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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Wed, 09 Sep 2009 02:38:50 +0000 |
parents | caa79498564a |
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rev | line source |
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84296 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*- mode: texinfo; -*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
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3 @setfilename ../../info/efaq |
84296 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs FAQ |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
7 @c This is used in many places | |
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8 @set VER 23.1.50 |
84296 | 9 |
10 @c This file is maintained by Romain Francoise <rfrancoise@gnu.org>. | |
11 @c Feel free to install changes without prior permission (but I'd | |
12 @c appreciate a notice if you do). | |
13 | |
14 @copying | |
100974 | 15 Copyright @copyright{} 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 |
84296 | 16 Free Software Foundation, Inc.@* |
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17 Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 |
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18 Reuven M. Lerner@* |
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19 Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993 Steven Byrnes@* |
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20 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992 Joseph Brian Wells@* |
84296 | 21 |
22 @quotation | |
23 This list of frequently asked questions about GNU Emacs with answers | |
24 (``FAQ'') may be translated into other languages, transformed into other | |
25 formats (e.g. Texinfo, Info, WWW, WAIS), and updated with new information. | |
26 | |
27 The same conditions apply to any derivative of the FAQ as apply to the FAQ | |
28 itself. Every copy of the FAQ must include this notice or an approved | |
29 translation, information on who is currently maintaining the FAQ and how to | |
30 contact them (including their e-mail address), and information on where the | |
31 latest version of the FAQ is archived (including FTP information). | |
32 | |
33 The FAQ may be copied and redistributed under these conditions, except that | |
34 the FAQ may not be embedded in a larger literary work unless that work | |
35 itself allows free copying and redistribution. | |
36 | |
37 [This version has been heavily edited since it was included in the Emacs | |
38 distribution.] | |
39 @end quotation | |
40 @end copying | |
41 | |
42 @dircategory Emacs | |
43 @direntry | |
44 * Emacs FAQ: (efaq). Frequently Asked Questions about Emacs. | |
45 @end direntry | |
46 | |
47 @c The @titlepage stuff only appears in the printed version | |
48 @titlepage | |
49 @sp 10 | |
50 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs FAQ} | |
51 | |
52 @c The following two commands start the copyright page. | |
53 @page | |
54 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
55 @insertcopying | |
56 @end titlepage | |
57 | |
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58 @contents |
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59 |
103394 | 60 @node Top, FAQ notation, (dir), (dir) |
61 @top The GNU Emacs FAQ | |
84296 | 62 |
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63 @c FIXME @today is just the day we ran `makeinfo'. |
84296 | 64 This is the GNU Emacs FAQ, last updated on @today{}. |
65 | |
66 This FAQ is maintained as a part of GNU Emacs. If you find any errors, | |
67 or have any suggestions, please use @kbd{M-x report-emacs-bug} to report | |
68 them. | |
69 | |
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70 This is the version of the FAQ distributed with Emacs @value{VER}, and |
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71 mainly describes that version. Although there is some information on |
103446 | 72 older versions, details about very old releases (now only of historical |
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73 interest) have been removed. If you are interested in this, consult |
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74 either the version of the FAQ distributed with older versions of Emacs, |
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75 or the history of this document in the Emacs source repository. |
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76 |
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77 Since Emacs releases are very stable, we recommend always running the |
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78 latest release. |
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79 |
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80 This FAQ is not updated very frequently. When you have a question about |
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81 Emacs, the Emacs manual is often the best starting point. |
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82 |
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83 @ifnottex |
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84 @insertcopying |
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85 @end ifnottex |
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86 |
84296 | 87 @menu |
88 * FAQ notation:: | |
89 * General questions:: | |
90 * Getting help:: | |
91 * Status of Emacs:: | |
92 * Common requests:: | |
93 * Bugs and problems:: | |
94 * Compiling and installing Emacs:: | |
95 * Finding Emacs and related packages:: | |
96 * Major packages and programs:: | |
97 * Key bindings:: | |
98 * Alternate character sets:: | |
99 * Mail and news:: | |
100 * Concept index:: | |
101 @end menu | |
102 | |
103 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 104 @node FAQ notation |
84296 | 105 @chapter FAQ notation |
106 @cindex FAQ notation | |
107 | |
108 This chapter describes notation used in the GNU Emacs FAQ, as well as in | |
109 the Emacs documentation. Consult this section if this is the first time | |
110 you are reading the FAQ, or if you are confused by notation or terms | |
111 used in the FAQ. | |
112 | |
113 @menu | |
114 * Basic keys:: | |
115 * Extended commands:: | |
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116 * Emacs manual:: |
84296 | 117 * File-name conventions:: |
118 * Common acronyms:: | |
119 @end menu | |
120 | |
103394 | 121 @node Basic keys |
84296 | 122 @section What do these mean: @kbd{C-h}, @kbd{C-M-a}, @key{RET}, @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, etc.? |
123 @cindex Basic keys | |
124 @cindex Control key, notation for | |
125 @cindex @key{Meta} key, notation for | |
126 @cindex Control-Meta characters, notation for | |
127 @cindex @kbd{C-h}, definition of | |
128 @cindex @kbd{C-M-h}, definition of | |
129 @cindex @key{DEL}, definition of | |
130 @cindex @key{ESC}, definition of | |
131 @cindex @key{LFD}, definition of | |
132 @cindex @key{RET}, definition of | |
133 @cindex @key{SPC}, definition of | |
134 @cindex @key{TAB}, definition of | |
135 @cindex Notation for keys | |
136 | |
137 @itemize @bullet | |
138 | |
139 @item | |
140 @kbd{C-x}: press the @key{x} key while holding down the @key{Control} key | |
141 | |
142 @item | |
143 @kbd{M-x}: press the @key{x} key while holding down the @key{Meta} key | |
144 (if your computer doesn't have a @key{Meta} key, @pxref{No Meta key}) | |
145 | |
146 @item | |
147 @kbd{M-C-x}: press the @key{x} key while holding down both @key{Control} | |
148 and @key{Meta} | |
149 | |
150 @item | |
151 @kbd{C-M-x}: a synonym for the above | |
152 | |
153 @item | |
154 @key{LFD}: Linefeed or Newline; same as @kbd{C-j} | |
155 | |
156 @item | |
157 @key{RET}: @key{Return}, sometimes marked @key{Enter}; same as @kbd{C-m} | |
158 | |
159 @item | |
160 @key{DEL}: @key{Delete}, usually @strong{not} the same as | |
161 @key{Backspace}; same as @kbd{C-?} (see @ref{Backspace invokes help}, if | |
162 deleting invokes Emacs help) | |
163 | |
164 @item | |
165 @key{ESC}: Escape; same as @kbd{C-[} | |
166 | |
167 @item | |
168 @key{TAB}: Tab; same as @kbd{C-i} | |
169 | |
170 @item | |
171 @key{SPC}: Space bar | |
172 | |
173 @end itemize | |
174 | |
175 Key sequences longer than one key (and some single-key sequences) are | |
176 written inside quotes or on lines by themselves, like this: | |
177 | |
178 @display | |
179 @kbd{M-x frobnicate-while-foo RET} | |
180 @end display | |
181 | |
182 @noindent | |
183 Any real spaces in such a key sequence should be ignored; only @key{SPC} | |
184 really means press the space key. | |
185 | |
186 The @acronym{ASCII} code sent by @kbd{C-x} (except for @kbd{C-?}) is the value | |
187 that would be sent by pressing just @key{x} minus 96 (or 64 for | |
188 upper-case @key{X}) and will be from 0 to 31. On Unix and GNU/Linux | |
189 terminals, the @acronym{ASCII} code sent by @kbd{M-x} is the sum of 128 and the | |
190 @acronym{ASCII} code that would be sent by pressing just @key{x}. Essentially, | |
191 @key{Control} turns off bits 5 and 6 and @key{Meta} turns on bit | |
192 7@footnote{ | |
193 DOS and Windows terminals don't set bit 7 when the @key{Meta} key is | |
194 pressed.}. | |
195 | |
196 @kbd{C-?} (aka @key{DEL}) is @acronym{ASCII} code 127. It is a misnomer to call | |
197 @kbd{C-?} a ``control'' key, since 127 has both bits 5 and 6 turned ON. | |
198 Also, on very few keyboards does @kbd{C-?} generate @acronym{ASCII} code 127. | |
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199 @c FIXME I cannot understand the previous sentence. |
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200 |
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201 @inforef{Keys, Keys, emacs}, for more information. (@xref{Emacs |
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202 manual}, for more information about Info.) |
84296 | 203 |
103394 | 204 @node Extended commands |
84296 | 205 @section What does @file{M-x @var{command}} mean? |
206 @cindex Extended commands | |
207 @cindex Commands, extended | |
208 @cindex M-x, meaning of | |
209 | |
210 @kbd{M-x @var{command}} means type @kbd{M-x}, then type the name of the | |
211 command, then type @key{RET}. (@xref{Basic keys}, if you're not sure | |
212 what @kbd{M-x} and @key{RET} mean.) | |
213 | |
214 @kbd{M-x} (by default) invokes the command | |
215 @code{execute-extended-command}. This command allows you to run any | |
216 Emacs command if you can remember the command's name. If you can't | |
217 remember the command's name, you can type @key{TAB} and @key{SPC} for | |
218 completion, @key{?} for a list of possibilities, and @kbd{M-p} and | |
103446 | 219 @kbd{M-n} (or up-arrow and down-arrow) to see previous commands entered. |
220 An Emacs @dfn{command} is an @dfn{interactive} Emacs function. | |
84296 | 221 |
222 @cindex @key{Do} key | |
223 Your system administrator may have bound other key sequences to invoke | |
224 @code{execute-extended-command}. A function key labeled @kbd{Do} is a | |
225 good candidate for this, on keyboards that have such a key. | |
226 | |
227 If you need to run non-interactive Emacs functions, see @ref{Evaluating | |
228 Emacs Lisp code}. | |
229 | |
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230 @node Emacs manual |
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231 @section How do I read topic XXX in the Emacs manual? |
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232 @cindex Emacs manual, reading topics in |
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233 @cindex Reading topics in the Emacs manual |
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234 @cindex Finding topics in the Emacs manual |
84296 | 235 @cindex Info, finding topics in |
236 | |
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237 When we refer you to some @var{topic} in the Emacs manual, you can |
84296 | 238 read this manual node inside Emacs (assuming nothing is broken) by |
239 typing @kbd{C-h i m emacs @key{RET} m @var{topic} @key{RET}}. | |
240 | |
241 This invokes Info, the GNU hypertext documentation browser. If you don't | |
242 already know how to use Info, type @key{?} from within Info. | |
243 | |
244 If we refer to @var{topic}:@var{subtopic}, type @kbd{C-h i m emacs | |
245 @key{RET} m @var{topic} @key{RET} m @var{subtopic} @key{RET}}. | |
246 | |
247 If these commands don't work as expected, your system administrator may | |
248 not have installed the Info files, or may have installed them | |
249 improperly. In this case you should complain. | |
250 | |
103446 | 251 If you are reading this FAQ in Info, you can simply press @key{RET} on a |
252 reference to follow it. | |
253 | |
84296 | 254 @xref{Getting a printed manual}, if you would like a paper copy of the |
255 Emacs manual. | |
256 | |
103394 | 257 @node File-name conventions |
103446 | 258 @section What are @file{etc/GNU}, @file{src/config.h}, @file{site-lisp/default.el}, etc.? |
84296 | 259 @cindex File-name conventions |
260 @cindex Conventions for file names | |
261 @cindex Directories and files that come with Emacs | |
262 | |
263 These are files that come with Emacs. The Emacs distribution is divided | |
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264 into subdirectories; e.g. @file{etc}, @file{lisp}, and @file{src}. |
103446 | 265 Some of these (e.g. @file{etc} and @file{lisp}) are present both in |
266 an installed Emacs and in the sources, but some (e.g. @file{src}) are | |
267 only found in the sources. | |
84296 | 268 |
269 If you use Emacs, but don't know where it is kept on your system, start | |
270 Emacs, then type @kbd{C-h v data-directory @key{RET}}. The directory | |
271 name displayed by this will be the full pathname of the installed | |
272 @file{etc} directory. (This full path is recorded in the Emacs variable | |
273 @code{data-directory}, and @kbd{C-h v} displays the value and the | |
274 documentation of a variable.) | |
275 | |
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276 The location of your Info directory (i.e., where Info documentation |
84296 | 277 is stored) is kept in the variable @code{Info-default-directory-list}. Use |
278 @kbd{C-h v Info-default-directory-list @key{RET}} to see the value of | |
279 this variable, which will be a list of directory names. The last | |
280 directory in that list is probably where most Info files are stored. By | |
103446 | 281 default, Emacs Info documentation is placed in @file{/usr/local/share/info}. |
282 | |
283 For information on some of the files in the @file{etc} directory, | |
284 @pxref{Informational files for Emacs}. | |
84296 | 285 |
103394 | 286 @node Common acronyms |
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287 @section What are FSF, LPF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL? |
84296 | 288 @cindex FSF, definition of |
289 @cindex LPF, definition of | |
290 @cindex GNU, definition of | |
291 @cindex RMS, definition of | |
292 @cindex Stallman, Richard, acronym for | |
293 @cindex Richard Stallman, acronym for | |
294 @cindex FTP, definition of | |
295 @cindex GPL, definition of | |
296 @cindex Acronyms, definitions for | |
297 @cindex Common acronyms, definitions for | |
298 | |
299 @table @asis | |
300 | |
301 @item FSF | |
302 Free Software Foundation | |
303 | |
304 @item LPF | |
305 League for Programming Freedom | |
306 | |
307 @item GNU | |
308 GNU's Not Unix | |
309 | |
310 @item RMS | |
311 Richard Matthew Stallman | |
312 | |
313 @item FTP | |
314 File Transfer Protocol | |
315 | |
316 @item GPL | |
317 GNU General Public License | |
318 | |
319 @end table | |
320 | |
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321 Avoid confusing the FSF and the LPF. The LPF opposes |
84296 | 322 look-and-feel copyrights and software patents. The FSF aims to make |
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323 high quality free software available for everyone. |
84296 | 324 |
325 The word ``free'' in the title of the Free Software Foundation refers to | |
326 ``freedom,'' not ``zero cost.'' Anyone can charge any price for | |
327 GPL-covered software that they want to. However, in practice, the | |
328 freedom enforced by the GPL leads to low prices, because you can always | |
329 get the software for less money from someone else, since everyone has | |
330 the right to resell or give away GPL-covered software. | |
331 | |
332 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 333 @node General questions |
84296 | 334 @chapter General questions |
335 @cindex General questions | |
336 | |
337 This chapter contains general questions having to do with Emacs, the | |
338 Free Software Foundation, and related organizations. | |
339 | |
340 @menu | |
341 * The LPF:: | |
342 * Real meaning of copyleft:: | |
343 * Guidelines for newsgroup postings:: | |
344 * Newsgroup archives:: | |
345 * Reporting bugs:: | |
346 * Unsubscribing from Emacs lists:: | |
347 * Contacting the FSF:: | |
348 @end menu | |
349 | |
103394 | 350 @node The LPF |
84296 | 351 @section What is the LPF? |
352 @cindex LPF, description of | |
353 @cindex League for Programming Freedom | |
354 @cindex Software patents, opposition to | |
355 @cindex Patents for software, opposition to | |
356 | |
357 The LPF opposes the expanding danger of software patents and | |
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358 look-and-feel copyrights. More information on the LPF's views is |
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359 available at @uref{http://progfree.org/, the LPF home page}. |
84296 | 360 |
103394 | 361 @node Real meaning of copyleft |
84296 | 362 @section What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft? |
363 @cindex Copyleft, real meaning of | |
364 @cindex GPL, real meaning of | |
365 @cindex General Public License, real meaning of | |
366 @cindex Discussion of the GPL | |
367 | |
368 The real legal meaning of the GNU General Public License (copyleft) will | |
369 only be known if and when a judge rules on its validity and scope. | |
370 There has never been a copyright infringement case involving the GPL to | |
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371 set any precedents. Although legal actions have been brought against |
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372 companies for violating the terms of the GPL, so far all have been |
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373 settled out of court (in favour of the plaintiffs). Please take any |
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374 discussion regarding this issue to the newsgroup |
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375 @uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss}, which was created to hold the extensive |
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376 flame wars on the subject. |
84296 | 377 |
378 RMS writes: | |
379 | |
380 @quotation | |
381 The legal meaning of the GNU copyleft is less important than the spirit, | |
382 which is that Emacs is a free software project and that work pertaining | |
383 to Emacs should also be free software. ``Free'' means that all users | |
384 have the freedom to study, share, change and improve Emacs. To make | |
385 sure everyone has this freedom, pass along source code when you | |
386 distribute any version of Emacs or a related program, and give the | |
387 recipients the same freedom that you enjoyed. | |
388 @end quotation | |
389 | |
103394 | 390 @node Guidelines for newsgroup postings |
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391 @section What are appropriate messages for the various Emacs newsgroups? |
84296 | 392 @cindex Newsgroups, appropriate messages for |
393 @cindex GNU newsgroups, appropriate messages for | |
394 @cindex Usenet groups, appropriate messages for | |
395 @cindex Mailing lists, appropriate messages for | |
396 @cindex Posting messages to newsgroups | |
397 | |
398 @cindex GNU mailing lists | |
399 The file @file{etc/MAILINGLISTS} describes the purpose of each GNU | |
103446 | 400 mailing list (@pxref{Informational files for Emacs}). For those lists |
401 which are gatewayed with newsgroups, it lists both the newsgroup name | |
402 and the mailing list address. The Emacs mailing lists are also | |
403 described at @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/mail/?group=emacs, the Emacs | |
404 Savannah page}. | |
84296 | 405 |
406 The newsgroup @uref{news:comp.emacs} is for discussion of Emacs programs | |
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407 in general. The newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} is specifically |
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408 for GNU Emacs. It therefore makes no sense to cross-post to both |
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409 groups, since only one can be appropriate to any question. |
84296 | 410 |
411 Messages advocating ``non-free'' software are considered unacceptable on | |
412 any of the @code{gnu.*} newsgroups except for @uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss}, | |
413 which was created to hold the extensive flame-wars on the subject. | |
414 ``Non-free'' software includes any software for which the end user can't | |
415 freely modify the source code and exchange enhancements. Be careful to | |
416 remove the @code{gnu.*} groups from the @samp{Newsgroups:} line when | |
417 posting a followup that recommends such software. | |
418 | |
419 @uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug} is a place where bug reports appear, but avoid | |
420 posting bug reports to this newsgroup directly (@pxref{Reporting bugs}). | |
421 | |
103394 | 422 @node Newsgroup archives |
84296 | 423 @section Where can I get old postings to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} and other GNU groups? |
424 @cindex Archived postings from @code{gnu.emacs.help} | |
425 @cindex Usenet archives for GNU groups | |
426 @cindex Old Usenet postings for GNU groups | |
427 | |
428 The FSF has maintained archives of all of the GNU mailing lists for many | |
429 years, although there may be some unintentional gaps in coverage. The | |
103446 | 430 archive can be browsed over the web at |
431 @uref{http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/, the GNU mail archive}. Raw | |
432 files can be downloaded from @uref{ftp://lists.gnu.org/}. | |
84296 | 433 |
434 Web-based Usenet search services, such as | |
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435 @uref{http://groups.google.com/groups/dir?q=gnu&, Google}, also |
84296 | 436 archive the @code{gnu.*} groups. |
437 | |
103446 | 438 You can also read the archives of the @code{gnu.*} groups and post new |
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439 messages at @uref{http://gmane.org/, Gmane}. Gmane is a service that |
103446 | 440 presents mailing lists as newsgroups (even those without a traditional |
441 mail-to-news gateway). | |
84296 | 442 |
103394 | 443 @node Reporting bugs |
84296 | 444 @section Where should I report bugs and other problems with Emacs? |
445 @cindex Bug reporting | |
446 @cindex Good bug reports | |
447 @cindex How to submit a bug report | |
448 @cindex Reporting bugs | |
449 | |
450 The correct way to report Emacs bugs is to use the command | |
451 @kbd{M-x report-emacs-bug}. It sets up a mail buffer with the | |
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452 essential information and the correct e-mail address, which is |
84296 | 453 @email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} for the released versions of Emacs. |
454 Anything sent to @email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} also appears in the | |
455 newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug}, but please use e-mail instead of | |
456 news to submit the bug report. This ensures a reliable return address | |
457 so you can be contacted for further details. | |
458 | |
459 Be sure to read the ``Bugs'' section of the Emacs manual before reporting | |
460 a bug! The manual describes in detail how to submit a useful bug | |
461 report (@pxref{Bugs, , Reporting Bugs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
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462 (@xref{Emacs manual}, if you don't know how to read the manual.) |
84296 | 463 |
464 RMS says: | |
465 | |
466 @quotation | |
467 Sending bug reports to @email{help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} (which has the | |
468 effect of posting on @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help}) is undesirable because | |
469 it takes the time of an unnecessarily large group of people, most of | |
470 whom are just users and have no idea how to fix these problem. | |
471 @email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} reaches a much smaller group of people | |
472 who are more likely to know what to do and have expressed a wish to | |
473 receive more messages about Emacs than the others. | |
474 @end quotation | |
475 | |
476 RMS says it is sometimes fine to post to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help}: | |
477 | |
478 @quotation | |
479 If you have reported a bug and you don't hear about a possible fix, | |
480 then after a suitable delay (such as a week) it is okay to post on | |
481 @code{gnu.emacs.help} asking if anyone can help you. | |
482 @end quotation | |
483 | |
484 If you are unsure whether you have found a bug, consider the following | |
485 non-exhaustive list, courtesy of RMS: | |
486 | |
487 @quotation | |
488 If Emacs crashes, that is a bug. If Emacs gets compilation errors | |
489 while building, that is a bug. If Emacs crashes while building, that | |
490 is a bug. If Lisp code does not do what the documentation says it | |
491 does, that is a bug. | |
492 @end quotation | |
493 | |
103394 | 494 @node Unsubscribing from Emacs lists |
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495 @section How do I unsubscribe from a mailing list? |
84296 | 496 @cindex Unsubscribing from GNU mailing lists |
497 @cindex Removing yourself from GNU mailing lists | |
498 | |
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499 If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named @var{list}, you should be |
84296 | 500 able to unsubscribe from it by sending a request to the address |
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501 @email{@var{list}-request@@gnu.org}. Mailing lists mails normally |
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502 contain information in either the message header |
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503 (@samp{List-Unsubscribe:}) or as a footer that tells you how to |
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504 unsubscribe. |
84296 | 505 |
103394 | 506 @node Contacting the FSF |
84296 | 507 @section What is the current address of the FSF? |
508 @cindex Snail mail address of the FSF | |
509 @cindex Postal address of the FSF | |
510 @cindex Contracting the FSF | |
511 @cindex Free Software Foundation, contacting | |
512 | |
103446 | 513 For up-to-date information, see |
514 @uref{http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html, the FSF contact web-page}. | |
515 | |
84296 | 516 @table @asis |
517 | |
518 @item E-mail | |
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519 info@@fsf.org |
84296 | 520 |
521 @item Telephone | |
522 +1-617-542-5942 | |
523 | |
524 @item Fax | |
525 +1-617-542-2652 | |
526 | |
527 @item World Wide Web | |
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528 @uref{http://www.fsf.org/} |
84296 | 529 |
530 @item Postal address | |
531 Free Software Foundation@* | |
532 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor@* | |
533 Boston, MA 02110-1301@* | |
534 USA@* | |
535 | |
536 @end table | |
537 | |
538 @cindex Ordering GNU software | |
539 For details on how to order items directly from the FSF, see the | |
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540 @uref{http://shop.fsf.org/, FSF on-line store}. |
84296 | 541 |
