Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/tramp.texi @ 54924:b6fb388c20ba
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Fri, 16 Apr 2004 21:16:06 +0000 |
parents | a37354a6c326 |
children | 5be9c6254f06 |
rev | line source |
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45861 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
45864 | 3 @setfilename ../info/tramp |
45861 | 4 @settitle TRAMP User Manual |
5 @setchapternewpage odd | |
6 @c %**end of header | |
7 | |
8 @c This is *so* much nicer :) | |
9 @footnotestyle end | |
10 | |
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11 @c In the Tramp CVS, the version number is auto-frobbed from |
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12 @c configure.ac, so you should edit that file and run |
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13 @c "autoconf && ./configure" to change the version number. |
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14 |
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15 @c Additionally, flags are set with respect to the Emacs flavor; and |
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16 @c depending whether Tramp is packaged into (X)Emacs, or standalone. |
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17 |
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18 @include trampver.texi |
45861 | 19 |
20 @c Macro to make formatting of the tramp program name consistent. | |
21 @macro tramp | |
22 @sc{tramp} | |
23 @end macro | |
24 | |
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25 @c Macros for formatting a filename. |
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26 @c trampfn is for a full filename, trampfnmhp means method, host, localname |
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27 @c were given, and so on. |
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28 @macro trampfn(method, user, host, localname) |
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29 @value{tramp-prefix}@value{method}@value{user}@@@value{host}@value{tramp-postfix}@value{localname} |
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30 @end macro |
45861 | 31 |
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32 @copying |
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33 Copyright @copyright{} 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software |
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34 Foundation, Inc. |
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35 |
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36 @quotation |
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37 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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38 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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39 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
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40 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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41 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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42 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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43 License'' in the Emacs manual. |
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44 |
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45 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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46 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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47 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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48 |
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49 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
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50 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document |
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51 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the |
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52 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. |
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53 @end quotation |
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54 @end copying |
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55 |
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56 @c Entries for @command{install-info} to use |
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57 @dircategory @value{emacs-name} |
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58 @direntry |
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59 * TRAMP: (tramp). Transparent Remote Access, Multiple Protocol |
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60 @value{emacs-name} remote file access via rsh and rcp. |
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61 @end direntry |
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62 |
45861 | 63 @tex |
64 | |
65 @titlepage | |
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66 @title @tramp{} version @trampver{} User Manual |
45861 | 67 |
68 @author by Daniel Pittman | |
69 @author based on documentation by Kai Gro@ss{}johann | |
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70 |
45861 | 71 @page |
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72 @insertcopying |
45861 | 73 |
74 @end titlepage | |
75 @page | |
76 | |
77 @end tex | |
78 | |
79 @ifnottex | |
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80 @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir) |
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81 @top @tramp{} version @trampver{} User Manual |
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82 |
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83 This file documents @tramp{} version @trampver{}, a remote file |
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84 editing package for @value{emacs-name}. |
45861 | 85 |
86 @tramp{} stands for `Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple | |
87 Protocol'. This package provides remote file editing, similar to | |
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88 @value{ftp-package-name}. |
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89 |
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90 The difference is that @value{ftp-package-name} uses FTP to transfer |
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91 files between the local and the remote host, whereas @tramp{} uses a |
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92 combination of @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} or other work-alike |
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93 programs, such as @command{ssh}/@command{scp}. |
45861 | 94 |
95 You can find the latest version of this document on the web at | |
96 @uref{http://www.freesoftware.fsf.org/tramp/}. | |
97 | |
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98 @c Pointer to the other Emacs flavor is necessary only in case of |
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99 @c standalone installation. Text taken from trampinst.texi. |
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100 @ifset tramp-inst |
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101 @otherflavor{} |
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102 @end ifset |
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103 |
45861 | 104 @ifhtml |
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105 @ifset jamanual |
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106 This manual is also available as a @uref{@value{japanese-manual}, |
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107 Japanese translation}. |
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108 @end ifset |
45861 | 109 |
110 The latest release of @tramp{} is available for | |
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111 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/, |
45861 | 112 download}, or you may see @ref{Obtaining @tramp{}} for more details, |
113 including the CVS server details. | |
114 | |
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115 @tramp{} also has a @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/tramp/, |
45861 | 116 Savannah Project Page}. |
117 @end ifhtml | |
118 | |
119 There is a mailing list for @tramp{}, available at | |
120 @email{tramp-devel@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}, and archived at | |
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121 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=tramp, Savannah Mail |
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122 Archive}. |
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123 @ifhtml |
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124 Older archives are located at |
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125 @uref{http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum=tramp-devel, |
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126 SourceForge Mail Archive} and |
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127 @uref{http://www.mail-archive.com/emacs-rcp@@ls6.cs.uni-dortmund.de/, |
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128 The Mail Archive}. |
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129 @c in HTML output, there's no new paragraph. |
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130 @*@* |
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131 @end ifhtml |
45861 | 132 |
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133 @insertcopying |
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134 |
45861 | 135 @end ifnottex |
136 | |
137 @menu | |
138 * Overview:: What @tramp{} can and cannot do. | |
139 | |
140 For the end user: | |
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141 |
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142 * Obtaining @tramp{}:: How to obtain @tramp{}. |
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143 * History:: History of @tramp{}. |
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144 @ifset tramp-inst |
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145 * Installation:: Installing @tramp{} with your @value{emacs-name}. |
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146 @end ifset |
45861 | 147 * Configuration:: Configuring @tramp{} for use. |
148 * Usage:: An overview of the operation of @tramp{}. | |
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149 * Bug Reports:: Reporting Bugs and Problems. |
45861 | 150 * Frequently Asked Questions:: Questions and answers from the mailing list. |
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151 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. |
45861 | 152 |
153 For the developer: | |
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154 |
45861 | 155 * Version Control:: The inner workings of remote version control. |
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156 * Files directories and localnames:: How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed. |
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157 * Issues:: Debatable Issues and What Was Decided. |
45861 | 158 |
159 @detailmenu | |
160 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
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161 @c |
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162 @ifset tramp-inst |
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163 Installing @tramp{} with your @value{emacs-name} |
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164 |
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165 * Installation parameters:: Parameters in order to control installation. |
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166 * Load paths:: How to plug-in @tramp{} into your environment. |
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167 * Japanese manual:: Japanese manual. |
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168 |
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169 @end ifset |
45861 | 170 |
171 Configuring @tramp{} for use | |
172 | |
173 * Connection types:: Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
174 * Inline methods:: Inline methods. | |
175 * External transfer methods:: External transfer methods. | |
176 * Multi-hop Methods:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops. | |
177 * Default Method:: Selecting a default method. | |
178 * Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods. | |
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179 * Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion. |
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180 * Password caching:: Reusing passwords for several connections. |
45861 | 181 * Remote Programs:: How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. |
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182 * Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints. |
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183 * Windows setup hints:: Issues with Cygwin ssh. |
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184 * Auto-save and Backup:: Auto-save and Backup. |
45861 | 185 |
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186 Using @tramp{} |
45861 | 187 |
188 * Filename Syntax:: @tramp{} filename conventions. | |
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189 * Multi-hop filename syntax:: Multi-hop filename conventions. |
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190 * Filename completion:: Filename completion. |
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191 * Dired:: Dired. |
45861 | 192 |
193 The inner workings of remote version control | |
194 | |
195 * Version Controlled Files:: Determining if a file is under version control. | |
196 * Remote Commands:: Executing the version control commands on the remote machine. | |
197 * Changed workfiles:: Detecting if the working file has changed. | |
198 * Checking out files:: Bringing the workfile out of the repository. | |
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199 * Miscellaneous Version Control:: Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere. |
45861 | 200 |
201 Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere | |
202 | |
203 * Remote File Ownership:: How VC determines who owns a workfile. | |
204 * Back-end Versions:: How VC determines what release your RCS is. | |
205 | |
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206 How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed |
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207 |
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208 * Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components. |
45861 | 209 |
210 @end detailmenu | |
211 @end menu | |
212 | |
213 @node Overview | |
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214 @chapter An overview of @tramp{} |
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215 @cindex overview |
45861 | 216 |
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217 After the installation of @tramp{} into your @value{emacs-name}, you |
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218 will be able to access files on remote machines as though they were |
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219 local. Access to the remote file system for editing files, version |
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220 control, and @command{dired} are transparently enabled. |
45861 | 221 |
222 Your access to the remote machine can be with the @command{rsh}, | |
223 @command{rlogin}, @command{telnet} programs or with any similar | |
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224 connection method. This connection must pass @acronym{ASCII} |
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225 successfully to be usable but need not be 8-bit clean. |
45861 | 226 |
227 The package provides support for @command{ssh} connections out of the | |
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228 box, one of the more common uses of the package. This allows |
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229 relatively secure access to machines, especially if @command{ftp} |
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230 access is disabled. |
45861 | 231 |
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232 The majority of activity carried out by @tramp{} requires only that |
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233 the remote login is possible and is carried out at the terminal. In |
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234 order to access remote files @tramp{} needs to transfer their content |
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235 to the local machine temporarily. |
45861 | 236 |
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237 @tramp{} can transfer files between the machines in a variety of ways. |
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238 The details are easy to select, depending on your needs and the |
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239 machines in question. |
45861 | 240 |
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241 The fastest transfer methods (for large files) rely on a remote file |
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242 transfer package such as @command{rcp}, @command{scp} or |
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243 @command{rsync}. The use of these methods is only possible if the |
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244 file copy command does not ask for a password for the remote machine. |
45861 | 245 |
246 If the remote copy methods are not suitable for you, @tramp{} also | |
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247 supports the use of encoded transfers directly through the shell. |
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248 This requires that the @command{mimencode} or @command{uuencode} tools |
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249 are available on the remote machine. These methods are generally |
