Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/misc/ediff.texi @ 101327:b0eef2ac5a59
(completion--insert-strings): Fix up computation of
column position which manifested e.g. in proced's signal completion.
author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
---|---|
date | Wed, 21 Jan 2009 21:20:55 +0000 |
parents | cb5d2387102c |
children | 9bcea07061a8 |
rev | line source |
---|---|
84291 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c documentation for Ediff | |
3 @c Written by Michael Kifer | |
4 | |
5 @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) | |
6 | |
7 @comment Using ediff.info instead of ediff in setfilename breaks DOS. | |
8 @comment @setfilename ediff | |
9 @comment @setfilename ediff.info | |
84329
3d431f1997d8
(setfilename): Go up one more level to ../../info.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
84291
diff
changeset
|
10 @setfilename ../../info/ediff |
84291 | 11 |
12 @settitle Ediff User's Manual | |
13 @synindex vr cp | |
14 @synindex fn cp | |
15 @synindex pg cp | |
16 @synindex ky cp | |
17 | |
18 @iftex | |
19 @finalout | |
20 @end iftex | |
21 @c @smallbook | |
22 @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) | |
23 | |
24 @copying | |
25 This file documents Ediff, a comprehensive visual interface to Unix diff | |
26 and patch utilities. | |
27 | |
28 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, | |
100974 | 29 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84291 | 30 |
31 @quotation | |
32 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
99709
6de181810d0f
Relicense all texi files under FDL 1.3 or later.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
99601
diff
changeset
|
33 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or |
84291 | 34 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
95937
6f0fce2c3559
Remove references to external license, since doclicense is included.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
95874
diff
changeset
|
35 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', |
6f0fce2c3559
Remove references to external license, since doclicense is included.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
95874
diff
changeset
|
36 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license |
6f0fce2c3559
Remove references to external license, since doclicense is included.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
95874
diff
changeset
|
37 is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
84291 | 38 |
95874
eafbd7a5c9be
Update Back-Cover Text as per maintain.info.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
87903
diff
changeset
|
39 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and |
eafbd7a5c9be
Update Back-Cover Text as per maintain.info.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
87903
diff
changeset
|
40 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in |
eafbd7a5c9be
Update Back-Cover Text as per maintain.info.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
87903
diff
changeset
|
41 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' |
84291 | 42 @end quotation |
43 @end copying | |
44 | |
45 @dircategory Emacs | |
46 @direntry | |
47 * Ediff: (ediff). A visual interface for comparing and merging programs. | |
48 @end direntry | |
49 | |
50 @titlepage | |
51 @title Ediff User's Manual | |
52 @sp 4 | |
99601
ed06196672ba
version timestamp update
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
97142
diff
changeset
|
53 @subtitle Ediff version 2.81.2 |
84291 | 54 @sp 1 |
99601
ed06196672ba
version timestamp update
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
97142
diff
changeset
|
55 @subtitle November 2008 |
84291 | 56 @sp 5 |
57 @author Michael Kifer | |
58 @page | |
59 | |
60 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
61 @insertcopying | |
62 @end titlepage | |
63 | |
64 | |
65 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) | |
66 | |
67 | |
68 @menu | |
69 * Introduction:: About Ediff. | |
70 * Major Entry Points:: How to use Ediff. | |
71 * Session Commands:: Ediff commands used within a session. | |
72 * Registry of Ediff Sessions:: Keeping track of multiple Ediff sessions. | |
73 * Session Groups:: Comparing and merging directories. | |
74 * Remote and Compressed Files:: You may want to know about this. | |
75 * Customization:: How to make Ediff work the way YOU want. | |
76 * Credits:: Thanks to those who helped. | |
77 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. | |
78 * Index:: | |
79 @end menu | |
80 | |
81 @node Introduction, Major Entry Points, Top, Top | |
82 @chapter Introduction | |
83 | |
84 @cindex Comparing files and buffers | |
85 @cindex Merging files and buffers | |
86 @cindex Patching files and buffers | |
87 @cindex Finding differences | |
88 | |
89 Ediff provides a convenient way for simultaneous browsing through | |
90 the differences between a pair (or a triple) of files or buffers | |
91 (which are called @samp{variants} for our purposes). The | |
92 files being compared, file-A, file-B, and file-C (if applicable) are | |
93 shown in separate windows (side by side, one above the another, or in | |
94 separate frames), and the differences are highlighted as you step | |
95 through them. You can also copy difference regions from one buffer to | |
96 another (and recover old differences if you change your mind). | |
97 | |
98 Another powerful feature is the ability to merge a pair of files into a | |
99 third buffer. Merging with an ancestor file is also supported. | |
100 Furthermore, Ediff is equipped with directory-level capabilities that | |
101 allow the user to conveniently launch browsing or merging sessions on | |
102 groups of files in two (or three) different directories. | |
103 | |
104 In addition, Ediff can apply a patch to a file and then let you step through | |
105 both files, the patched and the original one, simultaneously, | |
106 difference-by-difference. You can even apply a patch right out of a mail | |
107 buffer, i.e., patches received by mail don't even have to be saved. Since | |
108 Ediff lets you copy differences between variants, you can, in effect, apply | |
109 patches selectively (i.e., you can copy a difference region from | |
110 @file{file.orig} to @file{file}, thereby undoing any particular patch that | |
111 you don't like). | |
112 | |
113 Ediff even understands multi-file patches and can apply them interactively! | |
114 (Ediff can recognize multi-file patches only if they are in the context | |
115 format or GNU unified format. All other patches are treated as 1-file | |
116 patches. Ediff is [hopefully] using the same algorithm as @code{patch} to | |
117 determine which files need to be patched.) | |
118 | |
119 Ediff is aware of version control, which lets you compare | |
120 files with their older versions. Ediff also works with remote and | |
121 compressed files, automatically ftp'ing them over and uncompressing them. | |
122 @xref{Remote and Compressed Files}, for details. | |
123 | |
124 This package builds upon ideas borrowed from Emerge, and several of Ediff's | |
125 functions are adaptations from Emerge. Although Ediff subsumes and greatly | |
126 extends Emerge, much of the functionality in Ediff is influenced by Emerge. | |
127 The architecture and the interface are, of course, drastically different. | |
128 | |
129 @node Major Entry Points, Session Commands, Introduction, Top | |
130 @chapter Major Entry Points | |
131 | |
132 When Ediff starts up, it displays a small control window, which accepts the | |
133 Ediff commands, and two or three windows displaying the files to be compared | |
134 or merged. The control window can be in its own small frame or it can be | |
135 part of a bigger frame that displays other buffers. In any case, it is | |
136 important that the control window be active (i.e., be the one receiving the | |
137 keystrokes) when you use Ediff. You can switch to other Emacs buffers at | |
138 will and even edit the files currently being compared with Ediff and then | |
139 switch back to Ediff at any time by activating the appropriate Emacs windows. | |
140 | |
141 Ediff can be invoked interactively using the following functions, which can | |
142 be run either from the minibuffer or from the menu bar. In the menu bar, | |
143 all Ediff's entry points belong to three submenus of the Tools menu: | |
144 Compare, Merge, and Apply Patch. | |
145 | |
146 @table @code | |
147 @item ediff-files | |
148 @itemx ediff | |
149 @findex ediff-files | |
150 @findex ediff | |
151 Compare two files. | |
152 | |
153 @item ediff-backup | |
154 @findex ediff-backup | |
155 Compare a file with its backup. If there are several numerical backups, use | |
156 the latest. If the file is itself a backup, then compare it with its | |
157 original. | |
158 | |
159 @item ediff-buffers | |
160 @findex ediff-buffers | |
161 Compare two buffers. | |
162 | |
163 @item ediff-files3 | |
164 @itemx ediff3 | |
165 @findex ediff-files3 | |
166 @findex ediff3 | |
167 Compare three files. | |
168 | |
169 @item ediff-buffers3 | |
170 @findex ediff-buffers3 | |
171 Compare three buffers. | |
172 | |
173 @item edirs | |
174 @itemx ediff-directories | |
175 @findex edirs | |
176 @findex ediff-directories | |
177 Compare files common to two directories. | |
178 @item edirs3 | |
179 @itemx ediff-directories3 | |
180 @findex edirs3 | |
181 @findex ediff-directories3 | |
182 Compare files common to three directories. | |
183 @item edir-revisions | |
184 @itemx ediff-directory-revisions | |
185 @findex ediff-directory-revisions | |
186 @findex edir-revisions | |
187 Compare versions of files in a given directory. Ediff selects only the | |
188 files that are under version control. | |
189 @item edir-merge-revisions | |
190 @itemx ediff-merge-directory-revisions | |
191 @findex edir-merge-revisions | |
192 @findex ediff-merge-directory-revisions | |
193 Merge versions of files in a given directory. Ediff selects only the | |
194 files that are under version control. | |
195 @item edir-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
196 @itemx ediff-merge-directory-revisions-with-ancestor | |
197 @findex edir-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
198 @findex ediff-merge-directory-revisions-with-ancestor | |
199 Merge versions of files in a given directory using other versions as | |
200 ancestors. Ediff selects only the files that are under version control. | |
201 | |
202 @item ediff-windows-wordwise | |
203 @findex ediff-windows-wordwise | |
204 Compare windows word-by-word. | |
205 | |
206 @item ediff-windows-linewise | |
207 @findex ediff-windows-linewise | |
208 Compare windows line-by-line. | |
209 | |
210 @item ediff-regions-wordwise | |
211 @findex ediff-regions-wordwise | |
212 Compare regions word-by-word. The regions can come from the same buffer | |
213 and they can even overlap. You will be asked to specify the buffers that | |
214 contain the regions, which you want to compare. For each buffer, you will | |
215 also be asked to mark the regions to be compared. Pay attention to the | |
216 messages that appear in the minibuffer. | |
217 | |
218 @item ediff-regions-linewise | |
219 @findex ediff-regions-linewise | |
220 Similar to @code{ediff-windows-linewise}, but compares the regions | |
221 line-by-line. See @code{ediff-windows-linewise} for more details. | |
222 | |
223 @item ediff-revision | |
224 @findex ediff-revision | |
225 Compare versions of the current buffer, if the buffer is visiting | |
226 a file under version control. | |
227 | |
228 @item ediff-patch-file | |
229 @itemx epatch | |
230 @findex ediff-patch-file | |
231 @findex epatch | |
232 | |
233 Patch a file or multiple files, then compare. If the patch applies to just | |
234 one file, Ediff will invoke a regular comparison session. If it is a | |
235 multi-file patch, then a session group interface will be used and the user | |
236 will be able to patch the files selectively. @xref{Session Groups}, for | |
237 more details. | |
238 | |
239 Since the patch might be in a buffer or a file, you will be asked which is | |
240 the case. To avoid this extra prompt, you can invoke this command with a | |
241 prefix argument. With an odd prefix argument, Ediff assumes the patch | |
242 is in a file; with an even argument, a buffer is assumed. | |
243 | |
244 Note that @code{ediff-patch-file} will actually use the @code{patch} | |
245 utility to change the original files on disk. This is not that | |
246 dangerous, since you will always have the original contents of the file | |
247 saved in another file that has the extension @file{.orig}. | |
248 Furthermore, if the file is under version control, then you can always back | |
249 out to one of the previous versions (see the section on Version Control in | |
250 the Emacs manual). | |
251 | |
252 @code{ediff-patch-file} is careful about versions control: if the file | |
253 to be patched is checked in, then Ediff will offer to check it out, because | |
254 failing to do so may result in the loss of the changes when the file is | |
255 checked out the next time. | |
256 | |
257 If you don't intend to modify the file via the patch and just want to see | |
258 what the patch is all about (and decide later), then | |
259 @code{ediff-patch-buffer} might be a better choice. | |
260 | |
261 @item ediff-patch-buffer | |
262 @itemx epatch-buffer | |
263 @findex ediff-patch-buffer | |
264 @findex epatch-buffer | |
265 Patch a buffer, then compare. The buffer being patched and the file visited | |
266 by that buffer (if any) is @emph{not} modified. The result of the patch | |
267 appears in some other buffer that has the name ending with @emph{_patched}. | |
268 | |
269 This function would refuse to apply a multifile patch to a buffer. Use | |
270 @code{ediff-patch-file} for that (and when you want the original file to be | |
271 modified by the @code{patch} utility). | |
272 | |
273 Since the patch might be in a buffer or a file, you will be asked which is | |
274 the case. To avoid this extra prompt, you can invoke this command with a | |
275 prefix argument. With an odd prefix argument, Ediff assumes the patch | |
276 is in a file; with an even argument, a buffer is assumed. | |
277 | |
278 @item ediff-merge-files | |
279 @itemx ediff-merge | |
280 @findex ediff-merge-files | |
281 @findex ediff-merge | |
282 Merge two files. | |
283 | |
284 @item ediff-merge-files-with-ancestor | |
285 @itemx ediff-merge-with-ancestor | |
286 @findex ediff-merge-files-with-ancestor | |
287 @findex ediff-merge-with-ancestor | |
288 Like @code{ediff-merge}, but with a third ancestor file. | |
289 | |
290 @item ediff-merge-buffers | |
291 @findex ediff-merge-buffers | |
292 Merge two buffers. | |
293 | |
294 @item ediff-merge-buffers-with-ancestor | |
295 @findex ediff-merge-buffers-with-ancestor | |
296 Same but with ancestor. | |
297 | |
298 | |
299 @item edirs-merge | |
300 @itemx ediff-merge-directories | |
301 @findex edirs-merge | |
302 @findex ediff-merge-directories | |
303 Merge files common to two directories. | |
304 @item edirs-merge-with-ancestor | |
305 @itemx ediff-merge-directories-with-ancestor | |
306 @findex edirs-merge-with-ancestor | |
307 @findex ediff-merge-directories-with-ancestor | |
308 Same but using files in a third directory as ancestors. | |
309 If a pair of files doesn't have an ancestor in the ancestor-directory, you | |
310 will still be able to merge them without the ancestor. | |
311 | |
312 @item ediff-merge-revisions | |
313 @findex ediff-merge-revisions | |
314 Merge two versions of the file visited by the current buffer. | |
315 | |
316 @item ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
317 @findex ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
318 Same but with ancestor. | |
319 | |
320 @item ediff-documentation | |
321 @findex ediff-documentation | |
322 Brings up this manual. | |
323 | |
324 @item ediff-show-registry | |
325 @itemx eregistry | |
326 Brings up Ediff session registry. This feature enables you to quickly find | |
327 and restart active Ediff sessions. | |
328 @end table | |
329 | |
330 @noindent | |
331 If you want Ediff to be loaded from the very beginning of your Emacs | |
332 session, you should put this line in your @file{~/.emacs} file: | |
333 | |
334 @example | |
335 (require 'ediff) | |
336 @end example | |
337 | |
338 @noindent | |
339 Otherwise, Ediff will be loaded automatically when you use one of the | |