542 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 543 @node Getting help |
84296 | 544 @chapter Getting help |
545 @cindex Getting help | |
546 | |
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547 This chapter tells you how to get help with Emacs. |
84296 | 548 |
549 @menu | |
550 * Basic editing:: | |
551 * Learning how to do something:: | |
552 * Getting a printed manual:: | |
553 * Emacs Lisp documentation:: | |
554 * Installing Texinfo documentation:: | |
555 * Printing a Texinfo file:: | |
556 * Viewing Info files outside of Emacs:: | |
557 * Informational files for Emacs:: | |
558 * Help installing Emacs:: | |
559 * Obtaining the FAQ:: | |
560 @end menu | |
561 | |
103394 | 562 @node Basic editing |
84296 | 563 @section I'm just starting Emacs; how do I do basic editing? |
564 @cindex Basic editing with Emacs | |
565 @cindex Beginning editing | |
566 @cindex Tutorial, invoking the | |
567 @cindex Self-paced tutorial, invoking the | |
568 @cindex Help system, entering the | |
569 | |
570 Type @kbd{C-h t} to invoke the self-paced tutorial. Just typing | |
571 @kbd{C-h} enters the help system. Starting with Emacs 22, the tutorial | |
572 is available in many foreign languages such as French, German, Japanese, | |
573 Russian, etc. Use @kbd{M-x help-with-tutorial-spec-language @key{RET}} | |
574 to choose your language and start the tutorial. | |
575 | |
576 Your system administrator may have changed @kbd{C-h} to act like | |
577 @key{DEL} to deal with local keyboards. You can use @kbd{M-x | |
578 help-for-help} instead to invoke help. To discover what key (if any) | |
579 invokes help on your system, type @kbd{M-x where-is @key{RET} | |
580 help-for-help @key{RET}}. This will print a comma-separated list of key | |
581 sequences in the echo area. Ignore the last character in each key | |
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582 sequence listed. Each of the resulting key sequences (e.g. @key{F1} is |
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583 common) invokes help. |
84296 | 584 |
585 Emacs help works best if it is invoked by a single key whose value | |
586 should be stored in the variable @code{help-char}. | |
587 | |
103394 | 588 @node Learning how to do something |
84296 | 589 @section How do I find out how to do something in Emacs? |
590 @cindex Help for Emacs | |
591 @cindex Learning to do something in Emacs | |
592 @cindex Reference card for Emacs | |
593 @cindex Overview of help systems | |
594 | |
595 There are several methods for finding out how to do things in Emacs. | |
596 | |
597 @itemize @bullet | |
598 | |
599 @cindex Reading the Emacs manual | |
600 @item | |
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601 The complete text of the Emacs manual is available via the Info |
84296 | 602 hypertext reader. Type @kbd{C-h r} to display the manual in Info mode. |
603 Typing @key{h} immediately after entering Info will provide a short | |
604 tutorial on how to use it. | |
605 | |
606 @cindex Lookup a subject in a manual | |
607 @cindex Index search in a manual | |
608 @item | |
609 To quickly locate the section of the manual which discusses a certain | |
610 issue, or describes a command or a variable, type @kbd{C-h i m emacs | |
611 @key{RET} i @var{topic} @key{RET}}, where @var{topic} is the name of the | |
612 topic, the command, or the variable which you are looking for. If this | |
613 does not land you on the right place in the manual, press @kbd{,} | |
614 (comma) repeatedly until you find what you need. (The @kbd{i} and | |
615 @kbd{,} keys invoke the index-searching functions, which look for the | |
616 @var{topic} you type in all the indices of the Emacs manual.) | |
617 | |
618 @cindex Apropos | |
619 @item | |
620 You can list all of the commands whose names contain a certain word | |
621 (actually which match a regular expression) using @kbd{C-h a} (@kbd{M-x | |
622 command-apropos}). | |
623 | |
624 @cindex Command description in the manual | |
625 @item | |
626 The command @kbd{C-h F} (@code{Info-goto-emacs-command-node}) prompts | |
627 for the name of a command, and then attempts to find the section in the | |
628 Emacs manual where that command is described. | |
629 | |
630 @cindex Finding commands and variables | |
631 @item | |
632 You can list all of the functions and variables whose names contain a | |
633 certain word using @kbd{M-x apropos}. | |
634 | |
635 @item | |
636 You can list all of the functions and variables whose documentation | |
637 matches a regular expression or a string, using @kbd{M-x | |
638 apropos-documentation}. | |
639 | |
640 @item | |
641 You can order a hardcopy of the manual from the FSF. @xref{Getting a | |
642 printed manual}. | |
643 | |
644 @cindex Reference cards, in other languages | |
645 @item | |
646 You can get a printed reference card listing commands and keys to | |
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647 invoke them. You can order one from the FSF for $2 (or 10 for $18), |
84296 | 648 or you can print your own from the @file{etc/refcards/refcard.tex} or |
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649 @file{etc/refcards/refcard.pdf} files in the Emacs distribution. |
84296 | 650 Beginning with version 21.1, the Emacs distribution comes with |
651 translations of the reference card into several languages; look for | |
652 files named @file{etc/refcards/@var{lang}-refcard.*}, where @var{lang} | |
653 is a two-letter code of the language. For example, the German version | |
654 of the reference card is in the files @file{etc/refcards/de-refcard.tex} | |
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655 and @file{etc/recards/de-refcard.pdf}. |
84296 | 656 |
657 @item | |
658 There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and | |
659 information. To get a list of these commands, type @samp{?} after | |
660 @kbd{C-h}. | |
661 | |
662 @end itemize | |
663 | |
103394 | 664 @node Getting a printed manual |
84296 | 665 @section How do I get a printed copy of the Emacs manual? |
666 @cindex Printed Emacs manual, obtaining | |
667 @cindex Manual, obtaining a printed or HTML copy of | |
668 @cindex Emacs manual, obtaining a printed or HTML copy of | |
669 | |
670 You can order a printed copy of the Emacs manual from the FSF. For | |
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671 details see the @uref{http://shop.fsf.org/, FSF on-line store}. |
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672 |
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673 The full Texinfo source for the manual also comes in the @file{doc/emacs} |
84296 | 674 directory of the Emacs distribution, if you're daring enough to try to |
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675 print out this several-hundred-page manual yourself (@pxref{Printing a Texinfo |
84296 | 676 file}). |
677 | |
678 If you absolutely have to print your own copy, and you don't have @TeX{}, | |
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679 you can get a PostScript or PDF (or HTML) version from |
84296 | 680 |
681 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/} | |
682 | |
103446 | 683 @xref{Learning how to do something}, for how to view the manual from Emacs. |
84296 | 684 |
103394 | 685 @node Emacs Lisp documentation |
84296 | 686 @section Where can I get documentation on Emacs Lisp? |
687 @cindex Documentation on Emacs Lisp | |
688 @cindex Function documentation | |
689 @cindex Variable documentation | |
690 @cindex Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
691 @cindex Reference manual for Emacs Lisp | |
692 | |
693 Within Emacs, you can type @kbd{C-h f} to get the documentation for a | |
694 function, @kbd{C-h v} for a variable. | |
695 | |
696 For more information, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available | |
103446 | 697 in Info format (@pxref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
698 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). | |
699 | |
700 You can also order a hardcopy of the manual from the FSF, for details | |
701 see the @uref{http://shop.fsf.org/, FSF on-line store}. (This manual is | |
702 not always in print.) | |
84296 | 703 |
704 An HTML version of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available at | |
705 | |
706 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/elisp-manual/elisp.html} | |
707 | |
103394 | 708 @node Installing Texinfo documentation |
84296 | 709 @section How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation? |
710 @cindex Texinfo documentation, installing | |
711 @cindex Installing Texinfo documentation | |
712 @cindex New Texinfo files, installing | |
713 @cindex Documentation, installing new Texinfo files | |
714 @cindex Info files, how to install | |
715 | |
103446 | 716 Emacs releases come with pre-built Info files, and the normal install |
717 process places them in the correct location. This is true for most | |
718 applications that provide Info files. The following section is only | |
719 relevant if you want to install extra Info files by hand. | |
720 | |
721 First, you must turn the Texinfo source files into Info files. You may | |
722 do this using the stand-alone @file{makeinfo} program, available as part | |
723 of the Texinfo package at | |
84296 | 724 |
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725 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/} |
84296 | 726 |
727 For information about the Texinfo format, read the Texinfo manual which | |
728 comes with the Texinfo package. This manual also comes installed in | |
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729 Info format, so you can read it from Emacs; type @kbd{C-h i m texinfo |
84296 | 730 @key{RET}}. |
731 | |
103446 | 732 @c FIXME is this a complete alternative? |
733 @c Probably not, given that we require makeinfo to build Emacs. | |
84296 | 734 Alternatively, you could use the Emacs command @kbd{M-x |
735 texinfo-format-buffer}, after visiting the Texinfo source file of the | |
736 manual you want to convert. | |
737 | |
738 Neither @code{texinfo-format-buffer} nor @file{makeinfo} installs the | |
739 resulting Info files in Emacs's Info tree. To install Info files, | |
740 perform these steps: | |
741 | |
742 @enumerate | |
743 @item | |
744 Move the files to the @file{info} directory in the installed Emacs | |
745 distribution. @xref{File-name conventions}, if you don't know where that | |
746 is. | |
747 | |
748 @item | |
749 Run the @code{install-info} command, which is part of the Texinfo | |
750 distribution, to update the main Info directory menu, like this: | |
751 | |
752 @example | |
753 install-info --info-dir=@var{dir-path} @var{dir-path}/@var{file} | |
754 @end example | |
755 | |
756 @noindent | |
757 where @var{dir-path} is the full path to the directory where you copied | |
758 the produced Info file(s), and @var{file} is the name of the Info file | |
759 you produced and want to install. | |
760 | |
761 If you don't have the @code{install-info} command installed, you can | |
762 edit the file @file{info/dir} in the installed Emacs distribution, and | |
763 add a line for the top level node in the Info package that you are | |
764 installing. Follow the examples already in this file. The format is: | |
765 | |
766 @example | |
767 * Topic: (relative-pathname). Short description of topic. | |
768 @end example | |
769 | |
770 @end enumerate | |
771 | |
772 If you want to install Info files and you don't have the necessary | |
773 privileges, you have several options: | |
774 | |
775 @itemize @bullet | |
776 @item | |
777 Info files don't actually need to be installed before being used. | |
778 You can use a prefix argument for the @code{info} command and specify | |
779 the name of the Info file in the minibuffer. This goes to the node | |
780 named @samp{Top} in that file. For example, to view a Info file named | |
781 @file{@var{info-file}} in your home directory, you can type this: | |
782 | |
783 @example | |
784 @kbd{C-u C-h i ~/@var{info-file} @key{RET}} | |
785 @end example | |
786 | |
787 Alternatively, you can feed a file name to the @code{Info-goto-node} | |
788 command (invoked by pressing @key{g} in Info mode) by typing the name | |
789 of the file in parentheses, like this: | |
790 | |
791 @example | |
792 @kbd{C-h i g (~/@var{info-file}) @key{RET}} | |
793 @end example | |
794 | |
795 @item | |
796 You can create your own Info directory. You can tell Emacs where that | |
797 Info directory is by adding its pathname to the value of the variable | |
798 @code{Info-default-directory-list}. For example, to use a private Info | |
799 directory which is a subdirectory of your home directory named @file{Info}, | |
800 you could put this in your @file{.emacs} file: | |
801 | |
802 @lisp | |
103446 | 803 (add-to-list 'Info-default-directory-list "~/Info") |
84296 | 804 @end lisp |
805 | |
806 You will need a top-level Info file named @file{dir} in this directory | |
103446 | 807 which has everything the system @file{dir} file has in it, except it |
808 should list only entries for Info files in that directory. You might | |
809 not need it if (fortuitously) all files in this directory were | |
810 referenced by other @file{dir} files. The node lists from all | |
811 @file{dir} files in @code{Info-default-directory-list} are merged by the | |
812 Info system. | |
84296 | 813 |
814 @end itemize | |
815 | |
103394 | 816 @node Printing a Texinfo file |
84296 | 817 @section How do I print a Texinfo file? |
818 @cindex Printing a Texinfo file | |
819 @cindex Texinfo file, printing | |
820 @cindex Printing documentation | |
821 | |
822 You can't get nicely printed output from Info files; you must still have | |
823 the original Texinfo source file for the manual you want to print. | |
824 | |
825 Assuming you have @TeX{} installed on your system, follow these steps: | |
826 | |
827 @enumerate | |
828 | |
829 @item | |
830 Make sure the first line of the Texinfo file looks like this: | |
831 | |
832 @example | |
833 \input texinfo | |
834 @end example | |
835 | |
836 You may need to change @samp{texinfo} to the full pathname of the | |
837 @file{texinfo.tex} file, which comes with Emacs as | |
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838 @file{doc/misc/texinfo.tex} (or copy or link it into the current directory). |
84296 | 839 |
840 @item | |
841 Type @kbd{texi2dvi @var{texinfo-source}}, where @var{texinfo-source} is | |
842 the name of the Texinfo source file for which you want to produce a | |
103446 | 843 printed copy. The @samp{texi2dvi} script is part of the GNU Texinfo |
844 distribution. | |
84296 | 845 |
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846 Alternatively, @samp{texi2pdf} produces PDF files. |
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847 |
84296 | 848 @item |
849 Print the DVI file @file{@var{texinfo-source}.dvi} in the normal way for | |
850 printing DVI files at your site. For example, if you have a PostScript | |
851 printer, run the @code{dvips} program to print the DVI file on that | |
852 printer. | |
853 | |
854 @end enumerate | |
855 | |
856 To get more general instructions, retrieve the latest Texinfo package | |
857 (@pxref{Installing Texinfo documentation}). | |
858 | |
103394 | 859 @node Viewing Info files outside of Emacs |
84296 | 860 @section Can I view Info files without using Emacs? |
861 @cindex Viewing Info files | |
862 @cindex Info file viewers | |
863 @cindex Alternative Info file viewers | |
864 | |
865 Yes. Here are some alternative programs: | |
866 | |
867 @itemize @bullet | |
868 | |
869 @item | |
870 @code{info}, a stand-alone version of the Info program, comes as part of | |
871 the Texinfo package. @xref{Installing Texinfo documentation}, for | |
872 details. | |
873 | |
874 @item | |
875 Tkinfo, an Info viewer that runs under X Window system and uses Tcl/Tk. | |
876 You can get Tkinfo at | |
877 @uref{http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/tkinfo/}. | |
878 | |
879 @end itemize | |
880 | |
103394 | 881 @node Informational files for Emacs |
84296 | 882 @section What informational files are available for Emacs? |
883 @cindex Informational files included with Emacs | |
884 @cindex Files included with Emacs | |
885 @cindex @file{COPYING}, description of file | |
886 @cindex @file{DISTRIB}, description of file | |
887 @cindex @file{GNU}, description of file | |
888 @cindex @file{INTERVIEW}, description of file | |
889 @cindex @file{MACHINES}, description of file | |
890 @cindex @file{MAILINGLISTS}, description of file | |
891 @cindex @file{NEWS}, description of file | |
892 | |
893 This isn't a frequently asked question, but it should be! A variety of | |
894 informational files about Emacs and relevant aspects of the GNU project | |
895 are available for you to read. | |
896 | |
103446 | 897 The following files (and others) are available in the @file{etc} |
898 directory of the Emacs distribution (see @ref{File-name conventions}, if | |
899 you're not sure where that is). Many of these files are available via | |
900 the Emacs @samp{Help} menu, or by typing @kbd{C-h ?} (@kbd{M-x | |
901 help-for-help}). | |
84296 | 902 |
903 @table @file | |
904 | |
905 @item COPYING | |
906 GNU General Public License | |
907 | |
908 @item DISTRIB | |
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909 Emacs Availability Information |
84296 | 910 |
911 @item GNU | |
912 The GNU Manifesto | |
913 | |
914 @item INTERVIEW | |
915 Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain UNIX-compatible software | |
916 system with BYTE editors | |
917 | |
918 @item MACHINES | |
919 Status of Emacs on Various Machines and Systems | |
920 | |
921 @item MAILINGLISTS | |
922 GNU Project Electronic Mailing Lists | |
923 | |
924 @item NEWS | |
925 Emacs news, a history of recent user-visible changes | |
926 | |
927 @end table | |
928 | |
929 More GNU information, including back issues of the @cite{GNU's | |
930 Bulletin}, are at | |
931 | |
932 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bulletins.html} and | |
933 | |
934 @uref{http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/gnu.html} | |
935 | |
103394 | 936 @node Help installing Emacs |
84296 | 937 @section Where can I get help in installing Emacs? |
938 @cindex Installation help | |
939 @cindex Help installing Emacs | |
940 | |
941 @xref{Installing Emacs}, for some basic installation hints, and see | |
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942 @ref{Problems building Emacs}, if you have problems with the installation. |
84296 | 943 |
103446 | 944 @uref{http://www.fsf.org/resources/service/, The GNU Service directory} |
945 lists companies and individuals willing to sell you help in installing | |
946 or using Emacs and other GNU software. | |
84296 | 947 |
103394 | 948 @node Obtaining the FAQ |
84296 | 949 @section Where can I get the latest version of this FAQ? |
950 @cindex FAQ, obtaining the | |
951 @cindex Latest FAQ version, obtaining the | |
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952 |
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953 The Emacs FAQ is distributed with Emacs in Info format. You can read it |
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954 by selecting the @samp{Emacs FAQ} option from the @samp{Help} menu of |
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955 the Emacs menu bar at the top of any Emacs frame, or by typing @kbd{C-h |
103446 | 956 C-f} (@kbd{M-x view-emacs-FAQ}). The very latest version is available |
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957 in the Emacs development repository (@pxref{Latest version of Emacs}). |
84296 | 958 |
959 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 960 @node Status of Emacs |
84296 | 961 @chapter Status of Emacs |
962 @cindex Status of Emacs | |
963 | |
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964 This chapter gives you basic information about Emacs, including the |
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965 status of its latest version. |
84296 | 966 |
967 @menu | |
968 * Origin of the term Emacs:: | |
969 * Latest version of Emacs:: | |
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970 * New in Emacs 23:: |
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971 * New in Emacs 22:: |
84296 | 972 * New in Emacs 21:: |
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973 * New in Emacs 20:: |
84296 | 974 @end menu |
975 | |
103394 | 976 @node Origin of the term Emacs |
84296 | 977 @section Where does the name ``Emacs'' come from? |
978 @cindex Origin of the term ``Emacs'' | |
979 @cindex Emacs name origin | |
980 @cindex TECO | |
981 @cindex Original version of Emacs | |
982 | |
983 Emacs originally was an acronym for Editor MACroS. RMS says he ``picked | |
984 the name Emacs because @key{E} was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at | |
985 the time.'' The first Emacs was a set of macros written in 1976 at MIT | |
986 by RMS for the editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector, originally Tape | |
103446 | 987 Editor and COrrector) under ITS (the Incompatible Timesharing System) on |
988 a PDP-10. RMS had already extended TECO with a ``real-time'' | |
989 full-screen mode with reprogrammable keys. Emacs was started by | |
990 @email{gls@@east.sun.com, Guy Steele} as a project to unify the many | |
991 divergent TECO command sets and key bindings at MIT, and completed by | |
992 RMS. | |
84296 | 993 |
994 Many people have said that TECO code looks a lot like line noise; you | |
995 can read more at @uref{news:alt.lang.teco}. Someone has written a TECO | |
996 implementation in Emacs Lisp (to find it, see @ref{Packages that do not | |
997 come with Emacs}); it would be an interesting project to run the | |
998 original TECO Emacs inside of Emacs. | |
999 | |
1000 @cindex Why Emacs? | |
1001 For some not-so-serious alternative reasons for Emacs to have that | |
1002 name, check out the file @file{etc/JOKES} (@pxref{File-name | |
1003 conventions}). | |
1004 | |
103394 | 1005 @node Latest version of Emacs |
84296 | 1006 @section What is the latest version of Emacs? |
1007 @cindex Version, latest | |
1008 @cindex Latest version of Emacs | |
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1009 @cindex Development, Emacs |
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1010 @cindex Repository, Emacs |
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1011 @cindex CVS repository, Emacs |
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1012 @cindex Arch repository, Emacs |
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1013 @cindex Git repository, Emacs |
84296 | 1014 |
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1015 Emacs @value{VER} is the current version as of this writing. A version |
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1016 number with two components (e.g. @samp{22.1}) indicates a released |
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1017 version; three components indicate a development |
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1018 version (e.g. @samp{23.0.50} is what will eventually become @samp{23.1}). |
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1019 |
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1020 Emacs is under active development, hosted at |
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1021 @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/emacs/, Savannah}. The source |
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1022 code can be retrieved anonymously following the |
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1023 @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=emacs, instructions}. |
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1024 The primary repository is CVS, but Arch and Git mirrors are also |
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1025 available. |
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1026 |
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1027 Because Emacs undergoes many changes before a release, the version |
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1028 number of a development version is not especially meaningful. It is |
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1029 better to refer to the date on which the sources were retrieved from the |
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1030 development repository. |
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1031 |
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1032 The following sections list some of the major new features in the last |
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1033 few Emacs releases. For full details of the changes in any version of |
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1034 Emacs, type @kbd{C-h C-n} (@kbd{M-x view-emacs-news}). As of Emacs 22, |
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1035 you can give this command a prefix argument to read about which features |
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1036 were new in older versions. |
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1037 |
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1038 @node New in Emacs 23 |
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1039 @section What is different about Emacs 23? |
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1040 @cindex Differences between Emacs 22 and Emacs 23 |
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1041 @cindex Emacs 23, new features in |
84296 | 1042 @cindex Recently introduced features |
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1043 @cindex Default features |
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1044 |
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1045 @itemize |
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1046 |
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1047 @cindex Anti-aliased fonts |
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1048 @cindex Freetype fonts |
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1049 @item |
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1050 Emacs has a new font code that can use multiple font backends, |
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1051 including freetype and fontconfig. Emacs can use the Xft library for |
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1052 anti-aliasing, and the otf and m17n libraries for complex text layout and |
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1053 text shaping. |
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1054 |
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1055 @cindex Unicode |
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1056 @cindex Character sets |
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1057 @item |
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1058 The Emacs character set is now a superset of Unicode. Several new |
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1059 language environments have been added. |
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1060 |
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1061 @cindex Multi-tty support |
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1062 @cindex X and tty displays |
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1063 @item |
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1064 Emacs now supports using both X displays and ttys in the same session |
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1065 (@samp{multi-tty}). |
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1066 |
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1067 @cindex Daemon mode |
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1068 @item |
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1069 Emacs can be started as a daemon in the background. |
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1070 |
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1071 @cindex NeXTSTEP port |
