Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/dired.texi @ 64636:b1d272fa1442
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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Tue, 26 Jul 2005 16:02:09 +0000 |
parents | 73c36bde4a25 |
children | 3723093a21fd 01137c1fdbe9 |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 |
28126 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not |
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16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are |
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17 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or |
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18 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current |
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19 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged |
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20 files. |
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21 |
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22 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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23 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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24 |
25829 | 25 @menu |
26 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
38745 | 27 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 28 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. |
29 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
30 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
31 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
32 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
33 either one file or several files. | |
34 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
35 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
36 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
37 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
38 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
39 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
40 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
41 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
61047 | 42 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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43 * Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features. |
25829 | 44 @end menu |
45 | |
46 @node Dired Enter | |
47 @section Entering Dired | |
48 | |
49 @findex dired | |
50 @kindex C-x d | |
51 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
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52 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command |
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53 reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer |
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54 argument to specify which files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a |
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55 directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from |
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56 @code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so |
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57 that the special commands of Dired are available. |
25829 | 58 |
59 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
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60 give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} contain |
25829 | 61 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired} |
62 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer | |
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63 before you enter the directory specification. No matter how they are |
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64 specified, the @code{ls} switches should all be short options (that |
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65 is, single characters) requiring no arguments. |
25829 | 66 |
67 @findex dired-other-window | |
68 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
69 @findex dired-other-frame | |
70 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
71 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
72 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
73 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
74 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
75 | |
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76 @node Dired Navigation |
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77 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer |
25829 | 78 |
79 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
80 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
81 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
82 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also | |
83 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the | |
84 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the | |
85 beginning of the line. | |
86 | |
87 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
88 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
89 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
90 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
91 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
92 | |
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93 @findex dired-goto-file |
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94 @kindex M-g @r{(Dired)} |
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95 @kbd{M-g} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that |
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96 describes a specified file or directory. |
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97 |
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98 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired |
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99 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}. |
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100 |
25829 | 101 @node Dired Deletion |
102 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
103 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
104 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
105 | |
38745 | 106 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for |
107 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged. | |
25829 | 108 |
109 @table @kbd | |
110 @item d | |
111 Flag this file for deletion. | |
112 @item u | |
113 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
114 @item @key{DEL} | |
115 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
116 @item x | |
117 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
118 @end table | |
119 | |
120 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
121 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
122 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the | |
123 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at | |
124 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, | |
125 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric | |
126 argument serves as a repeat count. | |
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127 |
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128 @cindex recursive deletion |
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129 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes |
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130 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} controls whether the |
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131 delete command will delete non-empty directories (including their |
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132 contents). The default is to delete only empty directories. |
25829 | 133 |
134 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
135 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
136 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to | |
137 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct | |
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138 Dired to delete the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using |
25829 | 139 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works |
140 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags. | |
141 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; | |
142 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
143 | |
144 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
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145 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete |
25829 | 146 @cindex expunging (Dired) |
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147 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). |
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148 (This is also known as @dfn{expunging}.) |
25829 | 149 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for |
150 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, | |
151 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text | |
152 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. | |
153 | |
154 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
155 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
156 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
157 | |
158 @node Flagging Many Files | |
159 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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160 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 161 |
162 @table @kbd | |
163 @item # | |
164 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
165 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
166 | |
167 @item ~ | |
168 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
169 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
170 | |
171 @item & | |
172 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that | |
173 suggest you could easily create the files again. | |
174 | |
175 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
176 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
177 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
178 flagged. | |
179 | |
180 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
181 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
182 @var{regexp}. | |
183 @end table | |
184 | |
185 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
186 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
187 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
188 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
189 keep.@refill | |
190 | |
191 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
192 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
193 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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194 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 195 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
196 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
197 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
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198 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and |
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199 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. |
25829 | 200 |
201 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
202 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
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203 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 204 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
205 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that | |
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206 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}. |
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207 |
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208 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} |
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209 @findex dired-flag-backup-files |
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210 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files |
38745 | 211 whose names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, files |
212 whose names end in @samp{~}. | |
25829 | 213 |
214 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
215 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
216 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
217 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
218 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
219 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