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250 faster for small files. |
45861 | 251 |
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252 Within these limitations, @tramp{} is quite powerful. It is worth |
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253 noting that, as of the time of writing, it is far from a polished |
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254 end-user product. For a while yet you should expect to run into rough |
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255 edges and problems with the code now and then. |
45861 | 256 |
257 It is finished enough that the developers use it for day to day work but | |
258 the installation and setup can be a little difficult to master, as can | |
259 the terminology. | |
260 | |
261 @tramp{} is still under active development and any problems you encounter, | |
262 trivial or major, should be reported to the @tramp{} developers. | |
263 @xref{Bug Reports}. | |
264 | |
265 | |
266 @subsubheading Behind the scenes | |
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267 @cindex behind the scenes |
46366 | 268 @cindex details of operation |
269 @cindex how it works | |
45861 | 270 |
271 This section tries to explain what goes on behind the scenes when you | |
272 access a remote file through @tramp{}. | |
273 | |
274 Suppose you type @kbd{C-x C-f} and enter part of an @tramp{} file name, | |
275 then hit @kbd{@key{TAB}} for completion. Suppose further that this is | |
276 the first time that @tramp{} is invoked for the host in question. Here's | |
277 what happens: | |
278 | |
279 @itemize | |
280 @item | |
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281 @tramp{} discovers that it needs a connection to the host. So it |
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282 invokes @samp{telnet @var{host}} or @samp{rsh @var{host} -l |
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283 @var{user}} or a similar tool to connect to the remote host. |
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284 Communication with this process happens through an |
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285 @value{emacs-name} buffer, that is, the output from the remote end |
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286 goes into a buffer. |
45861 | 287 |
288 @item | |
289 The remote host may prompt for a login name (for @command{telnet}). The | |
290 login name is given in the file name, so @tramp{} sends the login name and | |
291 a newline. | |
292 | |
293 @item | |
294 The remote host may prompt for a password or pass phrase (for | |
295 @command{rsh} or for @command{telnet} after sending the login name). | |
296 @tramp{} displays the prompt in the minibuffer, asking you for the | |
297 password or pass phrase. | |
298 | |
299 You enter the password or pass phrase. @tramp{} sends it to the remote | |
300 host, followed by a newline. | |
301 | |
302 @item | |
303 @tramp{} now waits for the shell prompt or for a message that the login | |
304 failed. | |
305 | |
306 If @tramp{} sees neither of them after a certain period of time (a minute, | |
307 say), then it issues an error message saying that it couldn't find the | |
308 remote shell prompt and shows you what the remote host has sent. | |
309 | |
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310 If @tramp{} sees a @samp{login failed} message, it tells you so, |
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311 aborts the login attempt and allows you to try again. |
45861 | 312 |
313 @item | |
314 Suppose that the login was successful and @tramp{} sees the shell prompt | |
315 from the remote host. Now @tramp{} invokes @command{/bin/sh} because | |
316 Bourne shells and C shells have different command | |
317 syntaxes.@footnote{Invoking @command{/bin/sh} will fail if your login | |
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318 shell doesn't recognize @samp{exec /bin/sh} as a valid command. |
45861 | 319 Maybe you use the Scheme shell @command{scsh}@dots{}} |
320 | |
321 After the Bourne shell has come up, @tramp{} sends a few commands to | |
322 ensure a good working environment. It turns off echoing, it sets the | |
323 shell prompt, and a few other things. | |
324 | |
325 @item | |
326 Now the remote shell is up and it good working order. Remember, what | |
327 was supposed to happen is that @tramp{} tries to find out what files exist | |
328 on the remote host so that it can do filename completion. | |
329 | |
330 So, @tramp{} basically issues @command{cd} and @command{ls} commands and | |
331 also sometimes @command{echo} with globbing. Another command that is | |
332 often used is @command{test} to find out whether a file is writable or a | |
333 directory or the like. The output of each command is parsed for the | |
334 necessary operation. | |
335 | |
336 @item | |
337 Suppose you are finished with filename completion, have entered @kbd{C-x | |
338 C-f}, a full file name and hit @kbd{@key{RET}}. Now comes the time to | |
339 transfer the file contents from the remote host to the local host so | |
340 that you can edit them. | |
341 | |
342 See above for an explanation of how @tramp{} transfers the file contents. | |
343 | |
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344 For inline transfers, @tramp{} issues a command like @samp{mimencode -b |
45861 | 345 /path/to/remote/file}, waits until the output has accumulated in the |
346 buffer that's used for communication, then decodes that output to | |
347 produce the file contents. | |
348 | |
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349 For out-of-band transfers, @tramp{} issues a command like the following: |
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350 @example |
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351 rcp user@@host:/path/to/remote/file /tmp/tramp.4711 |
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352 @end example |
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353 It then reads the local temporary file @file{/tmp/tramp.4711} into a |
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354 buffer and deletes the temporary file. |
45861 | 355 |
356 @item | |
357 You now edit the buffer contents, blithely unaware of what has happened | |
358 behind the scenes. (Unless you have read this section, that is.) When | |
359 you are finished, you type @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the buffer. | |
360 | |
361 @item | |
362 Again, @tramp{} transfers the file contents to the remote host either | |
363 inline or out-of-band. This is the reverse of what happens when reading | |
364 the file. | |
365 | |
366 @end itemize | |
367 | |
368 I hope this has provided you with a basic overview of what happens | |
369 behind the scenes when you open a file with @tramp{}. | |
370 | |
371 | |
372 @c For the end user | |
373 @node Obtaining @tramp{} | |
374 @chapter Obtaining @tramp{}. | |
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375 @cindex obtaining @tramp{} |
45861 | 376 |
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377 @tramp{} is freely available on the Internet and the latest release |
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378 may be downloaded from |
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379 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/}. This |
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380 release includes the full documentation and code for @tramp{}, |
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381 suitable for installation. But Emacs (21.4 or later) includes |
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382 @tramp{} already, and there is a @tramp{} package for XEmacs, as well. |
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383 So maybe it is easier to just use those. But if you want the bleeding |
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384 edge, read on@dots{...} |
45861 | 385 |
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386 For the especially brave, @tramp{} is available from CVS. The CVS |
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387 version is the latest version of the code and may contain incomplete |
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388 features or new issues. Use these versions at your own risk. |
45861 | 389 |
390 Instructions for obtaining the latest development version of @tramp{} | |
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391 from CVS can be found by going to the Savannah project page at the |
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392 following URL and then clicking on the CVS link in the navigation bar |
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393 at the top. |
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394 |
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395 @noindent |
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396 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/tramp/} |
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397 |
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398 @noindent |
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399 Or follow the example session below: |
45861 | 400 |
401 @example | |
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402 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}} |
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403 ] @strong{export CVS_RSH="ssh"} |
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404 ] @strong{cvs -z3 -d:ext:anoncvs@@savannah.nongnu.org:/cvsroot/tramp co tramp} |
45861 | 405 @end example |
406 | |
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407 @noindent |
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408 You should now have a directory @file{~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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409 containing the latest version of @tramp{}. You can fetch the latest |
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410 updates from the repository by issuing the command: |
45861 | 411 |
412 @example | |
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413 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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414 ] @strong{export CVS_RSH="ssh"} |
45861 | 415 ] @strong{cvs update -d} |
416 @end example | |
417 | |
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418 @noindent |
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419 Once you've got updated files from the CVS repository, you need to run |
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420 @command{autoconf} in order to get an up-to-date @file{configure} |
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421 script: |
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422 |
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423 @example |
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424 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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425 ] @strong{autoconf} |
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426 @end example |
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427 |
45861 | 428 |
429 @node History | |
430 @chapter History of @tramp{} | |
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431 @cindex history |
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432 @cindex development history |
45861 | 433 |
434 Development was started end of November 1998. The package was called | |
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435 @file{rssh.el}, back then. It only provided one method to access a |
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436 file, using @command{ssh} to log in to a remote host and using |
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437 @command{scp} to transfer the file contents. After a while, the name |
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438 was changed to @file{rcp.el}, and now it's @tramp{}. Along the way, |
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439 many more methods for getting a remote shell and for transferring the |
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440 file contents were added. Support for VC was added. |
45861 | 441 |
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442 The most recent addition of major features were the multi-hop methods |
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443 added in April 2000 and the unification of @tramp{} and Ange-FTP |
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444 filenames in July 2002. |
45861 | 445 |
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446 @c Installation chapter is necessary only in case of standalone |
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447 @c installation. Text taken from trampinst.texi. |
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448 @ifset tramp-inst |
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449 @installationchapter{} |
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450 @end ifset |
45861 | 451 |
452 @node Configuration | |
453 @chapter Configuring @tramp{} for use | |
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454 @cindex configuration |
45861 | 455 |
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456 @cindex default configuration |
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457 @tramp{} is (normally) fully functional when it is initially installed. |
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458 It is initially configured to use the @command{ssh} program to connect |
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459 to the remote host and to use base64 or uu encoding to transfer the |
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460 files through that shell connection. So in the easiest case, you just |
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461 type @kbd{C-x C-f} and then enter the filename |
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462 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{user}@@@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}@var{/path/to.file}}. |
45861 | 463 |
464 On some hosts, there are problems with opening a connection. These are | |
465 related to the behavior of the remote shell. See @xref{Remote shell | |
466 setup}, for details on this. | |
467 | |
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468 If you do not wish to use these commands to connect to the remote |
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469 host, you should change the default connection and transfer method |
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470 that @tramp{} uses. There are several different methods that @tramp{} |
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471 can use to connect to remote machines and transfer files |
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472 (@pxref{Connection types}). |
45861 | 473 |
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474 If you don't know which method is right for you, see @xref{Default |
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475 Method}. |
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476 |
45861 | 477 |
478 @menu | |
479 * Connection types:: Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
480 * Inline methods:: Inline methods. | |
481 * External transfer methods:: External transfer methods. | |
482 * Multi-hop Methods:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops. | |
483 * Default Method:: Selecting a default method. | |
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484 Here we also try to help those who |
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485 don't have the foggiest which method |
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486 is right for them. |
45861 | 487 * Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods. |
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488 * Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion. |
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489 * Password caching:: Reusing passwords for several connections. |
45861 | 490 * Remote Programs:: How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. |
491 * Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints. | |
492 * Windows setup hints:: Issues with Cygwin ssh. | |
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493 * Auto-save and Backup:: Auto-save and Backup. |
45861 | 494 @end menu |
495 | |
496 | |
497 @node Connection types | |
498 @section Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
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499 @cindex connection types, overview |
45861 | 500 |
501 There are two basic types of transfer methods, each with its own | |
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502 advantages and limitations. Both types of connection make use of a |
45861 | 503 remote shell access program such as @command{rsh}, @command{ssh} or |
504 @command{telnet} to connect to the remote machine. | |
505 | |
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506 This connection is used to perform many of the operations that @tramp{} |
45861 | 507 requires to make the remote file system transparently accessible from |
508 the local machine. It is only when visiting files that the methods | |
509 differ. | |
510 | |
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511 @cindex inline methods |
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512 @cindex external transfer methods |
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513 @cindex external methods |
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514 @cindex out-of-band methods |
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515 @cindex methods, inline |
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516 @cindex methods, external transfer |
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517 @cindex methods, out-of-band |
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518 Loading or saving a remote file requires that the content of the file |