340 above functions, either directly or through the menus. | |
341 | |
342 When the above functions are invoked, the user is prompted for all the | |
343 necessary information---typically the files or buffers to compare, merge, or | |
344 patch. Ediff tries to be smart about these prompts. For instance, in | |
345 comparing/merging files, it will offer the visible buffers as defaults. In | |
346 prompting for files, if the user enters a directory, the previously input | |
347 file name will be appended to that directory. In addition, if the variable | |
348 @code{ediff-use-last-dir} is not @code{nil}, Ediff will offer | |
349 previously entered directories as defaults (which will be maintained | |
350 separately for each type of file, A, B, or C). | |
351 @vindex @code{ediff-use-last-dir} | |
352 | |
353 All the above functions use the POSIX @code{diff} or @code{diff3} programs | |
354 to find differences between two files. They process the @code{diff} output | |
355 and display it in a convenient form. At present, Ediff understands only | |
356 the plain output from diff. Options such as @samp{-c} are not supported, | |
357 nor is the format produced by incompatible file comparison programs such as | |
358 the VMS version of @code{diff}. | |
359 | |
360 The functions @code{ediff-files}, @code{ediff-buffers}, | |
361 @code{ediff-files3}, @code{ediff-buffers3} first display the coarse, | |
362 line-based difference regions, as reported by the @code{diff} program. The | |
363 total number of difference regions and the current difference number are | |
364 always displayed in the mode line of the control window. | |
365 | |
366 Since @code{diff} may report fairly large chunks of text as being different, | |
367 even though the difference may be localized to just a few words or even | |
368 to the white space or line breaks, Ediff further @emph{refines} the | |
369 regions to indicate which exact words differ. If the only difference is | |
370 in the white space and line breaks, Ediff says so. | |
371 | |
372 On a color display, fine differences are highlighted with color; on a | |
373 monochrome display, they are underlined. @xref{Highlighting Difference | |
374 Regions}, for information on how to customize this. | |
375 | |
376 The commands @code{ediff-windows-wordwise}, | |
377 @code{ediff-windows-linewise}, @code{ediff-regions-wordwise} and | |
378 @code{ediff-regions-linewise} do comparison on parts of existing Emacs | |
379 buffers. The commands @code{ediff-windows-wordwise} and | |
380 @code{ediff-regions-wordwise} are intended for relatively small segments | |
381 of buffers (e.g., up to 100 lines, depending on the speed of your machine), | |
382 as they perform comparison on the basis of words rather than lines. | |
383 (Word-wise comparison of large chunks of text can be slow.) | |
384 | |
385 To compare large regions, use @code{ediff-regions-linewise}. This | |
386 command displays differences much like @code{ediff-files} and | |
387 @code{ediff-buffers}. | |
388 | |
389 The functions @code{ediff-patch-file} and @code{ediff-patch-buffer} apply a | |
390 patch to a file or a buffer and then run Ediff on the appropriate | |
391 files/buffers, displaying the difference regions. | |
392 | |
393 The entry points @code{ediff-directories}, @code{ediff-merge-directories}, | |
394 etc., provide a convenient interface for comparing and merging files in | |
395 different directories. The user is presented with Dired-like interface from | |
396 which one can run a group of related Ediff sessions. | |
397 | |
398 For files under version control, @code{ediff-revision} lets you compare | |
399 the file visited by the current buffer to one of its checked-in versions. | |
400 You can also compare two checked-in versions of the visited file. | |
401 Moreover, the functions @code{ediff-directory-revisions}, | |
402 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions}, etc., let you run a group of | |
403 related Ediff sessions by taking a directory and comparing (or merging) | |
404 versions of files in that directory. | |
405 | |
406 @node Session Commands, Registry of Ediff Sessions, Major Entry Points, Top | |
407 @chapter Session Commands | |
408 | |
409 All Ediff commands are displayed in a Quick Help window, unless you type | |
410 @kbd{?} to shrink the window to just one line. You can redisplay the help | |
411 window by typing @kbd{?} again. The Quick Help commands are detailed below. | |
412 | |
413 Many Ediff commands take numeric prefix arguments. For instance, if you | |
414 type a number, say 3, and then @kbd{j} (@code{ediff-jump-to-difference}), | |
415 Ediff moves to the third difference region. Typing 3 and then @kbd{a} | |
416 (@code{ediff-diff-to-diff}) copies the 3d difference region from variant A | |
417 to variant B. Likewise, 4 followed by @kbd{ra} restores the 4th difference | |
418 region in buffer A (if it was previously written over via the command | |
419 @kbd{a}). | |
420 | |
421 Some commands take negative prefix arguments as well. For instance, typing | |
422 @kbd{-} and then @kbd{j} will make the last difference region | |
423 current. Typing @kbd{-2} then @kbd{j} makes the penultimate difference | |
424 region current, etc. | |
425 | |
426 Without the prefix argument, all commands operate on the currently | |
427 selected difference region. You can make any difference region | |
428 current using the various commands explained below. | |
429 | |
430 For some commands, the actual value of the prefix argument is | |
431 immaterial. However, if supplied, the prefix argument may modify the | |
432 command (see @kbd{ga}, @kbd{gb}, and @kbd{gc}). | |
433 | |
434 @menu | |
435 * Quick Help Commands:: Frequently used commands. | |
436 * Other Session Commands:: Commands that are not bound to keys. | |
437 @end menu | |
438 | |
439 @node Quick Help Commands,Other Session Commands,,Session Commands | |
440 @section Quick Help Commands | |
441 | |
442 @table @kbd | |
443 @item ? | |
444 @kindex ? | |
445 Toggles the Ediff Quick Help window ON and OFF. | |
446 @item G | |
447 @kindex G | |
448 Prepares a mail buffer for sending a praise or a curse to the Ediff maintainer. | |
449 | |
450 @item E | |
451 @kindex E | |
452 Brings up the top node of this manual, where you can find further | |
453 information on the various Ediff functions and advanced issues, such as | |
454 customization, session groups, etc. | |
455 | |
456 @item v | |
457 @kindex v | |
458 Scrolls up buffers A and B (and buffer C where appropriate) in a | |
459 coordinated fashion. | |
460 @item V | |
461 @kindex V | |
462 Scrolls the buffers down. | |
463 | |
464 @item < | |
465 @kindex < | |
466 Scrolls the buffers to the left simultaneously. | |
467 @item > | |
468 @kindex > | |
469 Scrolls buffers to the right. | |
470 | |
471 @item wd | |
472 @kindex wd | |
473 Saves the output from the diff utility, for further reference. | |
474 | |
475 With prefix argument, saves the plain output from @code{diff} (see | |
476 @code{ediff-diff-program} and @code{ediff-diff-options}). Without the | |
477 argument, it saves customized @code{diff} output (see | |
478 @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} and @code{ediff-custom-diff-options}), if | |
479 it is available. | |
480 | |
481 @item wa | |
482 @kindex wa | |
483 Saves buffer A, if it was modified. | |
484 @item wb | |
485 @kindex wb | |
486 Saves buffer B, if it was modified. | |
487 @item wc | |
488 @kindex wc | |
489 Saves buffer C, if it was modified (if you are in a session that | |
490 compares three files simultaneously). | |
491 | |
492 @item a | |
493 @kindex a | |
494 @emph{In comparison sessions:} | |
495 Copies the current difference region (or the region specified as the prefix | |
496 to this command) from buffer A to buffer B. | |
497 Ediff saves the old contents of buffer B's region; it can | |
498 be restored via the command @kbd{rb}, which see. | |
499 | |
500 @emph{In merge sessions:} | |
501 Copies the current difference region (or the region specified as the prefix | |
502 to this command) from buffer A to the merge buffer. The old contents of | |
503 this region in buffer C can be restored via the command @kbd{r}. | |
504 | |
505 @item b | |
506 @kindex b | |
507 Works similarly, but copies the current difference region from buffer B to | |
508 buffer A (in @emph{comparison sessions}) or the merge buffer (in | |
509 @emph{merge sessions}). | |
510 | |
511 Ediff saves the old contents of the difference region copied over; it can | |
512 be reinstated via the command @kbd{ra} in comparison sessions and | |
513 @kbd{r} in merge sessions. | |
514 | |
515 @item ab | |
516 @kindex ab | |
517 Copies the current difference region (or the region specified as the prefix | |
518 to this command) from buffer A to buffer B. This (and the next five) | |
519 command is enabled only in sessions that compare three files | |
520 simultaneously. The old region in buffer B is saved and can be restored | |
521 via the command @kbd{rb}. | |
522 @item ac | |
523 @kindex ac | |
524 Copies the difference region from buffer A to buffer C. | |
525 The old region in buffer C is saved and can be restored via the command | |
526 @kbd{rc}. | |
527 @item ba | |
528 @kindex ba | |
529 Copies the difference region from buffer B to buffer A. | |
530 The old region in buffer A is saved and can be restored via the command | |
531 @kbd{ra}. | |
532 @item bc | |
533 @kindex bc | |
534 Copies the difference region from buffer B to buffer C. | |
535 The command @kbd{rc} undoes this. | |
536 @item ca | |
537 @kindex ca | |
538 Copies the difference region from buffer C to buffer A. | |
539 The command @kbd{ra} undoes this. | |
540 @item cb | |
541 @kindex cb | |
542 Copies the difference region from buffer C to buffer B. | |
543 The command @kbd{rb} undoes this. | |
544 | |
545 @item p | |
546 @itemx DEL | |
547 @kindex p | |
548 @kindex DEL | |
549 Makes the previous difference region current. | |
550 @item n | |
551 @itemx SPC | |
552 @kindex n | |
553 @kindex SPC | |
554 Makes the next difference region current. | |
555 | |
556 @item j | |
557 @itemx -j | |
558 @itemx Nj | |
559 @kindex j | |
560 Makes the very first difference region current. | |
561 | |
562 @kbd{-j} makes the last region current. Typing a number, N, and then `j' | |
563 makes the difference region N current. Typing -N (a negative number) then | |
564 `j' makes current the region Last - N. | |
565 | |
566 @item ga | |
567 @kindex ga | |
568 Makes current the difference region closest to the position of the point in | |
569 buffer A. | |
570 | |
571 However, with a prefix argument, Ediff would position all variants | |
572 around the area indicated by the current point in buffer A: if | |
573 the point is inside a difference region, then the variants will be | |
574 positioned at this difference region. If the point is not in any difference | |
575 region, then it is in an area where all variants agree with each other. In | |
576 this case, the variants will be positioned so that each would display this | |
577 area (of agreement). | |
578 @item gb | |
579 @kindex gb | |
580 Makes current the difference region closest to the position of the point in | |
581 buffer B. | |
582 | |
583 With a prefix argument, behaves like @kbd{ga}, but with respect to buffer B. | |
584 @item gc | |
585 @kindex gc | |
586 @emph{In merge sessions:} | |
587 makes current the difference region closest to the point in the merge buffer. | |
588 | |
589 @emph{In 3-file comparison sessions:} | |
590 makes current the region closest to the point in buffer C. | |
591 | |
592 With a prefix argument, behaves like @kbd{ga}, but with respect to buffer C. | |
593 | |
594 @item ! | |
595 @kindex ! | |
596 Recomputes the difference regions, bringing them up to date. This is often | |
597 needed because it is common to do all sorts of editing during Ediff | |
598 sessions, so after a while, the highlighted difference regions may no | |
599 longer reflect the actual differences among the buffers. | |
600 | |
601 @item * | |
602 @kindex * | |
603 Forces refinement of the current difference region, which highlights the exact | |
604 words of disagreement among the buffers. With a negative prefix argument, | |
605 unhighlights the current region. | |
606 | |
607 Forceful refinement may be needed if Ediff encounters a difference region | |
608 that is larger than @code{ediff-auto-refine-limit}. In this situation, | |
609 Ediff doesn't do automatic refinement in order to improve response time. | |
610 (Ediff doesn't auto-refine on dumb terminals as well, but @kbd{*} still | |
611 works there. However, the only useful piece of information it can tell you | |
612 is whether or not the difference regions disagree only in the amount of | |
613 white space.) | |
614 | |
615 This command is also useful when the highlighted fine differences are | |
616 no longer current, due to user editing. | |
617 | |
618 @item m | |
619 @kindex m | |
620 Displays the current Ediff session in a frame as wide as the physical | |
621 display. This is useful when comparing files side-by-side. Typing `m' again | |
622 restores the original size of the frame. | |
623 | |
624 @item | | |
625 @kindex | | |
626 Toggles the horizontal/vertical split of the Ediff display. Horizontal | |
627 split is convenient when it is possible to compare files | |
628 side-by-side. If the frame in which files are displayed is too narrow | |
629 and lines are cut off, typing @kbd{m} may help some. | |
630 | |
631 @item @@ | |
632 @kindex @@ | |
633 Toggles auto-refinement of difference regions (i.e., automatic highlighting | |
634 of the exact words that differ among the variants). Auto-refinement is | |
635 turned off on devices where Emacs doesn't support highlighting. | |
636 | |
637 On slow machines, it may be advantageous to turn auto-refinement off. The | |
638 user can always forcefully refine specific difference regions by typing | |
639 @kbd{*}. | |
640 | |
641 @item h | |
642 @kindex h | |
643 Cycles between full highlighting, the mode where fine differences are not | |
644 highlighted (but computed), and the mode where highlighting is done with | |
645 @acronym{ASCII} strings. The latter is not really recommended, unless on a dumb TTY. | |
646 | |
647 @item r | |
648 @kindex r | |
649 Restores the old contents of the region in the merge buffer. | |
650 (If you copied a difference region from buffer A or B into the merge buffer | |
651 using the commands @kbd{a} or @kbd{b}, Ediff saves the old contents of the | |
652 region in case you change your mind.) | |
653 | |
654 This command is enabled in merge sessions only. | |
655 | |
656 @item ra | |
657 @kindex ra | |
658 Restores the old contents of the current difference region in buffer A, | |
659 which was previously saved when the user invoked one of these commands: | |
660 @kbd{b}, @kbd{ba}, @kbd{ca}, which see. This command is enabled in | |
661 comparison sessions only. | |
662 @item rb | |
663 @kindex rb | |
664 Restores the old contents of the current difference region in buffer B, | |
665 which was previously saved when the user invoked one of these commands: | |
666 @kbd{a}, @kbd{ab}, @kbd{cb}, which see. This command is enabled in | |
667 comparison sessions only. | |
668 @item rc | |
669 @kindex rc | |
670 Restores the old contents of the current difference region in buffer C, | |
671 which was previously saved when the user invoked one of these commands: | |
672 @kbd{ac}, @kbd{bc}, which see. This command is enabled in 3-file | |
673 comparison sessions only. | |
674 | |
675 @item ## | |
676 @kindex ## | |
677 Tell Ediff to skip over regions that disagree among themselves only in the | |
678 amount of white space and line breaks. | |
679 | |
680 Even though such regions will be skipped over, you can still jump to any | |
681 one of them by typing the region number and then `j'. Typing @kbd{##} | |
682 again puts Ediff back in the original state. | |
683 | |
684 @item #c | |
685 @kindex #c | |
686 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option | |
687 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option3 | |
688 @vindex ediff-ignore-case | |
689 Toggle case sensitivity in the diff program. All diffs are recomputed. | |
690 Case sensitivity is controlled by the variables | |
691 @code{ediff-ignore-case-option}, @code{ediff-ignore-case-option3}, | |
692 and @code{ediff-ignore-case}, which are explained elsewhere. | |
693 | |
694 @item #h | |
695 @itemx #f | |