220 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
221 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
222 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
223 keep. | |
224 | |
225 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
226 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
227 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
228 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
229 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
230 | |
231 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
232 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
233 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
234 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
235 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
236 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories | |
237 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
238 | |
239 @node Dired Visiting | |
240 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
241 | |
242 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
243 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
244 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
245 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
246 | |
247 @table @kbd | |
248 @item f | |
249 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
250 @findex dired-find-file | |
251 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
252 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
253 | |
254 @item @key{RET} | |
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255 @itemx e |
25829 | 256 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} |
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257 @kindex e @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 258 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. |
259 | |
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260 @ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all. |
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261 @item a |
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262 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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263 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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264 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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265 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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266 @end ignore |
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267 |
25829 | 268 @item o |
269 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
270 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
271 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
272 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
273 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
274 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
275 | |
276 @item C-o | |
277 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
278 @findex dired-display-file | |
279 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
280 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
281 | |
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282 @item Mouse-1 |
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283 @itemx Mouse-2 |
25829 | 284 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window |
285 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
286 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
287 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
288 | |
289 @item v | |
290 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
291 @findex dired-view-file | |
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292 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} |
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293 (@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is |
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294 like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file |
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295 conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File |
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296 Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. |
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297 |
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298 @item ^ |
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299 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)} |
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300 @findex dired-up-directory |
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301 Visit the parent directory of the current directory |
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302 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is more convenient than moving to |
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303 the parent directory's line and typing @kbd{f} there. |
25829 | 304 @end table |
305 | |
306 @node Marks vs Flags | |
307 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
308 | |
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309 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
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310 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the |
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311 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired |
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312 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}, the |
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313 exception being @kbd{x} which deletes the flagged files. |
25829 | 314 |
315 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or | |
316 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and | |
317 unflag files.) | |
318 | |
319 @table @kbd | |
320 @item m | |
321 @itemx * m | |
322 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
323 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
324 @findex dired-mark | |
325 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
326 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
327 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
328 files.) | |
329 | |
330 @item * * | |
331 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
332 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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333 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 334 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
335 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
336 those files. | |
337 | |
338 @item * @@ | |
339 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
340 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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341 @cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired) |
25829 | 342 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
343 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
344 | |
345 @item * / | |
346 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
347 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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348 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
25829 | 349 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for |
350 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric | |
351 argument, unmark all those files. | |
352 | |
353 @item * s | |
354 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
355 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
356 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
357 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
358 | |
359 @item u | |
360 @itemx * u | |
361 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
362 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
363 @findex dired-unmark | |
364 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
365 | |
366 @item @key{DEL} | |
367 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
368 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
369 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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370 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 371 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
372 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
373 | |
374 @item * ! | |
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375 @itemx U |
25829 | 376 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} |
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377 @kindex U @r{(Dired)} |
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378 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks |
25829 | 379 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer |
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380 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). |
25829 | 381 |
382 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
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383 @itemx M-@key{DEL} |
25829 | 384 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} |
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385 @kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 386 @findex dired-unmark-all-files |
387 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
388 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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389 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 390 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
391 character with another. | |
25829 | 392 |
393 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
394 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
395 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
396 files without asking about them. | |
397 | |
398 @item * C-n | |
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399 @itemx M-@} |
25829 | 400 @findex dired-next-marked-file |
401 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
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402 @kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 403 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) |
404 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
405 | |
406 @item * C-p | |
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407 @itemx M-@{ |
25829 | 408 @findex dired-prev-marked-file |
409 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
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410 @kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 411 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) |
412 | |
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413 @item t |
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414 @itemx * t |
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415 @kindex t @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 416 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} |
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417 @findex dired-toggle-marks |
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418 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
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419 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*} |
25829 | 420 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files |
421 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
422 | |
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423 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 424 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
425 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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426 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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427 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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428 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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429 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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430 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 431 |
432 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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433 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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434 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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435 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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436 acts on. |
25829 | 437 |