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519 be transfered between the two machines. The content of the file can be |
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520 transfered over the same connection used to log in to the remote |
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521 machine or the file can be transfered through another connection using |
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522 a remote copy program such as @command{rcp}, @command{scp} or |
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523 @command{rsync}. The former are called @dfn{inline methods}, the |
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524 latter are called @dfn{out-of-band methods} or @dfn{external transfer |
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525 methods} (@dfn{external methods} for short). |
45861 | 526 |
527 The performance of the external transfer methods is generally better | |
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528 than that of the inline methods, at least for large files. This is |
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529 caused by the need to encode and decode the data when transferring |
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530 inline. |
45861 | 531 |
532 The one exception to this rule are the @command{scp} based transfer | |
533 methods. While these methods do see better performance when actually | |
534 transferring files, the overhead of the cryptographic negotiation at | |
535 startup may drown out the improvement in file transfer times. | |
536 | |
537 External transfer methods do require that the remote copy command is not | |
538 interactive --- that is, the command does not prompt you for a password. | |
539 If you cannot perform remote copies without a password, you will need to | |
540 use an inline transfer method to work with @tramp{}. | |
541 | |
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542 @cindex multi-hop methods |
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543 @cindex methods, multi-hop |
45861 | 544 A variant of the inline methods are the @dfn{multi-hop methods}. |
545 These methods allow you to connect a remote host using a number `hops', | |
546 each of which connects to a different host. This is useful if you are | |
547 in a secured network where you need to go through a bastion host to | |
548 connect to the outside world. | |
549 | |
550 | |
551 @node Inline methods | |
552 @section Inline methods | |
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553 @cindex inline methods |
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554 @cindex methods, inline |
45861 | 555 |
556 The inline methods in @tramp{} are quite powerful and can work in | |
557 situations where you cannot use an external transfer program to connect. | |
558 Inline methods are the only methods that work when connecting to the | |
559 remote machine via telnet. (There are also strange inline methods which | |
560 allow you to transfer files between @emph{user identities} rather than | |
561 hosts, see below.) | |
562 | |
563 These methods depend on the existence of a suitable encoding and | |
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564 decoding command on remote machine. Locally, @tramp{} may be able to |
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565 use features of @value{emacs-name} to decode and encode the files or |
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566 it may require access to external commands to perform that task. |
45861 | 567 |
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568 @cindex uuencode |
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569 @cindex mimencode |
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570 @cindex base-64 encoding |
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571 @tramp{} checks the availability and usability of commands like |
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572 @command{mimencode} (part of the @command{metamail} package) or |
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573 @command{uuencode} on the remote host. The first reliable command |
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574 will be used. The search path can be customized, see @ref{Remote |
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575 Programs}. |
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576 |
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577 If both commands aren't available on the remote host, @tramp{} |
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578 transfers a small piece of Perl code to the remote host, and tries to |
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579 apply it for encoding and decoding. |
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580 |
45861 | 581 |
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582 @table @asis |
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583 @item @option{rsh} |
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584 @cindex method rsh |
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585 @cindex rsh method |
45861 | 586 |
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587 Connect to the remote host with @command{rsh}. Due to the unsecure |
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588 connection it is recommended for very local host topology only. |
45861 | 589 |
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590 On operating systems which provide the command @command{remsh} instead |
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591 of @command{rsh}, you can use the method @option{remsh}. This is true |
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592 for HP-UX or Cray UNICOS, for example. |
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593 |
45861 | 594 |
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595 @item @option{ssh} |
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596 @cindex method ssh |
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597 @cindex ssh method |
45861 | 598 |
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599 Connect to the remote host with @command{ssh}. This is identical to |
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600 the previous option except that the @command{ssh} package is used, |
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601 making the connection more secure. |
45861 | 602 |
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603 There are also two variants, @option{ssh1} and @option{ssh2}, that |
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604 call @samp{ssh -1} and @samp{ssh -2}, respectively. This way, you can |
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605 explicitly select whether you want to use the SSH protocol version 1 |
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606 or 2 to connect to the remote host. (You can also specify in |
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607 @file{~/.ssh/config}, the SSH configuration file, which protocol |
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608 should be used, and use the regular @option{ssh} method.) |
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609 |
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610 Two other variants, @option{ssh1_old} and @option{ssh2_old}, use the |
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611 @command{ssh1} and @command{ssh2} commands explicitly. If you don't |
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612 know what these are, you do not need these options. |
45861 | 613 |
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614 All the methods based on @command{ssh} have an additional kludgy |
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615 feature: you can specify a host name which looks like @file{host#42} |
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616 (the real host name, then a hash sign, then a port number). This |
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617 means to connect to the given host but to also pass @code{-p 42} as |
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618 arguments to the @command{ssh} command. |
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619 |
45861 | 620 |
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621 @item @option{telnet} |
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622 @cindex method telnet |
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623 @cindex telnet method |
45861 | 624 |
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625 Connect to the remote host with @command{telnet}. This is as unsecure |
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626 as the @option{rsh} method. |
45861 | 627 |
628 | |
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629 @item @option{su} |
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630 @cindex method su |
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631 @cindex su method |
45861 | 632 |
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633 This method does not connect to a remote host at all, rather it uses |
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634 the @command{su} program to allow you to edit files as another user. |
45861 | 635 |
636 | |
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637 @item @option{sudo} |
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638 @cindex method sudo |
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639 @cindex sudo method |
45861 | 640 |
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641 This is similar to the @option{su} method, but it uses @command{sudo} |
45861 | 642 rather than @command{su} to become a different user. |
643 | |
644 Note that @command{sudo} must be configured to allow you to start a | |
645 shell as the user. It would be nice if it was sufficient if | |
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646 @command{ls} and @command{mimencode} were allowed, but that is not |
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647 easy to implement, so I haven't got around to it, yet. |
45861 | 648 |
649 | |
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650 @item @option{sshx} |
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651 @cindex method sshx |
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652 @cindex sshx method |
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653 @cindex Cygwin (with sshx method) |
45861 | 654 |
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655 As you would expect, this is similar to @option{ssh}, only a little |
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656 different. Whereas @option{ssh} opens a normal interactive shell on |
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657 the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l |
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658 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection. This is useful for users |
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659 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of |
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660 questions when logging in. This procedure avoids these questions, and |
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661 just gives @tramp{} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work |
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662 with. |
45861 | 663 |
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664 Note that this procedure does not eliminate questions asked by |
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665 @command{ssh} itself. For example, @command{ssh} might ask ``Are you |
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666 sure you want to continue connecting?'' if the host key of the remote |
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667 host is not known. @tramp{} does not know how to deal with such a |
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668 question (yet), therefore you will need to make sure that you can log |
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669 in without such questions. |
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670 |
45861 | 671 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when |
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672 invoked from an @value{emacs-name} buffer, tells them that it is not |
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673 allocating a pseudo tty. When this happens, the login shell is wont |
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674 to not print any shell prompt, which confuses @tramp{} mightily. For |
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675 reasons unknown, some Windows ports for @command{ssh} (maybe the |
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676 Cygwin one) require the doubled @samp{-t} option. |
45861 | 677 |
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678 This supports the @samp{-p} kludge. |
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679 |
45861 | 680 |
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681 @item @option{krlogin} |
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682 @cindex method krlogin |
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683 @cindex km krlogin |
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684 @cindex Kerberos (with krlogin method) |
45861 | 685 |
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686 This method is also similar to @option{ssh}. It only uses the |
45861 | 687 @command{krlogin -x} command to log in to the remote host. |
688 | |
689 | |
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690 @item @option{plink} |
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691 @cindex method plink |
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692 @cindex plink method |
45861 | 693 |
694 This method is mostly interesting for Windows users using the PuTTY | |
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695 implementation of SSH. It uses @samp{plink -ssh} to log in to the |
45861 | 696 remote host. |
697 | |
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698 Additionally, the method @option{plink1} is provided, which calls |
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699 @samp{plink -1 -ssh} in order to use SSH protocol version 1 |
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700 explicitely. |
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701 |
45861 | 702 CCC: Do we have to connect to the remote host once from the command |
703 line to accept the SSH key? Maybe this can be made automatic? | |
704 | |
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705 CCC: Does @command{plink} support the @samp{-p} option? @tramp{} will |
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706 support that, anyway. |
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707 |
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708 @end table |
45861 | 709 |
710 | |
711 | |
712 @node External transfer methods | |
713 @section External transfer methods | |
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714 @cindex methods, external transfer |
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715 @cindex methods, out-of-band |
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716 @cindex external transfer methods |
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717 @cindex out-of-band methods |
45861 | 718 |
719 The external transfer methods operate through multiple channels, using | |
720 the remote shell connection for many actions while delegating file | |
721 transfers to an external transfer utility. | |
722 | |
723 This saves the overhead of encoding and decoding that multiplexing the | |
724 transfer through the one connection has with the inline methods. | |
725 | |
726 If you want to use an external transfer method you @emph{must} be able | |
727 to execute the transfer utility to copy files to and from the remote | |
728 machine without any interaction. | |
729 | |
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730 @cindex ssh-agent |
45861 | 731 This means that you will need to use @command{ssh-agent} if you use the |
732 @command{scp} program for transfers, or maybe your version of | |
733 @command{scp} accepts a password on the command line.@footnote{PuTTY's | |
734 @command{pscp} allows you to specify the password on the command line.} | |
735 If you use @command{rsync} via @command{ssh} then the same rule must | |
736 apply to that connection. | |
737 | |
738 If you cannot get @command{scp} to run without asking for a password but | |
739 would still like to use @command{ssh} to secure your connection, have a | |
740 look at the @command{ssh} based inline methods. | |
741 | |
742 | |
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743 @table @asis |
45861 | 744 @item @option{rcp} --- @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} |
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745 @cindex method rcp |
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746 @cindex rcp method |
46366 | 747 @cindex rcp (with rcp method) |
748 @cindex rsh (with rcp method) | |
45861 | 749 |
750 This method uses the @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} commands to connect | |
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751 to the remote machine and transfer files. This is probably the fastest |
45861 | 752 connection method available. |
753 | |
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754 The alternative method @option{remcp} uses the @command{remsh} and |
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755 @command{rcp} commands. It should be applied on machines where |
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756 @command{remsh} is used instead of @command{rsh}. |
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757 |
45861 | 758 |
759 @item @option{scp} --- @command{ssh} and @command{scp} | |
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760 @cindex method scp |