696 @kindex #f | |
697 @kindex #h | |
698 Ediff works hard to ameliorate the effects of boredom in the workplace... | |
699 | |
700 Quite often differences are due to identical replacements (e.g., the word | |
701 `foo' is replaced with the word `bar' everywhere). If the number of regions | |
702 with such boring differences exceeds your tolerance threshold, you may be | |
703 tempted to tell Ediff to skip these regions altogether (you will still be able | |
704 to jump to them via the command @kbd{j}). The above commands, @kbd{#h} | |
705 and @kbd{#f}, may well save your day! | |
706 | |
707 @kbd{#h} prompts you to specify regular expressions for each | |
708 variant. Difference regions where each variant's region matches the | |
709 corresponding regular expression will be skipped from then on. (You can | |
710 also tell Ediff to skip regions where at least one variant matches its | |
711 regular expression.) | |
712 | |
713 @kbd{#f} does dual job: it focuses on regions that match the corresponding | |
714 regular expressions. All other regions will be skipped | |
715 over. @xref{Selective Browsing}, for more. | |
716 | |
717 @item A | |
718 @kindex A | |
719 Toggles the read-only property in buffer A. | |
720 If file A is under version control and is checked in, it is checked out | |
721 (with your permission). | |
722 @item B | |
723 @kindex B | |
724 Toggles the read-only property in buffer B. | |
725 If file B is under version control and is checked in, it is checked out. | |
726 @item C | |
727 @kindex C | |
728 Toggles the read-only property in buffer C (in 3-file comparison sessions). | |
729 If file C is under version control and is checked in, it is checked out. | |
730 | |
731 @item ~ | |
732 @kindex ~ | |
733 Swaps the windows where buffers A and B are displayed. If you are comparing | |
734 three buffers at once, then this command would rotate the windows among | |
735 buffers A, B, and C. | |
736 | |
737 @item i | |
738 @kindex i | |
739 Displays all kinds of useful data about the current Ediff session. | |
740 @item D | |
741 @kindex D | |
742 Runs @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} on the variants and displays the | |
743 buffer containing the output. This is useful when you must send the output | |
744 to your Mom. | |
745 | |
746 With a prefix argument, displays the plain @code{diff} output. | |
747 @xref{Patch and Diff Programs}, for details. | |
748 | |
749 @item R | |
750 @kindex R | |
751 Displays a list of currently active Ediff sessions---the Ediff Registry. | |
752 You can then restart any of these sessions by either clicking on a session | |
753 record or by putting the cursor over it and then typing the return key. | |
754 | |
755 (Some poor souls leave so many active Ediff sessions around that they loose | |
756 track of them completely... The `R' command is designed to save these | |
757 people from the recently discovered Ediff Proficiency Syndrome.) | |
758 | |
759 Typing @kbd{R} brings up Ediff Registry only if it is typed into an Ediff | |
760 Control Panel. If you don't have a control panel handy, type this in the | |
761 minibuffer: @kbd{M-x eregistry}. @xref{Registry of Ediff Sessions}. | |
762 | |
763 @item M | |
764 @kindex M | |
765 Shows the session group buffer that invoked the current Ediff session. | |
766 @xref{Session Groups}, for more information on session groups. | |
767 | |
768 @item z | |
769 @kindex z | |
770 Suspends the current Ediff session. (If you develop a condition known as | |
771 Repetitive Ediff Injury---a serious but curable illness---you must change | |
772 your current activity. This command tries hard to hide all Ediff-related | |
773 buffers.) | |
774 | |
775 The easiest way to resume a suspended Ediff session is through the registry | |
776 of active sessions. @xref{Registry of Ediff Sessions}, for details. | |
777 @item q | |
778 @kindex q | |
779 Terminates this Ediff session. With a prefix argument (e.g.,@kbd{1q}), asks | |
780 if you also want to delete the buffers of the variants. | |
781 Modified files and the results of merges are never deleted. | |
782 | |
783 @item % | |
784 @kindex % | |
785 Toggles narrowing in Ediff buffers. Ediff buffers may be narrowed if you | |
786 are comparing only parts of these buffers via the commands | |
787 @code{ediff-windows-*} and @code{ediff-regions-*}, which see. | |
788 | |
789 @item C-l | |
790 @kindex C-l | |
791 Restores the usual Ediff window setup. This is the quickest way to resume | |
792 an Ediff session, but it works only if the control panel of that session is | |
793 visible. | |
794 | |
795 @item $$ | |
796 @kindex $$ | |
797 While merging with an ancestor file, Ediff is determined to reduce user's | |
798 wear and tear by saving him and her much of unproductive, repetitive | |
799 typing. If it notices that, say, file A's difference region is identical to | |
800 the same difference region in the ancestor file, then the merge buffer will | |
801 automatically get the difference region taken from buffer B. The rationale | |
802 is that this difference region in buffer A is as old as that in the | |
803 ancestor buffer, so the contents of that region in buffer B represents real | |
804 change. | |
805 | |
806 You may want to ignore such `obvious' merges and concentrate on difference | |
807 regions where both files `clash' with the ancestor, since this means that | |
808 two different people have been changing this region independently and they | |
809 had different ideas on how to do this. | |
810 | |
811 The above command does this for you by skipping the regions where only one | |
812 of the variants clashes with the ancestor but the other variant agrees with | |
813 it. Typing @kbd{$$} again undoes this setting. | |
814 | |
815 @item $* | |
816 @kindex $* | |
817 When merging files with large number of differences, it is sometimes | |
818 convenient to be able to skip the difference regions for which you already | |
819 decided which variant is most appropriate. Typing @kbd{$*} will accomplish | |
820 precisely this. | |
821 | |
822 To be more precise, this toggles the check for whether the current merge is | |
823 identical to its default setting, as originally decided by Ediff. For | |
824 instance, if Ediff is merging according to the `combined' policy, then the | |
825 merge region is skipped over if it is different from the combination of the | |
826 regions in buffers A and B. (Warning: swapping buffers A and B will confuse | |
827 things in this respect.) If the merge region is marked as `prefer-A' then | |
828 this region will be skipped if it differs from the current difference | |
829 region in buffer A, etc. | |
830 | |
831 @item / | |
832 @kindex / | |
833 Displays the ancestor file during merges. | |
834 @item & | |
835 @kindex & | |
836 In some situations, such as when one of the files agrees with the ancestor file | |
837 on a difference region and the other doesn't, Ediff knows what to do: it copies | |
838 the current difference region from the second buffer into the merge buffer. | |
839 | |
840 In other cases, the right course of action is not that clearcut, and Ediff | |
841 would use a default action. The above command changes the default action. | |
842 The default action can be @samp{default-A} (choose the region from buffer | |
843 A), @samp{default-B} (choose the region from buffer B), or @samp{combined} | |
844 (combine the regions from the two buffers). | |
845 @xref{Merging and diff3}, for further details. | |
846 | |
847 The command @kbd{&} also affects the regions in the merge buffers that have | |
848 @samp{default-A}, @samp{default-B}, or @samp{combined} status, provided | |
849 they weren't changed with respect to the original. For instance, if such a | |
850 region has the status @samp{default-A} then changing the default action to | |
851 @samp{default-B} will also replace this merge-buffer's region with the | |
852 corresponding region from buffer B. | |
853 | |
854 @item s | |
855 @kindex s | |
856 Causes the merge window shrink to its minimum size, thereby exposing as much | |
857 of the variant buffers as possible. Typing `s' again restores | |
858 the original size of that window. | |
859 | |
860 With a positive prefix argument, this command enlarges the merge window. | |
861 E.g., @kbd{4s} increases the size of the window by about 4 lines, if | |
862 possible. With a negative numeric argument, the size of the merge window | |
863 shrinks by that many lines, if possible. Thus, @kbd{-s} shrinks the window | |
864 by about 1 line and @kbd{-3s} by about 3 lines. | |
865 | |
866 This command is intended only for temporary viewing; therefore, Ediff | |
867 restores window C to its original size whenever it makes any other change | |
868 in the window configuration. However, redisplaying (@kbd{C-l}) or jumping | |
869 to another difference does not affect window C's size. | |
870 | |
871 The split between the merge window and the variant windows is controlled by | |
872 the variable @code{ediff-merge-window-share}, which see. | |
873 | |
874 @item + | |
875 @kindex + | |
876 Combines the difference regions from buffers A and B and copies the | |
877 result into the merge buffer. @xref{Merging and diff3}, and the | |
878 variables @code{ediff-combine-diffs} and @code{ediff-combination-pattern}. | |
879 | |
880 | |
881 @item = | |
882 @kindex = | |
883 You may run into situations when a large chunk of text in one file has been | |
884 edited and then moved to a different place in another file. In such a case, | |
885 these two chunks of text are unlikely to belong to the same difference | |
886 region, so the refinement feature of Ediff will not be able to tell you | |
887 what exactly differs inside these chunks. Since eyeballing large pieces of | |
888 text is contrary to human nature, Ediff has a special command to help | |
889 reduce the risk of developing a cataract. | |
890 | |
891 In other situations, the currently highlighted region might be big and you | |
892 might want to reconcile of them interactively. | |
893 | |
894 All of this can be done with the above command, @kbd{=}, which | |
895 compares regions within Ediff buffers. Typing @kbd{=} creates a | |
896 child Ediff session for comparing regions in buffers A, B, or | |
897 C as follows. | |
898 | |
899 First, you will be asked whether you want to compare the fine differences | |
900 between the currently highlighted buffers on a word-by-word basis. If you | |
901 accept, a child Ediff session will start using the currently highlighted | |
902 regions. Ediff will let you step over the differences word-wise. | |
903 | |
904 If you reject the offer, you will be asked to select regions of your choice. | |
905 | |
906 @emph{If you are comparing 2 files or buffers:} | |
907 Ediff will ask you to select regions in buffers A and B. | |
908 | |
909 @emph{If you are comparing 3 files or buffers simultaneously:} Ediff will | |
910 ask you to choose buffers and then select regions inside those buffers. | |
911 | |
912 @emph{If you are merging files or buffers (with or without ancestor):} | |
913 Ediff will ask you to choose which buffer (A or B) to compare with the | |
914 merge buffer and then select regions in those buffers. | |
915 | |
916 @end table | |
917 | |
918 @node Other Session Commands,,Quick Help Commands,Session Commands | |
919 @section Other Session Commands | |
920 | |
921 The following commands can be invoked from within any Ediff session, | |
922 although some of them are not bound to a key. | |
923 | |
924 @table @code | |
925 @item eregistry | |
926 @itemx ediff-show-registry | |
927 @findex eregistry | |
928 @findex ediff-show-registry | |
929 This command brings up the registry of active Ediff sessions. Ediff | |
930 registry is a device that can be used to resume any active Ediff session | |
931 (which may have been postponed because the user switched to some other | |
932 activity). This command is also useful for switching between multiple | |
933 active Ediff sessions that are run at the same time. The function | |
934 @code{eregistry} is an alias for @code{ediff-show-registry}. | |
935 @xref{Registry of Ediff Sessions}, for more information on this registry. | |
936 | |
937 @item ediff-toggle-multiframe | |
938 @findex ediff-toggle-multiframe | |
939 Changes the display from the multi-frame mode (where the quick help window | |
940 is in a separate frame) to the single-frame mode (where all Ediff buffers | |
941 share the same frame), and vice versa. See | |
942 @code{ediff-window-setup-function} for details on how to make either of | |
943 these modes the default one. | |
944 | |
945 This function can also be invoked from the Menubar. However, in some | |
946 cases, the change will take place only after you execute one of the Ediff | |
947 commands, such as going to the next difference or redisplaying. | |
948 | |
949 @item ediff-toggle-use-toolbar | |
950 @findex ediff-toggle-use-toolbar | |
951 Available in XEmacs only. The Ediff toolbar provides quick access to some | |
952 of the common Ediff functions. This function toggles the display of the | |
953 toolbar. If invoked from the menubar, the function may take sometimes | |
954 effect only after you execute an Ediff command, such as going to the next | |
955 difference. | |
956 | |
957 @item ediff-use-toolbar-p | |
958 @vindex ediff-use-toolbar-p | |
959 The use of the toolbar can also be specified via the variable | |
960 @code{ediff-use-toolbar-p} (default is @code{t}). This variable can be set | |
961 only in @file{.emacs} --- do @strong{not} change it interactively. Use the | |
962 function @code{ediff-toggle-use-toolbar} instead. | |
963 | |
964 @item ediff-revert-buffers-then-recompute-diffs | |
965 @findex ediff-revert-buffers-then-recompute-diffs | |
966 This command reverts the buffers you are comparing and recomputes their | |
967 differences. It is useful when, after making changes, you decided to | |
968 make a fresh start, or if at some point you changed the files being | |
969 compared but want to discard any changes to comparison buffers that were | |
970 done since then. | |
971 | |
972 This command normally asks for confirmation before reverting files. | |
973 With a prefix argument, it reverts files without asking. | |
974 | |
975 | |
976 @item ediff-profile | |
977 @findex ediff-profile | |
978 Ediff has an admittedly primitive (but useful) facility for profiling | |
979 Ediff's commands. It is meant for Ediff maintenance---specifically, for | |
980 making it run faster. The function @code{ediff-profile} toggles | |
981 profiling of ediff commands. | |
982 @end table | |
983 | |
984 @node Registry of Ediff Sessions, Session Groups, Session Commands, Top | |
985 @chapter Registry of Ediff Sessions | |
986 | |
987 Ediff maintains a registry of all its invocations that are | |
988 still @emph{active}. This feature is very convenient for switching among | |
989 active Ediff sessions or for quickly restarting a suspended Ediff session. | |
990 | |
991 The focal point of this activity is a buffer | |
992 called @emph{*Ediff Registry*}. You can display this buffer by typing | |
993 @kbd{R} in any Ediff Control Buffer or Session Group Buffer | |
994 (@pxref{Session Groups}), or by typing | |
995 @kbd{M-x eregistry} into the Minibuffer. | |
996 The latter would be the fastest way to bring up the registry | |
997 buffer if no control or group buffer is displayed in any of the visible | |
998 Emacs windows. | |
999 If you are in a habit of running multiple long Ediff sessions and often need to | |
1000 suspend, resume, or switch between them, it may be a good idea to have the | |
1001 registry buffer permanently displayed in a separate, dedicated window. | |
1002 | |
1003 The registry buffer has several convenient key bindings. | |
1004 For instance, clicking mouse button 2 or typing | |
1005 @kbd{RET} or @kbd{v} over any session record resumes that session. | |
1006 Session records in the registry buffer provide a fairly complete | |
1007 description of each session, so it is usually easy to identify the right | |
1008 session to resume. | |
1009 | |
1010 Other useful commands are bound to @kbd{SPC} (next registry record) | |
1011 and @kbd{DEL} (previous registry record). There are other commands as well, | |
1012 but you don't need to memorize them, since they are listed at the top of | |
1013 the registry buffer. | |
1014 | |
1015 @node Session Groups, Remote and Compressed Files, Registry of Ediff Sessions, Top | |