438 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
439 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
440 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
441 | |
442 @example | |
443 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
444 @end example | |
445 | |
36507 | 446 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 447 |
448 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
449 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
450 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
451 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
452 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
453 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
454 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
455 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
456 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}. | |
457 | |
458 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
459 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by | |
460 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
461 | |
462 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
463 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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464 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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465 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 466 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
467 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
468 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
469 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
470 name. | |
471 | |
472 @item C-_ | |
473 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} | |
474 @findex dired-undo | |
475 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
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476 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the |
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477 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes |
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478 changes in the buffer itself. For example, if used after renaming one |
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479 or more files, @code{dired-undo} restores the original names, which |
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480 will get the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of the |
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481 directory. |
25829 | 482 @end table |
483 | |
484 @node Operating on Files | |
485 @section Operating on Files | |
486 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
487 | |
488 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
489 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
490 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
491 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to | |
492 specify which files to manipulate: | |
493 | |
494 @itemize @bullet | |
495 @item | |
496 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
497 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
498 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
499 the current line.) | |
500 | |
501 @item | |
502 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
503 on all those files. | |
504 | |
505 @item | |
506 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
507 @end itemize | |
508 | |
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509 @vindex dired-dwim-target |
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510 @cindex two directories (in Dired) |
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511 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which |
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512 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default |
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513 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired |
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514 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} |
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515 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the |
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516 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. |
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517 |
25829 | 518 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this |
519 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
520 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.) | |
521 | |
522 @table @kbd | |
523 @findex dired-do-copy | |
524 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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525 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 526 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
527 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
528 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
529 name. | |
530 | |
531 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
532 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with | |
533 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same | |
534 as that of the old file. | |
535 | |
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536 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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537 @cindex recursive copying |
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538 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether |
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539 directories are copied recursively. The default is to not copy |
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540 recursively, which means that directories cannot be copied. |
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541 |
25829 | 542 @item D |
543 @findex dired-do-delete | |
544 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
545 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
546 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
547 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
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548 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. |
25829 | 549 |
550 @findex dired-do-rename | |
551 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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552 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
25829 | 553 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
554 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
555 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
556 file) the new name. | |
557 | |
558 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
559 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
560 | |
561 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
562 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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563 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 564 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
565 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
566 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
567 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
568 | |
569 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
570 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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571 @cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired) |
25829 | 572 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
573 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
574 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
575 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
576 | |
577 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
578 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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579 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 580 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
581 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
582 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
583 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
584 | |
585 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
586 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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587 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 588 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
589 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
590 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
591 | |
592 @findex dired-do-chown | |
593 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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594 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 595 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
596 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
597 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
598 this.) | |
599 | |
600 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
601 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
602 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
603 different places). | |
604 | |
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605 @findex dired-do-touch |
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606 @kindex T @r{(Dired)} |
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607 @cindex changing file time (in Dired) |
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608 @item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET} |
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609 Change the time of the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). |
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610 |
25829 | 611 @findex dired-do-print |
612 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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613 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 614 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
615 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
616 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
617 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
618 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
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619 @pxref{Printing}). |
25829 | 620 |
621 @findex dired-do-compress | |
622 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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623 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 624 @item Z |
625 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
626 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead. | |
627 | |
628 @findex dired-do-load | |
629 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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630 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 631 @item L |
632 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
633 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
634 | |
635 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
636 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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637 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 638 @item B |
639 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
640 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
641 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
642 | |
643 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
644 @findex dired-do-search | |
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645 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 646 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
647 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
648 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
649 | |
650 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
651 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
652 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
653 | |
654 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
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655 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp |
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656 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
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657 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
25829 | 658 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, |
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659 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string |
