroll bar and, if so, where. The possible | |
3499 values are @code{left}, @code{right} and @code{nil}, just like the | |
3500 values of the @code{vertical-scroll-bars} frame parameter. | |
3501 | |
3502 The argument @var{horizontal-type} is meant to specify whether and | |
3503 where to have horizontal scroll bars, but since they are not | |
3504 implemented, it has no effect. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the | |
3505 selected window is used. | |
3506 @end defun | |
3507 | |
3508 @defun window-scroll-bars &optional window | |
3509 Report the width and type of scroll bars specified for @var{window}. | |
3510 If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
3511 The value is a list of the form @code{(@var{width} | |
3512 @var{cols} @var{vertical-type} @var{horizontal-type})}. The value | |
3513 @var{width} is the value that was specified for the width (which may | |
3514 be @code{nil}); @var{cols} is the number of columns that the scroll | |
3515 bar actually occupies. | |
3516 | |
3517 @var{horizontal-type} is not actually meaningful. | |
3518 @end defun | |
3519 | |
3520 If you don't specify these values for a window with | |
3521 @code{set-window-scroll-bars}, the buffer-local variables | |
3522 @code{scroll-bar-mode} and @code{scroll-bar-width} in the buffer being | |
3523 displayed control the window's vertical scroll bars. The function | |
3524 @code{set-window-buffer} examines these variables. If you change them | |
3525 in a buffer that is already visible in a window, you can make the | |
3526 window take note of the new values by calling @code{set-window-buffer} | |
3527 specifying the same buffer that is already displayed. | |
3528 | |
3529 @defvar scroll-bar-mode | |
3530 This variable, always local in all buffers, controls whether and where | |
3531 to put scroll bars in windows displaying the buffer. The possible values | |
3532 are @code{nil} for no scroll bar, @code{left} to put a scroll bar on | |
3533 the left, and @code{right} to put a scroll bar on the right. | |
3534 @end defvar | |
3535 | |
3536 @defun window-current-scroll-bars &optional window | |
3537 This function reports the scroll bar type for window @var{window}. | |
3538 If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
3539 The value is a cons cell | |
3540 @code{(@var{vertical-type} .@: @var{horizontal-type})}. Unlike | |
3541 @code{window-scroll-bars}, this reports the scroll bar type actually | |
3542 used, once frame defaults and @code{scroll-bar-mode} are taken into | |
3543 account. | |
3544 @end defun | |
3545 | |
3546 @defvar scroll-bar-width | |
3547 This variable, always local in all buffers, specifies the width of the | |
3548 buffer's scroll bars, measured in pixels. A value of @code{nil} means | |
3549 to use the value specified by the frame. | |
3550 @end defvar | |
3551 | |
3552 @node Display Property | |
3553 @section The @code{display} Property | |
3554 @cindex display specification | |
3555 @kindex display @r{(text property)} | |
3556 | |
3557 The @code{display} text property (or overlay property) is used to | |
3558 insert images into text, and also control other aspects of how text | |
3559 displays. The value of the @code{display} property should be a | |
3560 display specification, or a list or vector containing several display | |
85311 | 3561 specifications. Display specifications in the same @code{display} |
3562 property value generally apply in parallel to the text they cover. | |
3563 | |
3564 If several sources (overlays and/or a text property) specify values | |
3565 for the @code{display} property, only one of the values takes effect, | |
3566 following the rules of @code{get-char-property}. @xref{Examining | |
3567 Properties}. | |
3568 | |
3569 The rest of this section describes several kinds of | |
3570 display specifications and what they mean. | |
3571 | |
3572 @menu | |
3573 * Replacing Specs:: Display specs that replace the text. | |
3574 * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. | |
3575 * Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels. | |
3576 * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it | |
3577 up or down on the page; adjusting the width | |
3578 of spaces within text. | |
3579 * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of the main text. | |
3580 @end menu | |
3581 | |
3582 @node Replacing Specs | |
3583 @subsection Display Specs That Replace The Text | |
85114 | 3584 |
3585 Some kinds of @code{display} specifications specify something to | |
85311 | 3586 display instead of the text that has the property. These are called |
3587 @dfn{replacing} display specifications. Emacs does not allow the user | |
3588 to interactively move point into the middle of buffer text that is | |
3589 replaced in this way. | |
3590 | |
3591 If a list of display specifications includes more than one replacing | |
3592 display specification, the first overrides the rest. Replacing | |
3593 display specifications make most other display specifications | |
3594 irrelevant, since those don't apply to the replacement. | |
3595 | |
3596 For replacing display specifications, ``the text that has the | |
3597 property'' means all the consecutive characters that have the same | |
3598 Lisp object as their @code{display} property; these characters are | |
3599 replaced as a single unit. By contrast, characters that have similar | |
3600 but distinct Lisp objects as their @code{display} properties are | |
3601 handled separately. Here's a function that illustrates this point: | |
84060 | 3602 |
3603 @smallexample | |
3604 (defun foo () | |
3605 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
3606 (dotimes (i 5) | |
3607 (let ((string (concat "A"))) | |
3608 (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point)) 'display string) | |
3609 (forward-char 1) | |
3610 (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point)) 'display string) | |
3611 (forward-char 1)))) | |
3612 @end smallexample | |
3613 | |
3614 @noindent | |
3615 It gives each of the first ten characters in the buffer string | |
3616 @code{"A"} as the @code{display} property, but they don't all get the | |
3617 same string. The first two characters get the same string, so they | |
3618 together are replaced with one @samp{A}. The next two characters get | |
3619 a second string, so they together are replaced with one @samp{A}. | |
3620 Likewise for each following pair of characters. Thus, the ten | |
3621 characters appear as five A's. This function would have the same | |
3622 results: | |
3623 | |
3624 @smallexample | |
3625 (defun foo () | |
3626 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
3627 (dotimes (i 5) | |
3628 (let ((string (concat "A"))) | |
85114 | 3629 (put-text-property (point) (+ 2 (point)) 'display string) |
84060 | 3630 (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point)) 'display string) |
3631 (forward-char 2)))) | |
3632 @end smallexample | |
3633 | |
3634 @noindent | |
3635 This illustrates that what matters is the property value for | |
3636 each character. If two consecutive characters have the same | |
3637 object as the @code{display} property value, it's irrelevant | |
3638 whether they got this property from a single call to | |
3639 @code{put-text-property} or from two different calls. | |
3640 | |
3641 @node Specified Space | |
3642 @subsection Specified Spaces | |
3643 @cindex spaces, specified height or width | |
3644 @cindex variable-width spaces | |
3645 | |
3646 To display a space of specified width and/or height, use a display | |
3647 specification of the form @code{(space . @var{props})}, where | |
3648 @var{props} is a property list (a list of alternating properties and | |
3649 values). You can put this property on one or more consecutive | |
3650 characters; a space of the specified height and width is displayed in | |
3651 place of @emph{all} of those characters. These are the properties you | |
3652 can use in @var{props} to specify the weight of the space: | |
3653 | |
3654 @table @code | |
3655 @item :width @var{width} | |
3656 If @var{width} is an integer or floating point number, it specifies | |
3657 that the space width should be @var{width} times the normal character | |
3658 width. @var{width} can also be a @dfn{pixel width} specification | |
3659 (@pxref{Pixel Specification}). | |
3660 | |
3661 @item :relative-width @var{factor} | |
3662 Specifies that the width of the stretch should be computed from the | |
3663 first character in the group of consecutive characters that have the | |
3664 same @code{display} property. The space width is the width of that | |
3665 character, multiplied by @var{factor}. | |
3666 | |
3667 @item :align-to @var{hpos} | |
3668 Specifies that the space should be wide enough to reach @var{hpos}. | |
3669 If @var{hpos} is a number, it is measured in units of the normal | |
3670 character width. @var{hpos} can also be a @dfn{pixel width} | |
3671 specification (@pxref{Pixel Specification}). | |
3672 @end table | |
3673 | |
3674 You should use one and only one of the above properties. You can | |
3675 also specify the height of the space, with these properties: | |
3676 | |
3677 @table @code | |
3678 @item :height @var{height} | |
3679 Specifies the height of the space. | |
3680 If @var{height} is an integer or floating point number, it specifies | |
3681 that the space height should be @var{height} times the normal character | |
3682 height. The @var{height} may also be a @dfn{pixel height} specification | |
3683 (@pxref{Pixel Specification}). | |
3684 | |
3685 @item :relative-height @var{factor} | |
3686 Specifies the height of the space, multiplying the ordinary height | |
3687 of the text having this display specification by @var{factor}. | |
3688 | |
3689 @item :ascent @var{ascent} | |
3690 If the value of @var{ascent} is a non-negative number no greater than | |
3691 100, it specifies that @var{ascent} percent of the height of the space | |
3692 should be considered as the ascent of the space---that is, the part | |
3693 above the baseline. The ascent may also be specified in pixel units | |
3694 with a @dfn{pixel ascent} specification (@pxref{Pixel Specification}). | |
3695 | |
3696 @end table | |
3697 | |
3698 Don't use both @code{:height} and @code{:relative-height} together. | |
3699 | |
3700 The @code{:width} and @code{:align-to} properties are supported on | |
3701 non-graphic terminals, but the other space properties in this section | |
3702 are not. | |
3703 | |
3704 @node Pixel Specification | |
3705 @subsection Pixel Specification for Spaces | |
3706 @cindex spaces, pixel specification | |
3707 | |
3708 The value of the @code{:width}, @code{:align-to}, @code{:height}, | |
3709 and @code{:ascent} properties can be a special kind of expression that | |
3710 is evaluated during redisplay. The result of the evaluation is used | |
3711 as an absolute number of pixels. | |
3712 | |
3713 The following expressions are supported: | |
3714 | |
3715 @smallexample | |
3716 @group | |
3717 @var{expr} ::= @var{num} | (@var{num}) | @var{unit} | @var{elem} | @var{pos} | @var{image} | @var{form} | |
3718 @var{num} ::= @var{integer} | @var{float} | @var{symbol} | |
3719 @var{unit} ::= in | mm | cm | width | height | |
3720 @end group | |
3721 @group | |
3722 @var{elem} ::= left-fringe | right-fringe | left-margin | right-margin | |
3723 | scroll-bar | text | |
3724 @var{pos} ::= left | center | right | |
3725 @var{form} ::= (@var{num} . @var{expr}) | (@var{op} @var{expr} ...) | |
3726 @var{op} ::= + | - | |
3727 @end group | |
3728 @end smallexample | |
3729 | |
3730 The form @var{num} specifies a fraction of the default frame font | |
3731 height or width. The form @code{(@var{num})} specifies an absolute | |
3732 number of pixels. If @var{num} is a symbol, @var{symbol}, its | |
3733 buffer-local variable binding is used. | |
3734 | |
3735 The @code{in}, @code{mm}, and @code{cm} units specify the number of | |
3736 pixels per inch, millimeter, and centimeter, respectively. The | |
3737 @code{width} and @code{height} units correspond to the default width | |
3738 and height of the current face. An image specification @code{image} | |
3739 corresponds to the width or height of the image. | |
3740 | |
3741 The @code{left-fringe}, @code{right-fringe}, @code{left-margin}, | |
3742 @code{right-margin}, @code{scroll-bar}, and @code{text} elements | |
3743 specify to the width of the corresponding area of the window. | |
3744 | |
3745 The @code{left}, @code{center}, and @code{right} positions can be | |
3746 used with @code{:align-to} to specify a position relative to the left | |
3747 edge, center, or right edge of the text area. | |
3748 | |
3749 Any of the above window elements (except @code{text}) can also be | |
3750 used with @code{:align-to} to specify that the position is relative to | |
3751 the left edge of the given area. Once the base offset for a relative | |
3752 position has been set (by the first occurrence of one of these | |
3753 symbols), further occurrences of these symbols are interpreted as the | |
3754 width of the specified area. For example, to align to the center of | |
3755 the left-margin, use | |
3756 | |
3757 @example | |
3758 :align-to (+ left-margin (0.5 . left-margin)) | |
3759 @end example | |
3760 | |
3761 If no specific base offset is set for alignment, it is always relative | |
3762 to the left edge of the text area. For example, @samp{:align-to 0} in a | |
3763 header-line aligns with the first text column in the text area. | |
3764 | |
3765 A value of the form @code{(@var{num} . @var{expr})} stands for the | |
3766 product of the values of @var{num} and @var{expr}. For example, | |
3767 @code{(2 . in)} specifies a width of 2 inches, while @code{(0.5 . | |
3768 @var{image})} specifies half the width (or height) of the specified | |
3769 image. | |
3770 | |
3771 The form @code{(+ @var{expr} ...)} adds up the value of the | |
3772 expressions. The form @code{(- @var{expr} ...)} negates or subtracts | |
3773 the value of the expressions. | |