1016 @chapter Session Groups | |
1017 | |
1018 Several major entries of Ediff perform comparison and merging on | |
1019 directories. On entering @code{ediff-directories}, | |
1020 @code{ediff-directories3}, | |
1021 @code{ediff-merge-directories}, | |
1022 @code{ediff-merge-directories-with-ancestor}, | |
1023 @code{ediff-directory-revisions}, | |
1024 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions}, or | |
1025 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions-with-ancestor}, | |
1026 the user is presented with a | |
1027 Dired-like buffer that lists files common to the directories involved along | |
1028 with their sizes. (The list of common files can be further filtered through | |
1029 a regular expression, which the user is prompted for.) We call this buffer | |
1030 @emph{Session Group Panel} because all Ediff sessions associated with the | |
1031 listed files will have this buffer as a common focal point. | |
1032 | |
1033 Clicking button 2 or typing @kbd{RET} or @kbd{v} over a | |
1034 record describing files invokes Ediff in the appropriate mode on these | |
1035 files. You can come back to the session group buffer associated with a | |
1036 particular invocation of Ediff by typing @kbd{M} in Ediff control buffer of | |
1037 that invocation. | |
1038 | |
1039 Many commands are available in the session group buffer; some are | |
1040 applicable only to certain types of work. The relevant commands are always | |
1041 listed at the top of each session group buffer, so there is no need to | |
1042 memorize them. | |
1043 | |
1044 In directory comparison or merging, a session group panel displays only the | |
1045 files common to all directories involved. The differences are kept in a | |
1046 separate @emph{directory difference buffer} and are conveniently displayed | |
1047 by typing @kbd{D} to the corresponding session group panel. Thus, as an | |
1048 added benefit, Ediff can be used to compare the contents of up to three | |
1049 directories. | |
1050 | |
1051 @cindex Directory difference buffer | |
1052 Sometimes it is desirable to copy some files from one directory to another | |
1053 without exiting Ediff. The @emph{directory difference buffer}, which is | |
1054 displayed by typing @kbd{D} as discussed above, can be used for this | |
1055 purpose. If a file is, say, in Ediff's Directory A, but is missing in | |
1056 Ediff's Directory B (Ediff will refuse to override existing files), then | |
1057 typing @kbd{C} or clicking mouse button 2 over that file (which must be | |
1058 displayed in directory difference buffer) will copy that file from | |
1059 Directory A to Directory B. | |
1060 | |
1061 Session records in session group panels are also marked with @kbd{+}, for | |
1062 active sessions, and with @kbd{-}, for finished sessions. | |
1063 | |
1064 Sometimes, it is convenient to exclude certain sessions from a group. | |
1065 Usually this happens when the user doesn't intend to run Ediff of certain | |
1066 files in the group, and the corresponding session records just add clutter | |
1067 to the session group buffer. To help alleviate this problem, the user can | |
1068 type @kbd{h} to mark a session as a candidate for exclusion and @kbd{x} to | |
1069 actually hide the marked sessions. There actions are reversible: with a | |
1070 prefix argument, @kbd{h} unmarks the session under the cursor, and @kbd{x} | |
1071 brings the hidden sessions into the view (@kbd{x} doesn't unmark them, | |
1072 though, so the user has to explicitly unmark the sessions of interest). | |
1073 | |
1074 Group sessions also understand the command @kbd{m}, which marks sessions | |
1075 for future operations (other than hiding) on a group of sessions. At present, | |
1076 the only such group-level operation is the creation of a multi-file patch. | |
1077 | |
1078 @vindex ediff-autostore-merges | |
1079 For group sessions created to merge files, Ediff can store all merges | |
1080 automatically in a directory. The user is asked to specify such directory | |
1081 if the value of @code{ediff-autostore-merges} is non-@code{nil}. If the value is | |
1082 @code{nil}, nothing is done to the merge buffers---it will be the user's | |
1083 responsibility to save them. If the value is @code{t}, the user will be | |
1084 asked where to save the merge buffers in all merge jobs, even those that do | |
1085 not originate from a session group. It the value is neither @code{nil} nor | |
1086 @code{t}, the merge buffer is saved @emph{only} if this merge session was | |
1087 invoked from a session group. This behavior is implemented in the function | |
1088 @code{ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge}, which is a hook in | |
1089 @code{ediff-quit-merge-hook}. The user can supply a different hook, if | |
1090 necessary. | |
1091 | |
1092 The variable @code{ediff-autostore-merges} is buffer-local, so it can be | |
1093 set on a per-buffer basis. Therefore, use @code{setq-default} to change | |
1094 this variable globally. | |
1095 | |
1096 @cindex Multi-file patches | |
1097 A multi-file patch is a concatenated output of several runs of the Unix | |
1098 @code{diff} command (some versions of @code{diff} let you create a | |
1099 multi-file patch in just one run). Ediff facilitates creation of | |
1100 multi-file patches as follows. If you are in a session group buffer | |
1101 created in response to @code{ediff-directories} or | |
1102 @code{ediff-directory-revisions}, you can mark (by typing @kbd{m}) the | |
1103 desired Ediff sessions and then type @kbd{P} to create a | |
1104 multi-file patch of those marked sessions. | |
1105 Ediff will then display a buffer containing the patch. | |
1106 The patch is generated by invoking @code{diff} on all marked individual | |
1107 sessions (represented by files) and session groups (represented by | |
1108 directories). Ediff will also recursively descend into any @emph{unmarked} | |
1109 session group and will search for marked sessions there. In this way, you | |
1110 can create multi-file patches that span file subtrees that grow out of | |
1111 any given directory. | |
1112 | |
1113 In an @code{ediff-directories} session, it is enough to just mark the | |
1114 requisite sessions. In @code{ediff-directory-revisions} revisions, the | |
1115 marked sessions must also be active, or else Ediff will refuse to produce a | |
1116 multi-file patch. This is because, in the latter-style sessions, there are | |
1117 many ways to create diff output, and it is easier to handle by running | |
1118 Ediff on the inactive sessions. | |
1119 | |
1120 Last, but not least, by typing @kbd{==}, you can quickly find out which | |
1121 sessions have identical entries, so you won't have to run Ediff on those | |
1122 sessions. This, however, works only on local, uncompressed files. | |
1123 For compressed or remote files, this command won't report anything. | |
1124 Likewise, you can use @kbd{=h} to mark sessions with identical entries | |
1125 for hiding or, with @kbd{=m}, for further operations. | |
1126 | |
1127 The comparison operations @kbd{==}, @kbd{=h}, and @kbd{=m} can recurse into | |
1128 subdirectories to see if they have identical contents (so the user will not | |
1129 need to descend into those subdirectories manually). These commands ask the | |
1130 user whether or not to do a recursive descent. | |
1131 | |
1132 | |
1133 | |
1134 @node Remote and Compressed Files, Customization, Session Groups, Top | |
1135 @chapter Remote and Compressed Files | |
1136 | |
1137 Ediff works with remote, compressed, and encrypted files. Ediff | |
1138 supports @file{ange-ftp.el}, @file{jka-compr.el}, @file{uncompress.el} | |
1139 and @file{crypt++.el}, but it may work with other similar packages as | |
1140 well. This means that you can compare files residing on another | |
1141 machine, or you can apply a patch to a file on another machine. Even | |
1142 the patch itself can be a remote file! | |
1143 | |
1144 When patching compressed or remote files, Ediff does not rename the source | |
1145 file (unlike what the @code{patch} utility would usually do). Instead, the | |
1146 source file retains its name and the result of applying the patch is placed | |
1147 in a temporary file that has the suffix @file{_patched} attached. | |
1148 Generally, this applies to files that are handled using black magic, such | |
1149 as special file handlers (ange-ftp and some compression and encryption | |
1150 packages also use this method). | |
1151 | |
1152 Regular files are treated by the @code{patch} utility in the usual manner, | |
1153 i.e., the original is renamed into @file{source-name.orig} and the result | |
1154 of the patch is placed into the file source-name (@file{_orig} is used | |
97142 | 1155 on systems like DOS, etc.) |
84291 | 1156 |
1157 @node Customization, Credits, Remote and Compressed Files, Top | |
1158 @chapter Customization | |
1159 | |
1160 Ediff has a rather self-explanatory interface, and in most cases you | |
1161 won't need to change anything. However, should the need arise, there are | |
1162 extensive facilities for changing the default behavior. | |
1163 | |
1164 Most of the customization can be done by setting various variables in the | |
1165 @file{.emacs} file. Some customization (mostly window-related | |
1166 customization and faces) can be done by putting appropriate lines in | |
1167 @file{.Xdefaults}, @file{.xrdb}, or whatever X resource file is in use. | |
1168 | |
1169 With respect to the latter, please note that the X resource | |
1170 for Ediff customization is `Ediff', @emph{not} `emacs'. | |
1171 @xref{Window and Frame Configuration}, | |
1172 @xref{Highlighting Difference Regions}, for further details. Please also | |
1173 refer to Emacs manual for the information on how to set Emacs X resources. | |
1174 | |
1175 @menu | |
1176 * Hooks:: Customization via the hooks. | |
1177 * Quick Help Customization:: How to customize Ediff's quick help feature. | |
1178 * Window and Frame Configuration:: Controlling the way Ediff displays things. | |
1179 * Selective Browsing:: Advanced browsing through difference regions. | |
1180 * Highlighting Difference Regions:: Controlling highlighting. | |
1181 * Narrowing:: Comparing regions, windows, etc. | |
1182 * Refinement of Difference Regions:: How to control the refinement process. | |
1183 * Patch and Diff Programs:: Changing the utilities that compute differences | |
1184 and apply patches. | |
1185 * Merging and diff3:: How to customize Ediff in its Merge Mode. | |
1186 * Support for Version Control:: Changing the version control package. | |
1187 You are not likely to do that. | |
1188 * Customizing the Mode Line:: Changing the look of the mode line in Ediff. | |
1189 * Miscellaneous:: Other customization. | |
1190 * Notes on Heavy-duty Customization:: Customization for the gurus. | |
1191 @end menu | |
1192 | |
1193 @node Hooks, Quick Help Customization, Customization, Customization | |
1194 @section Hooks | |
1195 | |
1196 The bulk of customization can be done via the following hooks: | |
1197 | |
1198 @table @code | |
1199 @item ediff-load-hook | |
1200 @vindex ediff-load-hook | |
1201 This hook can be used to change defaults after Ediff is loaded. | |
1202 | |
1203 @item ediff-before-setup-hook | |
1204 @vindex ediff-before-setup-hook | |
1205 Hook that is run just before Ediff rearranges windows to its liking. | |
1206 Can be used to save windows configuration. | |
1207 | |
1208 @item ediff-keymap-setup-hook | |
1209 @vindex ediff-keymap-setup-hook | |
1210 @vindex ediff-mode-map | |
1211 This hook can be used to alter bindings in Ediff's keymap, | |
1212 @code{ediff-mode-map}. These hooks are | |
1213 run right after the default bindings are set but before | |
1214 @code{ediff-load-hook}. The regular user needs not be concerned with this | |
1215 hook---it is provided for implementors of other Emacs packages built on top | |
1216 of Ediff. | |
1217 | |
1218 @item ediff-before-setup-windows-hook | |
1219 @itemx ediff-after-setup-windows-hook | |
1220 @vindex ediff-before-setup-windows-hook | |
1221 @vindex ediff-after-setup-windows-hook | |
1222 These two hooks are called before and after Ediff sets up its window | |
1223 configuration. These hooks are run each time Ediff rearranges windows to | |
1224 its liking. This happens whenever it detects that the user changed the | |
1225 windows setup. | |
1226 | |
1227 @item ediff-suspend-hook | |
1228 @itemx ediff-quit-hook | |
1229 @vindex ediff-suspend-hook | |
1230 @vindex ediff-quit-hook | |
1231 These two hooks are run when you suspend or quit Ediff. They can be | |
1232 used to set desired window configurations, delete files Ediff didn't | |
1233 want to clean up after exiting, etc. | |
1234 | |
1235 By default, @code{ediff-quit-hook} holds one hook function, | |
1236 @code{ediff-cleanup-mess}, which cleans after Ediff, as appropriate in | |
1237 most cases. You probably won't want to change it, but you might | |
1238 want to add other hook functions. | |
1239 | |
1240 Keep in mind that hooks executing before @code{ediff-cleanup-mess} start | |
1241 in @code{ediff-control-buffer;} they should also leave | |
1242 @code{ediff-control-buffer} as the current buffer when they finish. | |
1243 Hooks that are executed after @code{ediff-cleanup-mess} should expect | |
1244 the current buffer be either buffer A or buffer B. | |
1245 @code{ediff-cleanup-mess} doesn't kill the buffers being compared or | |
1246 merged (see @code{ediff-cleanup-hook}, below). | |
1247 | |
1248 @item ediff-cleanup-hook | |
1249 @vindex ediff-cleanup-hook | |
1250 This hook is run just before @code{ediff-quit-hook}. This is a good | |
1251 place to do various cleanups, such as deleting the variant buffers. | |
1252 Ediff provides a function, @code{ediff-janitor}, as one such possible | |
1253 hook, which you can add to @code{ediff-cleanup-hook} with | |
1254 @code{add-hooks}. | |
1255 | |
1256 @findex ediff-janitor | |
1257 This function kills buffers A, B, and, possibly, C, if these buffers aren't | |
1258 modified. In merge jobs, buffer C is never deleted. However, the side | |
1259 effect of using this function is that you may not be able to compare the | |
1260 same buffer in two separate Ediff sessions: quitting one of them will | |
1261 delete this buffer in another session as well. | |
1262 | |
1263 @item ediff-quit-merge-hook | |
1264 @vindex ediff-quit-merge-hook | |
1265 @vindex ediff-autostore-merges | |
1266 @findex ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge | |
1267 This hook is called when Ediff quits a merge job. By default, the value is | |
1268 @code{ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge}, which is a function that attempts | |
1269 to save the merge buffer according to the value of | |
1270 @code{ediff-autostore-merges}, as described later. | |
1271 | |
1272 @item ediff-before-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1273 @itemx ediff-after-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1274 @vindex ediff-before-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1275 @vindex ediff-after-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1276 These two hooks run before and after Ediff sets up the control frame. | |
1277 They can be used to relocate Ediff control frame when Ediff runs in a | |
1278 multiframe mode (i.e., when the control buffer is in its own dedicated | |
1279 frame). Be aware that many variables that drive Ediff are local to | |
1280 Ediff Control Panel (@code{ediff-control-buffer}), which requires | |
1281 special care in writing these hooks. Take a look at | |
1282 @code{ediff-default-suspend-hook} and @code{ediff-default-quit-hook} to | |
1283 see what's involved. | |
1284 | |
1285 @item ediff-startup-hook | |
1286 @vindex ediff-startup-hook | |
1287 This hook is run at the end of Ediff startup. | |
1288 | |
1289 @item ediff-select-hook | |
1290 @vindex ediff-select-hook | |
1291 This hook is run after Ediff selects the next difference region. | |
1292 | |
1293 @item ediff-unselect-hook | |
1294 @vindex ediff-unselect-hook | |
1295 This hook is run after Ediff unselects the current difference region. | |
1296 | |
1297 @item ediff-prepare-buffer-hook | |
1298 @vindex ediff-prepare-buffer-hook | |
1299 This hook is run for each Ediff buffer (A, B, C) right after the buffer | |
1300 is arranged. | |
1301 | |
1302 @item ediff-display-help-hook | |
1303 @vindex ediff-display-help-hook | |
