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author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 12 Mar 2000 14:48:32 +0000 |
parents | b4b10eeb9695 |
children | e7cf77f27506 |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93-95, 97, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
5 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
6 @cindex Dired | |
7 | |
8 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
9 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
10 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
11 to operate on the files listed. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
14 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
15 * Commands: Dired Commands. Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
16 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. | |
17 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
18 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
19 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
20 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
21 either one file or several files. | |
22 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
23 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
24 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
25 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
26 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
27 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
28 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
29 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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30 * Extra Features for Dired:: Dired-X provides more features. |
25829 | 31 @end menu |
32 | |
33 @node Dired Enter | |
34 @section Entering Dired | |
35 | |
36 @findex dired | |
37 @kindex C-x d | |
38 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
39 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads | |
40 a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument | |
41 to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from | |
42 @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that | |
43 the special commands of Dired are available. | |
44 | |
45 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
46 give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain | |
47 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired} | |
48 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer | |
49 before you enter the directory specification. | |
50 | |
51 @findex dired-other-window | |
52 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
53 @findex dired-other-frame | |
54 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
55 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
56 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
57 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
58 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
59 | |
60 @node Dired Commands | |
61 @section Commands in the Dired Buffer | |
62 | |
63 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not | |
64 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are | |
65 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or | |
66 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current | |
67 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged | |
68 files. | |
69 | |
70 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
71 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
72 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
73 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also | |
74 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the | |
75 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the | |
76 beginning of the line. | |
77 | |
78 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
79 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
80 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
81 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
82 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
83 | |
84 @node Dired Deletion | |
85 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
86 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
87 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
88 | |
89 The primary use of Dired is to @dfn{flag} files for deletion and then | |
90 delete the files previously flagged. | |
91 | |
92 @table @kbd | |
93 @item d | |
94 Flag this file for deletion. | |
95 @item u | |
96 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
97 @item @key{DEL} | |
98 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
99 @item x | |
100 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
101 @end table | |
102 | |
103 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
104 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
105 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the | |
106 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at | |
107 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, | |
108 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric | |
109 argument serves as a repeat count. | |
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110 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes |
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111 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} determines if the delete |
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112 command will delete non-empty directories recursively. The default |
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113 is to delete only empty directories. |
25829 | 114 |
115 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
116 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
117 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to | |
118 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct | |
119 Dired to expunge the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using | |
120 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works | |
121 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags. | |
122 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; | |
123 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
124 | |
125 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
126 @findex dired-expunge | |
127 @cindex expunging (Dired) | |
128 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-expunge}). | |
129 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for | |
130 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, | |
131 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text | |
132 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. | |
133 | |
134 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
135 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
136 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
137 | |
138 @node Flagging Many Files | |
139 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
140 | |
141 @table @kbd | |
142 @item # | |
143 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
144 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
145 | |
146 @item ~ | |
147 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
148 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
149 | |
150 @item & | |
151 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that | |
152 suggest you could easily create the files again. | |
153 | |
154 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
155 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
156 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
157 flagged. | |
158 | |
159 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
160 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
161 @var{regexp}. | |
162 @end table | |
163 | |
164 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
165 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
166 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
167 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
168 keep.@refill | |
169 | |
170 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
171 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
172 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
173 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names | |
174 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
175 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
176 files produced by @TeX{}, and the @samp{.orig} and @samp{.rej} files | |
177 produced by @code{patch}. | |
178 | |
179 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
180 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} | |
181 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
182 @findex dired-flag-backup-files | |
183 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all | |
184 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that | |
185 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}. @kbd{~} | |
186 (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files whose | |
187 names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, whose names | |
188 end in @samp{~}. | |
189 | |
190 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
191 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
192 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
193 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
194 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
195 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
196 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
197 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
198 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
199 keep. | |
200 | |
201 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
202 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
203 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
204 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
205 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
206 | |
207 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
208 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
209 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
210 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
211 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
212 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories | |
213 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
214 | |
215 @node Dired Visiting | |
216 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
217 | |
218 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
219 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
220 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
221 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
222 | |
223 @table @kbd | |
224 @item f | |
225 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
226 @findex dired-find-file | |
227 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
228 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
229 | |
230 @item @key{RET} | |
231 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} | |
232 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. | |
233 | |
234 @item o | |
235 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
236 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
237 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