3774 | |
3775 @node Other Display Specs | |
3776 @subsection Other Display Specifications | |
3777 | |
3778 Here are the other sorts of display specifications that you can use | |
3779 in the @code{display} text property. | |
3780 | |
3781 @table @code | |
3782 @item @var{string} | |
3783 Display @var{string} instead of the text that has this property. | |
3784 | |
3785 Recursive display specifications are not supported---@var{string}'s | |
3786 @code{display} properties, if any, are not used. | |
3787 | |
3788 @item (image . @var{image-props}) | |
3789 This kind of display specification is an image descriptor (@pxref{Images}). | |
3790 When used as a display specification, it means to display the image | |
3791 instead of the text that has the display specification. | |
3792 | |
3793 @item (slice @var{x} @var{y} @var{width} @var{height}) | |
3794 This specification together with @code{image} specifies a @dfn{slice} | |
3795 (a partial area) of the image to display. The elements @var{y} and | |
3796 @var{x} specify the top left corner of the slice, within the image; | |
3797 @var{width} and @var{height} specify the width and height of the | |
3798 slice. Integer values are numbers of pixels. A floating point number | |
3799 in the range 0.0--1.0 stands for that fraction of the width or height | |
3800 of the entire image. | |
3801 | |
3802 @item ((margin nil) @var{string}) | |
3803 A display specification of this form means to display @var{string} | |
3804 instead of the text that has the display specification, at the same | |
3805 position as that text. It is equivalent to using just @var{string}, | |
3806 but it is done as a special case of marginal display (@pxref{Display | |
3807 Margins}). | |
3808 | |
3809 @item (space-width @var{factor}) | |
3810 This display specification affects all the space characters within the | |
3811 text that has the specification. It displays all of these spaces | |
3812 @var{factor} times as wide as normal. The element @var{factor} should | |
3813 be an integer or float. Characters other than spaces are not affected | |
3814 at all; in particular, this has no effect on tab characters. | |
3815 | |
3816 @item (height @var{height}) | |
3817 This display specification makes the text taller or shorter. | |
3818 Here are the possibilities for @var{height}: | |
3819 | |
3820 @table @asis | |
3821 @item @code{(+ @var{n})} | |
3822 This means to use a font that is @var{n} steps larger. A ``step'' is | |
3823 defined by the set of available fonts---specifically, those that match | |
3824 what was otherwise specified for this text, in all attributes except | |
3825 height. Each size for which a suitable font is available counts as | |
3826 another step. @var{n} should be an integer. | |
3827 | |
3828 @item @code{(- @var{n})} | |
3829 This means to use a font that is @var{n} steps smaller. | |
3830 | |
3831 @item a number, @var{factor} | |
3832 A number, @var{factor}, means to use a font that is @var{factor} times | |
3833 as tall as the default font. | |
3834 | |
3835 @item a symbol, @var{function} | |
3836 A symbol is a function to compute the height. It is called with the | |
3837 current height as argument, and should return the new height to use. | |
3838 | |
3839 @item anything else, @var{form} | |
3840 If the @var{height} value doesn't fit the previous possibilities, it is | |
3841 a form. Emacs evaluates it to get the new height, with the symbol | |
3842 @code{height} bound to the current specified font height. | |
3843 @end table | |
3844 | |
3845 @item (raise @var{factor}) | |
3846 This kind of display specification raises or lowers the text | |
3847 it applies to, relative to the baseline of the line. | |
3848 | |
3849 @var{factor} must be a number, which is interpreted as a multiple of the | |
3850 height of the affected text. If it is positive, that means to display | |
3851 the characters raised. If it is negative, that means to display them | |
3852 lower down. | |
3853 | |
3854 If the text also has a @code{height} display specification, that does | |
3855 not affect the amount of raising or lowering, which is based on the | |
3856 faces used for the text. | |
3857 @end table | |
3858 | |
3859 @c We put all the `@code{(when ...)}' on one line to encourage | |
3860 @c makeinfo's end-of-sentence heuristics to DTRT. Previously, the dot | |
3861 @c was at eol; the info file ended up w/ two spaces rendered after it. | |
3862 You can make any display specification conditional. To do that, | |
3863 package it in another list of the form | |
3864 @code{(when @var{condition} . @var{spec})}. | |
3865 Then the specification @var{spec} applies only when | |
3866 @var{condition} evaluates to a non-@code{nil} value. During the | |
3867 evaluation, @code{object} is bound to the string or buffer having the | |
3868 conditional @code{display} property. @code{position} and | |
3869 @code{buffer-position} are bound to the position within @code{object} | |
3870 and the buffer position where the @code{display} property was found, | |
3871 respectively. Both positions can be different when @code{object} is a | |
3872 string. | |
3873 | |
3874 @node Display Margins | |
3875 @subsection Displaying in the Margins | |
3876 @cindex display margins | |
3877 @cindex margins, display | |
3878 | |
85311 | 3879 A buffer can have blank areas called @dfn{display margins} on the |
3880 left and on the right. Ordinary text never appears in these areas, | |
3881 but you can put things into the display margins using the | |
3882 @code{display} property. There is currently no way to make text or | |
3883 images in the margin mouse-sensitive. | |
3884 | |
3885 The way to display something in the margins is to specify it in a | |
3886 margin display specification in the @code{display} property of some | |
3887 text. This is a replacing display specification, meaning that the | |
3888 text you put it on does not get displayed; the margin display appears, | |
3889 but that text does not. | |
3890 | |
3891 A margin display specification looks like @code{((margin | |
3892 right-margin) @var{spec}} or @code{((margin left-margin) @var{spec})}. | |
3893 Here, @var{spec} is another display specification that says what to | |
3894 display in the margin. Typically it is a string of text to display, | |
3895 or an image descriptor. | |
3896 | |
3897 To display something in the margin @emph{in association with} | |
3898 certain buffer text, without altering or preventing the display of | |
3899 that text, put a @code{before-string} property on the text and put the | |
3900 margin display specification on the contents of the before-string. | |
84060 | 3901 |
3902 Before the display margins can display anything, you must give | |
3903 them a nonzero width. The usual way to do that is to set these | |
3904 variables: | |
3905 | |
3906 @defvar left-margin-width | |
3907 This variable specifies the width of the left margin. | |
3908 It is buffer-local in all buffers. | |
3909 @end defvar | |
3910 | |
3911 @defvar right-margin-width | |
3912 This variable specifies the width of the right margin. | |
3913 It is buffer-local in all buffers. | |
3914 @end defvar | |
3915 | |
3916 Setting these variables does not immediately affect the window. These | |
3917 variables are checked when a new buffer is displayed in the window. | |
3918 Thus, you can make changes take effect by calling | |
3919 @code{set-window-buffer}. | |
3920 | |
3921 You can also set the margin widths immediately. | |
3922 | |
3923 @defun set-window-margins window left &optional right | |
3924 This function specifies the margin widths for window @var{window}. | |
3925 The argument @var{left} controls the left margin and | |
3926 @var{right} controls the right margin (default @code{0}). | |
3927 @end defun | |
3928 | |
3929 @defun window-margins &optional window | |
3930 This function returns the left and right margins of @var{window} | |
3931 as a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{left} . @var{right})}. | |
3932 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
3933 @end defun | |
3934 | |
3935 @node Images | |
3936 @section Images | |
3937 @cindex images in buffers | |
3938 | |
3939 To display an image in an Emacs buffer, you must first create an image | |
3940 descriptor, then use it as a display specifier in the @code{display} | |
3941 property of text that is displayed (@pxref{Display Property}). | |
3942 | |
3943 Emacs is usually able to display images when it is run on a | |
3944 graphical terminal. Images cannot be displayed in a text terminal, on | |
3945 certain graphical terminals that lack the support for this, or if | |
3946 Emacs is compiled without image support. You can use the function | |
3947 @code{display-images-p} to determine if images can in principle be | |
3948 displayed (@pxref{Display Feature Testing}). | |
3949 | |
3950 @menu | |
3951 * Image Formats:: Supported image formats. | |
3952 * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. | |
3953 * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. | |
3954 * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. | |
3955 * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. | |
97725
7660589a4e25
(TIFF Images): New section describing :index property.
Jason Rumney <jasonr@gnu.org>
parents:
97627
diff
changeset
|
3956 * TIFF Images:: Special features for TIFF format. |
101069 | 3957 * PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format. |
84060 | 3958 * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. |
3959 * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. | |
3960 * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once it is defined. | |
3961 * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. | |
3962 @end menu | |
3963 | |
3964 @node Image Formats | |
3965 @subsection Image Formats | |
3966 @cindex image formats | |
3967 @cindex image types | |
3968 | |
3969 Emacs can display a number of different image formats; some of them | |
3970 are supported only if particular support libraries are installed on | |
3971 your machine. In some environments, Emacs can load image | |
3972 libraries on demand; if so, the variable @code{image-library-alist} | |
3973 can be used to modify the set of known names for these dynamic | |
3974 libraries (though it is not possible to add new image formats). | |
3975 | |
3976 The supported image formats include XBM, XPM (this requires the | |
3977 libraries @code{libXpm} version 3.4k and @code{libz}), GIF (requiring | |
3978 @code{libungif} 4.1.0), PostScript, PBM, JPEG (requiring the | |
3979 @code{libjpeg} library version v6a), TIFF (requiring @code{libtiff} | |
3980 v3.4), PNG (requiring @code{libpng} 1.0.2), and SVG (requiring | |
3981 @code{librsvg} 2.0.0). | |
3982 | |
3983 You specify one of these formats with an image type symbol. The image | |
3984 type symbols are @code{xbm}, @code{xpm}, @code{gif}, @code{postscript}, | |
3985 @code{pbm}, @code{jpeg}, @code{tiff}, @code{png}, and @code{svg}. | |
3986 | |
3987 @defvar image-types | |
3988 This variable contains a list of those image type symbols that are | |
3989 potentially supported in the current configuration. | |
3990 @emph{Potentially} here means that Emacs knows about the image types, | |
3991 not necessarily that they can be loaded (they could depend on | |
3992 unavailable dynamic libraries, for example). | |
3993 | |
3994 To know which image types are really available, use | |
3995 @code{image-type-available-p}. | |
3996 @end defvar | |
3997 | |
3998 @defvar image-library-alist | |
3999 This in an alist of image types vs external libraries needed to | |
4000 display them. | |
4001 | |
4002 Each element is a list @code{(@var{image-type} @var{library}...)}, | |
4003 where the car is a supported image format from @code{image-types}, and | |
4004 the rest are strings giving alternate filenames for the corresponding | |
4005 external libraries to load. | |
4006 | |
4007 Emacs tries to load the libraries in the order they appear on the | |
4008 list; if none is loaded, the running session of Emacs won't support | |
4009 the image type. @code{pbm} and @code{xbm} don't need to be listed; | |
4010 they're always supported. | |
4011 | |
4012 This variable is ignored if the image libraries are statically linked | |
4013 into Emacs. | |
4014 @end defvar | |
4015 | |
4016 @defun image-type-available-p type | |
4017 This function returns non-@code{nil} if image type @var{type} is | |
4018 available, i.e., if images of this type can be loaded and displayed in | |
4019 Emacs. @var{type} should be one of the types contained in | |
4020 @code{image-types}. | |
4021 | |
4022 For image types whose support libraries are statically linked, this | |
4023 function always returns @code{t}; for other image types, it returns | |
4024 @code{t} if the dynamic library could be loaded, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
4025 @end defun | |
4026 | |
4027 @node Image Descriptors | |
4028 @subsection Image Descriptors | |
4029 @cindex image descriptor | |
4030 | |
4031 An image description is a list of the form @code{(image . @var{props})}, | |
4032 where @var{props} is a property list containing alternating keyword | |
4033 symbols (symbols whose names start with a colon) and their values. | |
4034 You can use any Lisp object as a property, but the only properties | |
4035 that have any special meaning are certain symbols, all of them keywords. | |
4036 | |
4037 Every image descriptor must contain the property @code{:type | |
4038 @var{type}} to specify the format of the image. The value of @var{type} | |
4039 should be an image type symbol; for example, @code{xpm} for an image in | |
4040 XPM format. | |
4041 | |
4042 Here is a list of other properties that are meaningful for all image | |
4043 types: | |
4044 | |
4045 @table @code | |
4046 @item :file @var{file} | |
4047 The @code{:file} property says to load the image from file | |
4048 @var{file}. If @var{file} is not an absolute file name, it is expanded | |
4049 in @code{data-directory}. | |
4050 | |