1304 Ediff runs this hook each time after setting up the help message. It | |
1305 can be used to alter the help message for custom packages that run on | |
1306 top of Ediff. | |
1307 | |
1308 @item ediff-mode-hook | |
1309 @vindex ediff-mode-hook | |
1310 This hook is run just after Ediff mode is set up in the control | |
1311 buffer. This is done before any Ediff window is created. You can use it to | |
1312 set local variables that alter the look of the display. | |
1313 | |
1314 @item ediff-registry-setup-hook | |
1315 @vindex ediff-registry-setup-hook | |
1316 Hooks run after setting up the registry for all active Ediff session. | |
1317 @xref{Session Groups}, for details. | |
1318 @item ediff-before-session-group-setup-hook | |
1319 @vindex ediff-before-session-group-setup-hook | |
1320 Hooks run before setting up a control panel for a group of related Ediff | |
1321 sessions. Can be used, for example, to save window configuration to restore | |
1322 later. | |
1323 @item ediff-after-session-group-setup-hook | |
1324 @vindex ediff-after-session-group-setup-hook | |
1325 Hooks run after setting up a control panel for a group of related Ediff | |
1326 sessions. @xref{Session Groups}, for details. | |
1327 @item ediff-quit-session-group-hook | |
1328 @vindex ediff-quit-session-group-hook | |
1329 Hooks run just before exiting a session group. | |
1330 @item ediff-meta-buffer-keymap-setup-hook | |
1331 @vindex ediff-meta-buffer-keymap-setup-hook | |
1332 @vindex ediff-meta-buffer-map | |
1333 Hooks run just after setting up the @code{ediff-meta-buffer-map} --- the | |
1334 map that controls key bindings in the meta buffer. Since | |
1335 @code{ediff-meta-buffer-map} is a local variable, you can set different | |
1336 bindings for different kinds of meta buffers. | |
1337 @end table | |
1338 | |
1339 @node Quick Help Customization, Window and Frame Configuration, Hooks, Customization | |
1340 @section Quick Help Customization | |
1341 @vindex ediff-use-long-help-message | |
1342 @vindex ediff-control-buffer | |
1343 @vindex ediff-startup-hook | |
1344 @vindex ediff-help-message | |
1345 | |
1346 Ediff provides quick help using its control panel window. Since this window | |
1347 takes a fair share of the screen real estate, you can toggle it off by | |
1348 typing @kbd{?}. The control window will then shrink to just one line and a | |
1349 mode line, displaying a short help message. | |
1350 | |
1351 The variable @code{ediff-use-long-help-message} tells Ediff whether | |
1352 you use the short message or the long one. By default, it | |
1353 is set to @code{nil}, meaning that the short message is used. | |
1354 Set this to @code{t}, if you want Ediff to use the long | |
1355 message by default. This property can always be changed interactively, by | |
1356 typing @kbd{?} into Ediff Control Buffer. | |
1357 | |
1358 If you want to change the appearance of the help message on a per-buffer | |
1359 basis, you must use @code{ediff-startup-hook} to change the value of | |
1360 the variable @code{ediff-help-message}, which is local to | |
1361 @code{ediff-control-buffer}. | |
1362 | |
1363 @node Window and Frame Configuration, Selective Browsing, Quick Help Customization, Customization | |
1364 @section Window and Frame Configuration | |
1365 | |
1366 On a non-windowing display, Ediff sets things up in one frame, splitting | |
1367 it between a small control window and the windows for buffers A, B, and C. | |
1368 The split between these windows can be horizontal or | |
1369 vertical, which can be changed interactively by typing @kbd{|} while the | |
1370 cursor is in the control window. | |
1371 | |
1372 On a window display, Ediff sets up a dedicated frame for Ediff Control | |
1373 Panel and then it chooses windows as follows: If one of the buffers | |
1374 is invisible, it is displayed in the currently selected frame. If | |
1375 a buffer is visible, it is displayed in the frame where it is visible. | |
1376 If, according to the above criteria, the two buffers fall into the same | |
1377 frame, then so be it---the frame will be shared by the two. The same | |
1378 algorithm works when you type @kbd{C-l} (@code{ediff-recenter}), @kbd{p} | |
1379 (@code{ediff-previous-difference}), @kbd{n} | |
1380 (@code{ediff-next-difference}), etc. | |
1381 | |
1382 The above behavior also depends on whether the current frame is splittable, | |
1383 dedicated, etc. Unfortunately, the margin of this book is too narrow to | |
1384 present the details of this remarkable algorithm. | |
1385 | |
1386 The upshot of all this is that you can compare buffers in one frame or | |
1387 in different frames. The former is done by default, while the latter can | |
1388 be achieved by arranging buffers A, B (and C, if applicable) to be seen in | |
1389 different frames. Ediff respects these arrangements, automatically | |
1390 adapting itself to the multi-frame mode. | |
1391 | |
1392 Ediff uses the following variables to set up its control panel | |
1393 (a.k.a.@: control buffer, a.k.a.@: quick help window): | |
1394 | |
1395 @table @code | |
1396 @item ediff-control-frame-parameters | |
1397 @vindex ediff-control-frame-parameters | |
1398 You can change or augment this variable including the font, color, | |
1399 etc. The X resource name of Ediff Control Panel frames is @samp{Ediff}. Under | |
1400 X-windows, you can use this name to set up preferences in your | |
1401 @file{~/.Xdefaults}, @file{~/.xrdb}, or whatever X resource file is in | |
1402 use. Usually this is preferable to changing | |
1403 @code{ediff-control-frame-parameters} directly. For instance, you can | |
1404 specify in @file{~/.Xdefaults} the color of the control frame | |
1405 using the resource @samp{Ediff*background}. | |
1406 | |
1407 In general, any X resource pertaining the control frame can be reached | |
1408 via the prefix @code{Ediff*}. | |
1409 | |
1410 @item ediff-control-frame-position-function | |
1411 @vindex ediff-control-frame-position-function | |
1412 The preferred way of specifying the position of the control frame is by | |
1413 setting the variable @code{ediff-control-frame-position-function} to an | |
1414 appropriate function. | |
1415 The default value of this variable is | |
1416 @code{ediff-make-frame-position}. This function places the control frame in | |
1417 the vicinity of the North-East corner of the frame displaying buffer A. | |
1418 | |
1419 @findex ediff-make-frame-position | |
1420 @end table | |
1421 | |
1422 The following variables can be used to adjust the location produced by | |
1423 @code{ediff-make-frame-position} and for related customization. | |
1424 | |
1425 @table @code | |
1426 @item ediff-narrow-control-frame-leftward-shift | |
1427 @vindex ediff-narrow-control-frame-leftward-shift | |
1428 Specifies the number of characters for shifting | |
1429 the control frame from the rightmost edge of frame A when the control | |
1430 frame is displayed as a small window. | |
1431 | |
1432 @item ediff-wide-control-frame-rightward-shift | |
1433 @vindex ediff-wide-control-frame-rightward-shift | |
1434 Specifies the rightward shift of the control frame | |
1435 from the left edge of frame A when the control frame shows the full | |
1436 menu of options. | |
1437 | |
1438 @item ediff-control-frame-upward-shift | |
1439 @vindex ediff-control-frame-upward-shift | |
1440 Specifies the number of pixels for the upward shift | |
1441 of the control frame. | |
1442 | |
1443 @item ediff-prefer-iconified-control-frame | |
1444 @vindex ediff-prefer-iconified-control-frame | |
1445 If this variable is @code{t}, the control frame becomes iconified | |
1446 automatically when you toggle the quick help message off. This saves | |
1447 valuable real estate on the screen. Toggling help back will deiconify | |
1448 the control frame. | |
1449 | |
1450 To start Ediff with an iconified Control Panel, you should set this | |
1451 variable to @code{t} and @code{ediff-prefer-long-help-message} to | |
1452 @code{nil} (@pxref{Quick Help Customization}). This behavior is useful | |
1453 only if icons are allowed to accept keyboard input (which depends on the | |
1454 window manager and other factors). | |
1455 @end table | |
1456 | |
1457 @findex ediff-setup-windows | |
1458 To make more creative changes in the way Ediff sets up windows, you can | |
1459 rewrite the function @code{ediff-setup-windows}. However, we believe | |
1460 that detaching Ediff Control Panel from the rest and making it into a | |
1461 separate frame offers an important opportunity by allowing you to | |
1462 iconify that frame. The icon will usually accept all of the Ediff | |
1463 commands, but will free up valuable real estate on your screen (this may | |
1464 depend on your window manager, though). | |
1465 | |
1466 The following variable controls how windows are set up: | |
1467 | |
1468 @table @code | |
1469 @item ediff-window-setup-function | |
1470 @vindex ediff-window-setup-function | |
1471 The multiframe setup is done by the | |
1472 @code{ediff-setup-windows-multiframe} function, which is the default on | |
1473 windowing displays. The plain setup, one where all windows are always | |
1474 in one frame, is done by @code{ediff-setup-windows-plain}, which is the | |
1475 default on a non-windowing display (or in an xterm window). In fact, | |
1476 under Emacs, you can switch freely between these two setups by executing | |
1477 the command @code{ediff-toggle-multiframe} using the Minibuffer of the | |
1478 Menubar. | |
1479 @findex ediff-setup-windows-multiframe | |
1480 @findex ediff-setup-windows-plain | |
1481 @findex ediff-toggle-multiframe | |
1482 | |
1483 If you don't like any of these setups, write your own function. See the | |
1484 documentation for @code{ediff-window-setup-function} for the basic | |
1485 guidelines. However, writing window setups is not easy, so you should | |
1486 first take a close look at @code{ediff-setup-windows-plain} and | |
1487 @code{ediff-setup-windows-multiframe}. | |
1488 @end table | |
1489 | |
1490 You can run multiple Ediff sessions at once, by invoking Ediff several | |
1491 times without exiting previous Ediff sessions. Different sessions | |
1492 may even operate on the same pair of files. | |
1493 | |
1494 Each session has its own Ediff Control Panel and all the regarding a | |
1495 particular session is local to the associated control panel buffer. You | |
1496 can switch between sessions by suspending one session and then switching | |
1497 to another control panel. (Different control panel buffers are | |
1498 distinguished by a numerical suffix, e.g., @samp{Ediff Control Panel<3>}.) | |
1499 | |
1500 @node Selective Browsing, Highlighting Difference Regions, Window and Frame Configuration, Customization | |
1501 @section Selective Browsing | |
1502 | |
1503 Sometimes it is convenient to be able to step through only some difference | |
1504 regions, those that match certain regular expressions, and to ignore all | |
1505 others. On other occasions, you may want to ignore difference regions that | |
1506 match some regular expressions, and to look only at the rest. | |
1507 | |
1508 The commands @kbd{#f} and @kbd{#h} let you do precisely this. | |
1509 | |
1510 Typing @kbd{#f} lets you specify regular expressions that match difference | |
1511 regions you want to focus on. | |
1512 We shall call these regular expressions @var{regexp-A}, @var{regexp-B} and | |
1513 @var{regexp-C}. | |
1514 Ediff will then start stepping through only those difference regions | |
1515 where the region in buffer A matches @var{regexp-A} and/or the region in | |
1516 buffer B matches @var{regexp-B}, etc. Whether `and' or `or' will be used | |
1517 depends on how you respond to a question. | |
1518 | |
1519 When scanning difference regions for the aforesaid regular expressions, | |
1520 Ediff narrows the buffers to those regions. This means that you can use | |
1521 the expressions @kbd{\`} and @kbd{\'} to tie search to the beginning or end | |
1522 of the difference regions. | |
1523 | |
1524 On the other hand, typing @kbd{#h} lets you specify (hide) uninteresting | |
1525 regions. That is, if a difference region in buffer A matches | |
1526 @var{regexp-A}, the corresponding region in buffer B matches @var{regexp-B} | |
1527 and (if applicable) buffer C's region matches @var{regexp-C}, then the | |
1528 region will be ignored by the commands @kbd{n}/@key{SPC} | |
1529 (@code{ediff-next-difference}) and @kbd{p}/@key{DEL} | |
1530 (@code{ediff-previous-difference}) commands. | |
1531 | |
1532 Typing @kbd{#f} and @kbd{#h} toggles selective browsing on and off. | |
1533 | |
1534 Note that selective browsing affects only @code{ediff-next-difference} | |
1535 and @code{ediff-previous-difference}, i.e., the commands | |
1536 @kbd{n}/@key{SPC} and @kbd{p}/@key{DEL}. @kbd{#f} and @kbd{#h} do not | |
1537 change the position of the point in the buffers. And you can still jump | |
1538 directly (using @kbd{j}) to any numbered | |
1539 difference. | |
1540 | |
1541 Users can supply their own functions to specify how Ediff should do | |
1542 selective browsing. To change the default Ediff function, add a function to | |
1543 @code{ediff-load-hook} which will do the following assignments: | |
1544 | |
1545 @example | |
1546 (setq ediff-hide-regexp-matches-function 'your-hide-function) | |
1547 (setq ediff-focus-on-regexp-matches-function 'your-focus-function) | |
1548 @end example | |
1549 | |
1550 @strong{Useful hint}: To specify a regexp that matches everything, don't | |
1551 simply type @key{RET} in response to a prompt. Typing @key{RET} tells Ediff | |
1552 to accept the default value, which may not be what you want. Instead, you | |
1553 should enter something like @key{^} or @key{$}. These match every | |
1554 line. | |
1555 | |
1556 You can use the status command, @kbd{i}, to find out whether | |
1557 selective browsing is currently in effect. | |
1558 | |
1559 The regular expressions you specified are kept in the local variables | |
1560 @code{ediff-regexp-focus-A}, @code{ediff-regexp-focus-B}, | |
1561 @code{ediff-regexp-focus-C}, @code{ediff-regexp-hide-A}, | |
1562 @code{ediff-regexp-hide-B}, @code{ediff-regexp-hide-C}. Their default value | |
1563 is the empty string (i.e., nothing is hidden or focused on). To change the | |
1564 default, set these variables in @file{.emacs} using @code{setq-default}. | |
1565 | |
1566 In addition to the ability to ignore regions that match regular | |
1567 expressions, Ediff can be ordered to start skipping over certain | |
1568 ``uninteresting'' difference regions. This is controlled by the following | |
1569 variable: | |
1570 | |
1571 @table @code | |
1572 @item ediff-ignore-similar-regions | |
1573 @vindex ediff-ignore-similar-regions | |
1574 If @code{t}, causes Ediff to skip over "uninteresting" difference regions, | |
1575 which are the regions where the variants differ only in the amount of the | |
1576 white space and newlines. This feature can be toggled on/off interactively, | |
1577 via the command @kbd{##}. | |
1578 @end table | |
1579 | |
1580 @strong{Please note:} in order for this feature to work, auto-refining of | |
1581 difference regions must be on, since otherwise Ediff won't know if there | |
1582 are fine differences between regions. On devices where Emacs can display | |
1583 faces, auto-refining is a default, but it is not turned on by default on | |
1584 text-only terminals. In that case, you must explicitly turn auto-refining | |
1585 on (such as, by typing @kbd{@@}). | |
1586 | |
1587 @strong{Reassurance:} If many such uninteresting regions appear in a row, | |
1588 Ediff may take a long time to skip over them because it has to compute fine | |
1589 differences of all intermediate regions. This delay does not indicate any | |
1590 problem. | |
1591 | |
1592 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option | |
1593 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option3 | |
1594 @vindex ediff-ignore-case | |
1595 Finally, Ediff can be told to ignore the case of the letters. This behavior | |
1596 can be toggled with @kbd{#c} and it is controlled with three variables: | |
1597 @code{ediff-ignore-case-option}, @code{ediff-ignore-case-option3}, and | |
1598 @code{ediff-ignore-case}. | |
1599 | |
1600 The variable @code{ediff-ignore-case-option} specifies the option to pass | |
1601 to the diff program for comparing two files or buffers. For GNU | |
1602 @code{diff}, this option is @code{"-i"}. The variable | |