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761 @cindex scp method |
46366 | 762 @cindex scp (with scp method) |
763 @cindex ssh (with scp method) | |
45861 | 764 |
765 Using @command{ssh} to connect to the remote host and @command{scp} to | |
766 transfer files between the machines is the best method for securely | |
767 connecting to a remote machine and accessing files. | |
768 | |
769 The performance of this option is also quite good. It may be slower than | |
770 the inline methods when you often open and close small files however. | |
771 The cost of the cryptographic handshake at the start of an @command{scp} | |
772 session can begin to absorb the advantage that the lack of encoding and | |
773 decoding presents. | |
774 | |
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775 There are also two variants, @option{scp1} and @option{scp2}, that |
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776 call @samp{ssh -1} and @samp{ssh -2}, respectively. This way, you can |
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777 explicitly select whether you want to use the SSH protocol version 1 |
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778 or 2 to connect to the remote host. (You can also specify in |
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779 @file{~/.ssh/config}, the SSH configuration file, which protocol |
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780 should be used, and use the regular @option{scp} method.) |
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781 |
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782 Two other variants, @option{scp1_old} and @option{scp2_old}, use the |
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783 @command{ssh1} and @command{ssh2} commands explicitly. If you don't |
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784 know what these are, you do not need these options. |
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785 |
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786 All the @command{ssh} based methods support the kludgy @samp{-p} |
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787 feature where you can specify a port number to connect to in the host |
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788 name. For example, the host name @file{host#42} tells @tramp{} to |
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789 specify @samp{-p 42} in the argument list for @command{ssh}. |
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790 |
45861 | 791 |
792 @item @option{rsync} --- @command{ssh} and @command{rsync} | |
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793 @cindex method rsync |
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794 @cindex rsync method |
46366 | 795 @cindex rsync (with rsync method) |
796 @cindex ssh (with rsync method) | |
45861 | 797 |
798 Using the @command{ssh} command to connect securely to the remote | |
799 machine and the @command{rsync} command to transfer files is almost | |
800 identical to the @option{scp} method. | |
801 | |
802 While @command{rsync} performs much better than @command{scp} when | |
803 transferring files that exist on both hosts, this advantage is lost if | |
804 the file exists only on one side of the connection. | |
805 | |
806 The @command{rsync} based method may be considerably faster than the | |
807 @command{rcp} based methods when writing to the remote system. Reading | |
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808 files to the local machine is no faster than with a direct copy. |
45861 | 809 |
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810 This method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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811 |
45861 | 812 |
813 @item @option{scpx} --- @command{ssh} and @command{scp} | |
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814 @cindex method scpx |
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815 @cindex scpx method |
46366 | 816 @cindex scp (with scpx method) |
817 @cindex ssh (with scpx method) | |
818 @cindex Cygwin (with scpx method) | |
45861 | 819 |
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820 As you would expect, this is similar to @option{scp}, only a little |
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821 different. Whereas @option{scp} opens a normal interactive shell on |
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822 the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l |
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823 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection. This is useful for users |
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824 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of |
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825 questions when logging in. This procedure avoids these questions, and |
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826 just gives @tramp{} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work |
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827 with. |
45861 | 828 |
829 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when | |
54198
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830 invoked from an @value{emacs-name} buffer, tells them that it is not |
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831 allocating a pseudo tty. When this happens, the login shell is wont |
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832 to not print any shell prompt, which confuses @tramp{} mightily. |
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833 Maybe this applies to the Cygwin port of SSH. |
45861 | 834 |
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835 This method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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836 |
45861 | 837 |
838 @item @option{pscp} --- @command{plink} and @command{pscp} | |
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839 @cindex method pscp |
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840 @cindex pscp method |
46366 | 841 @cindex pscp (with pscp method) |
842 @cindex plink (with pscp method) | |
843 @cindex PuTTY (with pscp method) | |
45861 | 844 |
845 This method is similar to @option{scp}, but it uses the | |
846 @command{plink} command to connect to the remote host, and it uses | |
847 @command{pscp} for transferring the files. These programs are part | |
848 of PuTTY, an SSH implementation for Windows. | |
849 | |
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850 CCC: Does @command{plink} support the @samp{-p} hack? |
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851 |
45861 | 852 |
853 @item @option{fcp} --- @command{fsh} and @command{fcp} | |
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854 @cindex method fcp |
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855 @cindex fcp method |
46366 | 856 @cindex fsh (with fcp method) |
857 @cindex fcp (with fcp method) | |
45861 | 858 |
859 This method is similar to @option{scp}, but it uses the @command{fsh} | |
860 command to connect to the remote host, and it uses @command{fcp} for | |
861 transferring the files. @command{fsh/fcp} are a front-end for | |
862 @command{ssh} which allow for reusing the same @command{ssh} session | |
863 for submitting several commands. This avoids the startup overhead of | |
864 @command{scp} (which has to establish a secure connection whenever it | |
865 is called). Note, however, that you can also use one of the inline | |
866 methods to achieve a similar effect. | |
867 | |
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868 This method uses the command @samp{fsh @var{host} -l @var{user} |
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869 /bin/sh -i} to establish the connection, it does not work to just say |
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|
870 @command{fsh @var{host} -l @var{user}}. |
45861 | 871 |
46366 | 872 @cindex method fsh |
873 @cindex fsh method | |
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874 |
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|
875 There is no inline method using @command{fsh} as the multiplexing |
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|
876 provided by the program is not very useful in our context. @tramp{} |
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|
877 opens just one connection to the remote host and then keeps it open, |
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|
878 anyway. |
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|
879 |
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880 |
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|
881 @item @option{ftp} |
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882 @cindex method ftp |
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883 @cindex ftp method |
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884 |
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885 This is not a native @tramp{} method. Instead of, it forwards all |
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|
886 requests to @value{ftp-package-name}. |
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887 @ifset xemacs |
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888 This works only for unified filenames, see @ref{Issues}. |
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889 @end ifset |
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890 |
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891 |
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|
892 @item @option{smb} --- @command{smbclient} |
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893 @cindex method smb |
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894 @cindex smb method |
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895 |
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|
896 This is another not natural @tramp{} method. It uses the |
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|
897 @command{smbclient} command on different Unices in order to connect to |
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|
898 an SMB server. An SMB server might be a Samba (or CIFS) server on |
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|
899 another UNIX host or, more interesting, a host running MS Windows. So |
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|
900 far, it is tested towards MS Windows NT, MS Windows 2000, and MS |
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|
901 Windows XP. |
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|
902 |
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|
903 The first directory in the localname must be a share name on the remote |
48974
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|
904 host. Remember, that the @code{$} character in which default shares |
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|
905 usually end, must be written @code{$$} due to environment variable |
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|
906 substitution in file names. If no share name is given (i.e. remote |
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|
907 directory @code{/}), all available shares are listed. |
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|
908 |
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|
909 Since authorization is done on share level, you will be prompted |
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|
910 always for a password if you access another share on the same host. |
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911 This can be suppressed by @ref{Password caching}. |
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912 |
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|
913 MS Windows uses for authorization both a user name and a domain name. |
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|
914 Because of this, the @tramp{} syntax has been extended: you can |
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|
915 specify a user name which looks like @code{user%domain} (the real user |
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|
916 name, then a percent sign, then the domain name). So, to connect to |
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|
917 the machine @code{melancholia} as user @code{daniel} of the domain |
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|
918 @code{BIZARRE}, and edit @file{.emacs} in the home directory (share |
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|
919 @code{daniel$}) I would specify the filename |
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|
920 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}smb@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}daniel%BIZARRE@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}/daniel$$/.emacs}. |
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921 |
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922 The domain name as well as the user name are optional. If no user |
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923 name is specified at all, the anonymous user (without password |
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924 prompting) is assumed. This is different from all other @tramp{} |
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925 methods, where in such a case the local user name is taken. |
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|
926 |
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|
927 The @option{smb} method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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|
928 |
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929 @strong{Please note:} If @value{emacs-name} runs locally under MS |
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|
930 Windows, this method isn't available. Instead of, you can use UNC |
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|
931 file names like @file{//melancholia/daniel$$/.emacs}. The only |
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|
932 disadvantage is that there's no possibility to specify another user |
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933 name. |
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934 |
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935 @end table |
45861 | 936 |
937 @node Multi-hop Methods | |
938 @section Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops | |
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|
939 @cindex multi-hop methods |
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940 @cindex methods, multi-hop |
45861 | 941 |
942 Sometimes, the methods described before are not sufficient. Sometimes, | |
943 it is not possible to connect to a remote host using a simple command. | |
944 For example, if you are in a secured network, you might have to log in | |
945 to a `bastion host' first before you can connect to the outside world. | |
946 Of course, the target host may also require a bastion host. The format | |
947 of multi-hop filenames is slightly different than the format of normal | |
948 @tramp{} methods. | |
949 | |
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950 @cindex method multi |
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|
951 @cindex multi method |
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|
952 A multi-hop file name specifies a method, a number of hops, and a |
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|
953 localname (path name on the remote system). The method name is always |
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|
954 @option{multi}. |
45861 | 955 |
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|
956 Each hop consists of a @dfn{hop method} specification, a user name and |
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|
957 a host name. The hop method can be an inline method only. The |
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|
958 following hop methods are (currently) available: |
45861 | 959 |
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|
960 @table @option |
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|
961 @item telnet |
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|
962 @cindex hop method telnet |
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|
963 @cindex telnet hop method |
45861 | 964 |
965 Uses the well-known @command{telnet} program to connect to the host. | |
966 Whereas user name and host name are supplied in the file name, the | |
967 user is queried for the password. | |
968 | |
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969 @item rsh |
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|
970 @cindex hop method rsh |
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|
971 @cindex rsh hop method |
45861 | 972 |
973 This uses @command{rsh} to connect to the host. You do not need to | |
974 enter a password unless @command{rsh} explicitly asks for it. | |
975 | |
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|
976 The variant @option{remsh} uses the @command{remsh} command. It |
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|
977 should be applied on machines where @command{remsh} is used instead of |
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|
978 @command{rsh}. |
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|
979 |
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|
980 @item ssh |
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|
981 @cindex hop method ssh |
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|
982 @cindex ssh hop method |
45861 | 983 |
984 This uses @command{ssh} to connect to the host. You might have to enter | |
985 a password or a pass phrase. | |
986 | |
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987 @item su |
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|
988 @cindex hop method su |
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|
989 @cindex su hop method |
45861 | 990 |
991 This method does not actually contact a different host, but it allows | |
992 you to become a different user on the host you're currently on. This | |