4051 @item :data @var{data} | |
4052 The @code{:data} property says the actual contents of the image. | |
4053 Each image must use either @code{:data} or @code{:file}, but not both. | |
4054 For most image types, the value of the @code{:data} property should be a | |
4055 string containing the image data; we recommend using a unibyte string. | |
4056 | |
4057 Before using @code{:data}, look for further information in the section | |
4058 below describing the specific image format. For some image types, | |
4059 @code{:data} may not be supported; for some, it allows other data types; | |
4060 for some, @code{:data} alone is not enough, so you need to use other | |
4061 image properties along with @code{:data}. | |
4062 | |
4063 @item :margin @var{margin} | |
4064 The @code{:margin} property specifies how many pixels to add as an | |
4065 extra margin around the image. The value, @var{margin}, must be a | |
4066 non-negative number, or a pair @code{(@var{x} . @var{y})} of such | |
4067 numbers. If it is a pair, @var{x} specifies how many pixels to add | |
4068 horizontally, and @var{y} specifies how many pixels to add vertically. | |
4069 If @code{:margin} is not specified, the default is zero. | |
4070 | |
4071 @item :ascent @var{ascent} | |
4072 The @code{:ascent} property specifies the amount of the image's | |
4073 height to use for its ascent---that is, the part above the baseline. | |
4074 The value, @var{ascent}, must be a number in the range 0 to 100, or | |
4075 the symbol @code{center}. | |
4076 | |
4077 If @var{ascent} is a number, that percentage of the image's height is | |
4078 used for its ascent. | |
4079 | |
4080 If @var{ascent} is @code{center}, the image is vertically centered | |
4081 around a centerline which would be the vertical centerline of text drawn | |
4082 at the position of the image, in the manner specified by the text | |
4083 properties and overlays that apply to the image. | |
4084 | |
4085 If this property is omitted, it defaults to 50. | |
4086 | |
4087 @item :relief @var{relief} | |
4088 The @code{:relief} property, if non-@code{nil}, adds a shadow rectangle | |
4089 around the image. The value, @var{relief}, specifies the width of the | |
4090 shadow lines, in pixels. If @var{relief} is negative, shadows are drawn | |
4091 so that the image appears as a pressed button; otherwise, it appears as | |
4092 an unpressed button. | |
4093 | |
4094 @item :conversion @var{algorithm} | |
4095 The @code{:conversion} property, if non-@code{nil}, specifies a | |
4096 conversion algorithm that should be applied to the image before it is | |
4097 displayed; the value, @var{algorithm}, specifies which algorithm. | |
4098 | |
4099 @table @code | |
4100 @item laplace | |
4101 @itemx emboss | |
4102 Specifies the Laplace edge detection algorithm, which blurs out small | |
4103 differences in color while highlighting larger differences. People | |
4104 sometimes consider this useful for displaying the image for a | |
4105 ``disabled'' button. | |
4106 | |
4107 @item (edge-detection :matrix @var{matrix} :color-adjust @var{adjust}) | |
4108 Specifies a general edge-detection algorithm. @var{matrix} must be | |
4109 either a nine-element list or a nine-element vector of numbers. A pixel | |
4110 at position @math{x/y} in the transformed image is computed from | |
4111 original pixels around that position. @var{matrix} specifies, for each | |
4112 pixel in the neighborhood of @math{x/y}, a factor with which that pixel | |
4113 will influence the transformed pixel; element @math{0} specifies the | |
4114 factor for the pixel at @math{x-1/y-1}, element @math{1} the factor for | |
4115 the pixel at @math{x/y-1} etc., as shown below: | |
4116 @iftex | |
4117 @tex | |
4118 $$\pmatrix{x-1/y-1 & x/y-1 & x+1/y-1 \cr | |
4119 x-1/y & x/y & x+1/y \cr | |
4120 x-1/y+1& x/y+1 & x+1/y+1 \cr}$$ | |
4121 @end tex | |
4122 @end iftex | |
4123 @ifnottex | |
4124 @display | |
4125 (x-1/y-1 x/y-1 x+1/y-1 | |
4126 x-1/y x/y x+1/y | |
4127 x-1/y+1 x/y+1 x+1/y+1) | |
4128 @end display | |
4129 @end ifnottex | |
4130 | |
4131 The resulting pixel is computed from the color intensity of the color | |
4132 resulting from summing up the RGB values of surrounding pixels, | |
4133 multiplied by the specified factors, and dividing that sum by the sum | |
4134 of the factors' absolute values. | |
4135 | |
4136 Laplace edge-detection currently uses a matrix of | |
4137 @iftex | |
4138 @tex | |
4139 $$\pmatrix{1 & 0 & 0 \cr | |
4140 0& 0 & 0 \cr | |
4141 9 & 9 & -1 \cr}$$ | |
4142 @end tex | |
4143 @end iftex | |
4144 @ifnottex | |
4145 @display | |
4146 (1 0 0 | |
4147 0 0 0 | |
4148 9 9 -1) | |
4149 @end display | |
4150 @end ifnottex | |
4151 | |
4152 Emboss edge-detection uses a matrix of | |
4153 @iftex | |
4154 @tex | |
4155 $$\pmatrix{ 2 & -1 & 0 \cr | |
4156 -1 & 0 & 1 \cr | |
4157 0 & 1 & -2 \cr}$$ | |
4158 @end tex | |
4159 @end iftex | |
4160 @ifnottex | |
4161 @display | |
4162 ( 2 -1 0 | |
4163 -1 0 1 | |
4164 0 1 -2) | |
4165 @end display | |
4166 @end ifnottex | |
4167 | |
4168 @item disabled | |
4169 Specifies transforming the image so that it looks ``disabled.'' | |
4170 @end table | |
4171 | |
4172 @item :mask @var{mask} | |
4173 If @var{mask} is @code{heuristic} or @code{(heuristic @var{bg})}, build | |
4174 a clipping mask for the image, so that the background of a frame is | |
4175 visible behind the image. If @var{bg} is not specified, or if @var{bg} | |
4176 is @code{t}, determine the background color of the image by looking at | |
4177 the four corners of the image, assuming the most frequently occurring | |
4178 color from the corners is the background color of the image. Otherwise, | |
4179 @var{bg} must be a list @code{(@var{red} @var{green} @var{blue})} | |
4180 specifying the color to assume for the background of the image. | |
4181 | |
4182 If @var{mask} is @code{nil}, remove a mask from the image, if it has | |
4183 one. Images in some formats include a mask which can be removed by | |
4184 specifying @code{:mask nil}. | |
4185 | |
4186 @item :pointer @var{shape} | |
4187 This specifies the pointer shape when the mouse pointer is over this | |
4188 image. @xref{Pointer Shape}, for available pointer shapes. | |
4189 | |
4190 @item :map @var{map} | |
4191 This associates an image map of @dfn{hot spots} with this image. | |
4192 | |
4193 An image map is an alist where each element has the format | |
4194 @code{(@var{area} @var{id} @var{plist})}. An @var{area} is specified | |
4195 as either a rectangle, a circle, or a polygon. | |
4196 | |
4197 A rectangle is a cons | |
4198 @code{(rect . ((@var{x0} . @var{y0}) . (@var{x1} . @var{y1})))} | |
4199 which specifies the pixel coordinates of the upper left and bottom right | |
4200 corners of the rectangle area. | |
4201 | |
4202 A circle is a cons | |
4203 @code{(circle . ((@var{x0} . @var{y0}) . @var{r}))} | |
4204 which specifies the center and the radius of the circle; @var{r} may | |
4205 be a float or integer. | |
4206 | |
4207 A polygon is a cons | |
4208 @code{(poly . [@var{x0} @var{y0} @var{x1} @var{y1} ...])} | |
4209 where each pair in the vector describes one corner in the polygon. | |
4210 | |
4211 When the mouse pointer lies on a hot-spot area of an image, the | |
4212 @var{plist} of that hot-spot is consulted; if it contains a @code{help-echo} | |
4213 property, that defines a tool-tip for the hot-spot, and if it contains | |
4214 a @code{pointer} property, that defines the shape of the mouse cursor when | |
4215 it is on the hot-spot. | |
4216 @xref{Pointer Shape}, for available pointer shapes. | |
4217 | |
4218 When you click the mouse when the mouse pointer is over a hot-spot, an | |
4219 event is composed by combining the @var{id} of the hot-spot with the | |
4220 mouse event; for instance, @code{[area4 mouse-1]} if the hot-spot's | |
4221 @var{id} is @code{area4}. | |
4222 @end table | |
4223 | |
4224 @defun image-mask-p spec &optional frame | |
4225 This function returns @code{t} if image @var{spec} has a mask bitmap. | |
4226 @var{frame} is the frame on which the image will be displayed. | |
4227 @var{frame} @code{nil} or omitted means to use the selected frame | |
4228 (@pxref{Input Focus}). | |
4229 @end defun | |
4230 | |
4231 @node XBM Images | |
4232 @subsection XBM Images | |
4233 @cindex XBM | |
4234 | |
4235 To use XBM format, specify @code{xbm} as the image type. This image | |
4236 format doesn't require an external library, so images of this type are | |
4237 always supported. | |
4238 | |
4239 Additional image properties supported for the @code{xbm} image type are: | |
4240 | |
4241 @table @code | |
4242 @item :foreground @var{foreground} | |
4243 The value, @var{foreground}, should be a string specifying the image | |
4244 foreground color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is | |
4245 used for each pixel in the XBM that is 1. The default is the frame's | |
4246 foreground color. | |
4247 | |
4248 @item :background @var{background} | |
4249 The value, @var{background}, should be a string specifying the image | |
4250 background color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is | |
4251 used for each pixel in the XBM that is 0. The default is the frame's | |
4252 background color. | |
4253 @end table | |
4254 | |
4255 If you specify an XBM image using data within Emacs instead of an | |
4256 external file, use the following three properties: | |
4257 | |
4258 @table @code | |
4259 @item :data @var{data} | |
4260 The value, @var{data}, specifies the contents of the image. | |
4261 There are three formats you can use for @var{data}: | |
4262 | |
4263 @itemize @bullet | |
4264 @item | |
4265 A vector of strings or bool-vectors, each specifying one line of the | |
4266 image. Do specify @code{:height} and @code{:width}. | |
4267 | |
4268 @item | |
4269 A string containing the same byte sequence as an XBM file would contain. | |
4270 You must not specify @code{:height} and @code{:width} in this case, | |
4271 because omitting them is what indicates the data has the format of an | |
4272 XBM file. The file contents specify the height and width of the image. | |
4273 | |
4274 @item | |
4275 A string or a bool-vector containing the bits of the image (plus perhaps | |
4276 some extra bits at the end that will not be used). It should contain at | |
4277 least @var{width} * @code{height} bits. In this case, you must specify | |
4278 @code{:height} and @code{:width}, both to indicate that the string | |
4279 contains just the bits rather than a whole XBM file, and to specify the | |
4280 size of the image. | |
4281 @end itemize | |
4282 | |
4283 @item :width @var{width} | |
4284 The value, @var{width}, specifies the width of the image, in pixels. | |
4285 | |
4286 @item :height @var{height} | |
4287 The value, @var{height}, specifies the height of the image, in pixels. | |
4288 @end table | |
4289 | |
4290 @node XPM Images | |
4291 @subsection XPM Images | |
4292 @cindex XPM | |
4293 | |
4294 To use XPM format, specify @code{xpm} as the image type. The | |
4295 additional image property @code{:color-symbols} is also meaningful with | |
4296 the @code{xpm} image type: | |
4297 | |
4298 @table @code | |
4299 @item :color-symbols @var{symbols} | |
4300 The value, @var{symbols}, should be an alist whose elements have the | |
4301 form @code{(@var{name} . @var{color})}. In each element, @var{name} is | |
4302 the name of a color as it appears in the image file, and @var{color} | |
4303 specifies the actual color to use for displaying that name. | |
4304 @end table | |
4305 | |
4306 @node GIF Images | |
4307 @subsection GIF Images | |
4308 @cindex GIF | |
4309 | |
4310 For GIF images, specify image type @code{gif}. | |
4311 | |
4312 @table @code | |
4313 @item :index @var{index} | |
4314 You can use @code{:index} to specify one image from a GIF file that | |
4315 contains more than one image. This property specifies use of image | |
4316 number @var{index} from the file. If the GIF file doesn't contain an | |
4317 image with index @var{index}, the image displays as a hollow box. | |
4318 @end table | |
4319 | |
4320 @ignore | |
4321 This could be used to implement limited support for animated GIFs. | |
4322 For example, the following function displays a multi-image GIF file | |
4323 at point-min in the current buffer, switching between sub-images | |
4324 every 0.1 seconds. | |
4325 | |
4326 (defun show-anim (file max) | |
4327 "Display multi-image GIF file FILE which contains MAX subimages." | |
4328 (display-anim (current-buffer) file 0 max t)) | |
4329 | |
4330 (defun display-anim (buffer file idx max first-time) | |
4331 (when (= idx max) | |
4332 (setq idx 0)) | |
4333 (let ((img (create-image file nil :image idx))) | |
4334 (save-excursion | |
4335 (set-buffer buffer) | |
4336 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
4337 (unless first-time (delete-char 1)) | |
4338 (insert-image img)) | |
4339 (run-with-timer 0.1 nil 'display-anim buffer file (1+ idx) max nil))) | |
4340 @end ignore | |
4341 | |
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4342 @node TIFF Images |
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4343 @subsection TIFF Images |
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4344 @cindex TIFF |
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4345 |
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4346 For TIFF images, specify image type @code{tiff}. |
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4347 |
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4348 @table @code |
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4349 @item :index @var{index} |
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4350 You can use @code{:index} to specify one image from a TIFF file that |
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4351 contains more than one image. This property specifies use of image |
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4352 number @var{index} from the file. If the TIFF file doesn't contain an |