1603 @code{ediff-ignore-case-option3} specifies the option to pass to the | |
1604 @code{diff3} program in order to make it case-insensitive. GNU @code{diff3} | |
1605 does not have such an option, so when merging or comparing three files with | |
1606 this program, ignoring the letter case is not supported. | |
1607 | |
1608 The variable @code{ediff-ignore-case} controls whether Ediff starts out by | |
1609 ignoring letter case or not. It can be set in @file{.emacs} using | |
1610 @code{setq-default}. | |
1611 | |
1612 When case sensitivity is toggled, all difference | |
1613 regions are recomputed. | |
1614 | |
1615 @node Highlighting Difference Regions, Narrowing, Selective Browsing, Customization | |
1616 @section Highlighting Difference Regions | |
1617 | |
1618 The following variables control the way Ediff highlights difference | |
1619 regions: | |
1620 | |
1621 @table @code | |
1622 @item ediff-before-flag-bol | |
1623 @itemx ediff-after-flag-eol | |
1624 @itemx ediff-before-flag-mol | |
1625 @itemx ediff-after-flag-mol | |
1626 @vindex ediff-before-flag-bol | |
1627 @vindex ediff-after-flag-eol | |
1628 @vindex ediff-before-flag-mol | |
1629 @vindex ediff-after-flag-mol | |
1630 These variables hold strings that Ediff uses to mark the beginning and the | |
1631 end of the differences found in files A, B, and C on devices where Emacs | |
1632 cannot display faces. Ediff uses different flags to highlight regions that | |
1633 begin/end at the beginning/end of a line or in a middle of a line. | |
1634 | |
1635 @item ediff-current-diff-face-A | |
1636 @itemx ediff-current-diff-face-B | |
1637 @itemx ediff-current-diff-face-C | |
1638 @vindex ediff-current-diff-face-A | |
1639 @vindex ediff-current-diff-face-B | |
1640 @vindex ediff-current-diff-face-C | |
1641 Ediff uses these faces to highlight current differences on devices where | |
1642 Emacs can display faces. These and subsequently described faces can be set | |
1643 either in @file{.emacs} or in @file{.Xdefaults}. The X resource for Ediff | |
1644 is @samp{Ediff}, @emph{not} @samp{emacs}. Please refer to Emacs manual for | |
1645 the information on how to set X resources. | |
1646 @item ediff-fine-diff-face-A | |
1647 @itemx ediff-fine-diff-face-B | |
1648 @itemx ediff-fine-diff-face-C | |
1649 @vindex ediff-fine-diff-face-A | |
1650 @vindex ediff-fine-diff-face-B | |
1651 @vindex ediff-fine-diff-face-C | |
1652 Ediff uses these faces to show the fine differences between the current | |
1653 differences regions in buffers A, B, and C, respectively. | |
1654 | |
1655 @item ediff-even-diff-face-A | |
1656 @itemx ediff-even-diff-face-B | |
1657 @itemx ediff-even-diff-face-C | |
1658 @itemx ediff-odd-diff-face-A | |
1659 @itemx ediff-odd-diff-face-B | |
1660 @itemx ediff-odd-diff-face-C | |
1661 @vindex ediff-even-diff-face-A | |
1662 @vindex ediff-even-diff-face-B | |
1663 @vindex ediff-even-diff-face-C | |
1664 @vindex ediff-odd-diff-face-A | |
1665 @vindex ediff-odd-diff-face-B | |
1666 @vindex ediff-odd-diff-face-C | |
1667 Non-current difference regions are displayed using these alternating | |
1668 faces. The odd and the even faces are actually identical on monochrome | |
1669 displays, because without colors options are limited. | |
1670 So, Ediff uses italics to highlight non-current differences. | |
1671 | |
1672 @item ediff-force-faces | |
1673 @vindex ediff-force-faces | |
1674 Ediff generally can detect when Emacs is running on a device where it can | |
1675 use highlighting with faces. However, if it fails to determine that faces | |
1676 can be used, the user can set this variable to @code{t} to make sure that | |
1677 Ediff uses faces to highlight differences. | |
1678 | |
1679 @item ediff-highlight-all-diffs | |
1680 @vindex ediff-highlight-all-diffs | |
1681 Indicates whether---on a windowing display---Ediff should highlight | |
1682 differences using inserted strings (as on text-only terminals) or using | |
1683 colors and highlighting. Normally, Ediff highlights all differences, but | |
1684 the selected difference is highlighted more visibly. One can cycle through | |
1685 various modes of highlighting by typing @kbd{h}. By default, Ediff starts | |
1686 in the mode where all difference regions are highlighted. If you prefer to | |
1687 start in the mode where unselected differences are not highlighted, you | |
1688 should set @code{ediff-highlight-all-diffs} to @code{nil}. Type @kbd{h} to | |
1689 restore highlighting for all differences. | |
1690 | |
1691 Ediff lets you switch between the two modes of highlighting. That is, | |
1692 you can switch interactively from highlighting using faces to | |
1693 highlighting using string flags, and back. Of course, switching has | |
1694 effect only under a windowing system. On a text-only terminal or in an | |
1695 xterm window, the only available option is highlighting with strings. | |
1696 @end table | |
1697 | |
1698 @noindent | |
1699 If you want to change the default settings for @code{ediff-force-faces} and | |
1700 @code{ediff-highlight-all-diffs}, you must do it @strong{before} Ediff is | |
1701 loaded. | |
1702 | |
1703 You can also change the defaults for the faces used to highlight the | |
1704 difference regions. There are two ways to do this. The simplest and the | |
1705 preferred way is to use the customization widget accessible from the | |
1706 menubar. Ediff's customization group is located under "Tools", which in | |
1707 turn is under "Programming". The faces that are used to highlight | |
1708 difference regions are located in the "Highlighting" subgroup of the Ediff | |
1709 customization group. | |
1710 | |
1711 The second, much more arcane, method to change default faces is to include | |
1712 some Lisp code in @file{~/.emacs}. For instance, | |
1713 | |
1714 @example | |
1715 (setq ediff-current-diff-face-A | |
1716 (copy-face 'bold-italic 'ediff-current-diff-face-A)) | |
1717 @end example | |
1718 | |
1719 @noindent | |
1720 would use the pre-defined face @code{bold-italic} to highlight the current | |
1721 difference region in buffer A (this face is not a good choice, by the way). | |
1722 | |
1723 If you are unhappy with just @emph{some} of the aspects of the default | |
1724 faces, you can modify them when Ediff is being loaded using | |
1725 @code{ediff-load-hook}. For instance: | |
1726 | |
1727 @smallexample | |
1728 (add-hook 'ediff-load-hook | |
1729 (lambda () | |
1730 (set-face-foreground | |
1731 ediff-current-diff-face-B "blue") | |
1732 (set-face-background | |
1733 ediff-current-diff-face-B "red") | |
1734 (make-face-italic | |
1735 ediff-current-diff-face-B))) | |
1736 @end smallexample | |
1737 | |
1738 @strong{Please note:} to set Ediff's faces, use only @code{copy-face} | |
1739 or @code{set/make-face-@dots{}} as shown above. Emacs' low-level | |
1740 face-manipulation functions should be avoided. | |
1741 | |
1742 @node Narrowing, Refinement of Difference Regions, Highlighting Difference Regions, Customization | |
1743 @section Narrowing | |
1744 | |
1745 If buffers being compared are narrowed at the time of invocation of | |
1746 Ediff, @code{ediff-buffers} will preserve the narrowing range. However, | |
1747 if @code{ediff-files} is invoked on the files visited by these buffers, | |
1748 that would widen the buffers, since this command is defined to compare the | |
1749 entire files. | |
1750 | |
1751 Calling @code{ediff-regions-linewise} or @code{ediff-windows-linewise}, or | |
1752 the corresponding @samp{-wordwise} commands, narrows the variants to the | |
1753 particular regions being compared. The original accessible ranges are | |
1754 restored when you quit Ediff. During the command, you can toggle this | |
1755 narrowing on and off with the @kbd{%} command. | |
1756 | |
1757 These two variables control this narrowing behavior: | |
1758 | |
1759 @table @code | |
1760 @item ediff-start-narrowed | |
1761 @vindex ediff-start-narrowed | |
1762 If @code{t}, Ediff narrows the display to the appropriate range when it | |
1763 is invoked with an @samp{ediff-regions@dots{}} or | |
1764 @samp{ediff-windows@dots{}} command. If @code{nil}, these commands do | |
1765 not automatically narrow, but you can still toggle narrowing on and off | |
1766 by typing @kbd{%}. | |
1767 | |
1768 @item ediff-quit-widened | |
1769 @vindex ediff-quit-widened | |
1770 Controls whether on quitting Ediff should restore the accessible range | |
1771 that existed before the current invocation. | |
1772 @end table | |
1773 | |
1774 @node Refinement of Difference Regions, Patch and Diff Programs, Narrowing, Customization | |
1775 @section Refinement of Difference Regions | |
1776 | |
1777 Ediff has variables to control the way fine differences are | |
1778 highlighted. This feature gives you control over the process of refinement. | |
1779 Note that refinement ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines. | |
1780 | |
1781 @table @code | |
1782 @item ediff-auto-refine | |
1783 @vindex ediff-auto-refine | |
1784 This variable controls whether fine differences within regions are | |
1785 highlighted automatically (``auto-refining''). The default is yes | |
1786 (@samp{on}). | |
1787 | |
1788 On a slow machine, automatic refinement may be painful. In that case, | |
1789 you can turn auto-refining on or off interactively by typing | |
1790 @kbd{@@}. You can also turn off display of refining that has | |
1791 already been done. | |
1792 | |
1793 When auto-refining is off, fine differences are shown only for regions | |
1794 for which these differences have been computed and saved before. If | |
1795 auto-refining and display of refining are both turned off, fine | |
1796 differences are not shown at all. | |
1797 | |
1798 Typing @kbd{*} computes and displays fine differences for the current | |
1799 difference region, regardless of whether auto-refining is turned on. | |
1800 | |
1801 @item ediff-auto-refine-limit | |
1802 @vindex ediff-auto-refine-limit | |
1803 If auto-refining is on, this variable limits the size of the regions to | |
1804 be auto-refined. This guards against the possible slowdown that may be | |
1805 caused by extraordinary large difference regions. | |
1806 | |
1807 You can always refine the current region by typing @kbd{*}. | |
1808 | |
1809 @item ediff-forward-word-function | |
1810 @vindex ediff-forward-word-function | |
1811 This variable controls how fine differences are computed. The | |
1812 value must be a Lisp function that determines how the current difference | |
1813 region should be split into words. | |
1814 | |
1815 @vindex ediff-diff-program | |
1816 @vindex ediff-forward-word-function | |
1817 @findex ediff-forward-word | |
1818 Fine differences are computed by first splitting the current difference | |
1819 region into words and then passing the result to | |
1820 @code{ediff-diff-program}. For the default forward word function (which is | |
1821 @code{ediff-forward-word}), a word is a string consisting of letters, | |
1822 @samp{-}, or @samp{_}; a string of punctuation symbols; a string of digits, | |
1823 or a string consisting of symbols that are neither space, nor a letter. | |
1824 | |
1825 This default behavior is controlled by four variables: @code{ediff-word-1}, | |
1826 ..., @code{ediff-word-4}. See the on-line documentation for these variables | |
1827 and for the function @code{ediff-forward-word} for an explanation of how to | |
1828 modify these variables. | |
1829 @vindex ediff-word-1 | |
1830 @vindex ediff-word-2 | |
1831 @vindex ediff-word-3 | |
1832 @vindex ediff-word-4 | |
1833 @end table | |
1834 | |
1835 Sometimes, when a region has too many differences between the variants, | |
1836 highlighting of fine differences is inconvenient, especially on | |
1837 color displays. If that is the case, type @kbd{*} with a negative | |
1838 prefix argument. This unhighlights fine differences for the current | |
1839 region. | |
1840 | |
1841 To unhighlight fine differences in all difference regions, use the | |
1842 command @kbd{@@}. Repeated typing of this key cycles through three | |
1843 different states: auto-refining, no-auto-refining, and no-highlighting | |
1844 of fine differences. | |
1845 | |
1846 @node Patch and Diff Programs, Merging and diff3, Refinement of Difference Regions, Customization | |
1847 @section Patch and Diff Programs | |
1848 | |
1849 This section describes variables that specify the programs to be used for | |
1850 applying patches and for computing the main difference regions (not the | |
1851 fine difference regions): | |
1852 | |
1853 @table @code | |
1854 @item ediff-diff-program | |
1855 @itemx ediff-diff3-program | |
1856 @vindex ediff-patch-program | |
1857 @vindex ediff-diff-program | |
1858 @vindex ediff-diff3-program | |
1859 These variables specify the programs to use to produce differences | |
1860 and do patching. | |
1861 | |
1862 @item ediff-diff-options | |
1863 @itemx ediff-diff3-options | |
1864 @vindex ediff-patch-options | |
1865 @vindex ediff-diff-options | |
1866 @vindex ediff-diff3-options | |
1867 These variables specify the options to pass to the above utilities. | |
1868 | |
1869 In @code{ediff-diff-options}, it may be useful to specify options | |
1870 such as @samp{-w} that ignore certain kinds of changes. However, | |
1871 Ediff does not let you use the option @samp{-c}, as it doesn't recognize this | |
1872 format yet. | |
1873 | |
1874 @item ediff-coding-system-for-read | |
1875 @vindex ediff-coding-system-for-read | |
1876 This variable specifies the coding system to use when reading the output | |
1877 that the programs @code{diff3} and @code{diff} send to Emacs. The default | |
1878 is @code{raw-text}, and this should work fine in Unix and in most | |
1879 cases under Windows NT/95/98/2000. There are @code{diff} programs | |
1880 for which the default option doesn't work under Windows. In such cases, | |
1881 @code{raw-text-dos} might work. If not, you will have to experiment with | |
1882 other coding systems or use GNU diff. | |
1883 | |
1884 @item ediff-patch-program | |
1885 The program to use to apply patches. Since there are certain | |
1886 incompatibilities between the different versions of the patch program, the | |
1887 best way to stay out of trouble is to use a GNU-compatible version. | |
1888 Otherwise, you may have to tune the values of the variables | |
1889 @code{ediff-patch-options}, @code{ediff-backup-specs}, and | |
1890 @code{ediff-backup-extension} as described below. | |
1891 @item ediff-patch-options | |
1892 Options to pass to @code{ediff-patch-program}. | |
1893 | |
1894 Note: the `-b' and `-z' options should be specified in | |
1895 `ediff-backup-specs', not in @code{ediff-patch-options}. | |
1896 | |
1897 It is recommended to pass the `-f' option to the patch program, so it won't | |
1898 ask questions. However, some implementations don't accept this option, in | |
1899 which case the default value of this variable should be changed. | |
1900 | |
1901 @item ediff-backup-extension | |
1902 Backup extension used by the patch program. Must be specified, even if | |
1903 @code{ediff-backup-specs} is given. | |
1904 @item ediff-backup-specs | |
1905 Backup directives to pass to the patch program. | |
1906 Ediff requires that the old version of the file (before applying the patch) | |
1907 is saved in a file named @file{the-patch-file.extension}. Usually | |
1908 `extension' is `.orig', but this can be changed by the user, and may also be | |
1909 system-dependent. Therefore, Ediff needs to know the backup extension used | |
1910 by the patch program. | |
1911 | |
1912 Some versions of the patch program let the user specify `-b backup-extension'. | |
1913 Other versions only permit `-b', which (usually) assumes the extension `.orig'. | |
1914 Yet others force you to use `-z<backup-extension>'. | |
1915 | |
1916 Note that both `ediff-backup-extension' and `ediff-backup-specs' must be | |
1917 properly set. If your patch program takes the option `-b', but not | |
1918 `-b extension', the variable `ediff-backup-extension' must still | |
1919 be set so Ediff will know which extension to use. | |
1920 | |
1921 @item ediff-custom-diff-program | |
1922 @itemx ediff-custom-diff-options | |
1923 @vindex ediff-custom-diff-program | |
1924 @vindex ediff-custom-diff-options | |
1925 @findex ediff-save-buffer | |
1926 Because Ediff limits the options you may want to pass to the @code{diff} | |
1927 program, it partially makes up for this drawback by letting you save the | |