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1072 @cindex GNUstep port |
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1073 @cindex Mac OS X Cocoa |
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1074 @item |
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1075 There is a new NeXTSTEP port of Emacs. This supports GNUstep and Mac OS |
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1076 X (via the Cocoa libraries). The Carbon port of Emacs, which supported |
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1077 Mac OS X in Emacs 22, has been removed. |
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1078 |
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1079 @cindex Directory-local variables |
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1080 @item |
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1081 Directory-local variables can now be defined, in a similar manner to |
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1082 file-local variables. |
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1083 |
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1084 @item |
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1085 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Highlighting a region}) is on by default. |
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1086 |
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1087 @end itemize |
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1088 |
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1089 @noindent |
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1090 Other changes include: support for serial port access; D-Bus bindings; a |
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1091 new Visual Line mode for line-motion; improved completion; a new mode |
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1092 (@samp{DocView}) for viewing of PDF, PostScript, and DVI documents; nXML |
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1093 mode (for editing XML documents) is included; VC has been updated for |
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1094 newer version control systems; etc. As always, consult the @file{NEWS} |
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1095 file for more information. |
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1096 |
84296 | 1097 |
103394 | 1098 @node New in Emacs 22 |
84296 | 1099 @section What is different about Emacs 22? |
1100 @cindex Differences between Emacs 21 and Emacs 22 | |
1101 @cindex Emacs 22, new features in | |
1102 | |
1103 @itemize | |
1104 @cindex GTK+ Toolkit | |
1105 @cindex Drag-and-drop | |
1106 @item | |
1107 Emacs can be built with GTK+ widgets, and supports drag-and-drop | |
1108 operation on X. | |
1109 | |
1110 @cindex Supported systems | |
1111 @item | |
1112 Emacs 22 features support for GNU/Linux systems on S390 and x86-64 | |
1113 machines, as well as support for the Mac OS X and Cygwin operating | |
1114 systems. | |
1115 | |
1116 @item | |
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1117 The native MS-Windows, and Mac OS X builds include full support |
84296 | 1118 for images, toolbar, and tooltips. |
1119 | |
1120 @item | |
1121 Font Lock mode, Auto Compression mode, and File Name Shadow Mode are | |
1122 enabled by default. | |
1123 | |
1124 @item | |
1125 The maximum size of buffers has been doubled and is 256M on 32-bit | |
1126 machines. | |
1127 | |
1128 @item | |
1129 Links can be followed with @kbd{mouse-1}, in addition to @kbd{mouse-2}. | |
1130 | |
1131 @cindex Mouse wheel | |
1132 @item | |
1133 Mouse wheel support is enabled by default. | |
1134 | |
1135 @item | |
1136 Window fringes are customizable. | |
1137 | |
1138 @item | |
1139 The mode line of the selected window is now highlighted. | |
1140 | |
1141 @item | |
1142 The minibuffer prompt is displayed in a distinct face. | |
1143 | |
1144 @item | |
1145 Abbrev definitions are read automatically at startup. | |
1146 | |
1147 @item | |
1148 Grep mode is separate from Compilation mode and has many new options and | |
1149 commands specific to grep. | |
1150 | |
1151 @item | |
1152 The original Emacs macro system has been replaced by the new Kmacro | |
1153 package, which provides many new commands and features and a simple | |
1154 interface that uses the function keys F3 and F4. Macros are stored in a | |
1155 macro ring, and can be debugged and edited interactively. | |
1156 | |
1157 @item | |
1158 The Grand Unified Debugger (GUD) can be used with a full graphical user | |
1159 interface to GDB; this provides many features found in traditional | |
1160 development environments, making it easy to manipulate breakpoints, add | |
1161 watch points, display the call stack, etc. Breakpoints are visually | |
1162 indicated in the source buffer. | |
1163 | |
1164 @item | |
1165 @cindex New modes | |
1166 Many new modes and packages have been included in Emacs, such as Calc, | |
1167 TRAMP, URL, IDO, CUA, ERC, rcirc, Table, Image-Dired, SES, Ruler, Org, | |
1168 PGG, Flymake, Password, Printing, Reveal, wdired, t-mouse, longlines, | |
1169 savehist, Conf mode, Python mode, DNS mode, etc. | |
1170 | |
1171 @cindex Multilingual Environment | |
1172 @item | |
1173 Leim is now part of Emacs. Unicode support has been much improved, and | |
1174 the following input methods have been added: belarusian, bulgarian-bds, | |
1175 bulgarian-phonetic, chinese-sisheng, croatian, dutch, georgian, | |
1176 latin-alt-postfix, latin-postfix, latin-prefix, latvian-keyboard, | |
1177 lithuanian-numeric, lithuanian-keyboard, malayalam-inscript, rfc1345, | |
1178 russian-computer, sgml, slovenian, tamil-inscript, ucs, | |
1179 ukrainian-computer, vietnamese-telex, and welsh. | |
1180 | |
1181 The following language environments have also been added: Belarusian, | |
1182 Bulgarian, Chinese-EUC-TW, Croatian, French, Georgian, Italian, Latin-6, | |
1183 Latin-7, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Russian, Slovenian, Swedish, | |
1184 Tajik, Tamil, UTF-8, Ukrainian, Welsh, and Windows-1255. | |
1185 | |
1186 @cindex Documentation | |
1187 @cindex Emacs Lisp Manual | |
1188 @item | |
1189 In addition, Emacs 22 now includes the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
1190 (@pxref{Emacs Lisp documentation}) and the Emacs Lisp Intro. | |
1191 @end itemize | |
1192 | |
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1193 |
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1194 @node New in Emacs 21 |
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1195 @section What is different about Emacs 21? |
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1196 @cindex Differences between Emacs 20 and Emacs 21 |
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1197 @cindex Emacs 21, new features in |
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1198 |
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1199 @cindex Variable-size fonts |
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1200 @cindex Toolbar support |
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1201 Emacs 21 features a thorough rewrite of the display engine. The new |
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1202 display engine supports variable-size fonts, images, and can play sounds |
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1203 on platforms which support that. As a result, the visual appearance of |
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1204 Emacs, when it runs on a windowed display, is much more reminiscent of |
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1205 modern GUI programs, and includes 3D widgets (used for the mode line and |
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1206 the scroll bars), a configurable and extensible toolbar, tooltips |
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1207 (a.k.a.@: balloon help), and other niceties. |
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1208 |
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1209 @cindex Colors on text-only terminals |
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1210 @cindex TTY colors |
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1211 In addition, Emacs 21 supports faces on text-only terminals. This means |
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1212 that you can now have colors when you run Emacs on a GNU/Linux console |
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1213 and on @code{xterm} with @kbd{emacs -nw}. |
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1214 |
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1215 |
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1216 @node New in Emacs 20 |
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1217 @section What is different about Emacs 20? |
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1218 @cindex Differences between Emacs 19 and Emacs 20 |
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1219 @cindex Emacs 20, new features in |
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1220 |
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1221 The differences between Emacs versions 18 and 19 were rather dramatic; |
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1222 the introduction of frames, faces, and colors on windowing systems was |
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1223 obvious to even the most casual user. |
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1224 |
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1225 There are differences between Emacs versions 19 and 20 as well, but many |
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1226 are more subtle or harder to find. Among the changes are the inclusion |
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1227 of MULE code for languages that use non-Latin characters and for mixing |
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1228 several languages in the same document; the ``Customize'' facility for |
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1229 modifying variables without having to use Lisp; and automatic conversion |
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1230 of files from Macintosh, Microsoft, and Unix platforms. |
84296 | 1231 |
1232 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 1233 @node Common requests |
84296 | 1234 @chapter Common requests |
1235 @cindex Common requests | |
1236 | |
1237 @menu | |
1238 * Setting up a customization file:: | |
1239 * Using Customize:: | |
1240 * Colors on a TTY:: | |
1241 * Debugging a customization file:: | |
1242 * Displaying the current line or column:: | |
1243 * Displaying the current file name in the titlebar:: | |
1244 * Turning on abbrevs by default:: | |
1245 * Associating modes with files:: | |
1246 * Highlighting a region:: | |
1247 * Replacing highlighted text:: | |
1248 * Controlling case sensitivity:: | |
1249 * Working with unprintable characters:: | |
1250 * Searching for/replacing newlines:: | |
1251 * Yanking text in isearch:: | |
1252 * Wrapping words automatically:: | |
1253 * Turning on auto-fill by default:: | |
1254 * Changing load-path:: | |
1255 * Using an already running Emacs process:: | |
1256 * Compiler error messages:: | |
1257 * Indenting switch statements:: | |
1258 * Customizing C and C++ indentation:: | |
1259 * Horizontal scrolling:: | |
1260 * Overwrite mode:: | |
1261 * Turning off beeping:: | |
1262 * Turning the volume down:: | |
1263 * Automatic indentation:: | |
1264 * Matching parentheses:: | |
1265 * Hiding #ifdef lines:: | |
1266 * Repeating commands:: | |
1267 * Valid X resources:: | |
1268 * Evaluating Emacs Lisp code:: | |
1269 * Changing the length of a Tab:: | |
1270 * Inserting text at the beginning of each line:: | |
1271 * Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column:: | |
1272 * Forcing Emacs to iconify itself:: | |
1273 * Using regular expressions:: | |
1274 * Replacing text across multiple files:: | |
1275 * Documentation for etags:: | |
1276 * Disabling backups:: | |
1277 * Disabling auto-save-mode:: | |
1278 * Going to a line by number:: | |
1279 * Modifying pull-down menus:: | |
1280 * Deleting menus and menu options:: | |
1281 * Turning on syntax highlighting:: | |
1282 * Scrolling only one line:: | |
1283 * Editing MS-DOS files:: | |
1284 * Filling paragraphs with a single space:: | |
1285 * Escape sequences in shell output:: | |
1286 * Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows:: | |
1287 @end menu | |
1288 | |
103394 | 1289 @node Setting up a customization file |
84296 | 1290 @section How do I set up a @file{.emacs} file properly? |
1291 @cindex @file{.emacs} file, setting up | |
1292 @cindex @file{.emacs} file, locating | |
1293 @cindex Init file, setting up | |
1294 @cindex Customization file, setting up | |
1295 | |
1296 @inforef{Init File, Init File, emacs}. | |
1297 | |
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1298 In general, new Emacs users should not be provided with @file{.emacs} |
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1299 files, because this can cause confusing non-standard behavior. Then |
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1300 they send questions to @email{help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} asking why Emacs |
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1301 isn't behaving as documented. |
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1302 |
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1303 Emacs includes the Customize facility (@pxref{Using Customize}). This |
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1304 allows users who are unfamiliar with Emacs Lisp to modify their |
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1305 @file{.emacs} files in a relatively straightforward way, using menus |
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1306 rather than Lisp code. |
84296 | 1307 |
1308 While Customize might indeed make it easier to configure Emacs, | |
1309 consider taking a bit of time to learn Emacs Lisp and modifying your | |
1310 @file{.emacs} directly. Simple configuration options are described | |
1311 rather completely in @inforef{Init File, Init File, emacs}, for users | |
1312 interested in performing frequently requested, basic tasks. | |
1313 | |
1314 Sometimes users are unsure as to where their @file{.emacs} file should | |
1315 be found. Visiting the file as @file{~/.emacs} from Emacs will find | |
1316 the correct file. | |
1317 | |
103394 | 1318 @node Using Customize |
84296 | 1319 @section How do I start using Customize? |
1320 @cindex Customize groups | |
1321 @cindex Customizing variables | |
1322 @cindex Customizing faces | |
1323 | |
1324 The main Customize entry point is @kbd{M-x customize @key{RET}}. This | |
1325 command takes you to a buffer listing all the available Customize | |
1326 groups. From there, you can access all customizable options and faces, | |
1327 change their values, and save your changes to your init file. | |
1328 @inforef{Easy Customization, Easy Customization, emacs}. | |
1329 | |
1330 If you know the name of the group in advance (e.g. ``shell''), use | |
1331 @kbd{M-x customize-group @key{RET}}. | |
1332 | |
1333 If you wish to customize a single option, use @kbd{M-x customize-option | |
1334 @key{RET}}. This command prompts you for the name of the option to | |
1335 customize, with completion. | |
1336 | |
103394 | 1337 @node Colors on a TTY |
84296 | 1338 @section How do I get colors and syntax highlighting on a TTY? |
1339 @cindex Colors on a TTY | |
1340 @cindex Syntax highlighting on a TTY | |
1341 @cindex Console, colors | |
1342 | |
1343 In Emacs 21.1 and later, colors and faces are supported in non-windowed mode, | |
1344 i.e.@: on Unix and GNU/Linux text-only terminals and consoles, and when | |
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1345 invoked as @samp{emacs -nw} on X, and MS-Windows. (Colors and faces were |
84296 | 1346 supported in the MS-DOS port since Emacs 19.29.) Emacs automatically |
1347 detects color support at startup and uses it if available. If you think | |
1348 that your terminal supports colors, but Emacs won't use them, check the | |
1349 @code{termcap} entry for your display type for color-related | |
1350 capabilities. | |
1351 | |
1352 The command @kbd{M-x list-colors-display} pops up a window which | |
1353 exhibits all the colors Emacs knows about on the current display. | |
1354 | |
1355 Syntax highlighting is on by default since version 22.1. | |
1356 | |
103394 | 1357 @node Debugging a customization file |
84296 | 1358 @section How do I debug a @file{.emacs} file? |
1359 @cindex Debugging @file{.emacs} file | |
1360 @cindex @file{.emacs} debugging | |
1361 @cindex Init file debugging | |
1362 @cindex @samp{-debug-init} option | |
1363 | |
1364 Start Emacs with the @samp{-debug-init} command-line option. This | |
1365 enables the Emacs Lisp debugger before evaluating your @file{.emacs} | |
1366 file, and places you in the debugger if something goes wrong. The top | |
1367 line in the @file{trace-back} buffer will be the error message, and the | |
1368 second or third line of that buffer will display the Lisp code from your | |
1369 @file{.emacs} file that caused the problem. | |
1370 | |
1371 You can also evaluate an individual function or argument to a function | |
1372 in your @file{.emacs} file by moving the cursor to the end of the | |
1373 function or argument and typing @kbd{C-x C-e} (@kbd{M-x | |
1374 eval-last-sexp}). | |
1375 | |
1376 Use @kbd{C-h v} (@kbd{M-x describe-variable}) to check the value of | |
1377 variables which you are trying to set or use. | |
1378 | |
103394 | 1379 @node Displaying the current line or column |
84296 | 1380 @section How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number? |
1381 @cindex @code{line-number-mode} | |
1382 @cindex Displaying the current line or column | |
1383 @cindex Line number, displaying the current | |
1384 @cindex Column, displaying the current | |
1385 @cindex @code{mode-line-format} | |
1386 | |
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1387 By default, Emacs displays the current line number of the point in the |
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1388 mode line. You can toggle this feature off or on with the command |
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1389 @kbd{M-x line-number-mode}, or by setting the variable |
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1390 @code{line-number-mode}. Note that Emacs will not display the line |
84296 | 1391 number if the buffer's size in bytes is larger than the value of the |
1392 variable @code{line-number-display-limit}. | |
1393 | |
1394 You can similarly display the current column with | |
1395 @kbd{M-x column-number-mode}, or by putting the form | |
1396 | |
1397 @lisp | |
1398 (setq column-number-mode t) | |
1399 @end lisp | |
1400 | |
1401 @noindent | |
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1402 in your @file{.emacs} file. This feature is off by default. |
84296 | 1403 |
1404 The @code{"%c"} format specifier in the variable @code{mode-line-format} | |
1405 will insert the current column's value into the mode line. See the | |
1406 documentation for @code{mode-line-format} (using @kbd{C-h v | |
1407 mode-line-format @key{RET}}) for more information on how to set and use | |
1408 this variable. | |
1409 | |
1410 @cindex Set number capability in @code{vi} emulators | |
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1411 The @samp{linum} package (distributed with Emacs since version 23.1) |
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1412 displays line numbers in the left margin, like the ``set number'' |
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1413 capability of @code{vi}. The packages @samp{setnu} and |
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1414 @samp{wb-line-number} (not distributed with Emacs) also implement this |
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1415 feature. |
84296 | 1416 |
103394 | 1417 @node Displaying the current file name in the titlebar |
84296 | 1418 @section How can I modify the titlebar to contain the current file name? |
1419 @cindex Titlebar, displaying the current file name in | |
1420 @cindex File name, displaying in the titlebar | |
1421 @cindex @code{frame-title-format} | |
1422 | |
1423 The contents of an Emacs frame's titlebar is controlled by the variable | |
1424 @code{frame-title-format}, which has the same structure as the variable | |
1425 @code{mode-line-format}. (Use @kbd{C-h v} or @kbd{M-x | |
1426 describe-variable} to get information about one or both of these | |
1427 variables.) | |
1428 | |
1429 By default, the titlebar for a frame does contain the name of the buffer | |
1430 currently being visited, except if there is a single frame. In such a | |
1431 case, the titlebar contains Emacs invocation name and the name of the | |
1432 machine at which Emacs was invoked. This is done by setting | |
1433 @code{frame-title-format} to the default value of | |
1434 | |
1435 @lisp | |
1436 (multiple-frames "%b" ("" invocation-name "@@" system-name)) | |
1437 @end lisp | |
1438 | |
1439 To modify the behavior such that frame titlebars contain the buffer's | |
1440 name regardless of the number of existing frames, include the following | |
1441 in your @file{.emacs}: | |
1442 | |
1443 @lisp | |
1444 (setq frame-title-format "%b") | |
1445 @end lisp | |
1446 | |
103394 | 1447 @node Turning on abbrevs by default |
84296 | 1448 @section How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode @var{mymode}? |
1449 @cindex Abbrevs, turning on by default | |
1450 | |
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1451 Abbrev mode expands abbreviations as you type them. To turn it on in a |
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1452 specific buffer, use @kbd{M-x abbrev-mode}. To turn it on in every |
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1453 buffer by default, put this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
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1454 |
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1455 @lisp |
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1456 (setq-default abbrev-mode t) |
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1457 @end lisp |
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1458 |
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1459 @noindent To turn it on in a specific mode, use: |
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1460 |
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1461 @lisp |
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1462 (add-hook '@var{mymode}-mode-hook |
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1463 (lambda () |
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1464 (setq abbrev-mode t))) |
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1465 @end lisp |
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1466 |
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1467 @noindent If your Emacs version is older then 22.1, you will also need to use: |
84296 | 1468 |
1469 @lisp | |
1470 (condition-case () | |
1471 (quietly-read-abbrev-file) | |
1472 (file-error nil)) | |
1473 @end lisp | |
1474 | |
103394 | 1475 @node Associating modes with files |
84296 | 1476 @section How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files? |
1477 @cindex Associating modes with files | |
1478 @cindex File extensions and modes | |
1479 @cindex @code{auto-mode-alist}, modifying | |
1480 @cindex Modes, associating with file extensions | |
1481 | |
1482 If you want to use a certain mode @var{foo} for all files whose names end | |
1483 with the extension @file{.@var{bar}}, this will do it for you: | |
1484 | |
1485 @lisp | |
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1486 (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.@var{bar}\\'" . @var{foo}-mode)) |
84296 | 1487 @end lisp |
1488 | |
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1489 Alternatively, put this somewhere in the first line of any file you want to |
84296 | 1490 edit in the mode @var{foo} (in the second line, if the first line begins |
1491 with @samp{#!}): | |
1492 | |
1493 @example | |
1494 -*- @var{foo} -*- | |
1495 @end example | |
1496 | |
1497 @cindex Major mode for shell scripts | |
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1498 The variable @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies which mode to use |
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1499 when loading an interpreted script (e.g. shell, python, etc.). Emacs |
84296 | 1500 determines which interpreter you're using by examining the first line of |
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1501 the script. Use @kbd{C-h v} (or @kbd{M-x describe-variable}) on |
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1502 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} to learn more. |
84296 | 1503 |
103394 | 1504 @node Highlighting a region |
84296 | 1505 @section How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs? |
1506 @cindex Highlighting text | |
1507 @cindex Text, highlighting | |
1508 @cindex @code{transient-mark-mode} | |
1509 @cindex Region, highlighting a | |
1510 | |
1511 You can cause the region to be highlighted when the mark is active by | |
1512 including | |
1513 | |
1514 @lisp | |
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1515 (transient-mark-mode 1) |
84296 | 1516 @end lisp |
1517 | |
1518 @noindent | |
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1519 in your @file{.emacs} file. Since Emacs 23.1, this feature is on by default. |
84296 | 1520 |
103394 | 1521 @node Replacing highlighted text |
84296 | 1522 @section How can I replace highlighted text with what I type? |
1523 @cindex @code{delete-selection-mode} | |
1524 @cindex Replacing highlighted text | |
1525 @cindex Highlighting and replacing text | |
1526 | |
1527 Use @code{delete-selection-mode}, which you can start automatically by | |
1528 placing the following Lisp form in your @file{.emacs} file: | |
1529 | |
1530 @lisp | |
1531 (delete-selection-mode 1) | |
1532 @end lisp | |
1533 | |
1534 According to the documentation string for @code{delete-selection-mode} | |
1535 (which you can read using @kbd{M-x describe-function @key{RET} | |
1536 delete-selection-mode @key{RET}}): | |
1537 | |
1538 @quotation | |
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1539 When Delete Selection mode is enabled, Transient Mark mode is also |
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1540 enabled and typed text replaces the selection if the selection is |
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1541 active. Otherwise, typed text is just inserted at point regardless of |
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1542 any selection. |
84296 | 1543 @end quotation |
1544 | |
1545 This mode also allows you to delete (not kill) the highlighted region by | |
1546 pressing @key{DEL}. | |
1547 | |
103394 | 1548 @node Controlling case sensitivity |
84296 | 1549 @section How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing? |
1550 @cindex @code{case-fold-search} | |
1551 @cindex Case sensitivity of searches | |
1552 @cindex Searching without case sensitivity | |
1553 @cindex Ignoring case in searches | |
1554 | |
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1555 @c FIXME |
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1556 The value of the variable @code{case-fold-search} determines whether |
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1557 searches are case sensitive: |
84296 | 1558 |
1559 @lisp | |
1560 (setq case-fold-search nil) ; make searches case sensitive | |
1561 (setq case-fold-search t) ; make searches case insensitive | |
1562 @end lisp | |
1563 | |
1564 @cindex Case sensitivity in replacements | |