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4353 image with index @var{index}, the image displays as a hollow box. |
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4354 @end table |
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4355 |
101069 | 4356 @node PostScript Images |
4357 @subsection PostScript Images | |
4358 @cindex postscript images | |
4359 | |
4360 To use PostScript for an image, specify image type @code{postscript}. | |
4361 This works only if you have Ghostscript installed. You must always use | |
4362 these three properties: | |
4363 | |
4364 @table @code | |
4365 @item :pt-width @var{width} | |
4366 The value, @var{width}, specifies the width of the image measured in | |
4367 points (1/72 inch). @var{width} must be an integer. | |
4368 | |
4369 @item :pt-height @var{height} | |
4370 The value, @var{height}, specifies the height of the image in points | |
4371 (1/72 inch). @var{height} must be an integer. | |
4372 | |
4373 @item :bounding-box @var{box} | |
4374 The value, @var{box}, must be a list or vector of four integers, which | |
4375 specifying the bounding box of the PostScript image, analogous to the | |
4376 @samp{BoundingBox} comment found in PostScript files. | |
4377 | |
4378 @example | |
4379 %%BoundingBox: 22 171 567 738 | |
4380 @end example | |
4381 @end table | |
4382 | |
84060 | 4383 @node Other Image Types |
4384 @subsection Other Image Types | |
4385 @cindex PBM | |
4386 | |
4387 For PBM images, specify image type @code{pbm}. Color, gray-scale and | |
4388 monochromatic images are supported. For mono PBM images, two additional | |
4389 image properties are supported. | |
4390 | |
4391 @table @code | |
4392 @item :foreground @var{foreground} | |
4393 The value, @var{foreground}, should be a string specifying the image | |
4394 foreground color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is | |
96396
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4395 used for each pixel in the PBM that is 1. The default is the frame's |
84060 | 4396 foreground color. |
4397 | |
4398 @item :background @var{background} | |
4399 The value, @var{background}, should be a string specifying the image | |
4400 background color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is | |
96396
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4401 used for each pixel in the PBM that is 0. The default is the frame's |
84060 | 4402 background color. |
4403 @end table | |
4404 | |
4405 For JPEG images, specify image type @code{jpeg}. | |
4406 | |
4407 For TIFF images, specify image type @code{tiff}. | |
4408 | |
4409 For PNG images, specify image type @code{png}. | |
4410 | |
4411 For SVG images, specify image type @code{svg}. | |
4412 | |
4413 @node Defining Images | |
4414 @subsection Defining Images | |
4415 | |
4416 The functions @code{create-image}, @code{defimage} and | |
4417 @code{find-image} provide convenient ways to create image descriptors. | |
4418 | |
4419 @defun create-image file-or-data &optional type data-p &rest props | |
4420 This function creates and returns an image descriptor which uses the | |
4421 data in @var{file-or-data}. @var{file-or-data} can be a file name or | |
4422 a string containing the image data; @var{data-p} should be @code{nil} | |
4423 for the former case, non-@code{nil} for the latter case. | |
4424 | |
4425 The optional argument @var{type} is a symbol specifying the image type. | |
4426 If @var{type} is omitted or @code{nil}, @code{create-image} tries to | |
4427 determine the image type from the file's first few bytes, or else | |
4428 from the file's name. | |
4429 | |
4430 The remaining arguments, @var{props}, specify additional image | |
4431 properties---for example, | |
4432 | |
4433 @example | |
4434 (create-image "foo.xpm" 'xpm nil :heuristic-mask t) | |
4435 @end example | |
4436 | |
4437 The function returns @code{nil} if images of this type are not | |
4438 supported. Otherwise it returns an image descriptor. | |
4439 @end defun | |
4440 | |
4441 @defmac defimage symbol specs &optional doc | |
4442 This macro defines @var{symbol} as an image name. The arguments | |
4443 @var{specs} is a list which specifies how to display the image. | |
4444 The third argument, @var{doc}, is an optional documentation string. | |
4445 | |
4446 Each argument in @var{specs} has the form of a property list, and each | |
4447 one should specify at least the @code{:type} property and either the | |
4448 @code{:file} or the @code{:data} property. The value of @code{:type} | |
4449 should be a symbol specifying the image type, the value of | |
4450 @code{:file} is the file to load the image from, and the value of | |
4451 @code{:data} is a string containing the actual image data. Here is an | |
4452 example: | |
4453 | |
4454 @example | |
4455 (defimage test-image | |
4456 ((:type xpm :file "~/test1.xpm") | |
4457 (:type xbm :file "~/test1.xbm"))) | |
4458 @end example | |
4459 | |
4460 @code{defimage} tests each argument, one by one, to see if it is | |
4461 usable---that is, if the type is supported and the file exists. The | |
4462 first usable argument is used to make an image descriptor which is | |
4463 stored in @var{symbol}. | |
4464 | |
4465 If none of the alternatives will work, then @var{symbol} is defined | |
4466 as @code{nil}. | |
4467 @end defmac | |
4468 | |
4469 @defun find-image specs | |
4470 This function provides a convenient way to find an image satisfying one | |
4471 of a list of image specifications @var{specs}. | |
4472 | |
4473 Each specification in @var{specs} is a property list with contents | |
4474 depending on image type. All specifications must at least contain the | |
4475 properties @code{:type @var{type}} and either @w{@code{:file @var{file}}} | |
4476 or @w{@code{:data @var{DATA}}}, where @var{type} is a symbol specifying | |
4477 the image type, e.g.@: @code{xbm}, @var{file} is the file to load the | |
4478 image from, and @var{data} is a string containing the actual image data. | |
4479 The first specification in the list whose @var{type} is supported, and | |
4480 @var{file} exists, is used to construct the image specification to be | |
4481 returned. If no specification is satisfied, @code{nil} is returned. | |
4482 | |
4483 The image is looked for in @code{image-load-path}. | |
4484 @end defun | |
4485 | |
4486 @defvar image-load-path | |
4487 This variable's value is a list of locations in which to search for | |
4488 image files. If an element is a string or a variable symbol whose | |
4489 value is a string, the string is taken to be the name of a directory | |
4490 to search. If an element is a variable symbol whose value is a list, | |
4491 that is taken to be a list of directory names to search. | |
4492 | |
4493 The default is to search in the @file{images} subdirectory of the | |
4494 directory specified by @code{data-directory}, then the directory | |
4495 specified by @code{data-directory}, and finally in the directories in | |
4496 @code{load-path}. Subdirectories are not automatically included in | |
4497 the search, so if you put an image file in a subdirectory, you have to | |
4498 supply the subdirectory name explicitly. For example, to find the | |
4499 image @file{images/foo/bar.xpm} within @code{data-directory}, you | |
4500 should specify the image as follows: | |
4501 | |
4502 @example | |
4503 (defimage foo-image '((:type xpm :file "foo/bar.xpm"))) | |
4504 @end example | |
4505 @end defvar | |
4506 | |
4507 @defun image-load-path-for-library library image &optional path no-error | |
4508 This function returns a suitable search path for images used by the | |
4509 Lisp package @var{library}. | |
4510 | |
4511 The function searches for @var{image} first using @code{image-load-path}, | |
4512 excluding @file{@code{data-directory}/images}, and then in | |
4513 @code{load-path}, followed by a path suitable for @var{library}, which | |
4514 includes @file{../../etc/images} and @file{../etc/images} relative to | |
4515 the library file itself, and finally in | |
4516 @file{@code{data-directory}/images}. | |
4517 | |
4518 Then this function returns a list of directories which contains first | |
4519 the directory in which @var{image} was found, followed by the value of | |
4520 @code{load-path}. If @var{path} is given, it is used instead of | |
4521 @code{load-path}. | |
4522 | |
4523 If @var{no-error} is non-@code{nil} and a suitable path can't be | |
4524 found, don't signal an error. Instead, return a list of directories as | |
4525 before, except that @code{nil} appears in place of the image directory. | |
4526 | |
4527 Here is an example that uses a common idiom to provide compatibility | |
4528 with versions of Emacs that lack the variable @code{image-load-path}: | |
4529 | |
4530 @example | |
4531 (defvar image-load-path) ; shush compiler | |
4532 (let* ((load-path (image-load-path-for-library | |
4533 "mh-e" "mh-logo.xpm")) | |
4534 (image-load-path (cons (car load-path) | |
4535 (when (boundp 'image-load-path) | |
4536 image-load-path)))) | |
4537 (mh-tool-bar-folder-buttons-init)) | |
4538 @end example | |
4539 @end defun | |
4540 | |
4541 @node Showing Images | |
4542 @subsection Showing Images | |
4543 | |
4544 You can use an image descriptor by setting up the @code{display} | |
4545 property yourself, but it is easier to use the functions in this | |
4546 section. | |
4547 | |
4548 @defun insert-image image &optional string area slice | |
4549 This function inserts @var{image} in the current buffer at point. The | |
4550 value @var{image} should be an image descriptor; it could be a value | |
4551 returned by @code{create-image}, or the value of a symbol defined with | |
4552 @code{defimage}. The argument @var{string} specifies the text to put | |
4553 in the buffer to hold the image. If it is omitted or @code{nil}, | |
4554 @code{insert-image} uses @code{" "} by default. | |
4555 | |
4556 The argument @var{area} specifies whether to put the image in a margin. | |
4557 If it is @code{left-margin}, the image appears in the left margin; | |
4558 @code{right-margin} specifies the right margin. If @var{area} is | |
4559 @code{nil} or omitted, the image is displayed at point within the | |
4560 buffer's text. | |
4561 | |
4562 The argument @var{slice} specifies a slice of the image to insert. If | |
4563 @var{slice} is @code{nil} or omitted the whole image is inserted. | |
4564 Otherwise, @var{slice} is a list @code{(@var{x} @var{y} @var{width} | |
4565 @var{height})} which specifies the @var{x} and @var{y} positions and | |
4566 @var{width} and @var{height} of the image area to insert. Integer | |
4567 values are in units of pixels. A floating point number in the range | |
4568 0.0--1.0 stands for that fraction of the width or height of the entire | |
4569 image. | |
4570 | |
4571 Internally, this function inserts @var{string} in the buffer, and gives | |
4572 it a @code{display} property which specifies @var{image}. @xref{Display | |
4573 Property}. | |
4574 @end defun | |
4575 | |
4576 @defun insert-sliced-image image &optional string area rows cols | |
4577 This function inserts @var{image} in the current buffer at point, like | |
4578 @code{insert-image}, but splits the image into @var{rows}x@var{cols} | |
4579 equally sized slices. | |
4580 @end defun | |
4581 | |
4582 @defun put-image image pos &optional string area | |
4583 This function puts image @var{image} in front of @var{pos} in the | |
4584 current buffer. The argument @var{pos} should be an integer or a | |
4585 marker. It specifies the buffer position where the image should appear. | |
4586 The argument @var{string} specifies the text that should hold the image | |
4587 as an alternative to the default. | |
4588 | |
4589 The argument @var{image} must be an image descriptor, perhaps returned | |
4590 by @code{create-image} or stored by @code{defimage}. | |
4591 | |
4592 The argument @var{area} specifies whether to put the image in a margin. | |
4593 If it is @code{left-margin}, the image appears in the left margin; | |
4594 @code{right-margin} specifies the right margin. If @var{area} is | |
4595 @code{nil} or omitted, the image is displayed at point within the | |
4596 buffer's text. | |
4597 | |
4598 Internally, this function creates an overlay, and gives it a | |
4599 @code{before-string} property containing text that has a @code{display} | |
4600 property whose value is the image. (Whew!) | |
4601 @end defun | |
4602 | |
4603 @defun remove-images start end &optional buffer | |
4604 This function removes images in @var{buffer} between positions | |
4605 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{buffer} is omitted or @code{nil}, | |
4606 images are removed from the current buffer. | |
4607 | |
4608 This removes only images that were put into @var{buffer} the way | |
4609 @code{put-image} does it, not images that were inserted with | |
4610 @code{insert-image} or in other ways. | |
4611 @end defun | |
4612 | |
4613 @defun image-size spec &optional pixels frame | |
4614 This function returns the size of an image as a pair | |
4615 @w{@code{(@var{width} . @var{height})}}. @var{spec} is an image | |
4616 specification. @var{pixels} non-@code{nil} means return sizes | |
4617 measured in pixels, otherwise return sizes measured in canonical | |
4618 character units (fractions of the width/height of the frame's default | |
4619 font). @var{frame} is the frame on which the image will be displayed. | |
4620 @var{frame} null or omitted means use the selected frame (@pxref{Input | |
4621 Focus}). | |
4622 @end defun | |
4623 | |
4624 @defvar max-image-size | |
4625 This variable is used to define the maximum size of image that Emacs | |
4626 will load. Emacs will refuse to load (and display) any image that is | |
4627 larger than this limit. | |
4628 | |
4629 If the value is an integer, it directly specifies the maximum | |
4630 image height and width, measured in pixels. If it is a floating | |
4631 point number, it specifies the maximum image height and width | |
4632 as a ratio to the frame height and width. If the value is | |