238 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
239 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
240 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
241 | |
242 @item C-o | |
243 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
244 @findex dired-display-file | |
245 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
246 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
247 | |
248 @item Mouse-2 | |
249 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window | |
250 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
251 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
252 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
253 | |
254 @item v | |
255 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
256 @findex dired-view-file | |
257 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} | |
258 (@code{dired-view-file}). | |
259 | |
260 Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around | |
261 in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the file. | |
262 @xref{Misc File Ops,View File}. | |
263 @end table | |
264 | |
265 @node Marks vs Flags | |
266 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
267 | |
268 @cindex marking in Dired | |
269 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the file | |
270 with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired commands to | |
271 operate on files, aside from ``expunge'' (@kbd{x}), look for files | |
272 marked with @samp{*}. | |
273 | |
274 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or | |
275 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and | |
276 unflag files.) | |
277 | |
278 @table @kbd | |
279 @item m | |
280 @itemx * m | |
281 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
282 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
283 @findex dired-mark | |
284 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
285 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
286 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
287 files.) | |
288 | |
289 @item * * | |
290 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
291 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
292 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} | |
293 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
294 those files. | |
295 | |
296 @item * @@ | |
297 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
298 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
299 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). | |
300 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
301 | |
302 @item * / | |
303 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
304 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
305 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for | |
306 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric | |
307 argument, unmark all those files. | |
308 | |
309 @item * s | |
310 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
311 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
312 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
313 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
314 | |
315 @item u | |
316 @itemx * u | |
317 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
318 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
319 @findex dired-unmark | |
320 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
321 | |
322 @item @key{DEL} | |
323 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
324 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
325 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
326 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line | |
327 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
328 | |
329 @item * ! | |
330 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} | |
331 @findex dired-unmark-all-files-no-query | |
332 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer | |
333 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files-no-query}). | |
334 | |
335 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
336 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} | |
337 @findex dired-unmark-all-files | |
338 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
339 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
340 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. | |
341 | |
342 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
343 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
344 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
345 files without asking about them. | |
346 | |
347 @item * C-n | |
348 @findex dired-next-marked-file | |
349 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
350 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) | |
351 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
352 | |
353 @item * C-p | |
354 @findex dired-prev-marked-file | |
355 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
356 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) | |
357 | |
358 @item * t | |
359 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} | |
360 @findex dired-do-toggle | |
361 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-do-toggle}): files marked with @samp{*} | |
362 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files | |
363 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
364 | |
365 @item * c @var{old} @var{new} | |
366 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} | |
367 @findex dired-change-marks | |
368 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old} with marks that use | |
369 the character @var{new} (@code{dired-change-marks}). This command is | |
370 the primary way to create or use marks other than @samp{*} or @samp{D}. | |
371 The arguments are single characters---do not use @key{RET} to terminate | |
372 them. | |
373 | |
374 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
375 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old} is a | |
376 space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; if | |
377 @var{new} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it acts on. | |
378 | |
379 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
380 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
381 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
382 | |
383 @example | |
384 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
385 @end example | |
386 | |
387 This assumes that no files are marked with @samp{t}. | |
388 | |
389 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
390 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
391 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
392 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
393 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
394 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
395 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
396 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
397 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}. | |
398 | |
399 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
400 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by | |
401 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
402 | |
403 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
404 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
405 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
406 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for | |
407 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
408 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
409 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
410 name. | |
411 | |
412 @item C-_ | |
413 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} | |
414 @findex dired-undo | |
415 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
416 marks (@code{dired-undo}). | |
417 @end table | |
418 | |
419 @node Operating on Files | |
420 @section Operating on Files | |
421 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
422 | |
423 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
424 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
425 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
426 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to | |
427 specify which files to manipulate: | |
428 | |
429 @itemize @bullet | |
430 @item | |
431 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
432 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
433 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
434 the current line.) | |
435 | |
436 @item | |
437 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
438 on all those files. | |
439 | |
440 @item | |
441 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
442 @end itemize | |
443 | |
444 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this | |
445 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
446 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.) | |
447 | |
448 @table @kbd | |
449 @findex dired-do-copy | |
450 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
451 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} | |
452 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
453 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
454 name. | |
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455 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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456 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} determines if directories are |
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457 copied recursively. The default is to not copy recursively. |
25829 | 458 |
459 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
460 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with | |
461 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same | |
462 as that of the old file. | |
463 | |
464 @item D | |
465 @findex dired-do-delete | |
466 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
467 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
468 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
469 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
470 (@code{dired-expunge}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. | |
471 | |
472 @findex dired-do-rename | |
473 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
474 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
475 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
476 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
477 file) the new name. | |
478 | |
479 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
480 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
481 | |
482 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
483 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
484 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} | |
485 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
486 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
487 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
488 | |
489 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
490 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
491 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} | |
492 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
493 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