993 might be useful if you want to edit files as root, but the remote host | |
994 does not allow remote root logins. In this case you can use | |
995 @option{telnet}, @option{rsh} or @option{ssh} to connect to the | |
996 remote host as a non-root user, then use an @option{su} hop to become | |
997 root. But @option{su} need not be the last hop in a sequence, you could | |
998 also use it somewhere in the middle, if the need arises. | |
999 | |
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1000 Even though you @emph{must} specify both user and host with an |
45861 | 1001 @option{su} hop, the host name is ignored and only the user name is |
1002 used. | |
1003 | |
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1004 @item sudo |
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1005 @cindex hop method sudo |
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1006 @cindex sudo hop method |
45861 | 1007 |
1008 This is similar to the @option{su} hop, except that it uses | |
1009 @command{sudo} rather than @command{su} to become a different user. | |
1010 | |
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1011 @end table |
45861 | 1012 |
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1013 Some people might wish to use port forwarding with @command{ssh} or |
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1014 maybe they have to use a nonstandard port. This can be accomplished |
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1015 by putting a stanza in @file{~/.ssh/config} for the account which |
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1016 specifies a different port number for a certain host name. But it can |
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1017 also be accomplished within @tramp{}, by adding a multi-hop method. |
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1018 For example: |
45861 | 1019 |
1020 @lisp | |
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1021 (add-to-list |
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1022 'tramp-multi-connection-function-alist |
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1023 '("sshf" tramp-multi-connect-rlogin "ssh %h -l %u -p 4400%n")) |
45861 | 1024 @end lisp |
1025 | |
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1026 Now you can use an @code{sshf} hop which connects to port 4400 instead of |
45861 | 1027 the standard port. |
1028 | |
1029 | |
1030 @node Default Method | |
1031 @section Selecting a default method | |
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1032 @cindex default method |
45861 | 1033 |
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1034 @vindex tramp-default-method |
45861 | 1035 When you select an appropriate transfer method for your typical usage |
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1036 you should set the variable @code{tramp-default-method} to reflect that |
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1037 choice. This variable controls which method will be used when a method |
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1038 is not specified in the @tramp{} file name. For example: |
45861 | 1039 |
1040 @lisp | |
1041 (setq tramp-default-method "scp") | |
1042 @end lisp | |
1043 | |
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1044 @vindex tramp-default-method-alist |
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1045 You can also specify different methods for certain user/host |
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1046 combinations, via the variable @code{tramp-default-method-alist}. For |
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1047 example, the following two lines specify to use the @option{ssh} |
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1048 method for all user names matching @samp{john} and the @option{rsync} |
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1049 method for all host names matching @samp{lily}. The third line |
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1050 specifies to use the @option{su} method for the user @samp{root} on |
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1051 the machine @samp{localhost}. |
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1052 |
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1053 @lisp |
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1054 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("" "john" "ssh")) |
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1055 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("lily" "" "rsync")) |
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1056 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist |
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1057 '("\\`localhost\\'" "\\`root\\'" "su")) |
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1058 @end lisp |
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1059 |
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1060 @noindent |
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1061 See the documentation for the variable |
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1062 @code{tramp-default-method-alist} for more details. |
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1063 |
45861 | 1064 External transfer methods are normally preferable to inline transfer |
1065 methods, giving better performance. They may not be useful if you use | |
1066 many remote machines where you cannot log in without a password. | |
1067 | |
1068 @xref{Inline methods}. | |
1069 @xref{External transfer methods}. | |
1070 @xref{Multi-hop Methods}. | |
1071 | |
1072 Another consideration with the selection of transfer methods is the | |
1073 environment you will use them in and, especially when used over the | |
1074 Internet, the security implications of your preferred method. | |
1075 | |
1076 The @command{rsh} and @command{telnet} methods send your password as | |
1077 plain text as you log in to the remote machine, as well as transferring | |
1078 the files in such a way that the content can easily be read from other | |
1079 machines. | |
1080 | |
1081 If you need to connect to remote systems that are accessible from the | |
1082 Internet, you should give serious thought to using @command{ssh} based | |
1083 methods to connect. These provide a much higher level of security, | |
1084 making it a non-trivial exercise for someone to obtain your password or | |
1085 read the content of the files you are editing. | |
1086 | |
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1087 |
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1088 @subsection Which method is the right one for me? |
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1089 @cindex choosing the right method |
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1090 |
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1091 Given all of the above, you are probably thinking that this is all fine |
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1092 and good, but it's not helping you to choose a method! Right you are. |
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1093 As a developer, we don't want to boss our users around but give them |
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1094 maximum freedom instead. However, the reality is that some users would |
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1095 like to have some guidance, so here I'll try to give you this guidance |
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1096 without bossing you around. You tell me whether it works @dots{} |
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1097 |
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1098 My suggestion is to use an inline method. For large files, out-of-band |
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1099 methods might be more efficient, but I guess that most people will want |
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1100 to edit mostly small files. |
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1101 |
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1102 I guess that these days, most people can access a remote machine by |
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1103 using @code{ssh}. So I suggest that you use the @code{ssh} method. |
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1104 So, type @kbd{C-x C-f /ssh:root@@otherhost:/etc/motd @key{RET}} to |
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1105 edit the @file{/etc/motd} file on the other host. |
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1106 |
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1107 If you can't use @code{ssh} to log in to the remote host, then select a |
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1108 method that uses a program that works. For instance, Windows users |
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1109 might like the @code{plink} method which uses the PuTTY implementation |
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1110 of @code{ssh}. Or you use Kerberos and thus like @code{krlogin}. |
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1111 |
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1112 For the special case of editing files on the local host as another |
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1113 user, see the @code{su} or @code{sudo} method. |
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1114 |
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1115 People who edit large files may want to consider @code{scp} instead of |
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1116 @code{ssh}, or @code{pscp} instead of @code{plink}. These out-of-band |
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1117 methods are faster than inline methods for large files. Note, however, |
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1118 that out-of-band methods suffer from some limitations. Please try |
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1119 first whether you really get a noticeable speed advantage from using an |
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1120 out-of-band method! Maybe even for large files, inline methods are |
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1121 fast enough. |
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1122 |
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1123 The reason why I'm suggesting to use inline methods is that they work |
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1124 even if the remote end is asking you for a password. Out-of-band |
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1125 methods don't work in this situation. Also, multi-hop methods are |
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1126 inherently inline. |
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1127 |
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1128 |
45861 | 1129 @node Customizing Methods |
1130 @section Using Non-Standard Methods | |
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1131 @cindex customizing methods |
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1132 @cindex using non-standard methods |
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1133 @cindex create your own methods |
45861 | 1134 |
1135 There is a variable @code{tramp-methods} which you can change if the | |
1136 predefined methods don't seem right. | |
1137 | |
1138 For the time being, I'll refer you to the Lisp documentation of that | |
1139 variable, accessible with @kbd{C-h v tramp-methods @key{RET}}. | |
1140 | |
1141 | |
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1142 @node Customizing Completion |
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1143 @section Selecting config files for user/host name completion |
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1144 @cindex customizing completion |
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|
1145 @cindex selecting config files |
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|
1146 @vindex tramp-completion-function-alist |
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|
1147 |
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|
1148 The variable @code{tramp-completion-function-alist} is intended to |
48974
d29e4e3d4f5d
(External transfer methods): New method `smb'. From
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
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|
1149 customize which files are taken into account for user and host name |
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|
1150 completion (@pxref{Filename completion}). For every method, it keeps |
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Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
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|
1151 a set of configuration files, accompanied by a Lisp function able to |
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|
1152 parse that file. Entries in @code{tramp-completion-function-alist} |
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|
1153 have the form (@var{method} @var{pair1} @var{pair2} ...). |
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|
1154 |
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|
1155 Each @var{pair} is composed of (@var{function} @var{file}). |
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|
1156 @var{function} is responsible to extract user names and host names |
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|
1157 from @var{file} for completion. There are two functions which access |
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|
1158 this variable: |
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|
1159 |
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|
1160 @defun tramp-get-completion-function method |
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|
1161 This function returns the list of completion functions for @var{method}. |
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|
1162 |
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|
1163 Example: |
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|
1164 @example |
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|
1165 (tramp-get-completion-function "rsh") |
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|
1166 |
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1167 @result{} ((tramp-parse-rhosts "/etc/hosts.equiv") |
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1168 (tramp-parse-rhosts "~/.rhosts")) |
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|
1169 @end example |
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|
1170 @end defun |
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|
1171 |
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|
1172 @defun tramp-set-completion-function method function-list |
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|
1173 This function sets @var{function-list} as list of completion functions |
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(Inline methods): Small grammar fix.
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|
1174 for @var{method}. |
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|
1175 |
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|
1176 Example: |
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|
1177 @example |
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|
1178 (tramp-set-completion-function "ssh" |
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|
1179 '((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config") |
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|
1180 (tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config"))) |
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|
1181 |
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|
1182 @result{} ((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config") |
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|
1183 (tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config")) |
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|
1184 @end example |
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|
1185 @end defun |
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|
1186 |
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|
1187 The following predefined functions parsing configuration files exist: |
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|
1188 |
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|
1189 @table @asis |
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|
1190 @item @code{tramp-parse-rhosts} |
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|
1191 @findex tramp-parse-rhosts |
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|
1192 |
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|
1193 This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to |
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|
1194 @file{~/.rhosts}. It returns both host names and user names, if |
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|
1195 specified. |
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|
1196 |
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|
1197 @item @code{tramp-parse-shosts} |
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|
1198 @findex tramp-parse-shosts |
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|
1199 |
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|
1200 This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to |
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|
1201 @file{~/.ssh/known_hosts}. Since there are no user names specified |
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|
1202 in such files, it can return host names only. |
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|
1203 |
49610
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|
1204 @item @code{tramp-parse-sconfig} |
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|
1205 @findex tramp-parse-shosts |
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|
1206 |
51604
f57bfce0ddaf
Version 2.0.35 of Tramp released.