4633 non-numeric, there is no explicit limit on the size of images. | |
4634 | |
4635 The purpose of this variable is to prevent unreasonably large images | |
4636 from accidentally being loaded into Emacs. It only takes effect the | |
4637 first time an image is loaded. Once an image is placed in the image | |
4638 cache, it can always be displayed, even if the value of | |
4639 @var{max-image-size} is subsequently changed (@pxref{Image Cache}). | |
4640 @end defvar | |
4641 | |
4642 @node Image Cache | |
4643 @subsection Image Cache | |
4644 @cindex image cache | |
4645 | |
4646 Emacs stores images in an image cache so that it can display them | |
4647 again more efficiently. When Emacs displays an image, it searches the | |
4648 image cache for an existing image specification @code{equal} to the | |
4649 desired specification. If a match is found, the image is displayed | |
4650 from the cache; otherwise, Emacs loads the image normally. | |
4651 | |
4652 Occasionally, you may need to tell Emacs to refresh the images | |
4653 associated with a given image specification. For example, suppose you | |
4654 display an image using a specification that contains a @code{:file} | |
4655 property. The image is loaded from the given file and stored in the | |
4656 image cache. If you later display the image again, using the same | |
4657 image specification, the image is displayed from the image cache. | |
4658 Normally, this is not a problem. However, if the image file has | |
4659 changed in the meantime, Emacs would be displaying the old version of | |
4660 the image. In such a situation, it is necessary to ``refresh'' the | |
4661 image using @code{image-refresh}. | |
4662 | |
4663 @defun image-refresh spec &optional frame | |
4664 This function refreshes any images having image specifications | |
4665 @code{equal} to @var{spec} on frame @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is | |
4666 @code{nil}, the selected frame is used. If @var{frame} is @code{t}, | |
4667 the refresh is applied to all existing frames. | |
4668 | |
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4669 This works by removing from the image cache all the images whose image |
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4670 specifications match @var{spec}. The next time Emacs needs to display |
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4671 such an image, it will reload the image anew. |
84060 | 4672 @end defun |
4673 | |
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4674 @defun clear-image-cache &optional filter |
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4675 This function clears the image cache. If @var{filter} is |
1c088baa9d2d
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4676 a frame, only the cache for that frame is cleared. If omitted or |
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4677 @code{nil}, clear the images on the selected frame. If @code{t}, |
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4678 all frames' caches are cleared. Otherwise, @var{filter} is taken as |
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4679 a file name and only images that reference this file will be flushed. |
84060 | 4680 @end defun |
4681 | |
4682 If an image in the image cache has not been displayed for a specified | |
4683 period of time, Emacs removes it from the cache and frees the | |
4684 associated memory. | |
4685 | |
4686 @defvar image-cache-eviction-delay | |
4687 This variable specifies the number of seconds an image can remain in the | |
4688 cache without being displayed. When an image is not displayed for this | |
4689 length of time, Emacs removes it from the image cache. | |
4690 | |
4691 If the value is @code{nil}, Emacs does not remove images from the cache | |
4692 except when you explicitly clear it. This mode can be useful for | |
4693 debugging. | |
4694 @end defvar | |
4695 | |
4696 @node Buttons | |
4697 @section Buttons | |
4698 @cindex buttons in buffers | |
4699 @cindex clickable buttons in buffers | |
4700 | |
4701 The @emph{button} package defines functions for inserting and | |
4702 manipulating clickable (with the mouse, or via keyboard commands) | |
4703 buttons in Emacs buffers, such as might be used for help hyper-links, | |
4704 etc. Emacs uses buttons for the hyper-links in help text and the like. | |
4705 | |
4706 A button is essentially a set of properties attached (via text | |
4707 properties or overlays) to a region of text in an Emacs buffer. These | |
4708 properties are called @dfn{button properties}. | |
4709 | |
4710 One of these properties (@code{action}) is a function, which will | |
4711 be called when the user invokes it using the keyboard or the mouse. | |
4712 The invoked function may then examine the button and use its other | |
4713 properties as desired. | |
4714 | |
4715 In some ways the Emacs button package duplicates functionality offered | |
4716 by the widget package (@pxref{Top, , Introduction, widget, The Emacs | |
4717 Widget Library}), but the button package has the advantage that it is | |
4718 much faster, much smaller, and much simpler to use (for elisp | |
4719 programmers---for users, the result is about the same). The extra | |
4720 speed and space savings are useful mainly if you need to create many | |
4721 buttons in a buffer (for instance an @code{*Apropos*} buffer uses | |
4722 buttons to make entries clickable, and may contain many thousands of | |
4723 entries). | |
4724 | |
4725 @menu | |
4726 * Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings. | |
4727 * Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons. | |
4728 * Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers. | |
4729 * Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons. | |
4730 * Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons. | |
4731 @end menu | |
4732 | |
4733 @node Button Properties | |
4734 @subsection Button Properties | |
4735 @cindex button properties | |
4736 | |
4737 Buttons have an associated list of properties defining their | |
4738 appearance and behavior, and other arbitrary properties may be used | |
4739 for application specific purposes. Some properties that have special | |
4740 meaning to the button package include: | |
4741 | |
4742 @table @code | |
4743 @item action | |
4744 @kindex action @r{(button property)} | |
4745 The function to call when the user invokes the button, which is passed | |
4746 the single argument @var{button}. By default this is @code{ignore}, | |
4747 which does nothing. | |
4748 | |
4749 @item mouse-action | |
4750 @kindex mouse-action @r{(button property)} | |
4751 This is similar to @code{action}, and when present, will be used | |
4752 instead of @code{action} for button invocations resulting from | |
4753 mouse-clicks (instead of the user hitting @key{RET}). If not | |
4754 present, mouse-clicks use @code{action} instead. | |
4755 | |
4756 @item face | |
4757 @kindex face @r{(button property)} | |
4758 This is an Emacs face controlling how buttons of this type are | |
4759 displayed; by default this is the @code{button} face. | |
4760 | |
4761 @item mouse-face | |
4762 @kindex mouse-face @r{(button property)} | |
4763 This is an additional face which controls appearance during | |
4764 mouse-overs (merged with the usual button face); by default this is | |
4765 the usual Emacs @code{highlight} face. | |
4766 | |
4767 @item keymap | |
4768 @kindex keymap @r{(button property)} | |
4769 The button's keymap, defining bindings active within the button | |
4770 region. By default this is the usual button region keymap, stored | |
4771 in the variable @code{button-map}, which defines @key{RET} and | |
4772 @key{mouse-2} to invoke the button. | |
4773 | |
4774 @item type | |
4775 @kindex type @r{(button property)} | |
4776 The button-type of the button. When creating a button, this is | |
4777 usually specified using the @code{:type} keyword argument. | |
4778 @xref{Button Types}. | |
4779 | |
4780 @item help-echo | |
4781 @kindex help-index @r{(button property)} | |
4782 A string displayed by the Emacs tool-tip help system; by default, | |
4783 @code{"mouse-2, RET: Push this button"}. | |
4784 | |
4785 @item follow-link | |
4786 @kindex follow-link @r{(button property)} | |
4787 The follow-link property, defining how a @key{Mouse-1} click behaves | |
4788 on this button, @xref{Links and Mouse-1}. | |
4789 | |
4790 @item button | |
4791 @kindex button @r{(button property)} | |
4792 All buttons have a non-@code{nil} @code{button} property, which may be useful | |
4793 in finding regions of text that comprise buttons (which is what the | |
4794 standard button functions do). | |
4795 @end table | |
4796 | |
4797 There are other properties defined for the regions of text in a | |
4798 button, but these are not generally interesting for typical uses. | |
4799 | |
4800 @node Button Types | |
4801 @subsection Button Types | |
4802 @cindex button types | |
4803 | |
4804 Every button has a button @emph{type}, which defines default values | |
4805 for the button's properties. Button types are arranged in a | |
4806 hierarchy, with specialized types inheriting from more general types, | |
4807 so that it's easy to define special-purpose types of buttons for | |
4808 specific tasks. | |
4809 | |
4810 @defun define-button-type name &rest properties | |
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4811 Define a `button type' called @var{name} (a symbol). |
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4812 The remaining arguments |
84060 | 4813 form a sequence of @var{property value} pairs, specifying default |
4814 property values for buttons with this type (a button's type may be set | |
4815 by giving it a @code{type} property when creating the button, using | |
4816 the @code{:type} keyword argument). | |
4817 | |
4818 In addition, the keyword argument @code{:supertype} may be used to | |
4819 specify a button-type from which @var{name} inherits its default | |
4820 property values. Note that this inheritance happens only when | |
4821 @var{name} is defined; subsequent changes to a supertype are not | |
4822 reflected in its subtypes. | |
4823 @end defun | |
4824 | |
4825 Using @code{define-button-type} to define default properties for | |
4826 buttons is not necessary---buttons without any specified type use the | |
4827 built-in button-type @code{button}---but it is encouraged, since | |
4828 doing so usually makes the resulting code clearer and more efficient. | |
4829 | |
4830 @node Making Buttons | |
4831 @subsection Making Buttons | |
4832 @cindex making buttons | |
4833 | |
4834 Buttons are associated with a region of text, using an overlay or | |
4835 text properties to hold button-specific information, all of which are | |
4836 initialized from the button's type (which defaults to the built-in | |
4837 button type @code{button}). Like all Emacs text, the appearance of | |
4838 the button is governed by the @code{face} property; by default (via | |
4839 the @code{face} property inherited from the @code{button} button-type) | |
4840 this is a simple underline, like a typical web-page link. | |
4841 | |
4842 For convenience, there are two sorts of button-creation functions, | |
4843 those that add button properties to an existing region of a buffer, | |
4844 called @code{make-...button}, and those that also insert the button | |
4845 text, called @code{insert-...button}. | |
4846 | |
4847 The button-creation functions all take the @code{&rest} argument | |
4848 @var{properties}, which should be a sequence of @var{property value} | |
4849 pairs, specifying properties to add to the button; see @ref{Button | |
4850 Properties}. In addition, the keyword argument @code{:type} may be | |
4851 used to specify a button-type from which to inherit other properties; | |
4852 see @ref{Button Types}. Any properties not explicitly specified | |
4853 during creation will be inherited from the button's type (if the type | |
4854 defines such a property). | |
4855 | |
4856 The following functions add a button using an overlay | |
4857 (@pxref{Overlays}) to hold the button properties: | |
4858 | |
4859 @defun make-button beg end &rest properties | |
4860 This makes a button from @var{beg} to @var{end} in the | |
4861 current buffer, and returns it. | |
4862 @end defun | |
4863 | |
4864 @defun insert-button label &rest properties | |
4865 This insert a button with the label @var{label} at point, | |
4866 and returns it. | |
4867 @end defun | |
4868 | |
4869 The following functions are similar, but use Emacs text properties | |
4870 (@pxref{Text Properties}) to hold the button properties, making the | |
4871 button actually part of the text instead of being a property of the | |
4872 buffer. Buttons using text properties do not create markers into the | |
4873 buffer, which is important for speed when you use extremely large | |
4874 numbers of buttons. Both functions return the position of the start | |
4875 of the new button: | |
4876 | |
4877 @defun make-text-button beg end &rest properties | |
4878 This makes a button from @var{beg} to @var{end} in the current buffer, using | |
4879 text properties. | |
4880 @end defun | |
4881 | |
4882 @defun insert-text-button label &rest properties | |
4883 This inserts a button with the label @var{label} at point, using text | |
4884 properties. | |
4885 @end defun | |
4886 | |
4887 @node Manipulating Buttons | |
4888 @subsection Manipulating Buttons | |
4889 @cindex manipulating buttons | |
4890 | |
4891 These are functions for getting and setting properties of buttons. | |
4892 Often these are used by a button's invocation function to determine | |
4893 what to do. | |
4894 | |
4895 Where a @var{button} parameter is specified, it means an object | |
4896 referring to a specific button, either an overlay (for overlay | |
4897 buttons), or a buffer-position or marker (for text property buttons). | |
4898 Such an object is passed as the first argument to a button's | |
4899 invocation function when it is invoked. | |