1565 @cindex Replacing, and case sensitivity | |
1566 @cindex @code{case-replace} | |
1567 Similarly, for replacing, the variable @code{case-replace} determines | |
1568 whether replacements preserve case. | |
1569 | |
1570 You can also toggle case sensitivity at will in isearch with @kbd{M-c}. | |
1571 | |
1572 To change the case sensitivity just for one major mode, use the major | |
1573 mode's hook. For example: | |
1574 | |
1575 @lisp | |
1576 (add-hook '@var{foo}-mode-hook | |
1577 (lambda () | |
1578 (setq case-fold-search nil))) | |
1579 @end lisp | |
1580 | |
103394 | 1581 @node Working with unprintable characters |
84296 | 1582 @section How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (eight-bit or control) characters? |
1583 @cindex Unprintable characters, working with | |
1584 @cindex Working with unprintable characters | |
1585 @cindex Control characters, working with | |
1586 @cindex Eight-bit characters, working with | |
1587 @cindex Searching for unprintable characters | |
1588 @cindex Regexps and unprintable characters | |
1589 | |
1590 To search for a single character that appears in the buffer as, for | |
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1591 example, @samp{\237}, you can type @kbd{C-s C-q 2 3 7}. |
84296 | 1592 Searching for @strong{all} unprintable characters is best done with a |
1593 regular expression (@dfn{regexp}) search. The easiest regexp to use for | |
1594 the unprintable chars is the complement of the regexp for the printable | |
1595 chars. | |
1596 | |
1597 @itemize @bullet | |
1598 | |
1599 @item | |
1600 Regexp for the printable chars: @samp{[\t\n\r\f -~]} | |
1601 | |
1602 @item | |
1603 Regexp for the unprintable chars: @samp{[^\t\n\r\f -~]} | |
1604 | |
1605 @end itemize | |
1606 | |
1607 To type these special characters in an interactive argument to | |
1608 @code{isearch-forward-regexp} or @code{re-search-forward}, you need to | |
1609 use @kbd{C-q}. (@samp{\t}, @samp{\n}, @samp{\r}, and @samp{\f} stand | |
1610 respectively for @key{TAB}, @key{LFD}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-l}.) So, | |
1611 to search for unprintable characters using @code{re-search-forward}: | |
1612 | |
1613 @kbd{M-x re-search-forward @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~] @key{RET}} | |
1614 | |
1615 Using @code{isearch-forward-regexp}: | |
1616 | |
1617 @kbd{C-M-s [^ @key{TAB} @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~]} | |
1618 | |
1619 To delete all unprintable characters, simply use replace-regexp: | |
1620 | |
1621 @kbd{M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~] @key{RET} @key{RET}} | |
1622 | |
1623 Replacing is similar to the above. To replace all unprintable | |
1624 characters with a colon, use: | |
1625 | |
1626 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~] @key{RET} : @key{RET} | |
1627 | |
103394 | 1628 @node Searching for/replacing newlines |
84296 | 1629 @section How do I input a newline character in isearch or query-replace? |
1630 @cindex Searching for newlines | |
1631 @cindex Replacing newlines | |
1632 | |
1633 Use @kbd{C-q C-j}. For more information, see @inforef{Special Isearch, | |
1634 Special Input for Incremental Search, emacs}. | |
1635 | |
1636 | |
103394 | 1637 @node Yanking text in isearch |
84296 | 1638 @section How do I copy text from the kill ring into the search string? |
1639 @cindex Yanking text into the search string | |
1640 @cindex isearch yanking | |
1641 | |
1642 Use @kbd{M-y}. @inforef{Isearch Yank, Isearch Yanking, emacs}. | |
1643 | |
103394 | 1644 @node Wrapping words automatically |
84296 | 1645 @section How do I make Emacs wrap words for me? |
1646 @cindex Wrapping word automatically | |
1647 @cindex Wrapping lines | |
1648 @cindex Line wrap | |
1649 @cindex @code{auto-fill-mode}, introduction to | |
1650 @cindex Maximum line width, default value | |
1651 @cindex @code{fill-column}, default value | |
1652 | |
1653 Use @code{auto-fill-mode}, activated by typing @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode}. | |
1654 The default maximum line width is 70, determined by the variable | |
1655 @code{fill-column}. To learn how to turn this on automatically, see | |
1656 @ref{Turning on auto-fill by default}. | |
1657 | |
103394 | 1658 @node Turning on auto-fill by default |
84296 | 1659 @section How do I turn on @code{auto-fill-mode} by default? |
1660 @cindex @code{auto-fill-mode}, activating automatically | |
1661 @cindex Filling automatically | |
1662 @cindex Automatic entry to @code{auto-fill-mode} | |
1663 | |
1664 To turn on @code{auto-fill-mode} just once for one buffer, use @kbd{M-x | |
1665 auto-fill-mode}. | |
1666 | |
1667 To turn it on for every buffer in a certain mode, you must use the hook | |
1668 for that mode. For example, to turn on @code{auto-fill} mode for all | |
1669 text buffers, including the following in your @file{.emacs} file: | |
1670 | |
1671 @lisp | |
1672 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
1673 @end lisp | |
1674 | |
1675 If you want @code{auto-fill} mode on in all major modes, do this: | |
1676 | |
1677 @lisp | |
1678 (setq-default auto-fill-function 'do-auto-fill) | |
1679 @end lisp | |
1680 | |
103394 | 1681 @node Changing load-path |
84296 | 1682 @section How do I change @code{load-path}? |
1683 @cindex @code{load-path}, modifying | |
1684 @cindex Modifying @code{load-path} | |
1685 @cindex Adding to @code{load-path} | |
1686 | |
1687 In general, you should only add to the @code{load-path}. You can add | |
1688 directory @var{/dir/subdir} to the load path like this: | |
1689 | |
1690 @lisp | |
103446 | 1691 (add-to-list 'load-path "/dir/subdir/") |
84296 | 1692 @end lisp |
1693 | |
1694 To do this relative to your home directory: | |
1695 | |
1696 @lisp | |
103446 | 1697 (add-to-list 'load-path "~/mysubdir/") |
84296 | 1698 @end lisp |
1699 | |
103394 | 1700 @node Using an already running Emacs process |
84296 | 1701 @section How do I use an already running Emacs from another window? |
1702 @cindex @code{emacsclient} | |
1703 @cindex Emacs server functions | |
1704 @cindex Using an existing Emacs process | |
1705 | |
1706 @code{emacsclient}, which comes with Emacs, is for editing a file using | |
1707 an already running Emacs rather than starting up a new Emacs. It does | |
1708 this by sending a request to the already running Emacs, which must be | |
1709 expecting the request. | |
1710 | |
1711 @itemize @bullet | |
1712 | |
1713 @item | |
1714 Setup: | |
1715 | |
1716 Emacs must have executed the @code{server-start} function for | |
1717 @samp{emacsclient} to work. This can be done either by a command line | |
1718 option: | |
1719 | |
1720 @example | |
1721 emacs -f server-start | |
1722 @end example | |
1723 | |
1724 or by invoking @code{server-start} from @file{.emacs}: | |
1725 | |
1726 @lisp | |
1727 (if (@var{some conditions are met}) (server-start)) | |
1728 @end lisp | |
1729 | |
1730 When this is done, Emacs creates a Unix domain socket named | |
1731 @file{server} in @file{/tmp/emacs@var{userid}}. See | |
1732 @code{server-socket-dir}. | |
1733 | |
1734 To get your news reader, mail reader, etc., to invoke | |
1735 @samp{emacsclient}, try setting the environment variable @code{EDITOR} | |
1736 (or sometimes @code{VISUAL}) to the value @samp{emacsclient}. You may | |
1737 have to specify the full pathname of the @samp{emacsclient} program | |
1738 instead. Examples: | |
1739 | |
1740 @example | |
1741 # csh commands: | |
1742 setenv EDITOR emacsclient | |
1743 | |
1744 # using full pathname | |
1745 setenv EDITOR /usr/local/emacs/etc/emacsclient | |
1746 | |
1747 # sh command: | |
1748 EDITOR=emacsclient ; export EDITOR | |
1749 @end example | |
1750 | |
1751 @item | |
1752 Normal use: | |
1753 | |
1754 When @samp{emacsclient} is run, it connects to the socket and passes its | |
1755 command line options to Emacs, which at the next opportunity will visit | |
1756 the files specified. (Line numbers can be specified just like with | |
1757 Emacs.) The user will have to switch to the Emacs window by hand. When | |
1758 the user is done editing a file, the user can type @kbd{C-x #} (or | |
1759 @kbd{M-x server-edit}) to indicate this. If there is another buffer | |
1760 requested by @code{emacsclient}, Emacs will switch to it; otherwise | |
1761 @code{emacsclient} will exit, signaling the calling program to continue. | |
1762 | |
1763 @cindex @code{gnuserv} | |
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1764 There is an alternative version of @samp{emacsclient} called |
84296 | 1765 @samp{gnuserv}, written by @email{ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com, Andy Norman} |
1766 (@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). @samp{gnuserv} uses | |
1767 Internet domain sockets, so it can work across most network connections. | |
1768 | |
1769 The most recent @samp{gnuserv} package is available at | |
1770 | |
1771 @uref{http://meltin.net/hacks/emacs/} | |
1772 | |
1773 @end itemize | |
1774 | |
103394 | 1775 @node Compiler error messages |
84296 | 1776 @section How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages? |
1777 @cindex Compiler error messages, recognizing | |
1778 @cindex Recognizing non-standard compiler errors | |
1779 @cindex Regexps for recognizing compiler errors | |
1780 @cindex Errors, recognizing compiler | |
1781 | |
1782 Customize the @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} variable. | |
1783 | |
103394 | 1784 @node Indenting switch statements |
84296 | 1785 @section How do I change the indentation for @code{switch}? |
1786 @cindex @code{switch}, indenting | |
1787 @cindex Indenting of @code{switch} | |
1788 | |
1789 Many people want to indent their @code{switch} statements like this: | |
1790 | |
1791 @example | |
1792 f() | |
1793 @{ | |
1794 switch(x) @{ | |
1795 case A: | |
1796 x1; | |
1797 break; | |
1798 case B: | |
1799 x2; | |
1800 break; | |
1801 default: | |
1802 x3; | |
1803 @} | |
1804 @} | |
1805 @end example | |
1806 | |
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1807 @noindent To achieve this, add the following line to your @file{.emacs}: |
84296 | 1808 |
1809 @lisp | |
1810 (c-set-offset 'case-label '+) | |
1811 @end lisp | |
1812 | |
103394 | 1813 @node Customizing C and C++ indentation |
84296 | 1814 @section How to customize indentation in C, C@t{++}, and Java buffers? |
1815 @cindex Indentation, how to customize | |
1816 @cindex Customize indentation | |
1817 | |
1818 The Emacs @code{cc-mode} features an interactive procedure for | |
1819 customizing the indentation style, which is fully explained in the | |
1820 @cite{CC Mode} manual that is part of the Emacs distribution, see | |
1821 @ref{Customizing Indentation, , Customization Indentation, ccmode, | |
1822 The CC Mode Manual}. Here's a short summary of the procedure: | |
1823 | |
1824 @enumerate | |
1825 @item | |
1826 Go to the beginning of the first line where you don't like the | |
1827 indentation and type @kbd{C-c C-o}. Emacs will prompt you for the | |
1828 syntactic symbol; type @key{RET} to accept the default it suggests. | |
1829 | |
1830 @item | |
1831 Emacs now prompts for the offset of this syntactic symbol, showing the | |
1832 default (the current definition) inside parentheses. You can choose | |
1833 one of these: | |
1834 | |
1835 @table @code | |
1836 @item 0 | |
1837 No extra indentation. | |
1838 @item + | |
1839 Indent one basic offset. | |
1840 @item - | |
1841 Outdent one basic offset. | |
1842 @item ++ | |
1843 Indent two basic offsets | |
1844 @item -- | |
1845 Outdent two basic offsets. | |
1846 @item * | |
1847 Indent half basic offset. | |
1848 @item / | |
1849 Outdent half basic offset. | |
1850 @end table | |
1851 | |
1852 @item | |
1853 After choosing one of these symbols, type @kbd{C-c C-q} to reindent | |
1854 the line or the block according to what you just specified. | |
1855 | |
1856 @item | |
1857 If you don't like the result, go back to step 1. Otherwise, add the | |
1858 following line to your @file{.emacs}: | |
1859 | |
1860 @lisp | |
1861 (c-set-offset '@var{syntactic-symbol} @var{offset}) | |
1862 @end lisp | |
1863 | |
1864 @noindent | |
1865 where @var{syntactic-symbol} is the name Emacs shows in the minibuffer | |
1866 when you type @kbd{C-c C-o} at the beginning of the line, and | |
1867 @var{offset} is one of the indentation symbols listed above (@code{+}, | |
1868 @code{/}, @code{0}, etc.) that you've chosen during the interactive | |
1869 procedure. | |
1870 | |
1871 @item | |
1872 Go to the next line whose indentation is not to your liking and repeat | |
1873 the process there. | |
1874 @end enumerate | |
1875 | |
1876 It is recommended to put all the resulting @code{(c-set-offset ...)} | |
1877 customizations inside a C mode hook, like this: | |
1878 | |
1879 @lisp | |
1880 (defun my-c-mode-hook () | |
1881 (c-set-offset ...) | |
1882 (c-set-offset ...)) | |
1883 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'my-c-mode-hook) | |
1884 @end lisp | |
1885 | |
1886 @noindent | |
1887 Using @code{c-mode-hook} avoids the need to put a @w{@code{(require | |
1888 'cc-mode)}} into your @file{.emacs} file, because @code{c-set-offset} | |
1889 might be unavailable when @code{cc-mode} is not loaded. | |
1890 | |
1891 Note that @code{c-mode-hook} runs for C source files only; use | |
1892 @code{c++-mode-hook} for C@t{++} sources, @code{java-mode-hook} for | |
1893 Java sources, etc. If you want the same customizations to be in | |
1894 effect in @emph{all} languages supported by @code{cc-mode}, use | |
1895 @code{c-mode-common-hook}. | |
1896 | |
103394 | 1897 @node Horizontal scrolling |
84296 | 1898 @section How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally? |
1899 @cindex @code{hscroll-mode} | |
1900 @cindex Horizontal scrolling | |
1901 @cindex Scrolling horizontally | |
1902 | |
1903 In Emacs 21 and later, this is on by default: if the variable | |
1904 @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil} in the current buffer, Emacs | |
1905 automatically scrolls the display horizontally when point moves off the | |
1906 left or right edge of the window. | |
1907 | |
1908 Note that this is overridden by the variable | |
1909 @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} if that variable is non-nil | |
1910 and the current buffer is not full-frame width. | |
1911 | |
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1912 In Emacs 20, use @code{hscroll-mode}. |
84296 | 1913 |
103394 | 1914 @node Overwrite mode |
84296 | 1915 @section How do I make Emacs ``typeover'' or ``overwrite'' instead of inserting? |
1916 @cindex @key{Insert} | |
1917 @cindex @code{overwrite-mode} | |
1918 @cindex Overwriting existing text | |
1919 @cindex Toggling @code{overwrite-mode} | |
1920 | |
1921 @kbd{M-x overwrite-mode} (a minor mode). This toggles | |
1922 @code{overwrite-mode} on and off, so exiting from @code{overwrite-mode} | |
1923 is as easy as another @kbd{M-x overwrite-mode}. | |
1924 | |
1925 On some systems, @key{Insert} toggles @code{overwrite-mode} on and off. | |
1926 | |
103394 | 1927 @node Turning off beeping |
84296 | 1928 @section How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal? |
1929 @cindex Beeping, turning off | |
1930 @cindex Visible bell | |
1931 @cindex Bell, visible | |
1932 | |
1933 @email{martin@@cc.gatech.edu, Martin R. Frank} writes: | |
1934 | |
1935 Tell Emacs to use the @dfn{visible bell} instead of the audible bell, | |
1936 and set the visible bell to nothing. | |
1937 | |
1938 That is, put the following in your @code{TERMCAP} environment variable | |
1939 (assuming you have one): | |
1940 | |
1941 @example | |
1942 ... :vb=: ... | |
1943 @end example | |
1944 | |
1945 And evaluate the following Lisp form: | |
1946 | |
1947 @example | |
1948 (setq visible-bell t) | |
1949 @end example | |
1950 | |
103394 | 1951 @node Turning the volume down |
84296 | 1952 @section How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X? |
1953 @cindex Bell, volume of | |
1954 @cindex Volume of bell | |
1955 | |
1956 On X Window system, you can adjust the bell volume and duration for all | |
1957 programs with the shell command @code{xset}. | |
1958 | |
1959 Invoking @code{xset} without any arguments produces some basic | |
1960 information, including the following: | |
1961 | |
1962 @example | |
1963 usage: xset [-display host:dpy] option ... | |
1964 To turn bell off: | |
1965 -b b off b 0 | |
1966 To set bell volume, pitch and duration: | |
1967 b [vol [pitch [dur]]] b on | |
1968 @end example | |
1969 | |
103394 | 1970 @node Automatic indentation |
84296 | 1971 @section How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the indentation of the previous line? |
1972 @cindex Indenting new lines | |
1973 @cindex New lines, indenting of | |
1974 @cindex Previous line, indenting according to | |
1975 @cindex Text indentation | |
1976 | |
103446 | 1977 Such behavior is automatic (in Text mode) in Emacs 20 and later. From the |
84296 | 1978 @file{etc/NEWS} file for Emacs 20.2: |
1979 | |
1980 @example | |
1981 ** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs. This makes | |
1982 it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode in Text mode, | |
1983 and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode). @key{TAB} in Text | |
1984 mode now runs the command @code{indent-relative}; this makes a practical | |
1985 difference only when you use indented paragraphs. | |
1986 | |
1987 If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, use | |
1988 the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode. | |
1989 @end example | |
1990 | |
1991 @cindex Prefixing lines | |
1992 @cindex Fill prefix | |
1993 If you have @code{auto-fill-mode} turned on (@pxref{Turning on auto-fill | |
1994 by default}), you can tell Emacs to prefix every line with a certain | |
1995 character sequence, the @dfn{fill prefix}. Type the prefix at the | |
1996 beginning of a line, position point after it, and then type @kbd{C-x .} | |
1997 (@code{set-fill-prefix}) to set the fill prefix. Thereafter, | |
1998 auto-filling will automatically put the fill prefix at the beginning of | |
1999 new lines, and @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) will maintain any fill | |
2000 prefix when refilling the paragraph. | |
2001 | |
2002 If you have paragraphs with different levels of indentation, you will | |
2003 have to set the fill prefix to the correct value each time you move to a | |
2004 new paragraph. There are many packages available to deal with this | |
2005 (@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). Look for ``fill'' and | |
2006 ``indent'' keywords for guidance. | |
2007 | |
103394 | 2008 @node Matching parentheses |
84296 | 2009 @section How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at? |
2010 @cindex Parentheses, matching | |
2011 @cindex @file{paren.el} | |
2012 @cindex Highlighting matching parentheses | |
2013 @cindex Pairs of parentheses, highlighting | |
2014 @cindex Matching parentheses | |
2015 | |
2016 Call @code{show-paren-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file: | |
2017 | |
2018 @lisp | |
2019 (show-paren-mode 1) | |
2020 @end lisp | |
2021 | |
2022 You can also enable this mode by selecting the @samp{Paren Match | |
2023 Highlighting} option from the @samp{Options} menu of the Emacs menu bar | |
2024 at the top of any Emacs frame. | |
2025 | |
2026 Alternatives to this mode include: | |
2027 | |
2028 @itemize @bullet | |
2029 | |
2030 @item | |
2031 If you're looking at a right parenthesis (or brace or bracket) you can | |
2032 delete it and reinsert it. Emacs will momentarily move the cursor to | |
2033 the matching parenthesis. | |
2034 | |
2035 @item | |
2036 @kbd{C-M-f} (@code{forward-sexp}) and @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) | |
2037 will skip over one set of balanced parentheses, so you can see which | |
2038 parentheses match. (You can train it to skip over balanced brackets | |
2039 and braces at the same time by modifying the syntax table.) | |
2040 | |
2041 @cindex Show matching paren as in @code{vi} | |
2042 @item | |
2043 Here is some Emacs Lisp that will make the @key{%} key show the matching | |
2044 parenthesis, like in @code{vi}. In addition, if the cursor isn't over a | |
2045 parenthesis, it simply inserts a % like normal. | |
2046 | |
2047 @lisp | |
2048 ;; By an unknown contributor | |
2049 | |
2050 (global-set-key "%" 'match-paren) | |
2051 | |
2052 (defun match-paren (arg) | |
2053 "Go to the matching paren if on a paren; otherwise insert %." | |
2054 (interactive "p") | |
2055 (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(") (forward-list 1) (backward-char 1)) | |
2056 ((looking-at "\\s\)") (forward-char 1) (backward-list 1)) | |
2057 (t (self-insert-command (or arg 1))))) | |
2058 @end lisp | |
2059 | |
2060 @end itemize | |
2061 | |
103394 | 2062 @node Hiding #ifdef lines |
84296 | 2063 @section In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after @code{#ifdef} commands are handled by the compiler? |
2064 @cindex @code{#ifdef}, selective display of | |
2065 @cindex @code{hide-ifdef-mode} | |
2066 @cindex Hiding @code{#ifdef} text | |
2067 @cindex Selectively displaying @code{#ifdef} code | |
2068 | |
2069 @kbd{M-x hide-ifdef-mode}. (This is a minor mode.) You might also want | |
2070 to investigate @file{cpp.el}, which is distributed with Emacs. | |
2071 | |
103394 | 2072 @node Repeating commands |
84296 | 2073 @section How do I repeat a command as many times as possible? |
2074 @cindex Repeating commands many times | |
2075 @cindex Commands, repeating many times | |
2076 @cindex @code{.}, equivalent to @code{vi} command | |
2077 | |
2078 As of Emacs 20.3, there is indeed a @code{repeat} command (@kbd{C-x z}) | |
2079 that repeats the last command. If you preface it with a prefix | |
2080 argument, the prefix arg is applied to the command. | |
2081 | |
2082 You can also type @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC}} | |
2083 (@code{repeat-complex-command}) to reinvoke commands that used the | |
2084 minibuffer to get arguments. In @code{repeat-complex-command} you can | |
2085 type @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n} (and also up-arrow and down-arrow, if your | |
2086 keyboard has these keys) to scan through all the different complex | |
2087 commands you've typed. | |
2088 | |
2089 To repeat a set of commands, use keyboard macros. Use @kbd{C-x (} and | |
2090 @kbd{C-x )} to make a keyboard macro that invokes the command and then | |
2091 type @kbd{C-x e}. (@inforef{Keyboard Macros, Keyboard Macros, emacs}.) | |
2092 | |
2093 If you're really desperate for the @code{.} command in @code{vi} that | |
2094 redoes the last insertion/deletion, use VIPER, a @code{vi} emulation | |
2095 mode which comes with Emacs, and which appears to support it. | |
2096 | |
103394 | 2097 @node Valid X resources |
84296 | 2098 @section What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in .Xdefaults)? |
2099 @cindex Resources, X | |
2100 @cindex X resources | |
2101 @cindex Setting X resources | |
2102 | |
2103 @inforef{X Resources, X Resources, emacs}. | |
2104 | |
2105 You can also use a resource editor, such as editres (for X11R5 and | |
2106 onwards), to look at the resource names for the menu bar, assuming Emacs | |
2107 was compiled with the X toolkit. | |
2108 | |
103394 | 2109 @node Evaluating Emacs Lisp code |
84296 | 2110 @section How do I execute (``evaluate'') a piece of Emacs Lisp code? |
2111 @cindex Evaluating Lisp code | |
2112 @cindex Lisp forms, evaluating | |
2113 | |
2114 There are a number of ways to execute (@dfn{evaluate}, in Lisp lingo) an | |
2115 Emacs Lisp @dfn{form}: | |
2116 | |
2117 @itemize @bullet | |
2118 | |
2119 @item | |
2120 If you want it evaluated every time you run Emacs, put it in a file | |
2121 named @file{.emacs} in your home directory. This is known as ``your | |
2122 @file{.emacs} file,'' and contains all of your personal customizations. | |
2123 | |
2124 @item | |
2125 You can type the form in the @file{*scratch*} buffer, and then type | |
2126 @key{LFD} (or @kbd{C-j}) after it. The result of evaluating the form | |
2127 will be inserted in the buffer. | |
2128 | |
2129 @item | |
2130 In @code{emacs-lisp-mode}, typing @kbd{C-M-x} evaluates a top-level form | |
2131 before or around point. | |
2132 | |
2133 @item | |
2134 Typing @kbd{C-x C-e} in any buffer evaluates the Lisp form immediately | |
2135 before point and prints its value in the echo area. | |
2136 | |
2137 @item | |
2138 Typing @kbd{M-:} or @kbd{M-x eval-expression} allows you to type a Lisp | |
2139 form in the minibuffer which will be evaluated once you press @key{RET}. | |
2140 | |
2141 @item | |
2142 You can use @kbd{M-x load-file} to have Emacs evaluate all the Lisp | |
2143 forms in a file. (To do this from Lisp use the function @code{load} | |
2144 instead.) | |
2145 | |
2146 The functions @code{load-library}, @code{eval-region}, | |
2147 @code{eval-buffer}, @code{require}, and @code{autoload} are also | |
2148 useful; see @ref{Emacs Lisp documentation}, if you want to learn more | |
2149 about them. | |
2150 | |
2151 @end itemize | |
2152 | |
103394 | 2153 @node Changing the length of a Tab |
84296 | 2154 @section How do I change Emacs's idea of the @key{TAB} character's length? |
2155 @cindex Tab length | |
2156 @cindex Length of tab character | |
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2158 Set the default value of the variable @code{tab-width}. For example, to set |
84296 | 2159 @key{TAB} stops every 10 characters, insert the following in your |
2160 @file{.emacs} file: | |
2161 | |
2162 @lisp | |
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2163 (setq-default tab-width 10) |
84296 | 2164 @end lisp |
2165 | |
2166 Do not confuse variable @code{tab-width} with variable | |
2167 @code{tab-stop-list}. The former is used for the display of literal | |
2168 @key{TAB} characters. The latter controls what characters are inserted | |
2169 when you press the @key{TAB} character in certain modes. | |
2170 | |
103394 | 2171 @node Inserting text at the beginning of each line |
84296 | 2172 @section How do I insert <some text> at the beginning of every line? |
2173 @cindex Prefixing a region with some text | |
2174 @cindex Prefix character, inserting in mail/news replies | |
2175 @cindex Replies to mail/news, inserting a prefix character | |
2176 @cindex @code{mail-yank-prefix} | |
2177 @cindex Mail replies, inserting a prefix character | |
2178 @cindex News replies, inserting a prefix character | |
2179 | |
2180 To do this to an entire buffer, type @kbd{M-< M-x replace-regexp | |
2181 @key{RET} ^ @key{RET} your text @key{RET}}. | |
2182 | |
2183 To do this to a region, use @code{string-insert-rectangle}. | |
2184 Set the mark (@kbd{C-@key{SPC}}) at the beginning of the first line you | |
2185 want to prefix, move the cursor to last line to be prefixed, and type | |
2186 @kbd{M-x string-insert-rectangle @key{RET}}. To do this for the whole | |
2187 buffer, type @kbd{C-x h M-x string-insert-rectangle @key{RET}}. | |
2188 | |
2189 If you are trying to prefix a yanked mail message with @samp{>}, you | |
2190 might want to set the variable @code{mail-yank-prefix}. In Message | |
2191 buffers, you can even use @kbd{M-;} to cite yanked messages (@kbd{M-;} | |
2192 runs the function @code{comment-region}, it is a general-purpose | |
2193 mechanism to comment regions) (@pxref{Changing the included text prefix}). | |
2194 | |
103394 | 2195 @node Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column |
84296 | 2196 @section How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor should stay in the same column even if the line is too short? |
2197 @cindex @code{picture-mode} | |
2198 @cindex Remaining in the same column, regardless of contents | |
2199 @cindex Vertical movement in empty documents | |
2200 | |
2201 Use @kbd{M-x picture-mode}. | |
2202 | |
2203 See also the variable @code{track-eol} and the command | |