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660 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). |
25829 | 661 |
662 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
663 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
664 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
665 @end table | |
666 | |
667 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} | |
668 @findex dired-create-directory | |
669 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
670 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and | |
671 creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
672 | |
673 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
674 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
675 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
676 | |
677 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
678 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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679 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
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680 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell |
25829 | 681 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the |
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682 specified files. @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}. You can specify the |
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683 files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands |
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684 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two ways of applying a shell |
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685 command to multiple files: |
25829 | 686 |
687 @itemize @bullet | |
688 @item | |
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689 If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command, |
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690 then the command runs just once, with the list of file names |
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691 substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of |
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692 appearance in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 693 |
694 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
695 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
696 | |
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697 If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around |
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698 it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*}; |
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699 but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does |
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700 not treat it specially. |
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701 |
25829 | 702 @item |
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703 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by |
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704 whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file |
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705 name is added at the end. |
25829 | 706 |
707 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
708 file. | |
709 | |
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710 @item |
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711 However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by |
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712 whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather |
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713 than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once |
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714 in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence. |
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715 @end itemize |
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716 |
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717 To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an |
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718 explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file, |
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719 making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file |
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720 name: |
25829 | 721 |
722 @example | |
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723 for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done |
25829 | 724 @end example |
725 | |
726 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
727 of the Dired buffer. | |
728 | |
729 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show | |
730 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell | |
731 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use | |
732 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
733 Updating}). | |
734 | |
735 @node Transforming File Names | |
736 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
737 | |
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738 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a |
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739 systematic way. |
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740 |
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741 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on |
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742 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next |
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743 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current |
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744 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs |
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745 Flags}.) |
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746 |
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747 All of the commands described in this section work |
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748 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each |
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749 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually |
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750 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and |
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751 then refine the selection by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the |
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752 command prompts for confirmation. |
25829 | 753 |
754 @table @kbd | |
755 @findex dired-upcase | |
756 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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757 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 758 @item % u |
759 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
760 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
761 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
762 | |
763 @item % l | |
764 @findex dired-downcase | |
765 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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766 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 767 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
768 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
769 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
770 | |
771 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
772 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
773 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
774 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
775 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
776 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
777 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
778 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
779 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
780 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
781 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
782 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
783 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
784 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
785 from the name of the old file. | |
786 @end table | |
787 | |
788 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform | |
789 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. | |
790 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a | |
791 substitution pattern @var{to}. | |
792 | |
793 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular | |
794 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. | |
795 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to | |
796 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
797 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression | |
798 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced. | |
799 | |
800 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
801 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
802 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
803 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
804 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
805 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
806 | |
807 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
808 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
809 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
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810 entire absolute file name including directory name. (Non-zero |
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811 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) |
25829 | 812 |
813 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the | |
814 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
815 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
816 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make | |
817 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last | |
818 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default. | |
819 | |
820 @node Comparison in Dired | |
821 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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822 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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823 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 824 |
825 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
826 @code{diff}. | |
827 | |
828 @table @kbd | |
829 @item = | |
830 @findex dired-diff | |
831 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
832 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file | |
833 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The | |
834 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at | |
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835 point is the second argument. Use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} |
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836 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line |
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837 (@pxref{Setting Mark}), since @code{dired-diff} ignores the files marked |
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838 with the Dired's @kbd{m} command. |
25829 | 839 |
840 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
841 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
842 @item M-= | |
843 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
844 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
845 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
846 a file with any backup version of your choice. | |
847 | |
848 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
849 @end table | |
850 | |
851 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
852 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
853 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
854 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
855 | |
856 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
857 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
858 | |
859 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
860 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
861 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
862 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
863 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
864 | |
865 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will | |
866 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with | |
867 the @kbd{i} command: | |
868 | |
869 @table @kbd | |
870 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