4900 | |
4901 @defun button-start button | |
4902 Return the position at which @var{button} starts. | |
4903 @end defun | |
4904 | |
4905 @defun button-end button | |
4906 Return the position at which @var{button} ends. | |
4907 @end defun | |
4908 | |
4909 @defun button-get button prop | |
4910 Get the property of button @var{button} named @var{prop}. | |
4911 @end defun | |
4912 | |
4913 @defun button-put button prop val | |
4914 Set @var{button}'s @var{prop} property to @var{val}. | |
4915 @end defun | |
4916 | |
4917 @defun button-activate button &optional use-mouse-action | |
4918 Call @var{button}'s @code{action} property (i.e., invoke it). If | |
4919 @var{use-mouse-action} is non-@code{nil}, try to invoke the button's | |
4920 @code{mouse-action} property instead of @code{action}; if the button | |
4921 has no @code{mouse-action} property, use @code{action} as normal. | |
4922 @end defun | |
4923 | |
4924 @defun button-label button | |
4925 Return @var{button}'s text label. | |
4926 @end defun | |
4927 | |
4928 @defun button-type button | |
4929 Return @var{button}'s button-type. | |
4930 @end defun | |
4931 | |
4932 @defun button-has-type-p button type | |
4933 Return @code{t} if @var{button} has button-type @var{type}, or one of | |
4934 @var{type}'s subtypes. | |
4935 @end defun | |
4936 | |
4937 @defun button-at pos | |
4938 Return the button at position @var{pos} in the current buffer, or @code{nil}. | |
4939 @end defun | |
4940 | |
4941 @defun button-type-put type prop val | |
4942 Set the button-type @var{type}'s @var{prop} property to @var{val}. | |
4943 @end defun | |
4944 | |
4945 @defun button-type-get type prop | |
4946 Get the property of button-type @var{type} named @var{prop}. | |
4947 @end defun | |
4948 | |
4949 @defun button-type-subtype-p type supertype | |
4950 Return @code{t} if button-type @var{type} is a subtype of @var{supertype}. | |
4951 @end defun | |
4952 | |
4953 @node Button Buffer Commands | |
4954 @subsection Button Buffer Commands | |
4955 @cindex button buffer commands | |
4956 | |
4957 These are commands and functions for locating and operating on | |
4958 buttons in an Emacs buffer. | |
4959 | |
4960 @code{push-button} is the command that a user uses to actually `push' | |
4961 a button, and is bound by default in the button itself to @key{RET} | |
4962 and to @key{mouse-2} using a region-specific keymap. Commands | |
4963 that are useful outside the buttons itself, such as | |
4964 @code{forward-button} and @code{backward-button} are additionally | |
4965 available in the keymap stored in @code{button-buffer-map}; a mode | |
4966 which uses buttons may want to use @code{button-buffer-map} as a | |
4967 parent keymap for its keymap. | |
4968 | |
4969 If the button has a non-@code{nil} @code{follow-link} property, and | |
4970 @var{mouse-1-click-follows-link} is set, a quick @key{Mouse-1} click | |
4971 will also activate the @code{push-button} command. | |
4972 @xref{Links and Mouse-1}. | |
4973 | |
4974 @deffn Command push-button &optional pos use-mouse-action | |
4975 Perform the action specified by a button at location @var{pos}. | |
4976 @var{pos} may be either a buffer position or a mouse-event. If | |
4977 @var{use-mouse-action} is non-@code{nil}, or @var{pos} is a | |
4978 mouse-event (@pxref{Mouse Events}), try to invoke the button's | |
4979 @code{mouse-action} property instead of @code{action}; if the button | |
4980 has no @code{mouse-action} property, use @code{action} as normal. | |
4981 @var{pos} defaults to point, except when @code{push-button} is invoked | |
4982 interactively as the result of a mouse-event, in which case, the mouse | |
4983 event's position is used. If there's no button at @var{pos}, do | |
4984 nothing and return @code{nil}, otherwise return @code{t}. | |
4985 @end deffn | |
4986 | |
4987 @deffn Command forward-button n &optional wrap display-message | |
4988 Move to the @var{n}th next button, or @var{n}th previous button if | |
4989 @var{n} is negative. If @var{n} is zero, move to the start of any | |
4990 button at point. If @var{wrap} is non-@code{nil}, moving past either | |
4991 end of the buffer continues from the other end. If | |
4992 @var{display-message} is non-@code{nil}, the button's help-echo string | |
4993 is displayed. Any button with a non-@code{nil} @code{skip} property | |
4994 is skipped over. Returns the button found. | |
4995 @end deffn | |
4996 | |
4997 @deffn Command backward-button n &optional wrap display-message | |
4998 Move to the @var{n}th previous button, or @var{n}th next button if | |
4999 @var{n} is negative. If @var{n} is zero, move to the start of any | |
5000 button at point. If @var{wrap} is non-@code{nil}, moving past either | |
5001 end of the buffer continues from the other end. If | |
5002 @var{display-message} is non-@code{nil}, the button's help-echo string | |
5003 is displayed. Any button with a non-@code{nil} @code{skip} property | |
5004 is skipped over. Returns the button found. | |
5005 @end deffn | |
5006 | |
5007 @defun next-button pos &optional count-current | |
5008 @defunx previous-button pos &optional count-current | |
5009 Return the next button after (for @code{next-button} or before (for | |
5010 @code{previous-button}) position @var{pos} in the current buffer. If | |
5011 @var{count-current} is non-@code{nil}, count any button at @var{pos} | |
5012 in the search, instead of starting at the next button. | |
5013 @end defun | |
5014 | |
5015 @node Abstract Display | |
5016 @section Abstract Display | |
5017 @cindex ewoc | |
5018 @cindex display, abstract | |
5019 @cindex display, arbitrary objects | |
5020 @cindex model/view/controller | |
5021 @cindex view part, model/view/controller | |
5022 | |
5023 The Ewoc package constructs buffer text that represents a structure | |
5024 of Lisp objects, and updates the text to follow changes in that | |
5025 structure. This is like the ``view'' component in the | |
5026 ``model/view/controller'' design paradigm. | |
5027 | |
5028 An @dfn{ewoc} is a structure that organizes information required to | |
5029 construct buffer text that represents certain Lisp data. The buffer | |
5030 text of the ewoc has three parts, in order: first, fixed @dfn{header} | |
5031 text; next, textual descriptions of a series of data elements (Lisp | |
5032 objects that you specify); and last, fixed @dfn{footer} text. | |
5033 Specifically, an ewoc contains information on: | |
5034 | |
5035 @itemize @bullet | |
5036 @item | |
5037 The buffer which its text is generated in. | |
5038 | |
5039 @item | |
5040 The text's start position in the buffer. | |
5041 | |
5042 @item | |
5043 The header and footer strings. | |
5044 | |
5045 @item | |
5046 A doubly-linked chain of @dfn{nodes}, each of which contains: | |
5047 | |
5048 @itemize | |
5049 @item | |
5050 A @dfn{data element}, a single Lisp object. | |
5051 | |
5052 @item | |
5053 Links to the preceding and following nodes in the chain. | |
5054 @end itemize | |
5055 | |
5056 @item | |
5057 A @dfn{pretty-printer} function which is responsible for | |
5058 inserting the textual representation of a data | |
5059 element value into the current buffer. | |
5060 @end itemize | |
5061 | |
5062 Typically, you define an ewoc with @code{ewoc-create}, and then pass | |
5063 the resulting ewoc structure to other functions in the Ewoc package to | |
5064 build nodes within it, and display it in the buffer. Once it is | |
5065 displayed in the buffer, other functions determine the correspondance | |
5066 between buffer positions and nodes, move point from one node's textual | |
5067 representation to another, and so forth. @xref{Abstract Display | |
5068 Functions}. | |
5069 | |
5070 A node @dfn{encapsulates} a data element much the way a variable | |
5071 holds a value. Normally, encapsulation occurs as a part of adding a | |
5072 node to the ewoc. You can retrieve the data element value and place a | |
5073 new value in its place, like so: | |
5074 | |
5075 @lisp | |
5076 (ewoc-data @var{node}) | |
5077 @result{} value | |
5078 | |
5079 (ewoc-set-data @var{node} @var{new-value}) | |
5080 @result{} @var{new-value} | |
5081 @end lisp | |
5082 | |
5083 @noindent | |
5084 You can also use, as the data element value, a Lisp object (list or | |
5085 vector) that is a container for the ``real'' value, or an index into | |
5086 some other structure. The example (@pxref{Abstract Display Example}) | |
5087 uses the latter approach. | |
5088 | |
5089 When the data changes, you will want to update the text in the | |
5090 buffer. You can update all nodes by calling @code{ewoc-refresh}, or | |
5091 just specific nodes using @code{ewoc-invalidate}, or all nodes | |
5092 satisfying a predicate using @code{ewoc-map}. Alternatively, you can | |
5093 delete invalid nodes using @code{ewoc-delete} or @code{ewoc-filter}, | |
5094 and add new nodes in their place. Deleting a node from an ewoc deletes | |
5095 its associated textual description from buffer, as well. | |
5096 | |
5097 @menu | |
5098 * Abstract Display Functions:: | |
5099 * Abstract Display Example:: | |
5100 @end menu | |
5101 | |
5102 @node Abstract Display Functions | |
5103 @subsection Abstract Display Functions | |
5104 | |
5105 In this subsection, @var{ewoc} and @var{node} stand for the | |
5106 structures described above (@pxref{Abstract Display}), while | |
5107 @var{data} stands for an arbitrary Lisp object used as a data element. | |
5108 | |
5109 @defun ewoc-create pretty-printer &optional header footer nosep | |
5110 This constructs and returns a new ewoc, with no nodes (and thus no data | |
5111 elements). @var{pretty-printer} should be a function that takes one | |
5112 argument, a data element of the sort you plan to use in this ewoc, and | |
5113 inserts its textual description at point using @code{insert} (and never | |
5114 @code{insert-before-markers}, because that would interfere with the | |
5115 Ewoc package's internal mechanisms). | |
5116 | |
5117 Normally, a newline is automatically inserted after the header, | |
5118 the footer and every node's textual description. If @var{nosep} | |
5119 is non-@code{nil}, no newline is inserted. This may be useful for | |
5120 displaying an entire ewoc on a single line, for example, or for | |
5121 making nodes ``invisible'' by arranging for @var{pretty-printer} | |
5122 to do nothing for those nodes. | |
5123 | |
5124 An ewoc maintains its text in the buffer that is current when | |
5125 you create it, so switch to the intended buffer before calling | |
5126 @code{ewoc-create}. | |
5127 @end defun | |
5128 | |
5129 @defun ewoc-buffer ewoc | |
5130 This returns the buffer where @var{ewoc} maintains its text. | |
5131 @end defun | |
5132 | |
5133 @defun ewoc-get-hf ewoc | |
5134 This returns a cons cell @code{(@var{header} . @var{footer})} | |
5135 made from @var{ewoc}'s header and footer. | |
5136 @end defun | |
5137 | |
5138 @defun ewoc-set-hf ewoc header footer | |
5139 This sets the header and footer of @var{ewoc} to the strings | |
5140 @var{header} and @var{footer}, respectively. | |
5141 @end defun | |
5142 | |
5143 @defun ewoc-enter-first ewoc data | |
5144 @defunx ewoc-enter-last ewoc data | |
5145 These add a new node encapsulating @var{data}, putting it, respectively, | |
5146 at the beginning or end of @var{ewoc}'s chain of nodes. | |
5147 @end defun | |
5148 | |
5149 @defun ewoc-enter-before ewoc node data | |
5150 @defunx ewoc-enter-after ewoc node data | |
5151 These add a new node encapsulating @var{data}, adding it to | |
5152 @var{ewoc} before or after @var{node}, respectively. | |
5153 @end defun | |
5154 | |
5155 @defun ewoc-prev ewoc node | |
5156 @defunx ewoc-next ewoc node | |
5157 These return, respectively, the previous node and the next node of @var{node} | |
5158 in @var{ewoc}. | |
5159 @end defun | |
5160 | |
5161 @defun ewoc-nth ewoc n | |
5162 This returns the node in @var{ewoc} found at zero-based index @var{n}. | |
5163 A negative @var{n} means count from the end. @code{ewoc-nth} returns | |
5164 @code{nil} if @var{n} is out of range. | |
5165 @end defun | |
5166 | |
5167 @defun ewoc-data node | |
5168 This extracts the data encapsulated by @var{node} and returns it. | |
5169 @end defun | |
5170 | |
5171 @defun ewoc-set-data node data | |
5172 This sets the data encapsulated by @var{node} to @var{data}. | |
5173 @end defun | |
5174 | |
5175 @defun ewoc-locate ewoc &optional pos guess | |
5176 This determines the node in @var{ewoc} which contains point (or | |
5177 @var{pos} if specified), and returns that node. If @var{ewoc} has no | |
5178 nodes, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{pos} is before the first node, | |
5179 it returns the first node; if @var{pos} is after the last node, it returns | |
5180 the last node. The optional third arg @var{guess} | |
5181 should be a node that is likely to be near @var{pos}; this doesn't | |
5182 alter the result, but makes the function run faster. | |
5183 @end defun | |
5184 | |
5185 @defun ewoc-location node | |
5186 This returns the start position of @var{node}. | |
5187 @end defun | |
5188 | |
5189 @defun ewoc-goto-prev ewoc arg | |
5190 @defunx ewoc-goto-next ewoc arg | |
5191 These move point to the previous or next, respectively, @var{arg}th node | |
5192 in @var{ewoc}. @code{ewoc-goto-prev} does not move if it is already at | |
5193 the first node or if @var{ewoc} is empty, whereas @code{ewoc-goto-next} | |
5194 moves past the last node, returning @code{nil}. Excepting this special | |
5195 case, these functions return the node moved to. | |
5196 @end defun | |
5197 | |
5198 @defun ewoc-goto-node ewoc node | |
5199 This moves point to the start of @var{node} in @var{ewoc}. | |
5200 @end defun | |
5201 | |
5202 @defun ewoc-refresh ewoc | |
5203 This function regenerates the text of @var{ewoc}. It works by | |
5204 deleting the text between the header and the footer, i.e., all the | |
5205 data elements' representations, and then calling the pretty-printer | |
5206 function for each node, one by one, in order. | |
5207 @end defun | |