2204 @code{set-goal-column} bound to @kbd{C-x C-n} | |
2205 (@pxref{Moving Point, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
2206 | |
103394 | 2207 @node Forcing Emacs to iconify itself |
84296 | 2208 @section How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself? |
2209 @cindex Iconification under the X Window System | |
2210 @cindex X Window System and iconification | |
2211 @cindex Suspending Emacs | |
2212 | |
2213 @kbd{C-z} iconifies Emacs when running under X and suspends Emacs | |
2214 otherwise. @inforef{Frame Commands, Frame Commands, emacs}. | |
2215 | |
103394 | 2216 @node Using regular expressions |
84296 | 2217 @section How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs? |
2218 @cindex Regexps | |
2219 @cindex Regular expressions | |
2220 @cindex Differences between Unix and Emacs regexps | |
2221 @cindex Unix regexps, differences from Emacs | |
2222 @cindex Text strings, putting regexps in | |
2223 | |
2224 @inforef{Regexp Backslash, Regexp Backslash, emacs}. | |
2225 | |
2226 The @code{or} operator is @samp{\|}, not @samp{|}, and the grouping operators | |
2227 are @samp{\(} and @samp{\)}. Also, the string syntax for a backslash is | |
2228 @samp{\\}. To specify a regular expression like @samp{xxx\(foo\|bar\)} | |
2229 in a Lisp string, use @samp{xxx\\(foo\\|bar\\)}. | |
2230 | |
2231 Note the doubled backslashes! | |
2232 | |
2233 @itemize @bullet | |
2234 | |
2235 @item | |
2236 Unlike in Unix @file{grep}, @file{sed}, etc., a complement character set | |
2237 (@samp{[^...]}) can match a newline character (@key{LFD} a.k.a.@: | |
2238 @kbd{C-j} a.k.a.@: @samp{\n}), unless newline is mentioned as one of the | |
2239 characters not to match. | |
2240 | |
2241 @item | |
2242 The character syntax regexps (e.g., @samp{\sw}) are not | |
2243 meaningful inside character set regexps (e.g., @samp{[aeiou]}). (This | |
2244 is actually typical for regexp syntax.) | |
2245 | |
2246 @end itemize | |
2247 | |
103394 | 2248 @node Replacing text across multiple files |
84296 | 2249 @section How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file? |
2250 @cindex Replacing strings across files | |
2251 @cindex Multiple files, replacing across | |
2252 @cindex Files, replacing strings across multiple | |
2253 @cindex Recursive search/replace operations | |
2254 | |
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2255 Dired mode (@kbd{M-x dired @key{RET}}, or @kbd{C-x d}) supports the |
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2256 command @code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp} (@kbd{Q}), which allows |
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2257 users to replace regular expressions in multiple files. |
84296 | 2258 |
2259 You can use this command to perform search/replace operations on | |
2260 multiple files by following the following steps: | |
2261 | |
2262 @itemize @bullet | |
2263 @item | |
2264 Assemble a list of files you want to operate on with either | |
2265 @code{find-dired}, @code{find-name-dired} or @code{find-grep-dired}. | |
2266 | |
2267 @item | |
2268 Mark all files in the resulting Dired buffer using @kbd{t}. | |
2269 | |
2270 @item | |
2271 Use @kbd{Q} to start a @code{query-replace-regexp} session on the marked | |
2272 files. | |
2273 | |
2274 @item | |
2275 To accept all replacements in each file, hit @kbd{!}. | |
2276 @end itemize | |
2277 | |
2278 Another way to do the same thing is to use the ``tags'' feature of | |
2279 Emacs: it includes the command @code{tags-query-replace} which performs | |
2280 a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the @file{TAGS} file. | |
2281 @inforef{Tags Search, Tags Search, emacs}. | |
2282 | |
103394 | 2283 @node Documentation for etags |
84296 | 2284 @section Where is the documentation for @code{etags}? |
2285 @cindex Documentation for @code{etags} | |
2286 @cindex @code{etags}, documentation for | |
2287 | |
2288 The @code{etags} man page should be in the same place as the | |
2289 @code{emacs} man page. | |
2290 | |
2291 Quick command-line switch descriptions are also available. For example, | |
2292 @samp{etags -H}. | |
2293 | |
103394 | 2294 @node Disabling backups |
84296 | 2295 @section How do I disable backup files? |
2296 @cindex Backups, disabling | |
2297 @cindex Disabling backups | |
2298 | |
2299 You probably don't want to do this, since backups are useful, especially | |
2300 when something goes wrong. | |
2301 | |
2302 To avoid seeing backup files (and other ``uninteresting'' files) in Dired, | |
2303 load @code{dired-x} by adding the following to your @file{.emacs} file: | |
2304 | |
2305 @lisp | |
2306 (add-hook 'dired-load-hook | |
2307 (lambda () | |
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2308 (require 'dired-x))) |
84296 | 2309 @end lisp |
2310 | |
2311 With @code{dired-x} loaded, @kbd{M-o} toggles omitting in each dired buffer. | |
2312 You can make omitting the default for new dired buffers by putting the | |
2313 following in your @file{.emacs}: | |
2314 | |
2315 @lisp | |
2316 (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook 'dired-omit-toggle) | |
2317 @end lisp | |
2318 | |
2319 If you're tired of seeing backup files whenever you do an @samp{ls} at | |
2320 the Unix shell, try GNU @code{ls} with the @samp{-B} option. GNU | |
2321 @code{ls} is part of the GNU Fileutils package, available from | |
2322 @samp{ftp.gnu.org} and its mirrors (@pxref{Current GNU distributions}). | |
2323 | |
2324 To disable or change the way backups are made, @inforef{Backup Names, , | |
2325 emacs}. | |
2326 | |
2327 @cindex Backup files in a single directory | |
2328 Beginning with Emacs 21.1, you can control where Emacs puts backup files | |
2329 by customizing the variable @code{backup-directory-alist}. This | |
2330 variable's value specifies that files whose names match specific patters | |
2331 should have their backups put in certain directories. A typical use is | |
2332 to add the element @code{("." . @var{dir})} to force Emacs to put | |
2333 @strong{all} backup files in the directory @file{dir}. | |
2334 | |
103394 | 2335 @node Disabling auto-save-mode |
84296 | 2336 @section How do I disable @code{auto-save-mode}? |
2337 @cindex Disabling @code{auto-save-mode} | |
2338 @cindex Auto-saving | |
2339 @cindex Saving at frequent intervals | |
2340 | |
2341 You probably don't want to do this, since auto-saving is useful, | |
2342 especially when Emacs or your computer crashes while you are editing a | |
2343 document. | |
2344 | |
2345 Instead, you might want to change the variable | |
2346 @code{auto-save-interval}, which specifies how many keystrokes Emacs | |
2347 waits before auto-saving. Increasing this value forces Emacs to wait | |
2348 longer between auto-saves, which might annoy you less. | |
2349 | |
2350 You might also want to look into Sebastian Kremer's @code{auto-save} | |
2351 package (@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). This | |
2352 package also allows you to place all auto-save files in one directory, | |
2353 such as @file{/tmp}. | |
2354 | |
2355 To disable or change how @code{auto-save-mode} works, @inforef{Auto | |
2356 Save, , emacs}. | |
2357 | |
103394 | 2358 @node Going to a line by number |
84296 | 2359 @section How can I go to a certain line given its number? |
2360 @cindex Going to a line by number | |
2361 @cindex Compilation error messages | |
2362 @cindex Recompilation | |
2363 | |
2364 Are you sure you indeed need to go to a line by its number? Perhaps all | |
2365 you want is to display a line in your source file for which a compiler | |
2366 printed an error message? If so, compiling from within Emacs using the | |
2367 @kbd{M-x compile} and @kbd{M-x recompile} commands is a much more | |
2368 effective way of doing that. Emacs automatically intercepts the compile | |
2369 error messages, inserts them into a special buffer called | |
2370 @code{*compilation*}, and lets you visit the locus of each message in | |
2371 the source. Type @kbd{C-x `} to step through the offending lines one by | |
2372 one (starting with Emacs 22, you can also use @kbd{M-g M-p} and | |
2373 @kbd{M-g M-n} to go to the previous and next matches directly). Click | |
2374 @kbd{Mouse-2} or press @key{RET} on a message text in the | |
2375 @code{*compilation*} buffer to go to the line whose number is mentioned | |
2376 in that message. | |
2377 | |
2378 But if you indeed need to go to a certain text line, type @kbd{M-g M-g} | |
2379 (which is the default binding of the @code{goto-line} function starting | |
2380 with Emacs 22). Emacs will prompt you for the number of the line and go | |
2381 to that line. | |
2382 | |
2383 You can do this faster by invoking @code{goto-line} with a numeric | |
2384 argument that is the line's number. For example, @kbd{C-u 286 M-g M-g} | |
2385 will jump to line number 286 in the current buffer. | |
2386 | |
103394 | 2387 @node Modifying pull-down menus |
84296 | 2388 @section How can I create or modify new pull-down menu options? |
2389 @cindex Pull-down menus, creating or modifying | |
2390 @cindex Menus, creating or modifying | |
2391 @cindex Creating new menu options | |
2392 @cindex Modifying pull-down menus | |
2393 @cindex Menus and keymaps | |
2394 @cindex Keymaps and menus | |
2395 | |
2396 Each menu title (e.g., @samp{File}, @samp{Edit}, @samp{Buffers}) | |
2397 represents a local or global keymap. Selecting a menu title with the | |
2398 mouse displays that keymap's non-@code{nil} contents in the form of a menu. | |
2399 | |
2400 So to add a menu option to an existing menu, all you have to do is add a | |
2401 new definition to the appropriate keymap. Adding a @samp{Forward Word} | |
2402 item to the @samp{Edit} menu thus requires the following Lisp code: | |
2403 | |
2404 @lisp | |
2405 (define-key global-map | |
2406 [menu-bar edit forward] | |
2407 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) | |
2408 @end lisp | |
2409 | |
2410 @noindent | |
2411 The first line adds the entry to the global keymap, which includes | |
2412 global menu bar entries. Replacing the reference to @code{global-map} | |
2413 with a local keymap would add this menu option only within a particular | |
2414 mode. | |
2415 | |
2416 The second line describes the path from the menu-bar to the new entry. | |
2417 Placing this menu entry underneath the @samp{File} menu would mean | |
2418 changing the word @code{edit} in the second line to @code{file}. | |
2419 | |
2420 The third line is a cons cell whose first element is the title that will | |
2421 be displayed, and whose second element is the function that will be | |
2422 called when that menu option is invoked. | |
2423 | |
2424 To add a new menu, rather than a new option to an existing menu, we must | |
2425 define an entirely new keymap: | |
2426 | |
2427 @lisp | |
2428 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] | |
2429 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) | |
2430 @end lisp | |
2431 | |
2432 The above code creates a new sparse keymap, gives it the name | |
2433 @samp{Words}, and attaches it to the global menu bar. Adding the | |
2434 @samp{Forward Word} item to this new menu would thus require the | |
2435 following code: | |
2436 | |
2437 @lisp | |
2438 (define-key global-map | |
2439 [menu-bar words forward] | |
2440 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) | |
2441 @end lisp | |
2442 | |
2443 @noindent | |
2444 Note that because of the way keymaps work, menu options are displayed | |
2445 with the more recently defined items at the top. Thus if you were to | |
2446 define menu options @samp{foo}, @samp{bar}, and @samp{baz} (in that | |
2447 order), the menu option @samp{baz} would appear at the top, and | |
2448 @samp{foo} would be at the bottom. | |
2449 | |
2450 One way to avoid this problem is to use the function @code{define-key-after}, | |
2451 which works the same as @code{define-key}, but lets you modify where items | |
2452 appear. The following Lisp code would insert the @samp{Forward Word} | |
2453 item in the @samp{Edit} menu immediately following the @samp{Undo} item: | |
2454 | |
2455 @lisp | |
2456 (define-key-after | |
2457 (lookup-key global-map [menu-bar edit]) | |
2458 [forward] | |
2459 '("Forward word" . forward-word) | |
2460 'undo) | |
2461 @end lisp | |
2462 | |
2463 Note how the second and third arguments to @code{define-key-after} are | |
2464 different from those of @code{define-key}, and that we have added a new | |
2465 (final) argument, the function after which our new key should be | |
2466 defined. | |
2467 | |
2468 To move a menu option from one position to another, simply evaluate | |
2469 @code{define-key-after} with the appropriate final argument. | |
2470 | |
2471 More detailed information---and more examples of how to create and | |
2472 modify menu options---are in the @cite{Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, under | |
2473 ``Menu Keymaps.'' (@xref{Emacs Lisp documentation}, for information on | |
2474 this manual.) | |
2475 | |
103394 | 2476 @node Deleting menus and menu options |
84296 | 2477 @section How do I delete menus and menu options? |
2478 @cindex Deleting menus and menu options | |
2479 @cindex Menus, deleting | |
2480 | |
2481 The simplest way to remove a menu is to set its keymap to @samp{nil}. | |
2482 For example, to delete the @samp{Words} menu (@pxref{Modifying pull-down | |
2483 menus}), use: | |
2484 | |
2485 @lisp | |
2486 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] nil) | |
2487 @end lisp | |
2488 | |
2489 Similarly, removing a menu option requires redefining a keymap entry to | |
2490 @code{nil}. For example, to delete the @samp{Forward word} menu option | |
2491 from the @samp{Edit} menu (we added it in @ref{Modifying pull-down | |
2492 menus}), use: | |
2493 | |
2494 @lisp | |
2495 (define-key global-map [menu-bar edit forward] nil) | |
2496 @end lisp | |
2497 | |
103394 | 2498 @node Turning on syntax highlighting |
84296 | 2499 @section How do I turn on syntax highlighting? |
2500 @cindex Syntax highlighting | |
2501 @cindex @code{font-lock-mode} | |
2502 @cindex Highlighting based on syntax | |
2503 @cindex Colorizing text | |
2504 @cindex FAQ, @code{font-lock-mode} | |
2505 | |
2506 @code{font-lock-mode} is the standard way to have Emacs perform syntax | |
2507 highlighting in the current buffer. It is enabled by default in Emacs | |
2508 22.1 and later. | |
2509 | |
2510 With @code{font-lock-mode} turned on, different types of text will | |
2511 appear in different colors. For instance, in a programming mode, | |
2512 variables will appear in one face, keywords in a second, and comments in | |
2513 a third. | |
2514 | |
2515 To turn @code{font-lock-mode} off within an existing buffer, use | |
2516 @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode @key{RET}}. | |
2517 | |
2518 In Emacs 21 and earlier versions, you could use the following code in | |
2519 your @file{.emacs} file to turn on @code{font-lock-mode} globally: | |
2520 | |
2521 @lisp | |
2522 (global-font-lock-mode 1) | |
2523 @end lisp | |
2524 | |
2525 Highlighting a buffer with @code{font-lock-mode} can take quite a while, | |
2526 and cause an annoying delay in display, so several features exist to | |
2527 work around this. | |
2528 | |
2529 @cindex Just-In-Time syntax highlighting | |
2530 In Emacs 21 and later, turning on @code{font-lock-mode} automatically | |
2531 activates the new @dfn{Just-In-Time fontification} provided by | |
2532 @code{jit-lock-mode}. @code{jit-lock-mode} defers the fontification of | |
2533 portions of buffer until you actually need to see them, and can also | |
2534 fontify while Emacs is idle. This makes display of the visible portion | |
2535 of a buffer almost instantaneous. For details about customizing | |
2536 @code{jit-lock-mode}, type @kbd{C-h f jit-lock-mode @key{RET}}. | |
2537 | |
2538 @cindex Levels of syntax highlighting | |
2539 @cindex Decoration level, in @code{font-lock-mode} | |
2540 In versions of Emacs before 21, different levels of decoration are | |
2541 available, from slight to gaudy. More decoration means you need to wait | |
2542 more time for a buffer to be fontified (or a faster machine). To | |
2543 control how decorated your buffers should become, set the value of | |
2544 @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} in your @file{.emacs} file, with a | |
2545 @code{nil} value indicating default (usually minimum) decoration, and a | |
2546 @code{t} value indicating the maximum decoration. For the gaudiest | |
2547 possible look, then, include the line | |
2548 | |
2549 @lisp | |
2550 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration t) | |
2551 @end lisp | |
2552 | |
2553 @noindent | |
2554 in your @file{.emacs} file. You can also set this variable such that | |
2555 different modes are highlighted in a different ways; for more | |
2556 information, see the documentation for | |
2557 @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} with @kbd{C-h v} (or @kbd{M-x | |
2558 describe-variable @key{RET}}). | |
2559 | |
2560 Also see the documentation for the function @code{font-lock-mode}, | |
2561 available by typing @kbd{C-h f font-lock-mode} (@kbd{M-x | |
2562 describe-function @key{RET} font-lock-mode @key{RET}}). | |
2563 | |
2564 To print buffers with the faces (i.e., colors and fonts) intact, use | |
2565 @kbd{M-x ps-print-buffer-with-faces} or @kbd{M-x | |
2566 ps-print-region-with-faces}. You will need a way to send text to a | |
2567 PostScript printer, or a PostScript interpreter such as Ghostscript; | |
2568 consult the documentation of the variables @code{ps-printer-name}, | |
2569 @code{ps-lpr-command}, and @code{ps-lpr-switches} for more details. | |
2570 | |
103394 | 2571 @node Scrolling only one line |
84296 | 2572 @section How can I force Emacs to scroll only one line when I move past the bottom of the screen? |
2573 @cindex Scrolling only one line | |
2574 @cindex Reducing the increment when scrolling | |
2575 | |
2576 Customize the @code{scroll-conservatively} variable with @kbd{M-x | |
2577 customize-variable @key{RET} scroll-conservatively @key{RET}} and set it | |
2578 to a large value like, say, 10000. For an explanation of what this | |
2579 means, @inforef{Auto Scrolling, Auto Scrolling, emacs}. | |
2580 | |
2581 Alternatively, use the following Lisp form in your @file{.emacs}: | |
2582 | |
2583 @lisp | |
2584 (setq scroll-conservatively most-positive-fixnum) | |
2585 @end lisp | |
2586 | |
103394 | 2587 @node Editing MS-DOS files |
84296 | 2588 @section How can I edit MS-DOS files using Emacs? |
2589 @cindex Editing MS-DOS files | |
2590 @cindex MS-DOS files, editing | |
2591 @cindex Microsoft files, editing | |
2592 @cindex Windows files, editing | |
2593 | |
2594 As of Emacs 20, detection and handling of MS-DOS (and Windows) files is | |
2595 performed transparently. You can open MS-DOS files on a Unix system, | |
2596 edit it, and save it without having to worry about the file format. | |
2597 | |
2598 When editing an MS-DOS style file, the mode line will indicate that it | |
2599 is a DOS file. On Unix and GNU/Linux systems, and also on a Macintosh, | |
2600 the string @samp{(DOS)} will appear near the left edge of the mode line; | |
2601 on DOS and Windows, where the DOS end-of-line (EOL) format is the | |
2602 default, a backslash (@samp{\}) will appear in the mode line. | |
2603 | |
103394 | 2604 @node Filling paragraphs with a single space |
84296 | 2605 @section How can I tell Emacs to fill paragraphs with a single space after each period? |
2606 @cindex One space following periods | |
2607 @cindex Single space following periods | |
2608 @cindex Periods, one space following | |
2609 | |
2610 Add the following line to your @file{.emacs} file: | |
2611 | |
2612 @lisp | |
2613 (setq sentence-end-double-space nil) | |
2614 @end lisp | |
2615 | |
103394 | 2616 @node Escape sequences in shell output |
84296 | 2617 @section Why these strange escape sequences from @code{ls} from the Shell mode? |
2618 @cindex Escape sequences in @code{ls} output | |
2619 @cindex @code{ls} in Shell mode | |
2620 | |
2621 This happens because @code{ls} is aliased to @samp{ls --color} in your | |
2622 shell init file. You have two alternatives to solve this: | |
2623 | |
2624 @itemize @bullet | |
2625 @item | |
2626 Make the alias conditioned on the @code{EMACS} variable in the | |
2627 environment. When Emacs runs a subsidiary shell, it exports the | |
2628 @code{EMACS} variable to that shell, with value equal to the absolute | |
2629 file name of Emacs. You can | |
2630 unalias @code{ls} when that happens, thus limiting the alias to your | |
2631 interactive sessions. | |
2632 | |
2633 @item | |
2634 Install the @code{ansi-color} package (bundled with Emacs 21.1 and | |
2635 later), which converts these ANSI escape sequences into colors. | |
2636 @end itemize | |
2637 | |
103394 | 2638 @node Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows |
84296 | 2639 @section How can I start Emacs in fullscreen mode on MS-Windows? |
2640 @cindex Maximize frame | |
2641 @cindex Fullscreen mode | |
2642 | |
2643 Use the function @code{w32-send-sys-command}. For example, you can | |
2644 put the following in your @file{.emacs} file: | |
2645 | |
2646 @lisp | |
2647 (add-hook 'term-setup-hook | |
2648 #'(lambda () (w32-send-sys-command ?\xF030))) | |
2649 @end lisp | |
2650 | |
2651 To avoid the slightly distracting visual effect of Emacs starting with | |
2652 its default frame size and then growing to fullscreen, you can add an | |
2653 @samp{Emacs.Geometry} entry to the Windows registry settings (see | |
2654 @pxref{(emacs)X Resources}). | |
2655 | |
2656 To compute the correct values for width and height, first maximize the | |
2657 Emacs frame and then evaluate @code{(frame-height)} and | |
2658 @code{(frame-width)} with @kbd{M-:}. | |
2659 | |
2660 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 2661 @node Bugs and problems |
84296 | 2662 @chapter Bugs and problems |
2663 @cindex Bugs and problems | |
2664 | |
2665 The Emacs manual lists some common kinds of trouble users could get | |
2666 into, see @ref{Lossage, , Dealing with Emacs Trouble, emacs, The GNU | |
2667 Emacs Manual}, so you might look there if the problem you encounter | |
2668 isn't described in this chapter. If you decide you've discovered a bug, | |
2669 see @ref{Bugs, , Reporting Bugs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for | |
2670 instructions how to do that. | |
2671 | |
2672 The file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} in the Emacs distribution lists various | |
2673 known problems with building and using Emacs on specific platforms; | |
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2674 type @kbd{C-h C-p} to read it. |
84296 | 2675 |
2676 @menu | |
2677 * Problems with very large files:: | |
2678 * ^M in the shell buffer:: | |
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2679 * Problems with Shell Mode:: |
84296 | 2680 * Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs:: |
2681 * Errors with init files:: | |
2682 * Emacs ignores X resources:: | |
2683 * Emacs ignores frame parameters:: | |
2684 * Editing files with $ in the name:: | |
2685 * Shell mode loses the current directory:: | |
2686 * Security risks with Emacs:: | |
2687 * Dired claims that no file is on this line:: | |
2688 @end menu | |
2689 | |
103394 | 2690 @node Problems with very large files |
84296 | 2691 @section Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes? |
2692 @cindex Very large files, opening | |
2693 @cindex Large files, opening | |
2694 @cindex Opening very large files | |
2695 @cindex Maximum file size | |
2696 @cindex Files, maximum size | |
2697 | |
2698 Old versions (i.e., anything before 19.29) of Emacs had problems editing | |
2699 files larger than 8 megabytes. In versions 19.29 and later, the maximum | |
2700 buffer size is at least 2^27-1, or 134,217,727 bytes, or 132 MBytes. | |
2701 And in Emacs 22, the maximum buffer size has been increased to | |
2702 268,435,455 bytes (or 256 MBytes) on 32-bit machines. | |
2703 | |
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2704 Emacs compiled on a 64-bit machine can handle much larger buffers. |
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2705 |
103394 | 2706 @node ^M in the shell buffer |
84296 | 2707 @section How do I get rid of @samp{^M} or echoed commands in my shell buffer? |
2708 @cindex Shell buffer, echoed commands and @samp{^M} in | |
2709 @cindex Echoed commands in @code{shell-mode} | |
2710 | |
2711 Try typing @kbd{M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m @key{RET}} while in @code{shell-mode} to | |
2712 make them go away. If that doesn't work, you have several options: | |
2713 | |
2714 For @code{tcsh}, put this in your @file{.cshrc} (or @file{.tcshrc}) | |
2715 file: | |
2716 | |
2717 @example | |
2718 if ($?EMACS) then | |
2719 if ("$EMACS" =~ /*) then | |
2720 if ($?tcsh) unset edit | |
2721 stty nl | |
2722 endif | |
2723 endif | |
2724 @end example | |
2725 | |
2726 Or put this in your @file{.emacs_tcsh} or @file{~/.emacs.d/init_tcsh.sh} file: | |
2727 | |
2728 @example | |
2729 unset edit | |
2730 stty nl | |
2731 @end example | |
2732 | |
2733 Alternatively, use @code{csh} in your shell buffers instead of | |
2734 @code{tcsh}. One way is: | |
2735 | |
2736 @lisp | |
2737 (setq explicit-shell-file-name "/bin/csh") | |
2738 @end lisp | |
2739 | |
2740 @noindent | |
2741 and another is to do this in your @file{.cshrc} (or @file{.tcshrc}) | |
2742 file: | |
2743 | |
2744 @example | |
2745 setenv ESHELL /bin/csh | |
2746 @end example | |
2747 | |
2748 @noindent | |
2749 (You must start Emacs over again with the environment variable properly | |
2750 set for this to take effect.) | |
2751 | |
2752 You can also set the @code{ESHELL} environment variable in Emacs Lisp | |
2753 with the following Lisp form, | |
2754 | |
2755 @lisp | |
2756 (setenv "ESHELL" "/bin/csh") | |
2757 @end lisp | |
2758 | |
2759 The above solutions try to prevent the shell from producing the | |
2760 @samp{^M} characters in the first place. If this is not possible | |
2761 (e.g., if you use a Windows shell), you can get Emacs to remove these | |
2762 characters from the buffer by adding this to your @file{.emacs} init | |
2763 file: | |
2764 | |
2765 @smalllisp | |
2766 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 'shell-strip-ctrl-m) | |
2767 @end smalllisp | |
2768 | |
2769 On a related note: if your shell is echoing your input line in the shell | |
2770 buffer, you might want to customize the @code{comint-process-echoes} | |
2771 variable in your shell buffers, or try the following command in your | |
2772 shell start-up file: | |
2773 | |
2774 @example | |
2775 stty -icrnl -onlcr -echo susp ^Z | |
2776 @end example | |
2777 | |
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2778 @node Problems with Shell Mode |
84296 | 2779 @section Why do I get an error message when I try to run @kbd{M-x shell}? |
2780 | |
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2781 @cindex Shell Mode, problems |
84296 | 2782 @cindex @code{explicit-shell-file-name} |
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2783 This might happen because Emacs tries to look for the shell in a wrong |
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2784 place. If you know where your shell executable is, set the variable |
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2785 @code{explicit-shell-file-name} in your @file{.emacs} file to point to |
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2786 its full file name. |
84296 | 2787 |
2788 @cindex Antivirus programs, and Shell Mode | |
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2789 Some people have trouble with Shell Mode on MS-Windows because of |
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2790 intrusive antivirus software; disabling the resident antivirus program |
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2791 solves the problems in those cases. |