494 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
495 | |
496 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
497 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
498 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} | |
499 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
500 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
501 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
502 | |
503 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
504 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
505 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} | |
506 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
507 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
508 | |
509 @findex dired-do-chown | |
510 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
511 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} | |
512 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
513 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
514 this.) | |
515 | |
516 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
517 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
518 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
519 different places). | |
520 | |
521 @findex dired-do-print | |
522 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
523 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} | |
524 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
525 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
526 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
527 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
528 @pxref{Hardcopy}). | |
529 | |
530 @findex dired-do-compress | |
531 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
532 @item Z | |
533 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
534 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead. | |
535 | |
536 @findex dired-do-load | |
537 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
538 @item L | |
539 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
540 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
541 | |
542 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
543 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
544 @item B | |
545 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
546 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
547 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
548 | |
549 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
550 @findex dired-do-search | |
551 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
552 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
553 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
554 | |
555 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
556 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
557 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
558 | |
559 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
560 @findex dired-do-query-replace | |
561 @item Q @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
562 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, | |
563 replacing matches for @var{from} (a regular expression) with the string | |
564 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace}). | |
565 | |
566 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
567 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
568 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
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569 |
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570 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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571 @findex dired-do-apply |
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572 @item a @var{function} @kbd{RET} |
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573 Apply an arbitrary Lisp function to the name of each marked file |
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574 (@code{dired-do-apply}). |
25829 | 575 @end table |
576 | |
577 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} | |
578 @findex dired-create-directory | |
579 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
580 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and | |
581 creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
582 | |
583 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
584 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
585 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
586 | |
587 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
588 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
589 The dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell | |
590 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the | |
591 specified files. You can specify the files to operate on in the usual | |
592 ways for Dired commands (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two | |
593 ways of applying a shell command to multiple files: | |
594 | |
595 @itemize @bullet | |
596 @item | |
597 If you use @samp{*} in the shell command, then it runs just once, with | |
598 the list of file names substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file | |
599 names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer. | |
600 | |
601 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
602 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
603 | |
604 @item | |
605 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*}, then it runs once | |
606 @emph{for each file}, with the file name added at the end. | |
607 | |
608 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
609 file. | |
610 @end itemize | |
611 | |
612 What if you want to run the shell command once for each file but with | |
613 the file name inserted in the middle? Or if you want to use the file | |
614 names in a more complicated fashion? Use a shell loop. For example, | |
615 this shell command would run @code{uuencode} on each of the specified | |
616 files, writing the output into a corresponding @file{.uu} file: | |
617 | |
618 @example | |
619 for file in *; do uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done | |
620 @end example | |
621 | |
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622 @noindent |
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623 In simple cases you can instead use @samp{?} in the command. This is |
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624 similar to @samp{*} but the command will be run on each file |
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625 individually. |
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626 |
25829 | 627 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory |
628 of the Dired buffer. | |
629 | |
630 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show | |
631 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell | |
632 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use | |
633 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
634 Updating}). | |
635 | |
636 @node Transforming File Names | |
637 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
638 | |
639 Here are commands that alter file names in a systematic way: | |
640 | |
641 @table @kbd | |
642 @findex dired-upcase | |
643 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
644 @item % u | |
645 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
646 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
647 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
648 | |
649 @item % l | |
650 @findex dired-downcase | |
651 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
652 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name | |
653 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
654 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
655 | |
656 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
657 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
658 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
659 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
660 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
661 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
662 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
663 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
664 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
665 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
666 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
667 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
668 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
669 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
670 from the name of the old file. | |
671 @end table | |
672 | |
673 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform | |
674 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. | |
675 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a | |
676 substitution pattern @var{to}. | |
677 | |
678 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular | |
679 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. | |
680 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to | |
681 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
682 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression | |
683 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced. | |
684 | |
685 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
686 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
687 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
688 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
689 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
690 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
691 | |
692 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
693 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
694 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
695 entire absolute file name including directory name. | |
696 | |
697 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the | |
698 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
699 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
700 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make | |
701 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last | |
702 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default. | |
703 | |
704 @node Comparison in Dired | |
705 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
706 | |
707 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
708 @code{diff}. | |
709 | |
710 @table @kbd | |
711 @item = | |
712 @findex dired-diff | |
713 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
714 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file | |
715 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The | |
716 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at | |
717 point is the second argument. | |
718 | |
719 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
720 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
721 @item M-= | |
722 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
723 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
724 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
725 a file with any backup version of your choice. | |
726 | |
727 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
728 @end table | |
729 | |