5208 | |
5209 @defun ewoc-invalidate ewoc &rest nodes | |
5210 This is similar to @code{ewoc-refresh}, except that only @var{nodes} in | |
5211 @var{ewoc} are updated instead of the entire set. | |
5212 @end defun | |
5213 | |
5214 @defun ewoc-delete ewoc &rest nodes | |
5215 This deletes each node in @var{nodes} from @var{ewoc}. | |
5216 @end defun | |
5217 | |
5218 @defun ewoc-filter ewoc predicate &rest args | |
5219 This calls @var{predicate} for each data element in @var{ewoc} and | |
5220 deletes those nodes for which @var{predicate} returns @code{nil}. | |
5221 Any @var{args} are passed to @var{predicate}. | |
5222 @end defun | |
5223 | |
5224 @defun ewoc-collect ewoc predicate &rest args | |
5225 This calls @var{predicate} for each data element in @var{ewoc} | |
5226 and returns a list of those elements for which @var{predicate} | |
5227 returns non-@code{nil}. The elements in the list are ordered | |
5228 as in the buffer. Any @var{args} are passed to @var{predicate}. | |
5229 @end defun | |
5230 | |
5231 @defun ewoc-map map-function ewoc &rest args | |
5232 This calls @var{map-function} for each data element in @var{ewoc} and | |
5233 updates those nodes for which @var{map-function} returns non-@code{nil}. | |
5234 Any @var{args} are passed to @var{map-function}. | |
5235 @end defun | |
5236 | |
5237 @node Abstract Display Example | |
5238 @subsection Abstract Display Example | |
5239 | |
5240 Here is a simple example using functions of the ewoc package to | |
5241 implement a ``color components display,'' an area in a buffer that | |
5242 represents a vector of three integers (itself representing a 24-bit RGB | |
5243 value) in various ways. | |
5244 | |
5245 @example | |
5246 (setq colorcomp-ewoc nil | |
5247 colorcomp-data nil | |
5248 colorcomp-mode-map nil | |
5249 colorcomp-labels ["Red" "Green" "Blue"]) | |
5250 | |
5251 (defun colorcomp-pp (data) | |
5252 (if data | |
5253 (let ((comp (aref colorcomp-data data))) | |
5254 (insert (aref colorcomp-labels data) "\t: #x" | |
5255 (format "%02X" comp) " " | |
5256 (make-string (ash comp -2) ?#) "\n")) | |
5257 (let ((cstr (format "#%02X%02X%02X" | |
5258 (aref colorcomp-data 0) | |
5259 (aref colorcomp-data 1) | |
5260 (aref colorcomp-data 2))) | |
5261 (samp " (sample text) ")) | |
5262 (insert "Color\t: " | |
5263 (propertize samp 'face `(foreground-color . ,cstr)) | |
5264 (propertize samp 'face `(background-color . ,cstr)) | |
5265 "\n")))) | |
5266 | |
5267 (defun colorcomp (color) | |
5268 "Allow fiddling with COLOR in a new buffer. | |
5269 The buffer is in Color Components mode." | |
5270 (interactive "sColor (name or #RGB or #RRGGBB): ") | |
5271 (when (string= "" color) | |
5272 (setq color "green")) | |
5273 (unless (color-values color) | |
5274 (error "No such color: %S" color)) | |
5275 (switch-to-buffer | |
5276 (generate-new-buffer (format "originally: %s" color))) | |
5277 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
5278 (setq major-mode 'colorcomp-mode | |
5279 mode-name "Color Components") | |
5280 (use-local-map colorcomp-mode-map) | |
5281 (erase-buffer) | |
5282 (buffer-disable-undo) | |
5283 (let ((data (apply 'vector (mapcar (lambda (n) (ash n -8)) | |
5284 (color-values color)))) | |
5285 (ewoc (ewoc-create 'colorcomp-pp | |
5286 "\nColor Components\n\n" | |
5287 (substitute-command-keys | |
5288 "\n\\@{colorcomp-mode-map@}")))) | |
5289 (set (make-local-variable 'colorcomp-data) data) | |
5290 (set (make-local-variable 'colorcomp-ewoc) ewoc) | |
5291 (ewoc-enter-last ewoc 0) | |
5292 (ewoc-enter-last ewoc 1) | |
5293 (ewoc-enter-last ewoc 2) | |
5294 (ewoc-enter-last ewoc nil))) | |
5295 @end example | |
5296 | |
5297 @cindex controller part, model/view/controller | |
5298 This example can be extended to be a ``color selection widget'' (in | |
5299 other words, the controller part of the ``model/view/controller'' | |
5300 design paradigm) by defining commands to modify @code{colorcomp-data} | |
5301 and to ``finish'' the selection process, and a keymap to tie it all | |
5302 together conveniently. | |
5303 | |
5304 @smallexample | |
5305 (defun colorcomp-mod (index limit delta) | |
5306 (let ((cur (aref colorcomp-data index))) | |
5307 (unless (= limit cur) | |
5308 (aset colorcomp-data index (+ cur delta))) | |
5309 (ewoc-invalidate | |
5310 colorcomp-ewoc | |
5311 (ewoc-nth colorcomp-ewoc index) | |
5312 (ewoc-nth colorcomp-ewoc -1)))) | |
5313 | |
5314 (defun colorcomp-R-more () (interactive) (colorcomp-mod 0 255 1)) | |
5315 (defun colorcomp-G-more () (interactive) (colorcomp-mod 1 255 1)) | |
5316 (defun colorcomp-B-more () (interactive) (colorcomp-mod 2 255 1)) | |
5317 (defun colorcomp-R-less () (interactive) (colorcomp-mod 0 0 -1)) | |
5318 (defun colorcomp-G-less () (interactive) (colorcomp-mod 1 0 -1)) | |
5319 (defun colorcomp-B-less () (interactive) (colorcomp-mod 2 0 -1)) | |
5320 | |
5321 (defun colorcomp-copy-as-kill-and-exit () | |
5322 "Copy the color components into the kill ring and kill the buffer. | |
5323 The string is formatted #RRGGBB (hash followed by six hex digits)." | |
5324 (interactive) | |
5325 (kill-new (format "#%02X%02X%02X" | |
5326 (aref colorcomp-data 0) | |
5327 (aref colorcomp-data 1) | |
5328 (aref colorcomp-data 2))) | |
5329 (kill-buffer nil)) | |
5330 | |
5331 (setq colorcomp-mode-map | |
5332 (let ((m (make-sparse-keymap))) | |
5333 (suppress-keymap m) | |
5334 (define-key m "i" 'colorcomp-R-less) | |
5335 (define-key m "o" 'colorcomp-R-more) | |
5336 (define-key m "k" 'colorcomp-G-less) | |
5337 (define-key m "l" 'colorcomp-G-more) | |
5338 (define-key m "," 'colorcomp-B-less) | |
5339 (define-key m "." 'colorcomp-B-more) | |
5340 (define-key m " " 'colorcomp-copy-as-kill-and-exit) | |
5341 m)) | |
5342 @end smallexample | |
5343 | |
5344 Note that we never modify the data in each node, which is fixed when the | |
5345 ewoc is created to be either @code{nil} or an index into the vector | |
5346 @code{colorcomp-data}, the actual color components. | |
5347 | |
5348 @node Blinking | |
5349 @section Blinking Parentheses | |
5350 @cindex parenthesis matching | |
5351 @cindex blinking parentheses | |
5352 @cindex balancing parentheses | |
5353 | |
5354 This section describes the mechanism by which Emacs shows a matching | |
5355 open parenthesis when the user inserts a close parenthesis. | |
5356 | |
5357 @defvar blink-paren-function | |
5358 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to | |
5359 be called whenever a character with close parenthesis syntax is inserted. | |
5360 The value of @code{blink-paren-function} may be @code{nil}, in which | |
5361 case nothing is done. | |
5362 @end defvar | |
5363 | |
5364 @defopt blink-matching-paren | |
5365 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{blink-matching-open} does | |
5366 nothing. | |
5367 @end defopt | |
5368 | |
5369 @defopt blink-matching-paren-distance | |
5370 This variable specifies the maximum distance to scan for a matching | |
5371 parenthesis before giving up. | |
5372 @end defopt | |
5373 | |
5374 @defopt blink-matching-delay | |
5375 This variable specifies the number of seconds for the cursor to remain | |
5376 at the matching parenthesis. A fraction of a second often gives | |
5377 good results, but the default is 1, which works on all systems. | |
5378 @end defopt | |
5379 | |
5380 @deffn Command blink-matching-open | |
5381 This function is the default value of @code{blink-paren-function}. It | |
5382 assumes that point follows a character with close parenthesis syntax and | |
5383 moves the cursor momentarily to the matching opening character. If that | |
5384 character is not already on the screen, it displays the character's | |
5385 context in the echo area. To avoid long delays, this function does not | |
5386 search farther than @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} characters. | |
5387 | |
5388 Here is an example of calling this function explicitly. | |
5389 | |
5390 @smallexample | |
5391 @group | |
5392 (defun interactive-blink-matching-open () | |
5393 @c Do not break this line! -- rms. | |
5394 @c The first line of a doc string | |
5395 @c must stand alone. | |
5396 "Indicate momentarily the start of sexp before point." | |
5397 (interactive) | |
5398 @end group | |
5399 @group | |
5400 (let ((blink-matching-paren-distance | |
5401 (buffer-size)) | |
5402 (blink-matching-paren t)) | |
5403 (blink-matching-open))) | |
5404 @end group | |
5405 @end smallexample | |
5406 @end deffn | |
5407 | |
5408 @node Usual Display | |
5409 @section Usual Display Conventions | |
5410 | |
5411 The usual display conventions define how to display each character | |
5412 code. You can override these conventions by setting up a display table | |
5413 (@pxref{Display Tables}). Here are the usual display conventions: | |
5414 | |
5415 @itemize @bullet | |
5416 @item | |
5417 Character codes 32 through 126 map to glyph codes 32 through 126. | |
5418 Normally this means they display as themselves. | |
5419 | |
5420 @item | |
5421 Character code 9 is a horizontal tab. It displays as whitespace | |
5422 up to a position determined by @code{tab-width}. | |
5423 | |
5424 @item | |
5425 Character code 10 is a newline. | |
5426 | |
5427 @item | |
5428 All other codes in the range 0 through 31, and code 127, display in one | |
5429 of two ways according to the value of @code{ctl-arrow}. If it is | |
5430 non-@code{nil}, these codes map to sequences of two glyphs, where the | |
5431 first glyph is the @acronym{ASCII} code for @samp{^}. (A display table can | |
5432 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{^}.) Otherwise, these codes map | |
5433 just like the codes in the range 128 to 255. | |
5434 | |
5435 On MS-DOS terminals, Emacs arranges by default for the character code | |
5436 127 to be mapped to the glyph code 127, which normally displays as an | |
5437 empty polygon. This glyph is used to display non-@acronym{ASCII} characters | |
5438 that the MS-DOS terminal doesn't support. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE,,, | |
5439 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
5440 | |
5441 @item | |
5442 Character codes 128 through 255 map to sequences of four glyphs, where | |
5443 the first glyph is the @acronym{ASCII} code for @samp{\}, and the others are | |
5444 digit characters representing the character code in octal. (A display | |
5445 table can specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{\}.) | |
5446 | |
5447 @item | |
5448 Multibyte character codes above 256 are displayed as themselves, or as a | |
5449 question mark or empty box if the terminal cannot display that | |
5450 character. | |
5451 @end itemize | |
5452 | |
5453 The usual display conventions apply even when there is a display | |
5454 table, for any character whose entry in the active display table is | |
5455 @code{nil}. Thus, when you set up a display table, you need only | |
5456 specify the characters for which you want special behavior. | |
5457 | |
5458 These display rules apply to carriage return (character code 13), when | |
5459 it appears in the buffer. But that character may not appear in the | |
5460 buffer where you expect it, if it was eliminated as part of end-of-line | |
5461 conversion (@pxref{Coding System Basics}). | |
5462 | |
5463 These variables affect the way certain characters are displayed on the | |
5464 screen. Since they change the number of columns the characters occupy, | |
5465 they also affect the indentation functions. These variables also affect | |
5466 how the mode line is displayed; if you want to force redisplay of the | |
5467 mode line using the new values, call the function | |
5468 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
5469 | |
5470 @defopt ctl-arrow | |
5471 @cindex control characters in display | |
5472 This buffer-local variable controls how control characters are | |
5473 displayed. If it is non-@code{nil}, they are displayed as a caret | |
5474 followed by the character: @samp{^A}. If it is @code{nil}, they are | |
5475 displayed as a backslash followed by three octal digits: @samp{\001}. | |
5476 @end defopt | |
5477 | |
5478 @c Following may have overfull hbox. | |
5479 @defvar default-ctl-arrow | |
5480 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{ctl-arrow} in | |
5481 buffers that do not override it. @xref{Default Value}. | |
5482 @end defvar | |
5483 | |
5484 @defopt tab-width | |
5485 The value of this buffer-local variable is the spacing between tab | |
5486 stops used for displaying tab characters in Emacs buffers. The value | |
5487 is in units of columns, and the default is 8. Note that this feature | |
5488 is completely independent of the user-settable tab stops used by the | |
5489 command @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. @xref{Indent Tabs}. | |
5490 @end defopt | |
5491 | |
5492 @node Display Tables | |
5493 @section Display Tables | |
5494 | |
5495 @cindex display table | |
5496 You can use the @dfn{display table} feature to control how all possible | |
5497 character codes display on the screen. This is useful for displaying | |
5498 European languages that have letters not in the @acronym{ASCII} character | |
5499 set. | |
5500 | |
5501 The display table maps each character code into a sequence of | |
5502 @dfn{glyphs}, each glyph being a graphic that takes up one character | |
5503 position on the screen. You can also define how to display each glyph | |
5504 on your terminal, using the @dfn{glyph table}. | |
5505 | |
5506 Display tables affect how the mode line is displayed; if you want to | |
5507 force redisplay of the mode line using a new display table, call | |
5508 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
5509 | |
5510 @menu | |
5511 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. | |
5512 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. | |
5513 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. | |
5514 @end menu | |
5515 | |
5516 @node Display Table Format | |
5517 @subsection Display Table Format | |