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|
1207 This function returns the host nicknames defined by @code{Host} entries |
49610
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|
1208 in @file{~/.ssh/config} style files. |
ffda74ab6dc4
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|
1209 |
54198
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|
1210 @item @code{tramp-parse-shostkeys} |
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|
1211 @findex tramp-parse-shostkeys |
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|
1212 |
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changeset
|
1213 SSH2 parsing of directories @file{/etc/ssh2/hostkeys/*} and |
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Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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changeset
|
1214 @file{~/ssh2/hostkeys/*}. Hosts are coded in file names |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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changeset
|
1215 @file{hostkey_PORTNUMBER_HOST-NAME.pub}. User names are always nil. |
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Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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changeset
|
1216 |
c1bfc266f10a
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changeset
|
1217 @item @code{tramp-parse-sknownhosts} |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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changeset
|
1218 @findex tramp-parse-shostkeys |
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changeset
|
1219 |
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changeset
|
1220 Another SSH2 style parsing of directories like |
c1bfc266f10a
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changeset
|
1221 @file{/etc/ssh2/knownhosts/*} and @file{~/ssh2/knownhosts/*}. This |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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changeset
|
1222 case, hosts names are coded in file names |
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changeset
|
1223 @file{HOST-NAME.ALGORITHM.pub}. User names are always nil. |
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Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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|
1224 |
47576
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|
1225 @item @code{tramp-parse-hosts} |
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|
1226 @findex tramp-parse-hosts |
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|
1227 |
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|
1228 A function dedicated to @file{/etc/hosts} style files. It returns |
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|
1229 host names only. |
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|
1230 |
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|
1231 @item @code{tramp-parse-passwd} |
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|
1232 @findex tramp-parse-passwd |
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|
1233 |
47578
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Version 2.0.22 released.
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|
1234 A function which parses @file{/etc/passwd} like files. Obviously, it |
6e910ba94c42
Version 2.0.22 released.
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|
1235 can return user names only. |
6e910ba94c42
Version 2.0.22 released.
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changeset
|
1236 |
6e910ba94c42
Version 2.0.22 released.
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changeset
|
1237 @item @code{tramp-parse-netrc} |
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Version 2.0.22 released.
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changeset
|
1238 @findex tramp-parse-netrc |
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Version 2.0.22 released.
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changeset
|
1239 |
6e910ba94c42
Version 2.0.22 released.
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changeset
|
1240 Finally, a function which parses @file{~/.netrc} like files. |
47576
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|
1241 @end table |
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|
1242 |
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changeset
|
1243 If you want to keep your own data in a file, with your own structure, |
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changeset
|
1244 you might provide such a function as well. This function must meet |
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changeset
|
1245 the following conventions: |
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|
1246 |
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1247 @defun my-tramp-parse file |
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1248 @var{file} must be either a file name on your host, or @code{nil}. The |
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1249 function must return a list of (@var{user} @var{host}), which are |
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1250 taken as candidates for user and host name completion. |
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1251 |
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1252 Example: |
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1253 @example |
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1254 (my-tramp-parse "~/.my-tramp-hosts") |
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1255 |
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1256 @result{} ((nil "toto") ("daniel" "melancholia")) |
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1257 @end example |
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1258 @end defun |
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1259 |
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1260 |
54198
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1261 @node Password caching |
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1262 @section Reusing passwords for several connections. |
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1263 @cindex passwords |
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1264 |
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1265 Sometimes it is necessary to connect to the same remote host several |
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1266 times. Reentering passwords again and again would be annoying, when |
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1267 the choosen method does not support access without password prompt |
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1268 throught own configuration. |
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1269 |
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1270 By default, @tramp{} caches the passwords entered by you. They will |
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1271 be reused next time if a connection needs them for the same user name |
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1272 and host name, independant of the connection method. |
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1273 |
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1274 @vindex password-cache-expiry |
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1275 Passwords are not saved permanently, that means the password caching |
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1276 is limited to the lifetime of your @value{emacs-name} session. You |
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1277 can influence the lifetime of password caching by customizing the |
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1278 variable @code{password-cache-expiry}. The value is the number of |
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1279 seconds how long passwords are cached. Setting it to @code{nil} |
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1280 disables the expiration. |
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1281 |
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1282 @findex tramp-clear-passwd |
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1283 A password is removed from the cache if a connection isn't established |
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1284 successfully. You can remove a password from the cache also by |
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1285 executing @kbd{M-x tramp-clear-passwd} in a buffer containing a |
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1286 related remote file or directory. |
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1287 |
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1288 @vindex password-cache |
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1289 If you don't like this feature for security reasons, password caching |
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1290 can be disabled totally by customizing the variable |
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1291 @code{password-cache} (setting it to @code{nil}). |
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1292 |
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1293 Implementation Note: password caching is based on the package |
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1294 password.el in No Gnus. For the time being, it is activated only when |
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1295 this package is seen in the @code{load-path} while loading @tramp{}. |
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1296 @ifset tramp-inst |
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1297 If you don't use No Gnus, you can take password.el from the @tramp{} |
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1298 @file{contrib} directory, see @ref{Installation parameters}. |
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1299 @end ifset |
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1300 It will be activated mandatory once No Gnus has found its way into |
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1301 @value{emacs-name}. |
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1302 |
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1303 |
45861 | 1304 @node Remote Programs |
1305 @section How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. | |
1306 | |
1307 @tramp{} depends on a number of programs on the remote host in order to | |
1308 function, including @command{ls}, @command{test}, @command{find} and | |
1309 @command{cat}. | |
1310 | |
1311 In addition to these required tools, there are various tools that may be | |
1312 required based on the connection method. See @ref{Inline methods} and | |
1313 @ref{External transfer methods} for details on these. | |
1314 | |
1315 Certain other tools, such as @command{perl} (or @command{perl5}) and | |
1316 @command{grep} will be used if they can be found. When they are | |
1317 available, they are used to improve the performance and accuracy of | |
1318 remote file access. | |
1319 | |
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1320 @vindex tramp-remote-path |
45861 | 1321 When @tramp{} connects to the remote machine, it searches for the |
1322 programs that it can use. The variable @var{tramp-remote-path} controls | |
1323 the directories searched on the remote machine. | |
1324 | |
1325 By default, this is set to a reasonable set of defaults for most | |
1326 machines. It is possible, however, that your local (or remote ;) system | |
1327 administrator has put the tools you want in some obscure local | |
1328 directory. | |
1329 | |
1330 In this case, you can still use them with @tramp{}. You simply need to | |
1331 add code to your @file{.emacs} to add the directory to the remote path. | |
1332 This will then be searched by @tramp{} when you connect and the software | |
1333 found. | |
1334 | |
1335 To add a directory to the remote search path, you could use code such | |
1336 as: | |
1337 | |
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1338 @lisp |
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1339 @i{;; We load @tramp{} to define the variable.} |
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1340 (require 'tramp) |
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1341 @i{;; We have @command{perl} in "/usr/local/perl/bin"} |
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1342 (add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path "/usr/local/perl/bin") |
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1343 @end lisp |
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1344 |
45861 | 1345 |
1346 @node Remote shell setup | |
1347 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1348 @section Remote shell setup hints | |
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1349 @cindex remote shell setup |
46366 | 1350 @cindex @file{.profile} file |
1351 @cindex @file{.login} file | |
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1352 @cindex shell init files |
45861 | 1353 |
1354 As explained in the @ref{Overview} section, @tramp{} connects to the | |
1355 remote host and talks to the shell it finds there. Of course, when you | |
1356 log in, the shell executes its init files. Suppose your init file | |
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1357 requires you to enter the birth date of your mother; clearly @tramp{} |
45861 | 1358 does not know this and hence fails to log you in to that host. |
1359 | |
1360 There are different possible strategies for pursuing this problem. One | |
1361 strategy is to enable @tramp{} to deal with all possible situations. | |
1362 This is a losing battle, since it is not possible to deal with | |
1363 @emph{all} situations. The other strategy is to require you to set up | |
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1364 the remote host such that it behaves like @tramp{} expects. This might |
45861 | 1365 be inconvenient because you have to invest a lot of effort into shell |
1366 setup before you can begin to use @tramp{}. | |
1367 | |
1368 The package, therefore, pursues a combined approach. It tries to figure | |
1369 out some of the more common setups, and only requires you to avoid | |
1370 really exotic stuff. For example, it looks through a list of | |
1371 directories to find some programs on the remote host. And also, it | |
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1372 knows that it is not obvious how to check whether a file exists, and |
45861 | 1373 therefore it tries different possibilities. (On some hosts and shells, |
1374 the command @code{test -e} does the trick, on some hosts the shell | |
1375 builtin doesn't work but the program @code{/usr/bin/test -e} or | |
1376 @code{/bin/test -e} works. And on still other hosts, @code{ls -d} is | |
1377 the right way to do this.) | |
1378 | |
1379 Below you find a discussion of a few things that @tramp{} does not deal | |
1380 with, and that you therefore have to set up correctly. | |
1381 | |
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1382 @table @asis |
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1383 @item @var{shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1384 @vindex shell-prompt-pattern |
45861 | 1385 |
1386 After logging in to the remote host, @tramp{} has to wait for the remote | |
1387 shell startup to finish before it can send commands to the remote | |
1388 shell. The strategy here is to wait for the shell prompt. In order to | |
1389 recognize the shell prompt, the variable @code{shell-prompt-pattern} has | |
1390 to be set correctly to recognize the shell prompt on the remote host. | |
1391 | |
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1392 Note that @tramp{} requires the match for @code{shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1393 to be at the end of the buffer. Many people have something like the |
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1394 following as the value for the variable: @code{"^[^>$][>$] *"}. Now |
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1395 suppose your shell prompt is @code{a <b> c $ }. In this case, |
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1396 @tramp{} recognizes the @code{>} character as the end of the prompt, |
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1397 but it is not at the end of the buffer. |
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1398 |
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1399 @item @var{tramp-shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1400 @vindex tramp-shell-prompt-pattern |
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1401 |
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1402 This regular expression is used by @tramp{} in the same way as |
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1403 @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, to match prompts from the remote shell. |
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1404 This second variable exists because the prompt from the remote shell |
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1405 might be different from the prompt from a local shell --- after all, |
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1406 the whole point of @tramp{} is to log in to remote hosts as a |
b31c8ab7336a
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parents:
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|
1407 different user. The default value of |
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Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1408 @code{tramp-shell-prompt-pattern} is the same as the default value of |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
46918
diff
changeset
|
1409 @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, which is reported to work well in many |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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|
1410 circumstances. |
b31c8ab7336a
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parents:
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changeset
|
1411 |
45861 | 1412 @item @code{tset} and other questions |
46361
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Comply with Texinfo coding standards. Suggestions by Eli.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1413 @cindex Unix command tset |
a3acca116f2f
Comply with Texinfo coding standards. Suggestions by Eli.