730 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
731 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
732 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
733 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
734 | |
735 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
736 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
737 | |
738 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
739 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
740 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
741 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
742 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
743 | |
744 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will | |
745 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with | |
746 the @kbd{i} command: | |
747 | |
748 @table @kbd | |
749 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
750 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
751 @item i | |
752 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
753 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
754 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
755 @end table | |
756 | |
757 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
758 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
759 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
760 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
761 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
762 | |
763 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
764 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
765 | |
766 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
767 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
768 describing that subdirectory). | |
769 | |
770 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
771 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{k} to delete the subdirectory. | |
772 @xref{Dired Updating}. | |
773 | |
774 @node Subdirectory Motion | |
775 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
776 | |
777 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
778 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories. | |
779 | |
780 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
781 @cindex directory header lines | |
782 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
783 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
784 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
785 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
786 | |
787 @table @kbd | |
788 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
789 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
790 @item C-M-n | |
791 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
792 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
793 | |
794 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
795 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
796 @item C-M-p | |
797 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
798 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
799 | |
800 @findex dired-tree-up | |
801 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
802 @item C-M-u | |
803 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
804 | |
805 @findex dired-tree-down | |
806 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
807 @item C-M-d | |
808 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
809 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
810 | |
811 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
812 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
813 @item < | |
814 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
815 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
816 parent directory. | |
817 | |
818 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
819 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
820 @item > | |
821 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
822 @end table | |
823 | |
824 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
825 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
826 | |
827 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
828 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
829 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}). | |
830 | |
831 @table @kbd | |
832 @item $ | |
833 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
834 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
835 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
836 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
837 as a repeat count. | |
838 | |
839 @item M-$ | |
840 @findex dired-hide-all | |
841 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
842 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
843 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
844 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
845 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
846 subdirectories far away. | |
847 @end table | |
848 | |
849 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
850 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
851 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
852 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
853 without having to remove the markers. | |
854 | |
855 The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was | |
856 visible, and show what was hidden. | |
857 | |
858 @node Dired Updating | |
859 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
860 | |
861 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
862 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
863 part of the Dired buffer. | |
864 | |
865 @table @kbd | |
866 @item g | |
867 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
868 | |
869 @item l | |
870 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). | |
871 | |
872 @item k | |
873 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
874 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
875 | |
876 @item s | |
877 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
878 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
879 | |
880 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
881 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
882 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
883 @end table | |
884 | |
885 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
886 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
887 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
888 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
889 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
890 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
891 | |
892 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
893 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
894 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
895 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). This command applies to the next @var{n} | |
896 files, or to the marked files if any, or to the current file. Updating | |
897 them means reading their current status from the file system and | |
898 changing the buffer to reflect it properly. | |
899 | |
900 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
901 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
902 | |
903 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
904 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
905 To delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the | |
906 lines---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). With a numeric | |
907 argument @var{n}, this command applies to the next @var{n} files; | |
908 otherwise, it applies to the marked files. | |
909 | |
910 If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's | |
911 contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the | |
912 header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory | |
913 from the Dired buffer. | |
914 | |
915 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
916 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
917 reinsert each subdirectory. | |
918 | |
919 @cindex Dired sorting | |
920 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
921 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
922 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
923 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
924 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
925 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
926 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
927 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
928 | |
929 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
930 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
931 | |
932 @node Dired and Find | |
933 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
934 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
935 | |
936 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
937 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
938 | |
939 @findex find-name-dired | |
940 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
941 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
942 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
943 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
944 | |
945 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the | |
946 ordinary Dired commands are available. | |
947 | |
948 @findex find-grep-dired | |
949 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
950 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
951 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
952 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
953 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
954 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}. | |
955 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. | |
956 | |
957 @findex find-dired | |
958 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
959 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
960 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
961 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
962 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
963 know how to use @code{find}. | |
964 | |
965 @vindex find-ls-option | |
966 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the | |
967 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using | |
968 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you | |
969 may need to change the value of this variable. | |
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970 |
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971 @node Extra Features for Dired |
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972 @section Extra Features for Dired---The Dired-X Package |
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973 |
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974 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. You |
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975 can load it with @code{M-x load-library} or customize |
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976 @code{dired-load-hook} to add @samp{(require@w{ }'dired-x)}. |
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977 @xref{Top, Introduction, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual, dired-x}. |