1928 output from @code{diff} in your preferred format, which is specified via | |
1929 the above two variables. | |
1930 | |
1931 The output generated by @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} (which doesn't | |
1932 even have to be a standard-style @code{diff}!)@: is not used by Ediff. It is | |
1933 provided exclusively so that you can | |
1934 refer to | |
1935 it later, send it over email, etc. For instance, after reviewing the | |
1936 differences, you may want to send context differences to a colleague. | |
1937 Since Ediff ignores the @samp{-c} option in | |
1938 @code{ediff-diff-program}, you would have to run @code{diff -c} separately | |
1939 just to produce the list of differences. Fortunately, | |
1940 @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} and @code{ediff-custom-diff-options} | |
1941 eliminate this nuisance by keeping a copy of a difference list in the | |
1942 desired format in a buffer that can be displayed via the command @kbd{D}. | |
1943 | |
1944 @item ediff-patch-default-directory | |
1945 @vindex ediff-patch-default-directory | |
1946 Specifies the default directory to look for patches. | |
1947 | |
1948 @end table | |
1949 | |
1950 @noindent | |
1951 @strong{Warning:} Ediff does not support the output format of VMS | |
1952 @code{diff}. Instead, make sure you are using some implementation of POSIX | |
1953 @code{diff}, such as @code{gnudiff}. | |
1954 | |
1955 @node Merging and diff3, Support for Version Control, Patch and Diff Programs, Customization | |
1956 @section Merging and diff3 | |
1957 | |
1958 Ediff supports three-way comparison via the functions @code{ediff-files3} and | |
1959 @code{ediff-buffers3}. The interface is the same as for two-way comparison. | |
1960 In three-way comparison and merging, Ediff reports if any two difference | |
1961 regions are identical. For instance, if the current region in buffer A | |
1962 is the same as the region in buffer C, then the mode line of buffer A will | |
1963 display @samp{[=diff(C)]} and the mode line of buffer C will display | |
1964 @samp{[=diff(A)]}. | |
1965 | |
1966 Merging is done according to the following algorithm. | |
1967 | |
1968 If a difference region in one of the buffers, say B, differs from the ancestor | |
1969 file while the region in the other buffer, A, doesn't, then the merge buffer, | |
1970 C, gets B's region. Similarly when buffer A's region differs from | |
1971 the ancestor and B's doesn't, A's region is used. | |
1972 | |
1973 @vindex ediff-default-variant | |
1974 If both regions in buffers A and B differ from the ancestor file, Ediff | |
1975 chooses the region according to the value of the variable | |
1976 @code{ediff-default-variant}. If its value is @code{default-A} then A's | |
1977 region is chosen. If it is @code{default-B} then B's region is chosen. | |
1978 If it is @code{combined} then the region in buffer C will look like | |
1979 this: | |
1980 | |
1981 @comment Use @set to avoid triggering merge conflict detectors like CVS. | |
1982 @set seven-left <<<<<<< | |
1983 @set seven-right >>>>>>> | |
1984 @example | |
1985 @value{seven-left} variant A | |
1986 the difference region from buffer A | |
1987 @value{seven-right} variant B | |
1988 the difference region from buffer B | |
1989 ####### Ancestor | |
1990 the difference region from the ancestor buffer, if available | |
1991 ======= end | |
1992 @end example | |
1993 | |
1994 The above is the default template for the combined region. The user can | |
1995 customize this template using the variable | |
1996 @code{ediff-combination-pattern}. | |
1997 | |
1998 @vindex ediff-combination-pattern | |
1999 The variable @code{ediff-combination-pattern} specifies the template that | |
2000 determines how the combined merged region looks like. The template is | |
2001 represented as a list of the form @code{(STRING1 Symbol1 STRING2 Symbol2 | |
2002 STRING3 Symbol3 STRING4)}. The symbols here must be atoms of the form | |
2003 @code{A}, @code{B}, or @code{Ancestor}. They determine the order in which | |
2004 the corresponding difference regions (from buffers A, B, and the ancestor | |
2005 buffer) are displayed in the merged region of buffer C. The strings in the | |
2006 template determine the text that separates the aforesaid regions. The | |
2007 default template is | |
2008 | |
2009 @smallexample | |
2010 ("@value{seven-left} variant A" A "@value{seven-right} variant B" B | |
2011 "####### Ancestor" Ancestor "======= end") | |
2012 @end smallexample | |
2013 | |
2014 @noindent | |
2015 (this is one long line) and the corresponding combined region is shown | |
2016 above. The order in which the regions are shown (and the separator | |
2017 strings) can be changed by changing the above template. It is even | |
2018 possible to add or delete region specifiers in this template (although | |
2019 the only possibly useful such modification seems to be the deletion of | |
2020 the ancestor). | |
2021 | |
2022 In addition to the state of the difference, Ediff displays the state of the | |
2023 merge for each region. If a difference came from buffer A by default | |
2024 (because both regions A and B were different from the ancestor and | |
2025 @code{ediff-default-variant} was set to @code{default-A}) then | |
2026 @samp{[=diff(A) default-A]} is displayed in the mode line. If the | |
2027 difference in buffer C came, say, from buffer B because the difference | |
2028 region in that buffer differs from the ancestor, but the region in buffer A | |
2029 does not (if merging with an ancestor) then @samp{[=diff(B) prefer-B]} is | |
2030 displayed. The indicators default-A/B and prefer-A/B are inspired by | |
2031 Emerge and have the same meaning. | |
2032 | |
2033 Another indicator of the state of merge is @samp{combined}. It appears | |
2034 with any difference region in buffer C that was obtained by combining | |
2035 the difference regions in buffers A and B as explained above. | |
2036 | |
2037 In addition to the state of merge and state of difference indicators, while | |
2038 merging with an ancestor file or buffer, Ediff informs the user when the | |
2039 current difference region in the (normally invisible) ancestor buffer is | |
2040 empty via the @emph{AncestorEmpty} indicator. This helps determine if the | |
2041 changes made to the original in variants A and B represent pure insertion | |
2042 or deletion of text: if the mode line shows @emph{AncestorEmpty} and the | |
2043 corresponding region in buffers A or B is not empty, this means that new | |
2044 text was inserted. If this indicator is not present and the difference | |
2045 regions in buffers A or B are non-empty, this means that text was | |
2046 modified. Otherwise, the original text was deleted. | |
2047 | |
2048 Although the ancestor buffer is normally invisible, Ediff maintains | |
2049 difference regions there and advances the current difference region | |
2050 accordingly. All highlighting of difference regions is provided in the | |
2051 ancestor buffer, except for the fine differences. Therefore, if desired, the | |
2052 user can put the ancestor buffer in a separate frame and watch it | |
2053 there. However, on a TTY, only one frame can be visible at any given time, | |
2054 and Ediff doesn't support any single-frame window configuration where all | |
2055 buffers, including the ancestor buffer, would be visible. However, the | |
2056 ancestor buffer can be displayed by typing @kbd{/} to the control | |
2057 window. (Type @kbd{C-l} to hide it again.) | |
2058 | |
2059 Note that the state-of-difference indicators @samp{=diff(A)} and | |
2060 @samp{=diff(B)} above are not redundant, even in the presence of a | |
2061 state-of-merge indicator. In fact, the two serve different purposes. | |
2062 | |
2063 For instance, if the mode line displays @samp{=diff(B) prefer(B)} and | |
2064 you copy a difference region from buffer A to buffer C then | |
2065 @samp{=diff(B)} will change to @samp{diff-A} and the mode line will | |
2066 display @samp{=diff(A) prefer-B}. This indicates that the difference | |
2067 region in buffer C is identical to that in buffer A, but originally | |
2068 buffer C's region came from buffer B. This is useful to know because | |
2069 you can recover the original difference region in buffer C by typing | |
2070 @kbd{r}. | |
2071 | |
2072 | |
2073 Ediff never changes the state-of-merge indicator, except in response to | |
2074 the @kbd{!} command (see below), in which case the indicator is lost. | |
2075 On the other hand, the state-of-difference indicator is changed | |
2076 automatically by the copying/recovery commands, @kbd{a}, @kbd{b}, @kbd{r}, | |
2077 @kbd{+}. | |
2078 | |
2079 The @kbd{!} command loses the information about origins of the regions | |
2080 in the merge buffer (default-A, prefer-B, or combined). This is because | |
2081 recomputing differences in this case means running @code{diff3} on | |
2082 buffers A, B, and the merge buffer, not on the ancestor buffer. (It | |
2083 makes no sense to recompute differences using the ancestor file, since | |
2084 in the merging mode Ediff assumes that you have not edited buffers A and | |
2085 B, but that you may have edited buffer C, and these changes are to be | |
2086 preserved.) Since some difference regions may disappear as a result of | |
2087 editing buffer C and others may arise, there is generally no simple way | |
2088 to tell where the various regions in the merge buffer came from. | |
2089 | |
2090 In three-way comparison, Ediff tries to disregard regions that consist | |
2091 entirely of white space. For instance, if, say, the current region in | |
2092 buffer A consists of the white space only (or if it is empty), Ediff will | |
2093 not take it into account for the purpose of computing fine differences. The | |
2094 result is that Ediff can provide a better visual information regarding the | |
2095 actual fine differences in the non-white regions in buffers B and | |
2096 C. Moreover, if the regions in buffers B and C differ in the white space | |
2097 only, then a message to this effect will be displayed. | |
2098 | |
2099 @vindex ediff-merge-window-share | |
2100 In the merge mode, the share of the split between window C (the window | |
2101 displaying the merge-buffer) and the windows displaying buffers A and B | |
2102 is controlled by the variable @code{ediff-merge-window-share}. Its | |
2103 default value is 0.5. To make the merge-buffer window smaller, reduce | |
2104 this amount. | |
2105 | |
2106 We don't recommend increasing the size of the merge-window to more than | |
2107 half the frame (i.e., to increase the value of | |
2108 @code{ediff-merge-window-share}) to more than 0.5, since it would be | |
2109 hard to see the contents of buffers A and B. | |
2110 | |
2111 You can temporarily shrink the merge window to just one line by | |
2112 typing @kbd{s}. This change is temporary, until Ediff finds a reason to | |
2113 redraw the screen. Typing @kbd{s} again restores the original window size. | |
2114 | |
2115 With a positive prefix argument, the @kbd{s} command will make the merge | |
2116 window slightly taller. This change is persistent. With `@kbd{-}' or | |
2117 with a negative prefix argument, the command @kbd{s} makes the merge | |
2118 window slightly shorter. This change also persistent. | |
2119 | |
2120 @vindex ediff-show-clashes-only | |
2121 Ediff lets you automatically ignore the regions where only one of the | |
2122 buffers A and B disagrees with the ancestor. To do this, set the | |
2123 variable @code{ediff-show-clashes-only} to non-@code{nil}. | |
2124 | |
2125 You can toggle this feature interactively by typing @kbd{$$}. | |
2126 | |
2127 Note that this variable affects only the show next/previous difference | |
2128 commands. You can still jump directly to any difference region directly | |
2129 using the command @kbd{j} (with a prefix argument specifying the difference | |
2130 number). | |
2131 | |
2132 @vindex ediff-autostore-merges | |
2133 @vindex ediff-quit-merge-hook | |
2134 @findex ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge | |
2135 The variable @code{ediff-autostore-merges} controls what happens to the | |
2136 merge buffer when Ediff quits. If the value is @code{nil}, nothing is done | |
2137 to the merge buffer---it will be the user's responsibility to save it. | |
2138 If the value is @code{t}, the user will be asked where to save the buffer | |
2139 and whether to delete it afterwards. It the value is neither @code{nil} nor | |
2140 @code{t}, the merge buffer is saved @emph{only} if this merge session was | |
2141 invoked from a group of related Ediff session, such as those that result | |
2142 from @code{ediff-merge-directories}, | |
2143 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions}, etc. | |
2144 @xref{Session Groups}. This behavior is implemented in the function | |
2145 @code{ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge}, which is a hook in | |
2146 @code{ediff-quit-merge-hook}. The user can supply a different hook, if | |
2147 necessary. | |
2148 | |
2149 The variable @code{ediff-autostore-merges} is buffer-local, so it can be | |
2150 set in a per-buffer manner. Therefore, use @code{setq-default} to globally | |
2151 change this variable. | |
2152 | |
2153 @vindex ediff-merge-filename-prefix | |
2154 When merge buffers are saved automatically as directed by | |
2155 @code{ediff-autostore-merges}, Ediff attaches a prefix to each file, as | |
2156 specified by the variable @code{ediff-merge-filename-prefix}. The default | |
2157 is @code{merge_}, but this can be changed by the user. | |
2158 | |
2159 @node Support for Version Control, Customizing the Mode Line, Merging and diff3, Customization | |
2160 @section Support for Version Control | |
2161 | |
2162 | |
2163 Ediff supports version control and lets you compare versions of files | |
2164 visited by Emacs buffers via the function @code{ediff-revision}. This | |
2165 feature is controlled by the following variables: | |
2166 | |
2167 @table @code | |
2168 @item ediff-version-control-package | |
2169 @vindex ediff-version-control-package | |
2170 A symbol. The default is @samp{vc}. | |
2171 | |
2172 If you are like most Emacs users, Ediff will use VC as the version control | |
2173 package. This is the standard Emacs interface to RCS, CVS, and SCCS. | |
2174 | |
2175 However, if your needs are better served by other interfaces, you will | |
2176 have to tell Ediff which version control package you are using, e.g., | |
2177 @example | |
2178 (setq ediff-version-control-package 'rcs) | |
2179 @end example | |
2180 | |
2181 Apart from the standard @file{vc.el}, Ediff supports three other interfaces | |
2182 to version control: @file{rcs.el}, @file{pcl-cvs.el} (recently renamed | |
2183 pcvs.el), and @file{generic-sc.el}. The package @file{rcs.el} is written | |
2184 by Sebastian Kremer <sk@@thp.Uni-Koeln.DE> and is available as | |
2185 @example | |
2186 @file{ftp.cs.buffalo.edu:pub/Emacs/rcs.tar.Z} | |
2187 @file{ftp.uni-koeln.de:/pub/gnu/emacs/rcs.tar.Z} | |
2188 @end example | |
2189 @pindex @file{vc.el} | |
2190 @pindex @file{rcs.el} | |
2191 @pindex @file{pcl-cvs.el} | |
2192 @pindex @file{generic-sc.el} | |
2193 @end table | |
2194 | |
2195 Ediff's interface to the above packages allows the user to compare the | |
2196 versions of the current buffer or to merge them (with or without an | |
2197 ancestor-version). These operations can also be performed on directories | |
2198 containing files under version control. | |
2199 | |
2200 In case of @file{pcl-cvs.el}, Ediff can also be invoked via the function | |
2201 @code{run-ediff-from-cvs-buffer}---see the documentation string for this | |
2202 function. | |
2203 | |
2204 @node Customizing the Mode Line, Miscellaneous, Support for Version Control, Customization | |
2205 @section Customizing the Mode Line | |
2206 | |
2207 When Ediff is running, the mode line of @samp{Ediff Control Panel} | |
2208 buffer shows the current difference number and the total number of | |
2209 difference regions in the two files. | |
2210 | |
2211 The mode line of the buffers being compared displays the type of the | |
2212 buffer (@samp{A:}, @samp{B:}, or @samp{C:}) and (usually) the file name. | |
2213 Ediff tries to be intelligent in choosing the mode line buffer | |
2214 identification. In particular, it works well with the | |
2215 @file{uniquify.el} and @file{mode-line.el} packages (which improve on | |