5518 | |
5519 A display table is actually a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with | |
5520 @code{display-table} as its subtype. | |
5521 | |
5522 @defun make-display-table | |
5523 This creates and returns a display table. The table initially has | |
5524 @code{nil} in all elements. | |
5525 @end defun | |
5526 | |
5527 The ordinary elements of the display table are indexed by character | |
5528 codes; the element at index @var{c} says how to display the character | |
5529 code @var{c}. The value should be @code{nil} or a vector of the | |
5530 glyphs to be output (@pxref{Glyphs}). @code{nil} says to display the | |
5531 character @var{c} according to the usual display conventions | |
5532 (@pxref{Usual Display}). | |
5533 | |
5534 @strong{Warning:} if you use the display table to change the display | |
5535 of newline characters, the whole buffer will be displayed as one long | |
5536 ``line.'' | |
5537 | |
5538 The display table also has six ``extra slots'' which serve special | |
5539 purposes. Here is a table of their meanings; @code{nil} in any slot | |
5540 means to use the default for that slot, as stated below. | |
5541 | |
5542 @table @asis | |
5543 @item 0 | |
5544 The glyph for the end of a truncated screen line (the default for this | |
5545 is @samp{$}). @xref{Glyphs}. On graphical terminals, Emacs uses | |
5546 arrows in the fringes to indicate truncation, so the display table has | |
5547 no effect. | |
5548 | |
5549 @item 1 | |
5550 The glyph for the end of a continued line (the default is @samp{\}). | |
5551 On graphical terminals, Emacs uses curved arrows in the fringes to | |
5552 indicate continuation, so the display table has no effect. | |
5553 | |
5554 @item 2 | |
5555 The glyph for indicating a character displayed as an octal character | |
5556 code (the default is @samp{\}). | |
5557 | |
5558 @item 3 | |
5559 The glyph for indicating a control character (the default is @samp{^}). | |
5560 | |
5561 @item 4 | |
5562 A vector of glyphs for indicating the presence of invisible lines (the | |
5563 default is @samp{...}). @xref{Selective Display}. | |
5564 | |
5565 @item 5 | |
5566 The glyph used to draw the border between side-by-side windows (the | |
5567 default is @samp{|}). @xref{Splitting Windows}. This takes effect only | |
5568 when there are no scroll bars; if scroll bars are supported and in use, | |
5569 a scroll bar separates the two windows. | |
5570 @end table | |
5571 | |
5572 For example, here is how to construct a display table that mimics the | |
5573 effect of setting @code{ctl-arrow} to a non-@code{nil} value: | |
5574 | |
5575 @example | |
5576 (setq disptab (make-display-table)) | |
5577 (let ((i 0)) | |
5578 (while (< i 32) | |
5579 (or (= i ?\t) (= i ?\n) | |
5580 (aset disptab i (vector ?^ (+ i 64)))) | |
5581 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
5582 (aset disptab 127 (vector ?^ ??))) | |
5583 @end example | |
5584 | |
5585 @defun display-table-slot display-table slot | |
5586 This function returns the value of the extra slot @var{slot} of | |
5587 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to | |
5588 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are | |
5589 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, | |
5590 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. | |
5591 @end defun | |
5592 | |
5593 @defun set-display-table-slot display-table slot value | |
5594 This function stores @var{value} in the extra slot @var{slot} of | |
5595 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to | |
5596 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are | |
5597 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, | |
5598 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. | |
5599 @end defun | |
5600 | |
5601 @defun describe-display-table display-table | |
5602 This function displays a description of the display table | |
5603 @var{display-table} in a help buffer. | |
5604 @end defun | |
5605 | |
5606 @deffn Command describe-current-display-table | |
5607 This command displays a description of the current display table in a | |
5608 help buffer. | |
5609 @end deffn | |
5610 | |
5611 @node Active Display Table | |
5612 @subsection Active Display Table | |
5613 @cindex active display table | |
5614 | |
5615 Each window can specify a display table, and so can each buffer. When | |
5616 a buffer @var{b} is displayed in window @var{w}, display uses the | |
5617 display table for window @var{w} if it has one; otherwise, the display | |
5618 table for buffer @var{b} if it has one; otherwise, the standard display | |
5619 table if any. The display table chosen is called the @dfn{active} | |
5620 display table. | |
5621 | |
5622 @defun window-display-table &optional window | |
5623 This function returns @var{window}'s display table, or @code{nil} | |
5624 if @var{window} does not have an assigned display table. The default | |
5625 for @var{window} is the selected window. | |
5626 @end defun | |
5627 | |
5628 @defun set-window-display-table window table | |
5629 This function sets the display table of @var{window} to @var{table}. | |
5630 The argument @var{table} should be either a display table or | |
5631 @code{nil}. | |
5632 @end defun | |
5633 | |
5634 @defvar buffer-display-table | |
5635 This variable is automatically buffer-local in all buffers; its value in | |
5636 a particular buffer specifies the display table for that buffer. If it | |
5637 is @code{nil}, that means the buffer does not have an assigned display | |
5638 table. | |
5639 @end defvar | |
5640 | |
5641 @defvar standard-display-table | |
5642 This variable's value is the default display table, used whenever a | |
5643 window has no display table and neither does the buffer displayed in | |
5644 that window. This variable is @code{nil} by default. | |
5645 @end defvar | |
5646 | |
5647 If there is no display table to use for a particular window---that is, | |
5648 if the window specifies none, its buffer specifies none, and | |
5649 @code{standard-display-table} is @code{nil}---then Emacs uses the usual | |
5650 display conventions for all character codes in that window. @xref{Usual | |
5651 Display}. | |
5652 | |
5653 A number of functions for changing the standard display table | |
5654 are defined in the library @file{disp-table}. | |
5655 | |
5656 @node Glyphs | |
5657 @subsection Glyphs | |
5658 | |
5659 @cindex glyph | |
5660 A @dfn{glyph} is a generalization of a character; it stands for an | |
5661 image that takes up a single character position on the screen. Normally | |
5662 glyphs come from vectors in the display table (@pxref{Display Tables}). | |
5663 | |
5664 A glyph is represented in Lisp as a @dfn{glyph code}. A glyph code | |
5665 can be @dfn{simple} or it can be defined by the @dfn{glyph table}. A | |
5666 simple glyph code is just a way of specifying a character and a face | |
5667 to output it in. @xref{Faces}. | |
5668 | |
5669 The following functions are used to manipulate simple glyph codes: | |
5670 | |
5671 @defun make-glyph-code char &optional face | |
5672 This function returns a simple glyph code representing char @var{char} | |
5673 with face @var{face}. | |
5674 @end defun | |
5675 | |
5676 @defun glyph-char glyph | |
5677 This function returns the character of simple glyph code @var{glyph}. | |
5678 @end defun | |
5679 | |
5680 @defun glyph-face glyph | |
5681 This function returns face of simple glyph code @var{glyph}, or | |
5682 @code{nil} if @var{glyph} has the default face (face-id 0). | |
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5683 @xref{Face Functions}. |
84060 | 5684 @end defun |
5685 | |
5686 On character terminals, you can set up a @dfn{glyph table} to define | |
5687 the meaning of glyph codes (represented as small integers). | |
5688 | |
5689 @defvar glyph-table | |
5690 The value of this variable is the current glyph table. It should be | |
5691 @code{nil} or a vector whose @var{g}th element defines glyph code | |
5692 @var{g}. | |
5693 | |
5694 If a glyph code is greater than or equal to the length of the glyph | |
5695 table, that code is automatically simple. If @code{glyph-table} is | |
5696 @code{nil} then all glyph codes are simple. | |
5697 | |
5698 The glyph table is used only on character terminals. On graphical | |
5699 displays, all glyph codes are simple. | |
5700 @end defvar | |
5701 | |
5702 Here are the meaningful types of elements in the glyph table: | |
5703 | |
5704 @table @asis | |
5705 @item @var{string} | |
5706 Send the characters in @var{string} to the terminal to output | |
5707 this glyph code. | |
5708 | |
5709 @item @var{code} | |
5710 Define this glyph code as an alias for glyph code @var{code} created | |
5711 by @code{make-glyph-code}. You can use such an alias to define a | |
5712 small-numbered glyph code which specifies a character with a face. | |
5713 | |
5714 @item @code{nil} | |
5715 This glyph code is simple. | |
5716 @end table | |
5717 | |
5718 @defun create-glyph string | |
5719 This function returns a newly-allocated glyph code which is set up to | |
5720 display by sending @var{string} to the terminal. | |
5721 @end defun | |
5722 | |
5723 @node Beeping | |
5724 @section Beeping | |
5725 @c @cindex beeping "beep" is adjacent | |
5726 @cindex bell | |
5727 | |
5728 This section describes how to make Emacs ring the bell (or blink the | |
5729 screen) to attract the user's attention. Be conservative about how | |
5730 often you do this; frequent bells can become irritating. Also be | |
5731 careful not to use just beeping when signaling an error is more | |
5732 appropriate. (@xref{Errors}.) | |
5733 | |
5734 @defun ding &optional do-not-terminate | |
5735 @cindex keyboard macro termination | |
5736 This function beeps, or flashes the screen (see @code{visible-bell} below). | |
5737 It also terminates any keyboard macro currently executing unless | |
5738 @var{do-not-terminate} is non-@code{nil}. | |
5739 @end defun | |
5740 | |
5741 @defun beep &optional do-not-terminate | |
5742 This is a synonym for @code{ding}. | |
5743 @end defun | |
5744 | |
5745 @defopt visible-bell | |
5746 This variable determines whether Emacs should flash the screen to | |
5747 represent a bell. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. This | |
5748 is effective on graphical displays, and on text-only terminals | |
5749 provided the terminal's Termcap entry defines the visible bell | |
5750 capability (@samp{vb}). | |
5751 @end defopt | |
5752 | |
5753 @defvar ring-bell-function | |
5754 If this is non-@code{nil}, it specifies how Emacs should ``ring the | |
5755 bell.'' Its value should be a function of no arguments. If this is | |
5756 non-@code{nil}, it takes precedence over the @code{visible-bell} | |
5757 variable. | |
5758 @end defvar | |
5759 | |
5760 @node Window Systems | |
5761 @section Window Systems | |
5762 | |
5763 Emacs works with several window systems, most notably the X Window | |
5764 System. Both Emacs and X use the term ``window,'' but use it | |
5765 differently. An Emacs frame is a single window as far as X is | |
5766 concerned; the individual Emacs windows are not known to X at all. | |
5767 | |
5768 @defvar window-system | |
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5769 This frame-local variable tells Lisp programs what window system Emacs is using |
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5770 for displaying the frame. The possible values are |
84060 | 5771 |
5772 @table @code | |
5773 @item x | |
5774 @cindex X Window System | |
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5775 Emacs is displaying the frame using X. |
84060 | 5776 @item w32 |
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5777 Emacs is displaying the frame using native MS-Windows GUI. |
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5778 @item pc |
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5779 Emacs is displaying the frame using MS-DOS direct screen writes. |
84060 | 5780 @item nil |
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5781 Emacs is displaying the frame on a character-based terminal. |
84060 | 5782 @end table |
5783 @end defvar | |
5784 | |
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5785 @defvar initial-window-system |
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5786 This variable holds the value of @code{window-system} used for the |
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5787 first frame created by Emacs during startup. |
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5788 @end defvar |
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5789 |
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5790 @defun window-system &optional frame |
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5791 This function returns a symbol whose name tells what window system is |
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5792 used for displaying @var{frame} (which defaults to the currently |
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5793 selected frame). The list of possible symbols it returns is the same |
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5794 one documented for the variable @code{window-system} above. |
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5795 @end defun |
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5796 |
84060 | 5797 @defvar window-setup-hook |
5798 This variable is a normal hook which Emacs runs after handling the | |
5799 initialization files. Emacs runs this hook after it has completed | |
5800 loading your init file, the default initialization file (if | |
5801 any), and the terminal-specific Lisp code, and running the hook | |
5802 @code{term-setup-hook}. | |
5803 | |
5804 This hook is used for internal purposes: setting up communication with | |
5805 the window system, and creating the initial window. Users should not | |
5806 interfere with it. | |
5807 @end defvar | |
5808 | |
5809 @ignore | |
5810 arch-tag: ffdf5714-7ecf-415b-9023-fbc6b409c2c6 | |
5811 @end ignore |