84296 | 2792 |
103394 | 2793 @node Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs |
84296 | 2794 @section Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type @samp{emacs}? |
2795 @cindex Termcap | |
2796 @cindex Terminfo | |
2797 @cindex Emacs entries for termcap/terminfo | |
2798 | |
2799 The termcap entry for terminal type @samp{emacs} is ordinarily put in | |
2800 the @samp{TERMCAP} environment variable of subshells. It may help in | |
2801 certain situations (e.g., using rlogin from shell buffer) to add an | |
2802 entry for @samp{emacs} to the system-wide termcap file. Here is a | |
2803 correct termcap entry for @samp{emacs}: | |
2804 | |
2805 @example | |
2806 emacs:tc=unknown: | |
2807 @end example | |
2808 | |
2809 To make a terminfo entry for @samp{emacs}, use @code{tic} or | |
2810 @code{captoinfo}. You need to generate | |
2811 @file{/usr/lib/terminfo/e/emacs}. It may work to simply copy | |
2812 @file{/usr/lib/terminfo/d/dumb} to @file{/usr/lib/terminfo/e/emacs}. | |
2813 | |
2814 Having a termcap/terminfo entry will not enable the use of full screen | |
2815 programs in shell buffers. Use @kbd{M-x terminal-emulator} for that | |
2816 instead. | |
2817 | |
2818 A workaround to the problem of missing termcap/terminfo entries is to | |
2819 change terminal type @samp{emacs} to type @samp{dumb} or @samp{unknown} | |
2820 in your shell start up file. @code{csh} users could put this in their | |
2821 @file{.cshrc} files: | |
2822 | |
2823 @example | |
2824 if ("$term" == emacs) set term=dumb | |
2825 @end example | |
2826 | |
103394 | 2827 @node Errors with init files |
84296 | 2828 @section Why does Emacs say @samp{Error in init file}? |
2829 @cindex Error in @file{.emacs} | |
2830 @cindex Error in init file | |
2831 @cindex Init file, errors in | |
2832 @cindex @file{.emacs} file, errors in | |
2833 @cindex Debugging @file{.emacs} file | |
2834 | |
2835 An error occurred while loading either your @file{.emacs} file or the | |
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2836 system-wide file @file{site-lisp/default.el}. Emacs 21.1 and later pops the |
84296 | 2837 @file{*Messages*} buffer, and puts there some additional information |
2838 about the error, to provide some hints for debugging. | |
2839 | |
2840 For information on how to debug your @file{.emacs} file, see | |
2841 @ref{Debugging a customization file}. | |
2842 | |
2843 It may be the case that you need to load some package first, or use a | |
2844 hook that will be evaluated after the package is loaded. A common case | |
2845 of this is explained in @ref{Terminal setup code works after Emacs has | |
2846 begun}. | |
2847 | |
103394 | 2848 @node Emacs ignores X resources |
84296 | 2849 @section Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)? |
2850 @cindex X resources being ignored | |
2851 @cindex Ignored X resources | |
2852 @cindex @file{.Xdefaults} | |
2853 | |
2854 As of version 19, Emacs searches for X resources in the files specified | |
2855 by the following environment variables: | |
2856 | |
2857 @itemize @bullet | |
2858 | |
2859 @item @code{XFILESEARCHPATH} | |
2860 @item @code{XUSERFILESEARCHPATH} | |
2861 @item @code{XAPPLRESDIR} | |
2862 | |
2863 @end itemize | |
2864 | |
2865 This emulates the functionality provided by programs written using the | |
2866 Xt toolkit. | |
2867 | |
2868 @code{XFILESEARCHPATH} and @code{XUSERFILESEARCHPATH} should be a list | |
2869 of file names separated by colons. @code{XAPPLRESDIR} should be a list | |
2870 of directory names separated by colons. | |
2871 | |
2872 Emacs searches for X resources: | |
2873 | |
2874 @enumerate | |
2875 | |
2876 @item | |
2877 specified on the command line, with the @samp{-xrm RESOURCESTRING} option, | |
2878 | |
2879 @item | |
2880 then in the value of the @samp{XENVIRONMENT} environment variable, | |
2881 | |
2882 @itemize @minus | |
2883 | |
2884 @item | |
2885 or if that is unset, in the file named | |
2886 @file{~/.Xdefaults-@var{hostname}} if it exists (where @var{hostname} is | |
2887 the name of the machine Emacs is running on), | |
2888 | |
2889 @end itemize | |
2890 | |
2891 @item | |
2892 then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties provided | |
2893 by the server, | |
2894 | |
2895 @itemize @minus | |
2896 | |
2897 @item | |
2898 or if those properties are unset, in the file named @file{~/.Xdefaults} | |
2899 if it exists, | |
2900 | |
2901 @end itemize | |
2902 | |
2903 @item | |
2904 then in the files listed in @samp{XUSERFILESEARCHPATH}, | |
2905 | |
2906 @itemize @minus | |
2907 | |
2908 @item | |
2909 or in files named @file{@var{lang}/Emacs} in directories listed in | |
2910 @samp{XAPPLRESDIR} (where @var{lang} is the value of the @code{LANG} | |
2911 environment variable), if the @samp{LANG} environment variable is set, | |
2912 @item | |
2913 or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in @samp{XAPPLRESDIR} | |
2914 @item | |
2915 or in @file{~/@var{lang}/Emacs} (if the @code{LANG} environment variable | |
2916 is set), | |
2917 @item | |
2918 or in @file{~/Emacs}, | |
2919 | |
2920 @end itemize | |
2921 | |
2922 @item | |
2923 then in the files listed in @code{XFILESEARCHPATH}. | |
2924 | |
2925 @end enumerate | |
2926 | |
103394 | 2927 @node Emacs ignores frame parameters |
84296 | 2928 @section Why don't my customizations of the frame parameters work? |
2929 @cindex Frame parameters | |
2930 | |
2931 This probably happens because you have set the frame parameters in the | |
2932 variable @code{initial-frame-alist}. That variable holds parameters | |
2933 used only for the first frame created when Emacs starts. To customize | |
2934 the parameters of all frames, change the variable | |
2935 @code{default-frame-alist} instead. | |
2936 | |
2937 These two variables exist because many users customize the initial frame | |
2938 in a special way. For example, you could determine the position and | |
2939 size of the initial frame, but would like to control the geometry of the | |
2940 other frames by individually positioning each one of them. | |
2941 | |
2942 | |
103394 | 2943 @node Editing files with $ in the name |
84296 | 2944 @section How do I edit a file with a @samp{$} in its name? |
2945 @cindex Editing files with @samp{$} in the name | |
2946 @cindex @samp{$} in file names | |
2947 @cindex File names containing @samp{$}, editing | |
2948 | |
2949 When entering a file name in the minibuffer, Emacs will attempt to expand | |
2950 a @samp{$} followed by a word as an environment variable. To suppress | |
2951 this behavior, type @kbd{$$} instead. | |
2952 | |
103394 | 2953 @node Shell mode loses the current directory |
84296 | 2954 @section Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory? |
2955 @cindex Current directory and @code{shell-mode} | |
2956 @cindex @code{shell-mode} and current directory | |
2957 @cindex Directory, current in @code{shell-mode} | |
2958 | |
2959 Emacs has no way of knowing when the shell actually changes its | |
2960 directory. This is an intrinsic limitation of Unix. So it tries to | |
2961 guess by recognizing @samp{cd} commands. If you type @kbd{cd} followed | |
2962 by a directory name with a variable reference (@kbd{cd $HOME/bin}) or | |
2963 with a shell metacharacter (@kbd{cd ../lib*}), Emacs will fail to | |
2964 correctly guess the shell's new current directory. A huge variety of | |
2965 fixes and enhancements to shell mode for this problem have been written | |
2966 to handle this problem (@pxref{Finding a package with particular | |
2967 functionality}). | |
2968 | |
2969 You can tell Emacs the shell's current directory with the command | |
2970 @kbd{M-x dirs}. | |
2971 | |
103394 | 2972 @node Security risks with Emacs |
84296 | 2973 @section Are there any security risks in Emacs? |
2974 @cindex Security with Emacs | |
2975 @cindex @samp{movemail} and security | |
2976 @cindex @code{file-local-variable} and security | |
2977 @cindex Synthetic X events and security | |
2978 @cindex X events and security | |
2979 | |
2980 @itemize @bullet | |
2981 | |
2982 @item | |
2983 The @file{movemail} incident. (No, this is not a risk.) | |
2984 | |
2985 In his book @cite{The Cuckoo's Egg}, Cliff Stoll describes this in | |
2986 chapter 4. The site at LBL had installed the @file{/etc/movemail} | |
2987 program setuid root. (As of version 19, @file{movemail} is in your | |
2988 architecture-specific directory; type @kbd{C-h v exec-directory | |
2989 @key{RET}} to see what it is.) Since @code{movemail} had not been | |
2990 designed for this situation, a security hole was created and users could | |
2991 get root privileges. | |
2992 | |
2993 @code{movemail} has since been changed so that this security hole will | |
2994 not exist, even if it is installed setuid root. However, | |
2995 @code{movemail} no longer needs to be installed setuid root, which | |
2996 should eliminate this particular risk. | |
2997 | |
2998 We have heard unverified reports that the 1988 Internet worm took | |
2999 advantage of this configuration problem. | |
3000 | |
3001 @item | |
3002 The @code{file-local-variable} feature. (Yes, a risk, but easy to | |
3003 change.) | |
3004 | |
3005 There is an Emacs feature that allows the setting of local values for | |
3006 variables when editing a file by including specially formatted text near | |
3007 the end of the file. This feature also includes the ability to have | |
3008 arbitrary Emacs Lisp code evaluated when the file is visited. | |
3009 Obviously, there is a potential for Trojan horses to exploit this | |
3010 feature. | |
3011 | |
3012 As of Emacs 22, Emacs has a list of local variables that are known to | |
3013 be safe to set. If a file tries to set any variable outside this | |
3014 list, it asks the user to confirm whether the variables should be set. | |
3015 You can also tell Emacs whether to allow the evaluation of Emacs Lisp | |
3016 code found at the bottom of files by setting the variable | |
3017 @code{enable-local-eval}. | |
3018 | |
3019 For more information, @inforef{File Variables, File Variables, emacs}. | |
3020 | |
3021 @item | |
3022 Synthetic X events. (Yes, a risk; use @samp{MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1} or | |
3023 better.) | |
3024 | |
3025 Emacs accepts synthetic X events generated by the @code{SendEvent} | |
3026 request as though they were regular events. As a result, if you are | |
3027 using the trivial host-based authentication, other users who can open X | |
3028 connections to your X workstation can make your Emacs process do | |
3029 anything, including run other processes with your privileges. | |
3030 | |
3031 The only fix for this is to prevent other users from being able to open | |
3032 X connections. The standard way to prevent this is to use a real | |
3033 authentication mechanism, such as @samp{MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1}. If using | |
3034 the @code{xauth} program has any effect, then you are probably using | |
3035 @samp{MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1}. Your site may be using a superior | |
3036 authentication method; ask your system administrator. | |
3037 | |
3038 If real authentication is not a possibility, you may be satisfied by | |
3039 just allowing hosts access for brief intervals while you start your X | |
3040 programs, then removing the access. This reduces the risk somewhat by | |
3041 narrowing the time window when hostile users would have access, but | |
3042 @emph{does not eliminate the risk}. | |
3043 | |
3044 On most computers running Unix and X, you enable and disable | |
3045 access using the @code{xhost} command. To allow all hosts access to | |
3046 your X server, use | |
3047 | |
3048 @example | |
3049 xhost + | |
3050 @end example | |
3051 | |
3052 @noindent | |
3053 at the shell prompt, which (on an HP machine, at least) produces the | |
3054 following message: | |
3055 | |
3056 @example | |
3057 access control disabled, clients can connect from any host | |
3058 @end example | |
3059 | |
3060 To deny all hosts access to your X server (except those explicitly | |
3061 allowed by name), use | |
3062 | |
3063 @example | |
3064 xhost - | |
3065 @end example | |
3066 | |
3067 On the test HP computer, this command generated the following message: | |
3068 | |
3069 @example | |
3070 access control enabled, only authorized clients can connect | |
3071 @end example | |
3072 | |
3073 @end itemize | |
3074 | |
103394 | 3075 @node Dired claims that no file is on this line |
84296 | 3076 @section Dired says, @samp{no file on this line} when I try to do something. |
3077 @cindex Dired does not see a file | |
3078 | |
3079 Dired uses a regular expression to find the beginning of a file name. | |
3080 In a long Unix-style directory listing (@samp{ls -l}), the file name | |
3081 starts after the date. The regexp has thus been written to look for the | |
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3082 date. By default, it should understand dates and times regardless of |
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3083 the language, but if your directory listing has an unusual format, Dired |
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3084 may get confused. |
84296 | 3085 |
3086 There are two approaches to solving this. The first one involves | |
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3087 setting things up so that @samp{ls -l} outputs a more standard format. |
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3088 See your OS manual for more information. |
84296 | 3089 |
3090 The second approach involves changing the regular expression used by | |
3091 dired, @code{directory-listing-before-filename-regexp}. | |
3092 | |
3093 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 3094 @node Compiling and installing Emacs |
84296 | 3095 @chapter Compiling and installing Emacs |
3096 @cindex Compiling and installing Emacs | |
3097 | |
3098 @menu | |
3099 * Installing Emacs:: | |
3100 * Problems building Emacs:: | |
3101 @end menu | |
3102 | |
103394 | 3103 @node Installing Emacs |
84296 | 3104 @section How do I install Emacs? |
3105 @cindex Installing Emacs | |
3106 @cindex Unix systems, installing Emacs on | |
3107 @cindex Downloading and installing Emacs | |
3108 @cindex Building Emacs from source | |
3109 @cindex Source code, building Emacs from | |
3110 | |
3111 This answer is meant for users of Unix and Unix-like systems. Users of | |
3112 other operating systems should see the series of questions beginning | |
3113 with @ref{Emacs for MS-DOS}, which describe where to get non-Unix source | |
3114 and binaries, and how to install Emacs on those systems. | |
3115 | |
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3116 Most GNU/Linux distributions provide pre-built Emacs packages. |
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3117 If Emacs is not installed already, you can install it by running (as |
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3118 root) a command such as @samp{yum install emacs} (Red Hat and |
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3119 derivatives) or @samp{apt-get install emacs} (Debian and derivatives). |
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3120 |
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3121 If you want to compile Emacs yourself, read the file @file{INSTALL} in |
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3122 the source distribution. In brief: |
84296 | 3123 |
3124 @itemize @bullet | |
3125 | |
3126 @item | |
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3127 First download the Emacs sources. @xref{Current GNU distributions}, for |
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3128 a list of ftp sites that make them available. On @file{ftp.gnu.org}, |
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3129 the main GNU distribution site, sources are available as |
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3130 |
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3131 @c Don't include VER in the file name, because pretests are not there. |
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3132 @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-VERSION.tar.gz} |
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3133 |
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3134 (Replace @samp{VERSION} with the relevant version number, e.g. @samp{23.1}.) |
84296 | 3135 |
3136 @item | |
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3137 Next uncompress and extract the source files. This requires |
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3138 the @code{gzip} and @code{tar} programs, which are standard utilities. |
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3139 If your system does not have them, these can also be downloaded from |
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3140 @file{ftp.gnu.org}. |
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3141 |
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3142 GNU @code{tar} can uncompress and extract in a single-step: |
84296 | 3143 |
3144 @example | |
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3145 tar -zxvf emacs-VERSION.tar.gz |
84296 | 3146 @end example |
3147 | |
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3148 @item |
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3149 At this point, the Emacs sources should be sitting in a directory called |
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3150 @file{emacs-VERSION}. On most common Unix and Unix-like systems, |
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3151 you should be able to compile Emacs with the following commands: |
84296 | 3152 |
3153 @example | |
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3154 cd emacs-VERSION |
84296 | 3155 ./configure # configure Emacs for your particular system |
3156 make # use Makefile to build components, then Emacs | |
3157 @end example | |
3158 | |
3159 If the @code{make} completes successfully, the odds are fairly good that | |
3160 the build has gone well. (@xref{Problems building Emacs}, if you weren't | |
3161 successful.) | |
3162 | |
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3163 @item |
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3164 By default, Emacs is installed in @file{/usr/local}. To actually |
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3165 install files, become the superuser and type |
84296 | 3166 |
3167 @example | |
3168 make install | |
3169 @end example | |
3170 | |
3171 Note that @samp{make install} will overwrite @file{/usr/local/bin/emacs} | |
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3172 and any Emacs Info files that might be in @file{/usr/local/share/info/}. |
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3173 |
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3174 @end itemize |
84296 | 3175 |
103394 | 3176 @node Problems building Emacs |
84296 | 3177 @section What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs? |
3178 @cindex Problems building Emacs | |
3179 @cindex Errors when building Emacs | |
3180 | |
3181 First look in the file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} (where you unpack the Emacs | |
3182 source) to see if there is already a solution for your problem. Next, | |
3183 look for other questions in this FAQ that have to do with Emacs | |
3184 installation and compilation problems. | |
3185 | |
3186 If you'd like to have someone look at your problem and help solve it, | |
3187 see @ref{Help installing Emacs}. | |
3188 | |
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3189 If you cannot find a solution in the documentation, please report the |
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3190 problem (@pxref{Reporting bugs}). |
84296 | 3191 |
3192 | |
3193 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 3194 @node Finding Emacs and related packages |
84296 | 3195 @chapter Finding Emacs and related packages |
3196 @cindex Finding Emacs and related packages | |
3197 | |
3198 @menu | |
3199 * Finding Emacs on the Internet:: | |
3200 * Finding a package with particular functionality:: | |
3201 * Packages that do not come with Emacs:: | |
3202 * Current GNU distributions:: | |
3203 * Difference between Emacs and XEmacs:: | |
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3204 * Emacs for minimalists:: |
84296 | 3205 * Emacs for MS-DOS:: |
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3206 * Emacs for MS-Windows:: |
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3207 * Emacs for GNUstep:: |
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3208 * Emacs for Mac OS X:: |
84296 | 3209 @end menu |
3210 | |
103394 | 3211 @node Finding Emacs on the Internet |
103446 | 3212 @section Where can I get Emacs on the net? |
84296 | 3213 @cindex Finding Emacs on the Internet |
103446 | 3214 @cindex Downloading Emacs |
84296 | 3215 |
103406
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3216 Information on downloading Emacs is available at |
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3217 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/, the Emacs home-page}. |
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3218 |
84296 | 3219 @xref{Installing Emacs}, for information on how to obtain and build the latest |
3220 version of Emacs, and see @ref{Current GNU distributions}, for a list of | |
3221 archive sites that make GNU software available. | |
3222 | |
103394 | 3223 @node Finding a package with particular functionality |
84296 | 3224 @section How do I find a Emacs Lisp package that does XXX? |
3225 @cindex Package, finding | |
3226 @cindex Finding an Emacs Lisp package | |
3227 @cindex Functionality, finding a particular package | |
3228 | |
3229 First of all, you should check to make sure that the package isn't | |
3230 already available. For example, typing @kbd{M-x apropos @key{RET} | |
3231 wordstar @key{RET}} lists all functions and variables containing the | |
3232 string @samp{wordstar}. | |
3233 | |
3234 It is also possible that the package is on your system, but has not been | |
3235 loaded. To see which packages are available for loading, look through | |
3236 your computer's lisp directory (@pxref{File-name conventions}). The Lisp | |
3237 source to most packages contains a short description of how they | |
3238 should be loaded, invoked, and configured---so before you use or | |
3239 modify a Lisp package, see if the author has provided any hints in the | |
3240 source code. | |
3241 | |
3242 The command @kbd{C-h p} (@code{finder-by-keyword}) allows you to browse | |
3243 the constituent Emacs packages. | |
3244 | |
3245 For advice on how to find extra packages that are not part of Emacs, | |
3246 see @ref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}. | |
3247 | |
103394 | 3248 @node Packages that do not come with Emacs |
84296 | 3249 @section Where can I get Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs? |
3250 @cindex Unbundled packages | |
3251 @cindex Finding other packages | |
3252 @cindex Lisp packages that do not come with Emacs | |
3253 @cindex Packages, those that do not come with Emacs | |
3254 @cindex Emacs Lisp List | |
3255 @cindex Emacs Lisp Archive | |
3256 | |
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3257 @uref{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/sje30/emacs/ell.html, The Emacs Lisp |
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3258 List (ELL)}, maintained by @email{S.J.Eglen@@damtp.cam.ac.uk, Stephen Eglen}, |
84296 | 3259 aims to provide one compact list with links to all of the current Emacs |
3260 Lisp files on the Internet. The ELL can be browsed over the web, or | |
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3261 from Emacs with @uref{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/sje30/emacs/ell.el, |
84296 | 3262 the @file{ell} package}. |
3263 | |
3264 Many authors post their packages to the @uref{news:gnu.emacs.sources, | |
3265 Emacs sources newsgroup}. You can search the archives of this | |
3266 group with @uref{http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.emacs.sources, Google}, | |
3267 or @uref{http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.emacs.sources, Gmane}, for example. | |
3268 | |
3269 Several packages are stored in | |
3270 @uref{http://emacswiki.org/elisp/, the Lisp area of the Emacs Wiki}. | |
3271 | |
3272 Read the file @file{etc/MORE.STUFF} for more information about | |
3273 external packages. | |
3274 | |
103394 | 3275 @node Current GNU distributions |
84296 | 3276 @section Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff? |
3277 @cindex Current GNU distributions | |
3278 @cindex Sources for current GNU distributions | |
3279 @cindex Stuff, current GNU | |
3280 @cindex Up-to-date GNU stuff | |
3281 @cindex Finding current GNU software | |
3282 @cindex Official GNU software sites | |
3283 | |
3284 The most up-to-date official GNU software is normally kept at | |
3285 | |
3286 @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu} | |
3287 | |
3288 A list of sites mirroring @samp{ftp.gnu.org} can be found at | |
3289 | |
3290 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html} | |
3291 | |
103394 | 3292 @node Difference between Emacs and XEmacs |
84296 | 3293 @section What is the difference between Emacs and XEmacs (formerly Lucid Emacs)? |
3294 @cindex XEmacs | |
3295 @cindex Difference Emacs and XEmacs | |
3296 @cindex Lucid Emacs | |
3297 @cindex Epoch | |
3298 | |
3299 XEmacs is a branch version of Emacs. It was first called Lucid Emacs, | |
3300 and was initially derived from a prerelease version of Emacs 19. In | |
3301 this FAQ, we use the name ``Emacs'' only for the official version. | |
3302 | |
3303 Emacs and XEmacs each come with Lisp packages that are lacking in the | |
3304 other. The two versions have some significant differences at the Lisp | |
3305 programming level. Their current features are roughly comparable, | |
3306 though the support for some operating systems, character sets and | |
3307 specific packages might be quite different. | |
3308 | |
3309 Some XEmacs code has been contributed to Emacs, and we would like to | |
3310 use other parts, but the earlier XEmacs maintainers did not always | |
3311 keep track of the authors of contributed code, which makes it | |
3312 impossible for the FSF to get copyright papers signed for that code. | |
3313 (The FSF requires these papers for all the code included in the Emacs | |
3314 release, aside from generic C support packages that retain their | |
3315 separate identity and are not integrated into the code of Emacs | |
3316 proper.) | |
3317 | |
3318 If you want to talk about these two versions and distinguish them, | |
3319 please call them ``Emacs'' and ``XEmacs.'' To contrast ``XEmacs'' | |
3320 with ``GNU Emacs'' would be misleading, since XEmacs too has its | |
3321 origin in the work of the GNU Project. Terms such as ``Emacsen'' and | |
3322 ``(X)Emacs'' are not wrong, but they are not very clear, so it | |
3323 is better to write ``Emacs and XEmacs.'' | |
3324 | |
103394 | 3325 @node Emacs for minimalists |
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3326 @section I don't have enough disk space to install Emacs |
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3327 @cindex Zile |
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3328 @cindex Not enough disk space to install Emacs |
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3329 |
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3330 GNU Zile is a lightweight Emacs clone. Zile is short for @samp{Zile Is |
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3331 Lossy Emacs}. It has all of Emacs's basic editing features. The Zile |
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3332 binary typically has a size of about 130 kbytes, so this can be useful |
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3333 if you are in an extremely space-restricted environment. More |