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changeset
|
1414 @cindex tset Unix command |
45861 | 1415 |
1416 Some people invoke the @code{tset} program from their shell startup | |
47576
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Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1417 scripts which asks the user about the terminal type of the shell. |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
46918
diff
changeset
|
1418 Maybe some shells ask other questions when they are started. @tramp{} |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
46918
diff
changeset
|
1419 does not know how to answer these questions. There are two approaches |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
46918
diff
changeset
|
1420 for dealing with this problem. One approach is to take care that the |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1421 shell does not ask any questions when invoked from @tramp{}. You can |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1422 do this by checking the @code{TERM} environment variable, it will be |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1423 set to @code{dumb} when connecting. |
45861 | 1424 |
1425 @vindex tramp-terminal-type | |
1426 The variable @code{tramp-terminal-type} can be used to change this value | |
47576
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Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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|
1427 to @code{dumb}. |
b31c8ab7336a
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Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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changeset
|
1428 |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1429 The other approach is to teach @tramp{} about these questions. See |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1430 the variables @code{tramp-actions-before-shell} and |
b31c8ab7336a
Sync with version 2.0.20. Lengthy ChangeLog follows:
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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changeset
|
1431 @code{tramp-multi-actions} (for multi-hop connections). |
45861 | 1432 |
53207
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parents:
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changeset
|
1433 |
83d9437acbf3
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parents:
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changeset
|
1434 @item Environment variables named like users in @file{.profile} |
83d9437acbf3
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parents:
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changeset
|
1435 |
83d9437acbf3
2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1436 If you have a user named frumple and set the variable @code{FRUMPLE} in |
83d9437acbf3
2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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changeset
|
1437 your shell environment, then this might cause trouble. Maybe rename |
83d9437acbf3
2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1438 the variable to @code{FRUMPLE_DIR} or the like. |
83d9437acbf3
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parents:
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changeset
|
1439 |
83d9437acbf3
2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
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parents:
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changeset
|
1440 This weird effect was actually reported by a @tramp{} user! |
83d9437acbf3
2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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changeset
|
1441 |
83d9437acbf3
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parents:
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changeset
|
1442 |
51967
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Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1443 @item Non-Bourne commands in @file{.profile} |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1444 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1445 After logging in to the remote host, @tramp{} issues the command |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1446 @code{exec /bin/sh}. (Actually, the command is slightly different.) |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1447 When @code{/bin/sh} is executed, it reads some init files, such as |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1448 @file{~/.shrc} or @file{~/.profile}. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1449 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1450 Now, some people have a login shell which is not @code{/bin/sh} but a |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1451 Bourne-ish shell such as bash or ksh. Some of these people might put |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
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changeset
|
1452 their shell setup into the files @code{~/.shrc} or @code{~/.profile}. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1453 This way, it is possible for non-Bourne constructs to end up in those |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1454 files. Then, @code{exec /bin/sh} might cause the Bourne shell to barf |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
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changeset
|
1455 on those constructs. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1456 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1457 As an example, imagine somebody putting @code{export FOO=bar} into the |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1458 file @file{~/.profile}. The standard Bourne shell does not understand |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1459 this syntax and will emit a syntax error when it reaches this line. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
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changeset
|
1460 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1461 Another example is the tilde (@code{~}) character, say when adding |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1462 @file{~/bin} to @code{$PATH}. Many Bourne shells will not expand this |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1463 character, and since there is usually no directory whose name consists |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1464 of the single character tilde, strange things will happen. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1465 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1466 What can you do about this? |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
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changeset
|
1467 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1468 Well, one possibility is to make sure that everything in @file{~/.shrc} |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1469 and @file{~/.profile} on all remote hosts is Bourne-compatible. In the |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1470 above example, instead of @code{export FOO=bar}, you might use |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
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changeset
|
1471 @code{FOO=bar; export FOO} instead. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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changeset
|
1472 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1473 The other possibility is to put your non-Bourne shell setup into some |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1474 other files. For example, bash reads the file @file{~/.bash_profile} |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1475 instead of @file{~/.profile}, if the former exists. So bash |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1476 aficionados just rename their @file{~/.profile} to |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1477 @file{~/.bash_profile} on all remote hosts, and Bob's your uncle. |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1478 |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1479 The @tramp{} developers would like to circumvent this problem, so if you |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1480 have an idea about it, please tell us. However, we are afraid it is not |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1481 that simple: before saying @code{exec /bin/sh}, @tramp{} does not know |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1482 which kind of shell it might be talking to. It could be a Bourne-ish |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
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changeset
|
1483 shell like ksh or bash, or it could be a csh derivative like tcsh, or |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1484 it could be zsh, or even rc. If the shell is Bourne-ish already, then |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
changeset
|
1485 it might be prudent to omit the @code{exec /bin/sh} step. But how to |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
51604
diff
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|
1486 find out if the shell is Bourne-ish? |
2693b0669cc1
Tramp 2.0.36 released.
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parents:
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|
1487 |
46361
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Comply with Texinfo coding standards. Suggestions by Eli.
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|
1488 @end table |
45861 | 1489 |
1490 | |
50338
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|
1491 @node Auto-save and Backup |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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|
1492 @section Auto-save and Backup configuration |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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|
1493 @cindex auto-save |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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|
1494 @cindex backup |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1495 @vindex backup-directory-alist |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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|
1496 |
54198
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Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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|
1497 Normally, @value{emacs-name} writes backup files to the same directory |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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changeset
|
1498 as the original files, but this behavior can be changed via the |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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parents:
53207
diff
changeset
|
1499 variable @code{backup-directory-alist}. In connection with @tramp{}, |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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diff
changeset
|
1500 this can have unexpected side effects. Suppose that you specify that |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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parents:
53207
diff
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|
1501 all backups should go to the directory @file{~/.emacs.d/backups/}, and |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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diff
changeset
|
1502 then you edit the file @file{/su:root@@localhost:/etc/secretfile}. |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1503 The effect is that the backup file will be owned by you and not by |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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parents:
53207
diff
changeset
|
1504 root, thus possibly enabling others to see it even if they were not |
c1bfc266f10a
Tramp: sync with upstream version 2.0.39.
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parents:
53207
diff
changeset
|
1505 intended to see it. |
50338
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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changeset
|
1506 |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
49996
diff
changeset
|
1507 When @code{backup-directory-alist} is nil (the default), such problems |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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49996
diff
changeset
|
1508 do not occur. |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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49996
diff
changeset
|
1509 |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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49996
diff
changeset
|
1510 If you wish to customize the variable, the workaround is to include |
53207
83d9437acbf3
2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
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parents:
52979
diff
changeset
|
1511 special settings for @tramp{} files. For example, the following statement |
50338
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
49996
diff
changeset
|
1512 effectively `turns off' the effect of @code{backup-directory-alist} for |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
49996
diff
changeset
|
1513 @tramp{} files: |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
49996
diff
changeset
|
1514 |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
49996
diff
changeset
|
1515 @lisp |
155b4b78aa3b
* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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parents:
49996
diff
changeset
|
1516 (require 'tramp) |
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* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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1517 (add-to-list 'backup-directory-alist |
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1518 (cons tramp-file-name-regexp nil)) |
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* tramp.el: Version 2.0.31 released.