871 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
872 @item i | |
873 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
874 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
875 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
876 @end table | |
877 | |
878 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
879 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
880 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
881 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
882 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
883 | |
884 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
885 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
886 | |
887 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
888 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
889 describing that subdirectory). | |
890 | |
891 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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892 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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893 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 894 |
895 @node Subdirectory Motion | |
896 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
897 | |
898 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
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899 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories |
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900 (@pxref{Pages}). |
25829 | 901 |
902 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
903 @cindex directory header lines | |
904 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
905 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
906 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
907 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
908 | |
909 @table @kbd | |
910 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
911 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
912 @item C-M-n | |
913 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
914 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
915 | |
916 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
917 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
918 @item C-M-p | |
919 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
920 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
921 | |
922 @findex dired-tree-up | |
923 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
924 @item C-M-u | |
925 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
926 | |
927 @findex dired-tree-down | |
928 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
929 @item C-M-d | |
930 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
931 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
932 | |
933 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
934 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
935 @item < | |
936 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
937 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
938 parent directory. | |
939 | |
940 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
941 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
942 @item > | |
943 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
944 @end table | |
945 | |
946 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
947 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
948 | |
949 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
950 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
951 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}). | |
952 | |
953 @table @kbd | |
954 @item $ | |
955 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
956 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
957 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
958 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
959 as a repeat count. | |
960 | |
961 @item M-$ | |
962 @findex dired-hide-all | |
963 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
964 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
965 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
966 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
967 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
968 subdirectories far away. | |
969 @end table | |
970 | |
971 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
972 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
973 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
974 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
975 without having to remove the markers. | |
976 | |
977 @node Dired Updating | |
978 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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979 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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980 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 981 |
982 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
983 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
984 part of the Dired buffer. | |
985 | |
986 @table @kbd | |
987 @item g | |
988 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
989 | |
990 @item l | |
991 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). | |
992 | |
993 @item k | |
994 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
995 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
996 | |
997 @item s | |
998 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
999 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
1000 | |
1001 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
1002 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
1003 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1004 @end table | |
1005 | |
1006 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
1007 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
1008 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
1009 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
1010 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
1011 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
1012 | |
1013 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
1014 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
1015 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
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1016 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, |
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1017 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous |
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1018 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the |
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1019 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, |
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1020 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. |
25829 | 1021 |
1022 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
1023 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
1024 | |
1025 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
1026 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
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1027 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not |
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1028 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like |
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1029 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} |
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1030 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the |
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1031 current file as a last resort. |
25829 | 1032 |
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1033 If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line |
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1034 for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired |
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1035 buffer as a subdirectory, then this deletes that subdirectory from the |
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1036 buffer as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory |
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1037 is another way to delete a subdirectory from the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 1038 |
1039 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
1040 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
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1041 reinsert a subdirectory. |
25829 | 1042 |
1043 @cindex Dired sorting | |
1044 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
1045 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
1046 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
1047 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
1048 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
1049 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
1050 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
1051 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
1052 | |
1053 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
1054 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1055 | |
1056 @node Dired and Find | |
1057 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
1058 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
1059 | |
1060 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
1061 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
1062 | |
1063 @findex find-name-dired | |
1064 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
1065 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
1066 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
1067 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
1068 | |
1069 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the | |
1070 ordinary Dired commands are available. | |
1071 | |
1072 @findex find-grep-dired | |
1073 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
1074 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
1075 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
1076 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
1077 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
1078 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}. | |
1079 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. | |
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1080 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1081 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1082 |
1083 @findex find-dired | |
1084 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1085 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1086 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1087 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1088 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1089 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1090 | |
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1091 @vindex find-ls-option |
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1092 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the |
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(Dired and Find): `find-ls-option' does not apply to `M-x locate'.
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1093 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using |
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1094 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you |
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|
1095 may need to change the value of this variable. |
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|
1096 |
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|
1097 @findex locate |
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1098 @findex locate-with-filter |
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|
1099 @cindex file database (locate) |
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|
1100 @vindex locate-command |
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Proofreading fixes from Tim Goodwin <tjg@star.le.ac.uk>.
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|
1101 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate} |
38156 | 1102 program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines |
38124
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|
1103 matching a given regular expression. |
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|
1104 |
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|
1105 These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers. File |
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(Dired Enter): Mention conditions on `ls' switches.