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3334 information is available from |
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3335 |
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3336 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/zile/} |
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3337 |
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3338 |
103394 | 3339 @node Emacs for MS-DOS |
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3340 @section Where can I get Emacs for MS-DOS? |
84296 | 3341 @cindex MS-DOS, Emacs for |
3342 @cindex DOS, Emacs for | |
3343 @cindex Compiling Emacs for DOS | |
3344 @cindex Emacs for MS-DOS | |
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3345 |
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3346 To build Emacs from source for MS-DOS, see the instructions in the file |
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3347 @file{msdos/INSTALL} in the distribution. The DOS port builds and runs |
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3348 on plain DOS, and also on all versions of MS-Windows from version 3.X |
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3349 onwards, including Windows XP and Vista. |
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3350 |
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3351 The file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} contains some additional information |
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3352 regarding Emacs under MS-DOS. |
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3353 |
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3354 A pre-built binary distribution of the old Emacs 20 is available, as |
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3355 described at |
84296 | 3356 |
3357 @uref{ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/emacs.README} | |
3358 | |
3359 For a list of other MS-DOS implementations of Emacs (and Emacs | |
3360 look-alikes), consult the list of ``Emacs implementations and literature,'' | |
3361 available at | |
3362 | |
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3363 @uref{http://www.finseth.com/emacs.html} |
84296 | 3364 |
3365 Note that while many of these programs look similar to Emacs, they often | |
3366 lack certain features, such as the Emacs Lisp extension language. | |
3367 | |
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3368 @node Emacs for MS-Windows |
84296 | 3369 @section Where can I get Emacs for Microsoft Windows? |
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3370 @cindex FAQ for Emacs on MS-Windows |
84296 | 3371 @cindex Emacs for MS-Windows |
3372 @cindex Microsoft Windows, Emacs for | |
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3373 |
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3374 There is a @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html, |
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3375 separate FAQ} for Emacs on MS-Windows. For MS-DOS, @pxref{Emacs for MS-DOS}. |
84296 | 3376 |
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3377 |
103394 | 3378 @node Emacs for GNUstep |
103384
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3379 @section Where can I get Emacs for GNUstep? |
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3380 @cindex GNUstep, Emacs for |
103384
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3381 |
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3382 Beginning with version 23.1, Emacs supports GNUstep natively. |
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3383 See the file @file{nextstep/INSTALL} in the distribution. |
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3384 |
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3385 @node Emacs for Mac OS X |
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3386 @section Where can I get Emacs for Mac OS X? |
84296 | 3387 @cindex Apple computers, Emacs for |
3388 @cindex Macintosh, Emacs for | |
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3389 @cindex Mac OS X, Emacs for |
84296 | 3390 |
3391 Beginning with version 22.1, Emacs supports Mac OS X natively. | |
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3392 See the file @file{nextstep/INSTALL} in the distribution. |
84296 | 3393 |
3394 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 3395 @node Major packages and programs |
84296 | 3396 @chapter Major packages and programs |
3397 @cindex Major packages and programs | |
3398 | |
3399 @menu | |
3400 * VM:: | |
3401 * AUCTeX:: | |
3402 * BBDB:: | |
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3403 * Spell-checkers:: |
84296 | 3404 * Emacs/W3:: |
3405 * EDB:: | |
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3406 * JDEE:: |
84296 | 3407 @end menu |
3408 | |
103394 | 3409 @node VM |
84296 | 3410 @section VM (View Mail) --- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME support |
3411 @cindex VM | |
3412 @cindex Alternative mail software | |
3413 @cindex View Mail | |
3414 @cindex E-mail reader, VM | |
3415 | |
3416 @table @b | |
3417 | |
95921
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3418 @item Web site |
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3419 @uref{http://www.nongnu.org/viewmail/} |
84296 | 3420 |
3421 @item Informational newsgroup | |
3422 @uref{news:gnu.emacs.vm.info}@* | |
3423 | |
3424 @item Bug reports newsgroup | |
3425 @uref{news:gnu.emacs.vm.bug}@* | |
3426 @end table | |
3427 | |
95921
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3428 VM was originally written by @uref{http://www.wonderworks.com/vm/,Kyle Jones}. |
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3429 @uref{ftp://ftp.wonderworks.com/pub/vm/,Older versions} of VM remain |
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3430 available. |
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3431 |
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3432 |
103394 | 3433 @node AUCTeX |
84296 | 3434 @section AUC@TeX{} --- enhanced @TeX{} modes with debugging facilities |
3435 @cindex Mode for @TeX{} | |
3436 @cindex @TeX{} mode | |
3437 @cindex AUC@TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{} | |
3438 @cindex Writing and debugging @TeX{} | |
3439 | |
3440 AUC@TeX{} is a set of sophisticated major modes for @TeX{}, LaTeX, | |
3441 ConTeXt, and Texinfo offering context-sensitive syntax highlighting, | |
3442 indentation, formatting and folding, macro completion, @TeX{} shell | |
3443 functionality, and debugging. Be also sure to check out | |
3444 @ref{Introduction, RefTeX, Introduction, reftex, Ref@TeX{} User Manual}. | |
3445 Current versions of AUC@TeX{} include the | |
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3446 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/preview-latex.html,preview-latex} |
84296 | 3447 package for WYSIWYG previews of various LaTeX constructs in the Emacs |
3448 source buffer. | |
3449 | |
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3450 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/, AUCTeX} |
84296 | 3451 |
103394 | 3452 @node BBDB |
84296 | 3453 @section BBDB --- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers |
3454 @cindex BBDB | |
3455 @cindex Rolodex-like functionality | |
3456 @cindex Integrated contact database | |
3457 @cindex Contact database | |
3458 @cindex Big Brother Database | |
3459 @cindex Address book | |
3460 | |
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3461 @uref{http://bbdb.sourceforge.net/, The Insidious Big Brother Database} |
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3462 |
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3463 @node Spell-checkers |
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3464 @section Spell-checkers |
84296 | 3465 @cindex Spell-checker |
3466 @cindex Checking spelling | |
3467 @cindex Ispell | |
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3468 @cindex Aspell |
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3469 @cindex Hunspell |
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3470 |
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3471 Various spell-checkers are compatible with Emacs, including: |
84296 | 3472 |
3473 @table @b | |
3474 | |
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3475 @item GNU Aspell |
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3476 @uref{http://aspell.net/} |
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3477 |
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3478 @item Ispell |
84296 | 3479 @uref{http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html} |
3480 | |
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3481 @item Hunspell |
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3482 @uref{http://hunspell.sourceforge.net/} |
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3483 |
84296 | 3484 @end table |
3485 | |
103394 | 3486 @node Emacs/W3 |
84296 | 3487 @section Emacs/W3 --- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs |
3488 @cindex WWW browser | |
3489 @cindex Web browser | |
3490 @cindex HTML browser in Emacs | |
3491 @cindex @code{w3-mode} | |
3492 | |
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3493 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/w3/, Emacs/W3} |
84296 | 3494 |
103394 | 3495 @node EDB |
84296 | 3496 @section EDB --- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes |
3497 @cindex EDB | |
3498 @cindex Database | |
3499 @cindex Forms mode | |
3500 | |
103427 | 3501 @uref{http://gnuvola.org/software/edb/, The Emacs Database} |
84296 | 3502 |
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3503 @node JDEE |
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3504 @section JDEE --- Integrated development environment for Java |
84296 | 3505 @cindex Java development environment |
3506 @cindex Integrated Java development environment | |
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3507 @cindex JDEE |
84296 | 3508 |
103427 | 3509 @uref{http://jdee.sourceforge.net/, A Java Development Environment for Emacs} |
84296 | 3510 |
3511 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 3512 @node Key bindings |
84296 | 3513 @chapter Key bindings |
3514 @cindex Key bindings | |
3515 | |
3516 @menu | |
3517 * Binding keys to commands:: | |
3518 * Invalid prefix characters:: | |
3519 * Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun:: | |
3520 * Working with function and arrow keys:: | |
3521 * X key translations for Emacs:: | |
3522 * Backspace invokes help:: | |
3523 * Swapping keys:: | |
3524 * Producing C-XXX with the keyboard:: | |
3525 * No Meta key:: | |
3526 * No Escape key:: | |
3527 * Compose Character:: | |
3528 * Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys:: | |
3529 * Meta key does not work in xterm:: | |
3530 * ExtendChar key does not work as Meta:: | |
3531 * SPC no longer completes file names:: | |
3532 @end menu | |
3533 | |
103394 | 3534 @node Binding keys to commands |
84296 | 3535 @section How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands? |
3536 @cindex Binding keys to commands | |
3537 @cindex Keys, binding to commands | |
3538 @cindex Commands, binding keys to | |
3539 | |
3540 Keys can be bound to commands either interactively or in your | |
3541 @file{.emacs} file. To interactively bind keys for all modes, type | |
3542 @kbd{M-x global-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET}}. | |
3543 | |
3544 To bind a key just in the current major mode, type @kbd{M-x | |
3545 local-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET}}. | |
3546 | |
3547 @inforef{Key Bindings, Key Bindings, emacs}, for further details. | |
3548 | |
3549 To make the process of binding keys interactively easier, use the | |
3550 following ``trick'': First bind the key interactively, then immediately | |
3551 type @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC} C-a C-k C-g}. Now, the command needed | |
3552 to bind the key is in the kill ring, and can be yanked into your | |
3553 @file{.emacs} file. If the key binding is global, no changes to the | |
3554 command are required. For example, | |
3555 | |
3556 @lisp | |
3557 (global-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help)) | |
3558 @end lisp | |
3559 | |
3560 @noindent | |
3561 can be placed directly into the @file{.emacs} file. If the key binding is | |
3562 local, the command is used in conjunction with the @samp{add-hook} function. | |
3563 For example, in TeX mode, a local binding might be | |
3564 | |
3565 @lisp | |
3566 (add-hook 'tex-mode-hook | |
3567 (lambda () | |
3568 (local-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help)))) | |
3569 @end lisp | |
3570 | |
3571 | |
3572 @itemize @bullet | |
3573 | |
3574 @item | |
3575 Control characters in key sequences, in the form yanked from the kill | |
3576 ring are given in their graphic form---i.e., @key{CTRL} is shown as | |
3577 @samp{^}, @key{TAB} as a set of spaces (usually 8), etc. You may want | |
3578 to convert these into their vector or string forms. | |
3579 | |
3580 @item | |
3581 If a prefix key of the character sequence to be bound is already | |
3582 bound as a complete key, then you must unbind it before the new | |
3583 binding. For example, if @kbd{ESC @{} is previously bound: | |
3584 | |
3585 @lisp | |
3586 (global-unset-key [?\e ?@{]) ;; or | |
3587 (local-unset-key [?\e ?@{]) | |
3588 @end lisp | |
3589 | |
3590 @item | |
3591 Aside from commands and ``lambda lists,'' a vector or string also | |
3592 can be bound to a key and thus treated as a macro. For example: | |
3593 | |
3594 @lisp | |
3595 (global-set-key [f10] [?\C-x?\e?\e?\C-a?\C-k?\C-g]) ;; or | |
3596 (global-set-key [f10] "\C-x\e\e\C-a\C-k\C-g") | |
3597 @end lisp | |
3598 | |
3599 @end itemize | |
3600 | |
103394 | 3601 @node Invalid prefix characters |
84296 | 3602 @section Why does Emacs say @samp{Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters}? |
3603 @cindex Prefix characters, invalid | |
3604 @cindex Invalid prefix characters | |
3605 @cindex Misspecified key sequences | |
3606 | |
3607 Usually, one of two things has happened. In one case, the control | |
3608 character in the key sequence has been misspecified (e.g. @samp{C-f} | |
3609 used instead of @samp{\C-f} within a Lisp expression). In the other | |
3610 case, a @dfn{prefix key} in the keystroke sequence you were trying to bind | |
3611 was already bound as a @dfn{complete key}. Historically, the @samp{ESC [} | |
3612 prefix was usually the problem, in which case you should evaluate either | |
3613 of these forms before attempting to bind the key sequence: | |
3614 | |
3615 @lisp | |
3616 (global-unset-key [?\e ?[]) ;; or | |
3617 (global-unset-key "\e[") | |
3618 @end lisp | |
3619 | |
103394 | 3620 @node Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun |
84296 | 3621 @section Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my @file{.emacs} file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up? |
3622 @cindex Terminal setup code in @file{.emacs} | |
3623 | |
3624 During startup, Emacs initializes itself according to a given code/file | |
3625 order. If some of the code executed in your @file{.emacs} file needs to | |
3626 be postponed until the initial terminal or window-system setup code has | |
3627 been executed but is not, then you will experience this problem (this | |
3628 code/file execution order is not enforced after startup). | |
3629 | |
3630 To postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after terminal or | |
3631 window-system setup, treat the code as a @dfn{lambda list} and set the | |
3632 value of either the @code{term-setup-hook} or @code{window-setup-hook} | |
3633 variable to this lambda function. For example, | |
3634 | |
3635 @lisp | |
3636 (add-hook 'term-setup-hook | |
3637 (lambda () | |
3638 (when (string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") "")) | |
3639 ;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x: | |
3640 (global-set-key [do] 'execute-extended-command)))) | |
3641 @end lisp | |
3642 | |
3643 For information on what Emacs does every time it is started, see the | |
3644 @file{lisp/startup.el} file. | |
3645 | |
103394 | 3646 @node Working with function and arrow keys |
84296 | 3647 @section How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys emit? |
3648 @cindex Working with arrow keys | |
3649 @cindex Arrow keys, symbols generated by | |
3650 @cindex Working with function keys | |
3651 @cindex Function keys, symbols generated by | |
3652 @cindex Symbols generated by function keys | |
3653 | |
3654 Type @kbd{C-h c} then the function or arrow keys. The command will | |
3655 return either a function key symbol or character sequence (see the | |
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3656 Emacs documentation for an explanation). This works for other |
84296 | 3657 keys as well. |
3658 | |
103394 | 3659 @node X key translations for Emacs |
84296 | 3660 @section How do I set the X key ``translations'' for Emacs? |
3661 @cindex X key translations | |
3662 @cindex Key translations under X | |
3663 @cindex Translations for keys under X | |
3664 | |
3665 Emacs is not written using the Xt library by default, so there are no | |
3666 ``translations'' to be set. (We aren't sure how to set such translations | |
3667 if you do build Emacs with Xt; please let us know if you've done this!) | |
3668 | |
3669 The only way to affect the behavior of keys within Emacs is through | |
3670 @code{xmodmap} (outside Emacs) or @code{define-key} (inside Emacs). The | |
3671 @code{define-key} command should be used in conjunction with the | |
3672 @code{function-key-map} map. For instance, | |
3673 | |
3674 @lisp | |
3675 (define-key function-key-map [M-@key{TAB}] [?\M-\t]) | |
3676 @end lisp | |
3677 | |
3678 @noindent | |
3679 defines the @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key sequence. | |
3680 | |
103394 | 3681 @node Backspace invokes help |
84296 | 3682 @section Why does the @key{Backspace} key invoke help? |
3683 @cindex Backspace key invokes help | |
3684 @cindex Help invoked by Backspace | |
3685 @cindex DEL key does not delete | |
3686 | |
3687 The @key{Backspace} key (on most keyboards) generates @acronym{ASCII} code 8. | |
3688 @kbd{C-h} sends the same code. In Emacs by default @kbd{C-h} invokes | |
3689 help-command. This is intended to be easy to remember since the first | |
3690 letter of @samp{help} is @samp{h}. The easiest solution to this problem | |
3691 is to use @kbd{C-h} (and @key{Backspace}) for help and @key{DEL} (the | |
3692 @key{Delete} key) for deleting the previous character. | |
3693 | |
3694 For many people this solution may be problematic: | |
3695 | |
3696 @itemize @bullet | |
3697 | |
3698 @item | |
3699 They normally use @key{Backspace} outside of Emacs for deleting the | |
3700 previous character. This can be solved by making @key{DEL} the command | |
3701 for deleting the previous character outside of Emacs. On many Unix | |
3702 systems, this command will remap @key{DEL}: | |
3703 | |
3704 @example | |
3705 stty erase `^?' | |
3706 @end example | |
3707 | |
3708 @item | |
3709 The user may prefer the @key{Backspace} key for deleting the | |
3710 previous character because it is more conveniently located on their | |
3711 keyboard or because they don't even have a separate @key{Delete} key. | |
3712 In this case, the @key{Backspace} key should be made to behave like | |
3713 @key{Delete}. There are several methods. | |
3714 | |
3715 @itemize @minus | |
3716 @item | |
3717 Some terminals (e.g., VT3## terminals) and terminal emulators (e.g., | |
3718 TeraTerm) allow the character generated by the @key{Backspace} key to be | |
3719 changed from a setup menu. | |
3720 | |
3721 @item | |
3722 You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable, or a | |
3723 terminal emulator that supports remapping of any key to any other key. | |
3724 | |
3725 @item | |
3726 With Emacs 21.1 and later, you can control the effect of the | |
3727 @key{Backspace} and @key{Delete} keys, on both dumb terminals and a | |
3728 windowed displays, by customizing the option | |
3729 @code{normal-erase-is-backspace-mode}, or by invoking @kbd{M-x | |
3730 normal-erase-is-backspace}. See the documentation of these symbols | |
3731 (@pxref{Emacs Lisp documentation}) for more info. | |
3732 | |
3733 @item | |
3734 It is possible to swap the @key{Backspace} and @key{DEL} keys inside | |
3735 Emacs: | |
3736 | |
3737 @lisp | |
3738 (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?) | |
3739 @end lisp | |
3740 | |
3741 @noindent | |
3742 This is the recommended method of forcing @key{Backspace} to act as | |
3743 @key{DEL}, because it works even in modes which bind @key{DEL} to | |
3744 something other than @code{delete-backward-char}. | |
3745 | |
3746 Similarly, you could remap @key{DEL} to act as @kbd{C-d}, which by | |
3747 default deletes forward: | |
3748 | |
3749 @lisp | |
3750 (keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-d) | |
3751 @end lisp | |
3752 | |
3753 @xref{Swapping keys}, for further details about @code{keyboard-translate}. | |
3754 | |
3755 @item | |
3756 Another approach is to switch key bindings and put help on @kbd{C-x h} | |
3757 instead: | |
3758 | |
3759 @lisp | |
3760 (global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char) | |
3761 | |
3762 ;; overrides mark-whole-buffer | |
3763 (global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command) | |
3764 @end lisp | |
3765 | |
3766 @noindent | |
3767 This method is not recommended, though: it only solves the problem for | |
3768 those modes which bind @key{DEL} to @code{delete-backward-char}. Modes | |
3769 which bind @key{DEL} to something else, such as @code{view-mode}, will | |
3770 not work as you expect when you press the @key{Backspace} key. For this | |
3771 reason, we recommend the @code{keyboard-translate} method, shown | |
3772 above. | |
3773 | |
3774 Other popular key bindings for help are @kbd{M-?} and @kbd{C-x ?}. | |
3775 @end itemize | |
3776 | |
3777 Don't try to bind @key{DEL} to @code{help-command}, because there are | |
3778 many modes that have local bindings of @key{DEL} that will interfere. | |
3779 | |
3780 @end itemize | |
3781 | |
3782 When Emacs 21 or later runs on a windowed display, it binds the | |
3783 @key{Delete} key to a command which deletes the character at point, to | |
3784 make Emacs more consistent with keyboard operation on these systems. | |
3785 | |
3786 For more information about troubleshooting this problem, see @ref{DEL | |
3787 Does Not Delete, , If @key{DEL} Fails to Delete, emacs, The GNU Emacs | |
3788 Manual}. | |
3789 | |
103394 | 3790 @node Swapping keys |
84296 | 3791 @section How do I swap two keys? |
3792 @cindex Swapping keys | |
3793 @cindex Keys, swapping | |
3794 @cindex @code{keyboard-translate} | |
3795 | |
3796 You can swap two keys (or key sequences) by using the | |
3797 @code{keyboard-translate} function. For example, to turn @kbd{C-h} | |
3798 into @key{DEL} and @key{DEL} to @kbd{C-h}, use | |
3799 | |
3800 @lisp | |
3801 (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?) ; translate `C-h' to DEL | |
3802 (keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h) ; translate DEL to `C-h'. | |
3803 @end lisp | |
3804 | |
3805 @noindent | |
3806 The first key sequence of the pair after the function identifies what is | |
3807 produced by the keyboard; the second, what is matched for in the | |
3808 keymaps. | |
3809 | |
3810 However, in the specific case of @kbd{C-h} and @key{DEL}, you should | |
3811 toggle @code{normal-erase-is-backspace-mode} instead of calling | |
3812 @code{keyboard-translate}. @inforef{DEL Does Not Delete, DEL Does Not Delete, | |
3813 emacs}. | |
3814 | |
3815 Keyboard translations are not the same as key bindings in keymaps. | |
3816 Emacs contains numerous keymaps that apply in different situations, but | |
3817 there is only one set of keyboard translations, and it applies to every | |
3818 character that Emacs reads from the terminal. Keyboard translations | |
3819 take place at the lowest level of input processing; the keys that are | |
3820 looked up in keymaps contain the characters that result from keyboard | |
3821 translation. | |
3822 | |
103394 | 3823 @node Producing C-XXX with the keyboard |
84296 | 3824 @section How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard? |
3825 @cindex Producing control characters | |
3826 @cindex Generating control characters | |
3827 @cindex Control characters, generating | |
3828 | |
3829 On terminals (but not under X), some common ``aliases'' are: | |
3830 | |
3831 @table @asis | |
3832 | |
3833 @item @kbd{C-2} or @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} | |
3834 @kbd{C-@@} | |
3835 | |
3836 @item @kbd{C-6} | |
3837 @kbd{C-^} | |
3838 | |
3839 @item @kbd{C-7} or @kbd{C-S--} | |
3840 @kbd{C-_} | |
3841 | |
3842 @item @kbd{C-4} | |
3843 @kbd{C-\} | |
3844 | |
3845 @item @kbd{C-5} | |
3846 @kbd{C-]} | |
3847 | |
3848 @item @kbd{C-/} | |
3849 @kbd{C-?} | |
3850 | |
3851 @end table | |
3852 | |
3853 Often other aliases exist; use the @kbd{C-h c} command and try | |
3854 @key{CTRL} with all of the digits on your keyboard to see what gets | |
3855 generated. You can also try the @kbd{C-h w} command if you know the | |
3856 name of the command. | |
3857 | |
103394 | 3858 @node No Meta key |
84296 | 3859 @section What if I don't have a @key{Meta} key? |
3860 @cindex No @key{Meta} key | |
3861 @cindex @key{Meta} key, what to do if you lack it | |
3862 | |
3863 On many keyboards, the @key{Alt} key acts as @key{Meta}, so try it. | |
3864 | |
3865 Instead of typing @kbd{M-a}, you can type @kbd{@key{ESC} a}. In fact, | |
3866 Emacs converts @kbd{M-a} internally into @kbd{@key{ESC} a} anyway | |
3867 (depending on the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}). Note that you | |
3868 press @key{Meta} and @key{a} together, but with @key{ESC}, you press | |
3869 @key{ESC}, release it, and then press @key{a}. | |
3870 | |
103394 | 3871 @node No Escape key |
84296 | 3872 @section What if I don't have an @key{Escape} key? |
3873 @cindex No Escape key | |
3874 @cindex Lacking an Escape key | |
3875 @cindex Escape key, lacking | |
3876 | |
3877 Type @kbd{C-[} instead. This should send @acronym{ASCII} code 27 just like an | |
3878 Escape key would. @kbd{C-3} may also work on some terminal (but not | |
3879 under X). For many terminals (notably DEC terminals) @key{F11} | |
3880 generates @key{ESC}. If not, the following form can be used to bind it: | |
3881 | |
3882 @lisp | |
3883 ;; F11 is the documented ESC replacement on DEC terminals. | |
3884 (define-key function-key-map [f11] [?\e]) | |
3885 @end lisp | |
3886 | |
103394 | 3887 @node Compose Character |
84296 | 3888 @section Can I make my @key{Compose Character} key behave like a @key{Meta} key? |
3889 @cindex @key{Compose Character} key, using as @key{Meta} | |
3890 @cindex @key{Meta}, using @key{Compose Character} for | |
3891 | |
3892 On a dumb terminal such as a VT220, no. It is rumored that certain | |
3893 VT220 clones could have their @key{Compose} key configured this way. If | |
3894 you're using X, you might be able to do this with the @code{xmodmap} | |
3895 command. | |
3896 | |
103394 | 3897 @node Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys |
84296 | 3898 @section How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key? |
3899 @cindex Modifiers and function keys | |
3900 @cindex Function keys and modifiers | |
3901 @cindex Binding modifiers and function keys | |
3902 | |
3903 With Emacs 19 and later, you can represent modified function keys in | |
3904 vector format by adding prefixes to the function key symbol. For | |
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3905 example (from the Emacs documentation): |
84296 | 3906 |
3907 @lisp | |
3908 (global-set-key [?\C-x right] 'forward-page) | |
3909 @end lisp | |
3910 | |
3911 @noindent | |
