annotate man/major.texi @ 75323:b25895e8e0f5

Update copyright for years from Emacs 21 to present (mainly adding 2001). (\year): Update to 2007. (\version): Separate version year from copyright year.
author Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
date Sat, 20 Jan 2007 22:03:27 +0000
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top
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6 @chapter Major Modes
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7 @cindex major modes
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8 @cindex mode, major
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9 @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)}
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10 @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)}
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11 @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)}
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12
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13 Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which
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14 customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes
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15 are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time.
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16 The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in
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17 parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}).
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18
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19 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
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20 This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so
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21 that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each
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22 user option variable is in its default state. For editing text of a
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23 specific type that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English
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24 text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp
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25 mode or Text mode.
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26
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27 Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
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28 more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones that
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29 are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}. The
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30 prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands. In
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31 addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine
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32 how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the
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33 syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer.
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34 @xref{Syntax}.
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35
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36 The major modes fall into three major groups. The first group
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37 contains modes for normal text, either plain or with mark-up. It
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38 includes Text mode, HTML mode, SGML mode, @TeX{} mode and Outline
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39 mode. The second group contains modes for specific programming
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40 languages. These include Lisp mode (which has several variants), C
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41 mode, Fortran mode, and others. The remaining major modes are not
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42 intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for
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43 specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by
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44 Dired (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by @kbd{C-x m}
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45 (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for
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46 communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive
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47 Shell}).
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48
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49 Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines
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50 separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful.
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51 (@xref{Paragraphs}.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
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52 definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates. This is
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53 because most lines in a program are usually indented
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54 (@pxref{Indentation}).
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55
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56 @menu
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57 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
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58 @end menu
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59
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60 @node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes
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61 @section How Major Modes are Chosen
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62
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63 @cindex choosing a major mode
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64 You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
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65 most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
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66 name or on special text in the file.
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67
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68 To explicitly select a new major, you use an @kbd{M-x} command.
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69 Take the name of a major mode and add @code{-mode} to get the name of
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70 the command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by
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71 executing @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}.
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72
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73 @vindex auto-mode-alist
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74 When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based
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75 on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are
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76 edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is
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77 controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. Its value is a list in
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78 which each element has this form,
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79
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80 @example
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81 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
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82 @end example
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83
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84 @noindent
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85 or this form,
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86
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87 @example
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88 (@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})
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89 @end example
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90
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91 @noindent
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92 For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
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93 @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C
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94 mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}. (Note that @samp{\\} is
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95 needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which must
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96 be used to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.) If
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97 the element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function}
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98 @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling
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99 @var{mode-function}, Emacs discards the suffix that matched
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100 @var{regexp} and searches the list again for another match.
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101
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102 @vindex magic-mode-alist
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103 Sometimes the major mode is determined from the way the file's text
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104 begins. The variable @code{magic-mode-alist} controls this. Its value
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105 is a list of elements of these forms:
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106
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107 @example
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108 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
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109 (@var{match-function} . @var{mode-function})
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110 @end example
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111
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112 @noindent
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113 The first form looks like an element of @code{auto-mode-alist}, but it
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114 doesn't work the same: this @var{regexp} is matched against the text
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115 at the start of the buffer, not against the file name. Likewise, the
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116 second form calls @var{match-function} at the beginning of the buffer,
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117 and if the function returns non-@code{nil}, the @var{mode-function} is
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118 called. @code{magic-mode-alist} takes priority over
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119 @code{auto-mode-alist}.
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120
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121 You can specify the major mode to use for editing a certain file by
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122 special text in the first nonblank line of the file. The
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123 mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
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124 @samp{-*-}. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example,
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125
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126 @example
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127 ;-*-Lisp-*-
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128 @end example
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129
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130 @noindent
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131 tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides
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132 any defaults based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used
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133 to make Lisp treat this line as a comment.
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134
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135 Another format of mode specification is
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136
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137 @example
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138 -*- mode: @var{modename};-*-
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139 @end example
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140
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141 @noindent
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142 which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this:
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143
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144 @example
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145 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*-
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146 @end example
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147
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148 @noindent
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149 @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this.
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150
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151 @vindex auto-mode-case-fold
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152 On systems with case-insensitive file names, only a single
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153 case-insensitive search through the @code{auto-mode-alist} is made.
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154 On other systems, Emacs normally performs a single case-sensitive
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155 search through the alist, but if you set this variable to a
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156 non-@code{nil} value, Emacs will perform a second case-insensitive
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157 search if the first search fails.
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158
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159 @vindex interpreter-mode-alist
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160 When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an
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161 executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on
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162 the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the
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163 interpreter.
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164
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165 When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not
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166 specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line
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167 to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized
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168 interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a
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169 mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable
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170 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between
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171 interpreter program names and major modes.
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172
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173 When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many
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174 systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the
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175 system would get confused when running the interpreter. So Emacs looks
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176 for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the
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177 first line.
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178
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179 @vindex default-major-mode
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180 When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
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181 when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable
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182 @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use. Normally
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183 its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies
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184 Fundamental mode. If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major
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185 mode is taken from the previously current buffer.
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186
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187 @findex normal-mode
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188 If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major
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189 mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x
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190 normal-mode} to do this. This is the same function that
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191 @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode. It also processes
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Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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192 the file's @samp{-*-} line or local variables list (if any).
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193 @xref{File Variables}.
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194
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195 @vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name
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196 The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to
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197 a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}).
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198 (@kbd{C-x C-s} does this too, if the buffer wasn't visiting a file.)
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199 However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major
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200 mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to
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201 change. You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting
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202 @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}.
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203
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204 @ignore
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205 arch-tag: f2558800-cf32-4839-8acb-7d3b4df2a155
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206 @end ignore