2216 the default way in which Emacs displays buffer identification). If you | |
2217 don't like the way Ediff changes the mode line, you can use | |
2218 @code{ediff-prepare-buffer-hook} to modify the mode line. | |
2219 @vindex ediff-prepare-buffer-hook | |
2220 @pindex @file{uniquify.el} | |
2221 @pindex @file{mode-line.el} | |
2222 | |
2223 @node Miscellaneous, Notes on Heavy-duty Customization, Customizing the Mode Line, Customization | |
2224 @section Miscellaneous | |
2225 | |
2226 Here are a few other variables for customizing Ediff: | |
2227 | |
2228 @table @code | |
2229 @item ediff-split-window-function | |
2230 @vindex ediff-split-window-function | |
2231 Controls the way you want the window be split between file-A and file-B | |
2232 (and file-C, if applicable). It defaults to the vertical split | |
2233 (@code{split-window-vertically}, but you can set it to | |
2234 @code{split-window-horizontally}, if you so wish. | |
2235 Ediff also lets you switch from vertical to horizontal split and back | |
2236 interactively. | |
2237 | |
2238 Note that if Ediff detects that all the buffers it compares are displayed in | |
2239 separate frames, it assumes that the user wants them to be so displayed | |
2240 and stops splitting windows. Instead, it arranges for each buffer to | |
2241 be displayed in a separate frame. You can switch to the one-frame mode | |
2242 by hiding one of the buffers A/B/C. | |
2243 | |
2244 You can also swap the windows where buffers are displayed by typing | |
2245 @kbd{~}. | |
2246 | |
2247 @item ediff-merge-split-window-function | |
2248 @vindex ediff-merge-split-window-function | |
2249 Controls how windows are | |
2250 split between buffers A and B in the merge mode. | |
2251 This variable is like @code{ediff-split-window-function}, but it defaults | |
2252 to @code{split-window-horizontally} instead of | |
2253 @code{split-window-vertically}. | |
2254 | |
2255 @item ediff-make-wide-display-function | |
2256 @vindex ediff-make-wide-display-function | |
2257 The value is a function to be called to widen the frame for displaying | |
2258 the Ediff buffers. See the on-line documentation for | |
2259 @code{ediff-make-wide-display-function} for details. It is also | |
2260 recommended to look into the source of the default function | |
2261 @code{ediff-make-wide-display}. | |
2262 | |
2263 You can toggle wide/regular display by typing @kbd{m}. In the wide | |
2264 display mode, buffers A, B (and C, when applicable) are displayed in a | |
2265 single frame that is as wide as the entire workstation screen. This is | |
2266 useful when files are compared side-by-side. By default, the display is | |
2267 widened without changing its height. | |
2268 | |
2269 @item ediff-use-last-dir | |
2270 @vindex ediff-use-last-dir | |
2271 Controls the way Ediff presents the | |
2272 default directory when it prompts the user for files to compare. If | |
2273 @code{nil}, | |
2274 Ediff uses the default directory of the current buffer when it | |
2275 prompts the user for file names. Otherwise, it will use the | |
2276 directories it had previously used for files A, B, or C, respectively. | |
2277 | |
2278 @item ediff-no-emacs-help-in-control-buffer | |
2279 @vindex ediff-no-emacs-help-in-control-buffer | |
2280 If @code{t}, makes @kbd{C-h} | |
2281 behave like the @key{DEL} key, i.e., it will move you back to the previous | |
2282 difference rather than invoking help. This is useful when, in an xterm | |
2283 window or a text-only terminal, the Backspace key is bound to @kbd{C-h} and is | |
2284 positioned more conveniently than the @key{DEL} key. | |
2285 | |
2286 @item ediff-toggle-read-only-function | |
2287 @vindex ediff-toggle-read-only-function | |
2288 This variable's value is a function that Ediff uses to toggle | |
2289 the read-only property in its buffers. | |
2290 | |
2291 The default function that Ediff uses simply toggles the read-only property, | |
2292 unless the file is under version control. For a checked-in file under | |
2293 version control, Ediff first tries to check the file out. | |
2294 | |
2295 @item ediff-make-buffers-readonly-at-startup nil | |
2296 @vindex ediff-make-buffers-readonly-at-startup | |
2297 If @code{t}, all variant buffers are made read-only at Ediff startup. | |
2298 | |
2299 @item ediff-keep-variants | |
2300 @vindex @code{ediff-keep-variants} | |
2301 The default is @code{t}, meaning that the buffers being compared or merged will | |
2302 be preserved when Ediff quits. Setting this to @code{nil} causes Ediff to | |
2303 offer the user a chance to delete these buffers (if they are not modified). | |
2304 Supplying a prefix argument to the quit command (@code{q}) temporarily | |
2305 reverses the meaning of this variable. This is convenient when the user | |
2306 prefers one of the behaviors most of the time, but occasionally needs the | |
2307 other behavior. | |
2308 | |
2309 However, Ediff temporarily resets this variable to @code{t} if it is | |
2310 invoked via one of the "buffer" jobs, such as @code{ediff-buffers}. | |
2311 This is because it is all too easy to loose day's work otherwise. | |
2312 Besides, in a "buffer" job, the variant buffers have already been loaded | |
2313 prior to starting Ediff, so Ediff just preserves status quo here. | |
2314 | |
2315 Using @code{ediff-cleanup-hook}, one can make Ediff delete the variants | |
2316 unconditionally (e.g., by making @code{ediff-janitor} into one of these hooks). | |
2317 | |
2318 @item ediff-keep-tmp-versions | |
2319 @vindex @code{ediff-keep-tmp-versions} | |
2320 Default is @code{nil}. If @code{t}, the versions of the files being | |
2321 compared or merged using operations such as @code{ediff-revision} or | |
2322 @code{ediff-merge-revisions} are not deleted on exit. The normal action is | |
2323 to clean up and delete these version files. | |
2324 | |
2325 @item ediff-grab-mouse | |
2326 @vindex @code{ediff-grab-mouse} | |
2327 Default is @code{t}. Normally, Ediff grabs mouse and puts it in its | |
2328 control frame. This is useful since the user can be sure that when he | |
2329 needs to type an Ediff command the focus will be in an appropriate Ediff's | |
2330 frame. However, some users prefer to move the mouse by themselves. The | |
2331 above variable, if set to @code{maybe}, will prevent Ediff from grabbing | |
2332 the mouse in many situations, usually after commands that may take more | |
2333 time than usual. In other situation, Ediff will continue grabbing the mouse | |
2334 and putting it where it believes is appropriate. If the value is | |
2335 @code{nil}, then mouse is entirely user's responsibility. | |
2336 Try different settings and see which one is for you. | |
2337 @end table | |
2338 | |
2339 | |
2340 @node Notes on Heavy-duty Customization, , Miscellaneous, Customization | |
2341 @section Notes on Heavy-duty Customization | |
2342 | |
2343 Some users need to customize Ediff in rather sophisticated ways, which | |
2344 requires different defaults for different kinds of files (e.g., SGML, | |
2345 etc.). Ediff supports this kind of customization in several ways. First, | |
2346 most customization variables are buffer-local. Those that aren't are | |
2347 usually accessible from within Ediff Control Panel, so one can make them | |
2348 local to the panel by calling make-local-variable from within | |
2349 @code{ediff-startup-hook}. | |
2350 | |
2351 Second, the function @code{ediff-setup} accepts an optional sixth | |
2352 argument which has the form @code{((@var{var-name-1} .@: @var{val-1}) | |
2353 (@var{var-name-2} .@: @var{val-2}) @dots{})}. The function | |
2354 @code{ediff-setup} sets the variables in the list to the respective | |
2355 values, locally in the Ediff control buffer. This is an easy way to | |
2356 throw in custom variables (which usually should be buffer-local) that | |
2357 can then be tested in various hooks. | |
2358 | |
2359 Make sure the variable @code{ediff-job-name} and @code{ediff-word-mode} are set | |
2360 properly in this case, as some things in Ediff depend on this. | |
2361 | |
2362 Finally, if you want custom-tailored help messages, you can set the | |
2363 variables @code{ediff-brief-help-message-function} and | |
2364 @code{ediff-long-help-message-function} | |
2365 to functions that return help strings. | |
2366 @vindex ediff-startup-hook | |
2367 @findex ediff-setup | |
2368 @vindex ediff-job-name | |
2369 @vindex ediff-word-mode | |
2370 @vindex ediff-brief-help-message-function | |
2371 @vindex ediff-long-help-message-function | |
2372 | |
2373 When customizing Ediff, some other variables are useful, although they are | |
2374 not user-definable. They are local to the Ediff control buffer, so this | |
2375 buffer must be current when you access these variables. The control buffer | |
2376 is accessible via the variable @code{ediff-control-buffer}, which is also | |
2377 local to that buffer. It is usually used for checking if the current buffer | |
2378 is also the control buffer. | |
2379 | |
2380 Other variables of interest are: | |
2381 @table @code | |
2382 @item ediff-buffer-A | |
2383 The first of the data buffers being compared. | |
2384 | |
2385 @item ediff-buffer-B | |
2386 The second of the data buffers being compared. | |
2387 | |
2388 @item ediff-buffer-C | |
2389 In three-way comparisons, this is the third buffer being compared. | |
2390 In merging, this is the merge buffer. | |
2391 In two-way comparison, this variable is @code{nil}. | |
2392 | |
2393 @item ediff-window-A | |
2394 The window displaying buffer A. If buffer A is not visible, this variable | |
2395 is @code{nil} or it may be a dead window. | |
2396 | |
2397 @item ediff-window-B | |
2398 The window displaying buffer B. | |
2399 | |
2400 @item ediff-window-C | |
2401 The window displaying buffer C, if any. | |
2402 | |
2403 @item ediff-control-frame | |
2404 A dedicated frame displaying the control buffer, if it exists. It is | |
2405 non-@code{nil} only if Ediff uses the multiframe display, i.e., when | |
2406 the control buffer is in its own frame. | |
2407 @end table | |
2408 | |
2409 @node Credits, GNU Free Documentation License, Customization, Top | |
2410 @chapter Credits | |
2411 | |
2412 Ediff was written by Michael Kifer <kifer@@cs.stonybrook.edu>. It was inspired | |
2413 by emerge.el written by Dale R.@: Worley <drw@@math.mit.edu>. An idea due to | |
2414 Boris Goldowsky <boris@@cs.rochester.edu> made it possible to highlight | |
2415 fine differences in Ediff buffers. Alastair Burt <burt@@dfki.uni-kl.de> | |
2416 ported Ediff to XEmacs, Eric Freudenthal <freudent@@jan.ultra.nyu.edu> | |
2417 made it work with VC, Marc Paquette <marcpa@@cam.org> wrote the | |
2418 toolbar support package for Ediff, and Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@@xemacs.org> | |
2419 adapted it to the Emacs customization package. | |
2420 | |
2421 Many people provided help with bug reports, feature suggestions, and advice. | |
2422 Without them, Ediff would not be nearly as useful as it is today. | |
2423 Here is a hopefully full list of contributors: | |
2424 | |
2425 @example | |
2426 Adrian Aichner (aichner@@ecf.teradyne.com), | |
2427 Drew Adams (drew.adams@@oracle.com), | |
2428 Steve Baur (steve@@xemacs.org), | |
2429 Neal Becker (neal@@ctd.comsat.com), | |
2430 E.@: Jay Berkenbilt (ejb@@ql.org), | |
2431 Alastair Burt (burt@@dfki.uni-kl.de), | |
2432 Paul Bibilo (peb@@delcam.co.uk), | |
2433 Kevin Broadey (KevinB@@bartley.demon.co.uk), | |
2434 Harald Boegeholz (hwb@@machnix.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de), | |
2435 Bradley A.@: Bosch (brad@@lachman.com), | |
2436 Michael D.@: Carney (carney@@ltx-tr.com), | |
2437 Jin S.@: Choi (jin@@atype.com), | |
2438 Scott Cummings (cummings@@adc.com), | |
2439 Albert Dvornik (bert@@mit.edu), | |
2440 Eric Eide (eeide@@asylum.cs.utah.edu), | |
2441 Paul Eggert (eggert@@twinsun.com), | |
2442 Urban Engberg (ue@@cci.dk), | |
2443 Kevin Esler (esler@@ch.hp.com), | |
2444 Robert Estes (estes@@ece.ucdavis.edu), | |
2445 Jay Finger (jayf@@microsoft.com), | |
2446 Xavier Fornari (xavier@@europe.cma.fr), | |
2447 Eric Freudenthal (freudent@@jan.ultra.nyu.edu), | |
2448 Job Ganzevoort (Job.Ganzevoort@@cwi.nl), | |
2449 Felix Heinrich Gatzemeier (felix.g@@tzemeier.info), | |
2450 Boris Goldowsky (boris@@cs.rochester.edu), | |
2451 Allan Gottlieb (gottlieb@@allan.ultra.nyu.edu), | |
2452 Aaron Gross (aaron@@bfr.co.il), | |
2453 Thorbjoern Hansen (thorbjoern.hansen@@mchp.siemens.de), | |
2454 Marcus Harnisch (marcus_harnisch@@mint-tech.com), | |
2455 Steven E. Harris (seh@@panix.com), | |
2456 Aaron S. Hawley (Aaron.Hawley@@uvm.edu), | |
2457 Xiaoli Huang (hxl@@epic.com), | |
2458 Andreas Jaeger (aj@@suse.de), | |
2459 Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen (larsi@@ifi.uio.no), | |
2460 Larry Gouge (larry@@itginc.com), | |
2461 Karl Heuer (kwzh@@gnu.org), | |
2462 (irvine@@lks.csi.com), | |
2463 (jaffe@@chipmunk.cita.utoronto.ca), | |
2464 David Karr (dkarr@@nmo.gtegsc.com), | |
2465 Norbert Kiesel (norbert@@i3.informatik.rwth-aachen.de), | |
2466 Steffen Kilb (skilb@@gmx.net), | |
2467 Leigh L Klotz (klotz@@adoc.xerox.com), | |
2468 Fritz Knabe (Fritz.Knabe@@ecrc.de), | |
2469 Heinz Knutzen (hk@@informatik.uni-kiel.d400.de), | |
2470 Andrew Koenig (ark@@research.att.com), | |
2471 Hannu Koivisto (azure@@iki.fi), | |
2472 Ken Laprade (laprade@@dw3f.ess.harris.com), | |
2473 Will C Lauer (wcl@@cadre.com), | |
2474 Richard Levitte (levitte@@e.kth.se), | |
2475 Mike Long (mike.long@@analog.com), | |
2476 Dave Love (d.love@@dl.ac.uk), | |
2477 Martin Maechler (maechler@@stat.math.ethz.ch), | |
2478 Simon Marshall (simon@@gnu.org), | |
2479 Paul C. Meuse (pmeuse@@delcomsys.com), | |
2480 Richard Mlynarik (mly@@adoc.xerox.com), | |
2481 Stefan Monnier (monnier@@cs.yale.edu), | |
2482 Chris Murphy (murphycm@@sun.aston.ac.uk), | |
2483 Erik Naggum (erik@@naggum.no), | |
2484 Eyvind Ness (Eyvind.Ness@@hrp.no), | |
2485 Ray Nickson (nickson@@cs.uq.oz.au), | |
2486 Dan Nicolaescu (dann@@ics.uci.edu), | |
2487 David Petchey (petchey_david@@jpmorgan.com), | |
2488 Benjamin Pierce (benjamin.pierce@@cl.cam.ac.uk), | |
2489 Francois Pinard (pinard@@iro.umontreal.ca), | |
2490 Tibor Polgar (tlp00@@spg.amdahl.com), | |
2491 David Prince (dave0d@@fegs.co.uk), | |
2492 Paul Raines (raines@@slac.stanford.edu), | |
2493 Stefan Reicher (xsteve@@riic.at), | |
2494 Charles Rich (rich@@merl.com), | |
2495 Bill Richter (richter@@math.nwu.edu), | |
2496 C.S.@: Roberson (roberson@@aur.alcatel.com), | |
2497 Kevin Rodgers (kevin.rodgers@@ihs.com), | |
2498 Sandy Rutherford (sandy@@ibm550.sissa.it), | |
2499 Heribert Schuetz (schuetz@@ecrc.de), | |
2500 Andy Scott (ascott@@pcocd2.intel.com), | |
2501 Axel Seibert (axel@@tumbolia.ppp.informatik.uni-muenchen.de), | |
2502 Vin Shelton (acs@@xemacs.org), | |
2503 Scott O. Sherman (Scott.Sherman@@mci.com), | |
99601
ed06196672ba
version timestamp update
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
97142
diff
changeset
|
2504 Nikolaj Schumacher (n_schumacher@@web.de), |
84291 | 2505 Richard Stallman (rms@@gnu.org), |
2506 Richard Stanton (stanton@@haas.berkeley.edu), | |
2507 Sam Steingold (sds@@goems.com), | |
2508 Ake Stenhoff (etxaksf@@aom.ericsson.se), | |
2509 Stig (stig@@hackvan.com), | |
2510 Peter Stout (Peter_Stout@@cs.cmu.edu), | |
2511 Chuck Thompson (cthomp@@cs.uiuc.edu), | |
2512 Ray Tomlinson (tomlinso@@bbn.com), | |
2513 Raymond Toy (toy@@rtp.ericsson.se), | |
2514 Stephen J. Turnbull (stephen@@xemacs.org), | |
2515 Jan Vroonhof (vroonhof@@math.ethz.ch), | |
2516 Colin Walters (walters@@cis.ohio-state.edu), | |
2517 Philippe Waroquiers (philippe.waroquiers@@eurocontrol.be), | |
2518 Klaus Weber (gizmo@@zork.north.de), | |
2519 Ben Wing (ben@@xemacs.org), | |
2520 Tom Wurgler (twurgler@@goodyear.com), | |
2521 Steve Youngs (youngs@@xemacs.org), | |
2522 Ilya Zakharevich (ilya@@math.ohio-state.edu), | |
2523 Eli Zaretskii (eliz@@is.elta.co.il) | |
2524 @end example | |
2525 | |
2526 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, Credits, Top | |
2527 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License | |
2528 @include doclicense.texi | |
2529 | |
2530 | |
2531 @node Index, , GNU Free Documentation License, Top | |
2532 @unnumbered Index | |
2533 @printindex cp | |
2534 | |
2535 @setchapternewpage odd | |
2536 @contents | |
2537 @bye | |
2538 | |
2539 @ignore | |
2540 arch-tag: 165ecb88-d03c-44b1-a921-b93f50b05b46 | |
2541 @end ignore |