3912 where @samp{?\C-x} is the Lisp character constant for the character @kbd{C-x}. | |
3913 | |
3914 You can use the modifier keys @key{Control}, @key{Meta}, @key{Hyper}, | |
3915 @key{Super}, @key{Alt}, and @key{Shift} with function keys. To | |
3916 represent these modifiers, prepend the strings @samp{C-}, @samp{M-}, | |
3917 @samp{H-}, @samp{s-}, @samp{A-}, and @samp{S-} to the symbol name. Here | |
3918 is how to make @kbd{H-M-RIGHT} move forward a word: | |
3919 | |
3920 @lisp | |
3921 (global-set-key [H-M-right] 'forward-word) | |
3922 @end lisp | |
3923 | |
3924 @itemize @bullet | |
3925 | |
3926 @item | |
3927 Not all modifiers are permitted in all situations. @key{Hyper}, | |
3928 @key{Super}, and @key{Alt} are not available on Unix character | |
3929 terminals. Non-@acronym{ASCII} keys and mouse events (e.g. @kbd{C-=} and | |
3930 @kbd{Mouse-1}) also fall under this category. | |
3931 | |
3932 @end itemize | |
3933 | |
3934 @xref{Binding keys to commands}, for general key binding instructions. | |
3935 | |
103394 | 3936 @node Meta key does not work in xterm |
84296 | 3937 @section Why doesn't my @key{Meta} key work in an @code{xterm} window? |
3938 @cindex @key{Meta} key and @code{xterm} | |
3939 @cindex Xterm and @key{Meta} key | |
3940 | |
3941 @inforef{Unibyte Mode, Single-Byte Character Set Support, emacs}. | |
3942 | |
3943 If the advice in the Emacs manual fails, try all of these methods before | |
3944 asking for further help: | |
3945 | |
3946 @itemize @bullet | |
3947 | |
3948 @item | |
3949 You may have big problems using @code{mwm} as your window manager. | |
3950 (Does anyone know a good generic solution to allow the use of the | |
3951 @key{Meta} key in Emacs with @file{mwm}?) | |
3952 | |
3953 @item | |
3954 For X11: Make sure it really is a @key{Meta} key. Use @code{xev} to | |
3955 find out what keysym your @key{Meta} key generates. It should be either | |
3956 @code{Meta_L} or @code{Meta_R}. If it isn't, use @file{xmodmap} to fix | |
3957 the situation. If @key{Meta} does generate @code{Meta_L} or | |
3958 @code{Meta_R}, but @kbd{M-x} produces a non-@acronym{ASCII} character, put this in | |
3959 your @file{~/.Xdefaults} file: | |
3960 | |
3961 @example | |
3962 XTerm*eightBitInput: false | |
3963 XTerm*eightBitOutput: true | |
3964 @end example | |
3965 | |
3966 @item | |
3967 Make sure the @code{pty} the @code{xterm} is using is passing 8 bit | |
3968 characters. @samp{stty -a} (or @samp{stty everything}) should show | |
3969 @samp{cs8} somewhere. If it shows @samp{cs7} instead, use @samp{stty | |
3970 cs8 -istrip} (or @samp{stty pass8}) to fix it. | |
3971 | |
3972 @item | |
3973 If there is an @code{rlogin} connection between @code{xterm} and Emacs, the | |
3974 @samp{-8} argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8 bits | |
3975 of every character. | |
3976 | |
3977 @item | |
3978 If Emacs is running on Ultrix, it is reported that evaluating | |
3979 @code{(set-input-mode t nil)} helps. | |
3980 | |
3981 @item | |
3982 If all else fails, you can make @code{xterm} generate @kbd{@key{ESC} W} when | |
3983 you type @kbd{M-W}, which is the same conversion Emacs would make if it | |
3984 got the @kbd{M-W} anyway. In X11R4, the following resource | |
3985 specification will do this: | |
3986 | |
3987 @example | |
3988 XTerm.VT100.EightBitInput: false | |
3989 @end example | |
3990 | |
3991 @noindent | |
3992 (This changes the behavior of the @code{insert-eight-bit} action.) | |
3993 | |
3994 With older @code{xterm}s, you can specify this behavior with a translation: | |
3995 | |
3996 @example | |
3997 XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \ | |
3998 Meta<KeyPress>: string(0x1b) insert() | |
3999 @end example | |
4000 | |
4001 @noindent | |
4002 You might have to replace @samp{Meta} with @samp{Alt}. | |
4003 | |
4004 @end itemize | |
4005 | |
103394 | 4006 @node ExtendChar key does not work as Meta |
84296 | 4007 @section Why doesn't my @key{ExtendChar} key work as a @key{Meta} key under HP-UX 8.0 and 9.x? |
4008 @cindex @key{ExtendChar} key as @key{Meta} | |
4009 @cindex @key{Meta}, using @key{ExtendChar} for | |
4010 @cindex HP-UX, the @key{ExtendChar} key | |
4011 | |
4012 This is a result of an internationalization extension in X11R4 and the | |
4013 fact that HP is now using this extension. Emacs assumes that the | |
4014 @code{XLookupString} function returns the same result regardless of the | |
4015 @key{Meta} key state which is no longer necessarily true. Until Emacs | |
4016 is fixed, the temporary kludge is to run this command after each time | |
4017 the X server is started but preferably before any xterm clients are: | |
4018 | |
4019 @example | |
4020 xmodmap -e 'remove mod1 = Mode_switch' | |
4021 @end example | |
4022 | |
4023 @c FIXME: Emacs 21 supports I18N in X11; does that mean that this bug is | |
4024 @c solved? | |
4025 | |
4026 This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which may be | |
4027 undesirable if you actually intend to use them. | |
4028 | |
103394 | 4029 @node SPC no longer completes file names |
84296 | 4030 @section Why doesn't SPC complete file names anymore? |
4031 @cindex @kbd{SPC} file name completion | |
4032 | |
4033 Starting with Emacs 22.1, @kbd{SPC} no longer completes file names in | |
4034 the minibuffer, so that file names with embedded spaces could be typed | |
4035 without the need to quote the spaces. | |
4036 | |
4037 You can get the old behavior by binding @kbd{SPC} to | |
4038 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} in the minibuffer, as follows: | |
4039 | |
4040 @lisp | |
4041 (define-key minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map (kbd "SPC") | |
4042 'minibuffer-complete-word) | |
4043 | |
4044 (define-key minibuffer-local-must-match-filename-map (kbd "SPC") | |
4045 'minibuffer-complete-word) | |
4046 @end lisp | |
4047 | |
4048 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 4049 @node Alternate character sets |
84296 | 4050 @chapter Alternate character sets |
4051 @cindex Alternate character sets | |
4052 | |
4053 @menu | |
4054 * Emacs does not display 8-bit characters:: | |
4055 * Inputting eight-bit characters:: | |
4056 * Right-to-left alphabets:: | |
4057 * How to add fonts:: | |
4058 @end menu | |
4059 | |
103394 | 4060 @node Emacs does not display 8-bit characters |
84296 | 4061 @section How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters? |
4062 @cindex Displaying eight-bit characters | |
4063 @cindex Eight-bit characters, displaying | |
4064 | |
4065 @inforef{Unibyte Mode, Single-byte Character Set | |
4066 Support, emacs}. On a Unix, when Emacs runs on a text-only terminal | |
4067 display or is invoked with @samp{emacs -nw}, you typically need to use | |
4068 @code{set-terminal-coding-system} to tell Emacs what the terminal can | |
4069 display, even after setting the language environment; otherwise | |
4070 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters will display as @samp{?}. On other operating | |
4071 systems, such as MS-DOS and MS-Windows, Emacs queries the OS about the | |
4072 character set supported by the display, and sets up the required | |
4073 terminal coding system automatically. | |
4074 | |
103394 | 4075 @node Inputting eight-bit characters |
84296 | 4076 @section How do I input eight-bit characters? |
4077 @cindex Entering eight-bit characters | |
4078 @cindex Eight-bit characters, entering | |
4079 @cindex Input, 8-bit characters | |
4080 | |
4081 Various methods are available for input of eight-bit characters. See | |
4082 @inforef{Unibyte Mode, Single-byte Character Set | |
4083 Support, emacs}. For more sophisticated methods, @inforef{Input | |
4084 Methods, Input Methods, emacs}. | |
4085 | |
103394 | 4086 @node Right-to-left alphabets |
84296 | 4087 @section Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets? |
4088 @cindex Right-to-left alphabets | |
4089 @cindex Hebrew, handling with Emacs | |
4090 @cindex Semitic alphabets | |
4091 @cindex Arabic alphabets | |
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4092 @cindex Bidirectional text |
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4093 |
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|
4094 Emacs supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8) since version 20, but does |
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4095 not yet support right-to-left character entry and display. The |
61b1b668390e
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|
4096 @uref{http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-bidi, emacs-bidi |
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|
4097 mailing list} discusses development of support for this feature. |
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4098 |
84296 | 4099 |
103394 | 4100 @node How to add fonts |
84296 | 4101 @section How do I add fonts for use with Emacs? |
4102 @cindex add fonts for use with Emacs | |
4103 @cindex intlfonts | |
4104 | |
4105 First, download and install the BDF font files and any auxiliary | |
4106 packages they need. The GNU Intlfonts distribution can be found on | |
4107 @uref{http://directory.fsf.org/localization/intlfonts.html, the GNU | |
4108 Software Directory Web site}. | |
4109 | |
4110 Next, if you are on X Window system, issue the following two commands | |
4111 from the shell's prompt: | |
4112 | |
4113 @example | |
4114 xset +fp /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts | |
4115 xset fp rehash | |
4116 @end example | |
4117 | |
4118 @noindent | |
4119 (Modify the first command if you installed the fonts in a directory | |
4120 that is not @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/fonts}.) You also need to | |
4121 arrange for these two commands to run whenever you log in, e.g., by | |
4122 adding them to your window-system startup file, such as | |
4123 @file{~/.xsessionrc} or @file{~/.gnomerc}. | |
4124 | |
4125 Now, add the following line to your @file{~/.emacs} init file: | |
4126 | |
4127 @lisp | |
4128 (add-to-list 'bdf-directory-list "/usr/share/emacs/fonts/bdf") | |
4129 @end lisp | |
4130 | |
4131 @noindent | |
4132 (Again, modify the file name if you installed the fonts elsewhere.) | |
4133 | |
4134 Finally, if you wish to use the installed fonts with @code{ps-print}, | |
4135 add the following line to your @file{~/.emacs}: | |
4136 | |
4137 @lisp | |
4138 (setq ps-multibyte-buffer 'bdf-font-except-latin) | |
4139 @end lisp | |
4140 | |
4141 A few additional steps are necessary for MS-Windows; they are listed | |
4142 below. | |
4143 | |
4144 First, make sure @emph{all} the directories with BDF font files are | |
4145 mentioned in @code{bdf-directory-list}. On Unix and GNU/Linux | |
4146 systems, one normally runs @kbd{make install} to install the BDF fonts | |
4147 in the same directory. By contrast, Windows users typically don't run | |
4148 the Intlfonts installation command, but unpack the distribution in | |
4149 some directory, which leaves the BDF fonts in its subdirectories. For | |
4150 example, assume that you unpacked Intlfonts in @file{C:/Intlfonts}; | |
4151 then you should set @code{bdf-directory-list} as follows: | |
4152 | |
4153 @lisp | |
4154 (setq bdf-directory-list | |
4155 '("C:/Intlfonts/Asian" | |
4156 "C:/Intlfonts/Chinese" "C:/Intlfonts/Chinese.X" | |
4157 "C:/Intlfonts/Chinese.BIG" "C:/Intlfonts/Ethiopic" | |
4158 "C:/Intlfonts/European" "C:/Intlfonts/European.BIG" | |
4159 "C:/Intlfonts/Japanese" "C:/Intlfonts/Japanese.X" | |
4160 "C:/Intlfonts/Japanese.BIG" "C:/Intlfonts/Korean.X" | |
4161 "C:/Intlfonts/Misc")) | |
4162 @end lisp | |
4163 | |
4164 @cindex @code{w32-bdf-filename-alist} | |
4165 @cindex @code{w32-find-bdf-fonts} | |
4166 Next, you need to set up the variable @code{w32-bdf-filename-alist} to | |
4167 an alist of the BDF fonts and their corresponding file names. | |
4168 Assuming you have set @code{bdf-directory-list} to name all the | |
4169 directories with the BDF font files, the following Lisp snippet will | |
4170 set up @code{w32-bdf-filename-alist}: | |
4171 | |
4172 @lisp | |
4173 (setq w32-bdf-filename-alist | |
4174 (w32-find-bdf-fonts bdf-directory-list)) | |
4175 @end lisp | |
4176 | |
4177 Now, create fontsets for the BDF fonts: | |
4178 | |
4179 @lisp | |
4180 (create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
4181 "-*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-fontset-bdf, | |
4182 japanese-jisx0208:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208.1983-*, | |
4183 katakana-jisx0201:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0201*-*, | |
4184 latin-jisx0201:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0201*-*, | |
4185 japanese-jisx0208-1978:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208.1978-*, | |
4186 thai-tis620:-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-tis620.2529-1, | |
4187 lao:-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-MuleLao-1, | |
4188 tibetan-1-column:-TibMdXA-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-MuleTibetan-1, | |
4189 ethiopic:-Admas-Ethiomx16f-Medium-R-Normal--16-150-100-100-M-160-Ethiopic-Unicode, | |
4190 tibetan:-TibMdXA-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-160-MuleTibetan-0") | |
4191 @end lisp | |
4192 | |
4193 Many of the international bdf fonts from Intlfonts are type 0, and | |
4194 therefore need to be added to font-encoding-alist: | |
4195 | |
4196 @lisp | |
4197 (setq font-encoding-alist | |
4198 (append '(("MuleTibetan-0" (tibetan . 0)) | |
4199 ("GB2312" (chinese-gb2312 . 0)) | |
4200 ("JISX0208" (japanese-jisx0208 . 0)) | |
4201 ("JISX0212" (japanese-jisx0212 . 0)) | |
4202 ("VISCII" (vietnamese-viscii-lower . 0)) | |
4203 ("KSC5601" (korean-ksc5601 . 0)) | |
4204 ("MuleArabic-0" (arabic-digit . 0)) | |
4205 ("MuleArabic-1" (arabic-1-column . 0)) | |
4206 ("MuleArabic-2" (arabic-2-column . 0))) | |
4207 font-encoding-alist)) | |
4208 @end lisp | |
4209 | |
4210 You can now use the Emacs font menu to select the @samp{bdf: 16-dot medium} | |
4211 fontset, or you can select it by setting the default font in your | |
4212 @file{~/.emacs}: | |
4213 | |
4214 @lisp | |
4215 (set-default-font "fontset-bdf") | |
4216 @end lisp | |
4217 | |
4218 | |
4219 @c ------------------------------------------------------------ | |
103394 | 4220 @node Mail and news |
84296 | 4221 @chapter Mail and news |
4222 @cindex Mail and news | |
4223 | |
4224 @menu | |
4225 * Changing the included text prefix:: | |
4226 * Saving a copy of outgoing mail:: | |
4227 * Expanding aliases when sending mail:: | |
4228 * Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder:: | |
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4229 * Rmail writes to /var/spool/mail:: |
84296 | 4230 * Replying to the sender of a message:: |
4231 * Automatically starting a mail or news reader:: | |
4232 * Reading news with Emacs:: | |
4233 * Gnus does not work with NNTP:: | |
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4234 * Making Gnus faster:: |
84296 | 4235 * Catching up in all newsgroups:: |
4236 @end menu | |
4237 | |
103394 | 4238 @node Changing the included text prefix |
84296 | 4239 @section How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups? |
4240 @cindex Prefix in mail/news followups, changing | |
4241 @cindex Included text prefix, changing | |
4242 @cindex Setting the included text character | |
4243 @cindex Quoting in mail messages | |
4244 | |
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4245 If you read mail with Rmail, set the variable @code{mail-yank-prefix}. |
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4246 For Gnus, set @code{message-yank-prefix}. For VM, set |
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4247 @code{vm-included-text-prefix}. For mh-e, set @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix}. |
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4248 |
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4249 For fancier control of citations, use Supercite (@pxref{Top,, the Supercite |
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4250 Manual, sc, The Supercite Manual}). |
84296 | 4251 |
4252 To prevent Emacs from including various headers of the replied-to | |
4253 message, set the value of @code{mail-yank-ignored-headers} to an | |
4254 appropriate regexp. | |
4255 | |
103394 | 4256 @node Saving a copy of outgoing mail |
84296 | 4257 @section How do I save a copy of outgoing mail? |
4258 @cindex Saving a copy of outgoing mail | |
4259 @cindex Copying outgoing mail to a file | |
4260 @cindex Filing outgoing mail | |
4261 @cindex Automatic filing of outgoing mail | |
4262 @cindex Mail, saving outgoing automatically | |
4263 | |
4264 You can either mail yourself a copy by including a @samp{BCC} header in the | |
4265 mail message, or store a copy of the message directly to a file by | |
4266 including an @samp{FCC} header. | |
4267 | |
4268 If you use standard mail, you can automatically create a @samp{BCC} to | |
4269 yourself by putting | |
4270 | |
4271 @lisp | |
4272 (setq mail-self-blind t) | |
4273 @end lisp | |
4274 | |
4275 @noindent | |
4276 in your @file{.emacs} file. You can automatically include an @samp{FCC} | |
4277 field by putting something like the following in your @file{.emacs} | |
4278 file: | |
4279 | |
4280 @lisp | |
4281 (setq mail-archive-file-name (expand-file-name "~/outgoing")) | |
4282 @end lisp | |
4283 | |
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4284 The output file will be in Unix mail format. |
84296 | 4285 |
4286 If you use @code{mh-e}, add an @samp{FCC} or @samp{BCC} field to your | |
4287 components file. | |
4288 | |
4289 It does not work to put @samp{set record filename} in the @file{.mailrc} | |
4290 file. | |
4291 | |
103394 | 4292 @node Expanding aliases when sending mail |
84296 | 4293 @section Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail? |
4294 @cindex Expanding aliases when sending mail | |
4295 @cindex Mail alias expansion | |
4296 @cindex Sending mail with aliases | |
4297 | |
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4298 @xref{Mail Aliases,, The Emacs Manual, emacs, The Emacs Manual}. |
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4299 |
84296 | 4300 @itemize @bullet |
4301 | |
4302 @item | |
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4303 Normally, Emacs expands aliases when you send the message. |
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4304 To expand them before this, use @kbd{M-x expand-mail-aliases}. |
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4305 |
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4306 @c FIXME there should be an interactive rebuild command for this. |
84296 | 4307 @item |
4308 Emacs normally only reads the @file{.mailrc} file once per session, | |
4309 when you start to compose your first mail message. If you edit | |
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4310 @file{.mailrc}, you can type @kbd{M-: (build-mail-aliases) @key{RET}} to |
84296 | 4311 make Emacs reread @file{~/.mailrc}. |
4312 | |
4313 @item | |
4314 If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as you | |
4315 type them in. To enable this feature, execute the following: | |
4316 | |
4317 @lisp | |
4318 (add-hook 'mail-mode-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup) | |
4319 @end lisp | |
4320 | |
4321 Note that the aliases are expanded automatically only after you type | |
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4322 a word-separator character (e.g. @key{RET} or @kbd{,}). You can force their |
84296 | 4323 expansion by moving point to the end of the alias and typing @kbd{C-x a e} |
4324 (@kbd{M-x expand-abbrev}). | |
4325 @end itemize | |
4326 | |
103394 | 4327 @node Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder |
84296 | 4328 @section How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder? |
4329 @cindex Rmail, sorting messages in | |
4330 @cindex Folder, sorting messages in an Rmail | |
4331 @cindex Sorting messages in an Rmail folder | |
4332 | |
4333 In Rmail, type @kbd{C-c C-s C-h} to get a list of sorting functions | |
4334 and their key bindings. | |
4335 | |
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4336 @node Rmail writes to /var/spool/mail |
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4337 @section Why does Rmail need to write to @file{/var/spool/mail}? |
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4338 @cindex Rmail and @file{/var/spool/mail} |
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4339 @cindex @file{/var/spool/mail} and Rmail |
84296 | 4340 |
4341 This is the behavior of the @code{movemail} program which Rmail uses. | |
4342 This indicates that @code{movemail} is configured to use lock files. | |
4343 | |
4344 RMS writes: | |
4345 | |
4346 @quotation | |
4347 Certain systems require lock files to interlock access to mail files. | |
4348 On these systems, @code{movemail} must write lock files, or you risk losing | |
4349 mail. You simply must arrange to let @code{movemail} write them. | |
4350 | |
4351 Other systems use the @code{flock} system call to interlock access. On | |
4352 these systems, you should configure @code{movemail} to use @code{flock}. | |
4353 @end quotation | |
4354 | |
103394 | 4355 @node Replying to the sender of a message |
84296 | 4356 @section How can I force Rmail to reply to the sender of a message, but not the other recipients? |
4357 @cindex Replying only to the sender of a message | |
4358 @cindex Sender, replying only to | |
4359 @cindex Rmail, replying to the sender of a message in | |
4360 | |
4361 @email{isaacson@@seas.upenn.edu, Ron Isaacson} says: When you hit | |
4362 @key{r} to reply in Rmail, by default it CCs all of the original | |
4363 recipients (everyone on the original @samp{To} and @samp{CC} | |
4364 lists). With a prefix argument (i.e., typing @kbd{C-u} before @key{r}), | |
4365 it replies only to the sender. However, going through the whole | |
4366 @kbd{C-u} business every time you want to reply is a pain. This is the | |
4367 best fix I've been able to come up with: | |
4368 | |
4369 @lisp | |
4370 (defun rmail-reply-t () | |
4371 "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See rmail-reply.)" | |
4372 (interactive) | |
4373 (rmail-reply t)) | |
4374 | |
4375 (add-hook 'rmail-mode-hook | |
4376 (lambda () | |
4377 (define-key rmail-mode-map "r" 'rmail-reply-t) | |
4378 (define-key rmail-mode-map "R" 'rmail-reply))) | |
4379 @end lisp | |
4380 | |
103394 | 4381 @node Automatically starting a mail or news reader |
84296 | 4382 @section How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader? |
4383 @cindex Mail reader, starting automatically | |
4384 @cindex News reader, starting automatically | |
4385 @cindex Starting mail/news reader automatically | |
4386 | |
4387 To start Emacs in Gnus: | |
4388 | |
4389 @example | |
4390 emacs -f gnus | |
4391 @end example | |
4392 | |
4393 @noindent | |
4394 in Rmail: | |
4395 | |
4396 @example | |
4397 emacs -f rmail | |
4398 @end example | |
4399 | |
4400 A more convenient way to start with Gnus: | |
4401 | |
4402 @example | |
4403 alias gnus 'emacs -f gnus' | |
4404 gnus | |
4405 @end example | |
4406 | |
4407 It is probably unwise to automatically start your mail or news reader | |
4408 from your @file{.emacs} file. This would cause problems if you needed to run | |
4409 two copies of Emacs at the same time. Also, this would make it difficult for | |
4410 you to start Emacs quickly when you needed to. | |
4411 | |
103394 | 4412 @node Reading news with Emacs |
84296 | 4413 @section How do I read news under Emacs? |
4414 @cindex Reading news under Emacs | |
4415 @cindex Usenet reader in Emacs | |
4416 @cindex Gnus newsreader | |
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4417 @cindex FAQ for Gnus |
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4418 @cindex Gnus FAQ |
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4419 @cindex Learning more about Gnus |
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4420 |
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4421 Use @kbd{M-x gnus}. For more information on Gnus, @pxref{Top,, the Gnus |
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4422 Manual, gnus, The Gnus Manual}, which includes @ref{Frequently Asked |
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4423 Questions,, the Gnus FAQ, gnus}. |
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4424 |
84296 | 4425 |
103394 | 4426 @node Gnus does not work with NNTP |
84296 | 4427 @section Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP? |
4428 @cindex Gnus and NNTP | |
4429 @cindex NNTP, Gnus fails to work with | |
4430 | |
4431 There is a bug in NNTP version 1.5.10, such that when multiple requests | |
4432 are sent to the NNTP server, the server only handles the first one | |
4433 before blocking waiting for more input which never comes. NNTP version | |
4434 1.5.11 claims to fix this. | |
4435 | |
4436 You can work around the bug inside Emacs like this: | |
4437 | |
4438 @lisp | |
4439 (setq nntp-maximum-request 1) | |
4440 @end lisp | |
4441 | |
4442 You can find out what version of NNTP your news server is running by | |
4443 telnetting to the NNTP port (usually 119) on the news server machine | |
4444 (i.e., @kbd{telnet server-machine 119}). The server should give its | |
4445 version number in the welcome message. Type @kbd{quit} to get out. | |
4446 | |
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4447 @node Making Gnus faster |
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4448 @section How do I make Gnus faster? |
84296 | 4449 @cindex Faster, starting Gnus |
4450 @cindex Starting Gnus faster | |
4451 @cindex Gnus, starting faster | |
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4452 @cindex Slow catch up in Gnus |
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4453 @cindex Gnus is slow when catching up |
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4454 @cindex Crosspostings make Gnus catching up slow |
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4455 |
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4456 From the Gnus FAQ (@pxref{Reading news with Emacs}): |
84296 | 4457 |
4458 @quotation | |
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4459 If you have a slow machine, or are just really impatient, there are a |
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4460 few things you can do to make Gnus run faster. |
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4461 |
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4462 Set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} and |
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4463 @code{gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups} to @code{nil} to make startup faster. |
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4464 |
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4465 Set @code{gnus-show-threads}, @code{gnus-use-cross-reference} and |
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4466 @code{gnus-nov-is-evil} to @code{nil} to make entering and exiting the |
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4467 summary buffer faster. |
84296 | 4468 @end quotation |
4469 | |
103394 | 4470 @node Catching up in all newsgroups |
84296 | 4471 @section How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus? |
4472 @cindex Catching up all newsgroups in Gnus | |
4473 @cindex Gnus, Catching up all newsgroups in | |
4474 | |
4475 In the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer, type @kbd{M-< C-x ( c y C-x ) M-0 C-x e} | |
4476 | |
4477 Leave off the initial @kbd{M-<} if you only want to catch up from point | |
4478 to the end of the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer. | |
4479 | |
103394 | 4480 @node Concept index |
84296 | 4481 @unnumbered Concept Index |
4482 @printindex cp | |
4483 | |
4484 @bye | |
4485 | |
4486 @ignore | |
4487 arch-tag: fee0d62d-06cf-43d8-ac21-123408eaf10f | |
4488 @end ignore |