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|
1106 operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer. |
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|
1107 Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories, |
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|
1108 and erases all flags and marks. |
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1109 |
61047 | 1110 @node Wdired |
1111 @section Editing the Dired Buffer | |
1112 | |
1113 @cindex wdired mode | |
1114 @findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode | |
1115 Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations | |
1116 by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands | |
1117 for ``writable''.) To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{M-x | |
1118 wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively, | |
1119 use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu. | |
1120 | |
1121 @findex wdired-finish-edit | |
1122 While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names | |
1123 displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing | |
1124 commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are | |
1125 available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1126 (@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches | |
1127 back to ordinary Dired mode. | |
1128 | |
1129 Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another | |
1130 directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or | |
1131 relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire filename. | |
1132 To change the target of a symbolic link, just edit the target name | |
1133 displayed next to the link name. | |
1134 | |
1135 The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and | |
1136 modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it. | |
1137 However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to | |
1138 @code{t}, the file permission bits can also be edited. For example, | |
1139 you can change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file | |
1140 world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c | |
1141 C-c}. | |
1142 | |
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(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
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|
1143 @node Misc Dired Features |
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|
1144 @section Other Dired Features |
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|
1145 |
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diff
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|
1146 @cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired. |
58926
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(Dired Navigation): Add @r{(Dired)} to M-g.
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents:
56469
diff
changeset
|
1147 @kindex w @r{(Dired)} |
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(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
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|
1148 @findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill |
60791
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(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
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changeset
|
1149 The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the |
52576
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parents:
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|
1150 names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if |
61300
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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diff
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|
1151 you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space. |
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(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
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|
1152 |
60791
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changeset
|
1153 The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
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|
1154 names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
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|
1155 was pushed onto the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list |
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|
1156 of currently marked files in the echo area. With a zero prefix |
61300
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
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diff
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|
1157 argument, this uses the absolute file name of each marked file. With |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
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|
1158 just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses file names relative to |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
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|
1159 the Dired buffer's default directory. (This can still contain slashes |
03009601147e
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|
1160 if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, if point is on a directory |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
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|
1161 headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute name of that directory. |
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|
1162 Any prefix argument or marked files are ignored in this case. |
60791
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|
1163 |
61846
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(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
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|
1164 @findex dired-compare-directories |
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|
1165 The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare |
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|
1166 the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files |
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|
1167 that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks |
56236a372355
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|
1168 in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes |
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|
1169 the current buffer. |
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|
1170 |
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|
1171 The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the |
56236a372355
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|
1172 prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does |
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|
1173 not appear in the other directory is ``different''. You can specify |
56236a372355
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|
1174 more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can |
56236a372355
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|
1175 refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective |
56236a372355
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|
1176 file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification |
56236a372355
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|
1177 times in seconds, as floating point numers; and @code{fa1} and |
56236a372355
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|
1178 @code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the |
56236a372355
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|
1179 function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for |
56236a372355
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parents:
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changeset
|
1180 each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is |
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parents:
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|
1181 non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different''. |
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|
1182 |
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changeset
|
1183 For instance, @code{M-x dired-compare-directories @key{RET} (> |
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changeset
|
1184 mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this directory than in |
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diff
changeset
|
1185 the other, and marks files older in the other directory than in this |
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changeset
|
1186 one. It also marks files with no counterpart, in both directories, as |
56236a372355
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changeset
|
1187 always. |
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|
1188 |
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changeset
|
1189 @cindex drag and drop, Dired |
60791
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diff
changeset
|
1190 On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop'' |
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(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
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60103
diff
changeset
|
1191 protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop |
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|
1192 it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link |
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60103
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changeset
|
1193 to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is |
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parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1194 determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired |
fa4296e0e363
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|
1195 buffer is currently not supported. |
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|
1196 |
52401 | 1197 @ignore |
1198 arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1 | |
1199 @end ignore |