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1519 @end lisp |
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1520 |
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1521 The same problem can happen with auto-saving files. |
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1522 @ifset emacs |
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1523 Since @value{emacs-name} 21, the variable |
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1524 @code{auto-save-file-name-transforms} keeps information, on which |
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1525 directory an auto-saved file should go. By default, it is initialized |
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1526 for @tramp{} files to the local temporary directory. |
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1527 |
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1528 On some versions of @value{emacs-name}, namely the version built for |
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1529 Debian Linux, the variable @code{auto-save-file-name-transforms} |
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1530 contains the directory where @value{emacs-name} was built. A |
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1531 workaround is to manually set the variable to a sane value. |
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1532 |
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1533 If auto-saved files should go into the same directory as the original |
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1534 files, @code{auto-save-file-name-transforms} should be set to nil. |
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1535 |
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1536 Another possibility is to set the variable |
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1537 @code{tramp-auto-save-directory} to a proper value. |
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1538 @end ifset |
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1539 @ifset xemacs |
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1540 For this purpose you can set the variable |
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1541 @code{tramp-auto-save-directory} to a proper value. |
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1542 @end ifset |
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1543 |
50338
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1544 |
45861 | 1545 @node Windows setup hints |
1546 @section Issues with Cygwin ssh | |
46366 | 1547 @cindex Cygwin, issues |
45861 | 1548 |
1549 This section needs a lot of work! Please help. | |
1550 | |
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1551 @cindex method sshx with Cygwin |
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1552 @cindex sshx method with Cygwin |
45861 | 1553 If you use the Cygwin installation of ssh (you have to explicitly select |
1554 it in the installer), then it should work out of the box to just select | |
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1555 @code{sshx} as the connection method. You can find information about |
45861 | 1556 setting up Cygwin in their FAQ at @uref{http://cygwin.com/faq/}. |
1557 | |
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1558 @cindex method scpx with Cygwin |
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1559 @cindex scpx method with Cygwin |
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1560 If you wish to use the @code{scpx} connection method, then you might |
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1561 have the problem that @value{emacs-name} calls @code{scp} with a |
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1562 Windows filename such as @code{c:/foo}. The Cygwin version of |
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1563 @code{scp} does not know about Windows filenames and interprets this |
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1564 as a remote filename on the host @code{c}. |
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1565 |
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1566 One possible workaround is to write a wrapper script for @code{scp} |
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1567 which converts the Windows filename to a Cygwinized filename. |
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1568 |
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1569 I guess that another workaround is to run @value{emacs-name} under |
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1570 Cygwin, or to run a Cygwinized @value{emacs-name}. |
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1571 |
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1572 @cindex Cygwin and ssh-agent |
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1573 @cindex SSH_AUTH_SOCK and @value{emacs-name} on Windows |
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1574 If you want to use either @code{ssh} based method on Windows, then you |
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1575 might encounter problems with @code{ssh-agent}. Using this program, |
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1576 you can avoid typing the pass-phrase every time you log in (and the |
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|
1577 @code{scpx} method more or less requires you to use @code{ssh-agent} |
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1578 because it does not allow you to type a password or pass-phrase). |
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1579 However, if you start @value{emacs-name} from a desktop shortcut, then |
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1580 the environment variable @code{SSH_AUTH_SOCK} is not set and so |
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1581 @value{emacs-name} and thus @tramp{} and thus @code{ssh} and |
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1582 @code{scp} started from @tramp{} cannot communicate with |
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1583 @code{ssh-agent}. It works better to start @value{emacs-name} from |
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1584 the shell. |
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1585 |
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1586 If anyone knows how to start @code{ssh-agent} under Windows in such a |
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1587 way that desktop shortcuts can profit, please holler. I don't really |
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1588 know anything at all about Windows@dots{} |
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1589 |
45861 | 1590 |
1591 @node Usage | |
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2003-11-30 Kai Grossjohann <kai.grossjohann@gmx.net>
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|
1592 @chapter Using @tramp{} |
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1593 @cindex using @tramp{} |
45861 | 1594 |
1595 Once you have installed @tramp{} it will operate fairly transparently. You | |
1596 will be able to access files on any remote machine that you can log in | |
1597 to as though they were local. | |
1598 | |
1599 Files are specified to @tramp{} using a formalized syntax specifying the | |
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|
1600 details of the system to connect to. This is similar to the syntax used |
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1601 by the @value{ftp-package-name} package. |
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1602 |
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1603 @cindex type-ahead |
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1604 Something that might happen which surprises you is that |
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1605 @value{emacs-name} remembers all your keystrokes, so if you see a |
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1606 password prompt from @value{emacs-name}, say, and hit @kbd{@key{RET}} |
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1607 twice instead of once, then the second keystroke will be processed by |
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1608 @value{emacs-name} after @tramp{} has done its thing. Why, this |
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1609 type-ahead is normal behavior, you say. Right you are, but be aware |
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1610 that opening a remote file might take quite a while, maybe half a |
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1611 minute when a connection needs to be opened. Maybe after half a |
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1612 minute you have already forgotten that you hit that key! |
45861 | 1613 |
1614 @menu | |
1615 * Filename Syntax:: @tramp{} filename conventions. | |
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1616 * Multi-hop filename syntax:: Multi-hop filename conventions. |
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1617 * Filename completion:: Filename completion. |
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|
1618 * Dired:: Dired. |
45861 | 1619 @end menu |
1620 | |
1621 | |
1622 @node Filename Syntax | |
1623 @section @tramp{} filename conventions | |
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1624 @cindex filename syntax |
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1625 @cindex filename examples |
45861 | 1626 |
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1627 To access the file @var{localname} on the remote machine @var{machine} you |
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1628 would specify the filename |
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1629 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}@var{localname}}. |
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1630 This will connect to @var{machine} and transfer the file using the |
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|
1631 default method. @xref{Default Method}. |
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1632 |
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1633 Some examples of @tramp{} filenames are shown below. |
45861 | 1634 |
1635 @table @file | |
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1636 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs |
45861 | 1637 Edit the file @file{.emacs} in your home directory on the machine |
1638 @code{melancholia}. | |
1639 | |
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1640 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia.danann.net@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs |
45861 | 1641 This edits the same file, using the fully qualified domain name of |
1642 the machine. | |
1643 | |
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1644 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}~/.emacs |
45861 | 1645 This also edits the same file --- the @file{~} is expanded to your |
1646 home directory on the remote machine, just like it is locally. | |
1647 | |
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1648 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}~daniel/.emacs |
45861 | 1649 This edits the file @file{.emacs} in the home directory of the user |
1650 @code{daniel} on the machine @code{melancholia}. The @file{~<user>} | |
1651 construct is expanded to the home directory of that user on the remote | |
1652 machine. | |
1653 | |
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1654 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}/etc/squid.conf |
45861 | 1655 This edits the file @file{/etc/squid.conf} on the machine |
1656 @code{melancholia}. | |
1657 | |
1658 @end table | |
1659 | |
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1660 Unless you specify a different name to use, @tramp{} will use the |
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1661 current local user name as the remote user name to log in with. If you |
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1662 need to log in as a different user, you can specify the user name as |
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1663 part of the filename. |
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1664 |
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1665 To log in to the remote machine as a specific user, you use the syntax |
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1666 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{user}@@@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}/@var{path/to.file}}. |
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1667 That means that connecting to @code{melancholia} as @code{daniel} and |
46348 | 1668 editing @file{.emacs} in your home directory you would specify |
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1669 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}daniel@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs}. |
45861 | 1670 |
1671 It is also possible to specify other file transfer methods | |
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1672 (@pxref{Default Method}) as part of the filename. |
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1673 @ifset emacs |
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1674 This is done by putting the method before the user and host name, as |
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1675 in |
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1676 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{method}@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}} |
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1677 (Note the trailing colon). |
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1678 @end ifset |
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1679 @ifset xemacs |
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1680 This is done by replacing the initial |
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1681 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}} with |
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1682 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}<method>@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}}. |
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1683 (Note the trailing slash!). |
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1684 @end ifset |
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1685 The user, machine and file specification remain the same. |
45861 | 1686 |
46348 | 1687 So, to connect to the machine @code{melancholia} as @code{daniel}, |
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1688 using the @option{ssh} method to transfer files, and edit @file{.emacs} |
46348 | 1689 in my home directory I would specify the filename |
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1690 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}ssh@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}daniel@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs}. |
45861 | 1691 |
1692 | |
1693 @node Multi-hop filename syntax | |
1694 @section Multi-hop filename conventions | |
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1695 @cindex filename syntax for multi-hop files |
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1696 @cindex multi-hop filename syntax |
45861 | 1697 |
1698 The syntax of multi-hop file names is necessarily slightly different | |
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1699 than the syntax of other @tramp{} file names. Here's an example |
54198
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1700 multi-hop file name: |
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1701 |
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1702 @example |
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1703 @value{tramp-prefix}multi@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host@value{tramp-postfix}/path/to.file |
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1704 @end example |
45861 | 1705 |
1706 This is quite a mouthful. So let's go through it step by step. The | |
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1707 file name consists of three parts. |
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1708 @ifset emacs |
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1709 The parts are separated by colons |
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1710 @end ifset |
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1711 @ifset xemacs |
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1712 The parts are separated by slashes and square brackets. |
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1713 @end ifset |
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1714 The first part is @file{@value{tramp-prefix}multi}, the method |
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1715 specification. The second part is |
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1716 @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host} |
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1717 and specifies the hops. The final part is @file{/path/to.file} and |
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1718 specifies the file name on the remote host. |
45861 | 1719 |
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1720 The first part and the final part should be clear. See @ref{Multi-hop |
45861 | 1721 Methods}, for a list of alternatives for the method specification. |
1722 | |
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1723 The second part can be subdivided again into components, so-called |
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1724 hops. In the above file name, there are two hops, |
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1725 @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate} and |
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1726 @file{telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host}. |
45861 | 1727 |
1728 Each hop can @emph{again} be subdivided into (three) components, the | |
1729 @dfn{hop method}, the @dfn{user name} and the @dfn{host name}. The | |
1730 meaning of the second and third component should be clear, and the hop | |
1731 method says what program to use to perform that hop. | |
1732 | |
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1733 The first hop, @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate}, |
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1734 says to use @command{rsh} to log in as user @code{out} to the host |
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1735 @code{gate}. Starting at that host, the second hop, |
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1736 @file{telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host}, says to |
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1737 use @command{telnet} to log in as user @code{kai} to host |
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1738 @code{real.host}. |
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1739 |
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1740 @xref{Multi-hop Methods}, for a list of possible hop method values. |
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1741 The variable @code{tramp-multi-connection-function-alist} contains the |
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1742 list of possible hop methods and information on how to execute them, |
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1743 should you want to add your own. |
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1744 |
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1745 |
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1746 @node Filename completion |
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1747 @section Filename completion |
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1748 @cindex filename completion |
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1749 |
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1750 Filename completion works with @tramp{} for both completing methods, |
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1751 user names and machine names (except multi hop methods) as well as for |
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1752 files on remote machines. |
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1753 |
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1754 If you, for example, type @kbd{C-x C-f @value{tramp-prefix}t |
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1755 @key{TAB}}, @tramp{} might give you as result the choice for |
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1756 |
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1757 @example |
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1758 @ifset emacs |
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1759 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop} tmp/ |
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1760 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix} |
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1761 @end ifset |
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1762 @ifset xemacs |
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1763 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix} |
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1764 @end ifset |
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1765 @end example |
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1766 |
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1767 @samp{@value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}} |
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1768 is a possible completion for the respective method, |
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1769 @ifset emacs |
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1770 @samp{tmp/} stands for the directory @file{/tmp} on your local |
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1771 machine, |
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1772 @end ifset |
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1773 and @samp{@value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix}} |
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1774 might be a host @tramp{} has detected in your @file{~/.ssh/known_hosts} |
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1775 file (given you're using default method @option{ssh}). |
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1776 |
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1777 If you go on to type @kbd{e @key{TAB}}, the minibuffer is completed to |
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1778 @samp{@value{tramp-prefix}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}}. |
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1779 Next @kbd{@key{TAB}} brings you all machine names @tramp{} detects in |
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1780 your @file{/etc/hosts} file, let's say |
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1781 |
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1782 @example |
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1783 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}127.0.0.1@value{tramp-postfix} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}192.168.0.1@value{tramp-postfix} |
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1784 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}localhost@value{tramp-postfix} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}melancholia.danann.net@value{tramp-postfix} |
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1785 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix} |
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1786 @end example |
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1787 |
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1788 Now you can choose the desired machine, and you can continue to |
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1789 complete file names on that machine. |
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1790 |
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1791 As filename completion needs to fetch the listing of files from the |
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1792 remote machine, this feature is sometimes fairly slow. As @tramp{} |
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1793 does not yet cache the results of directory listing, there is no gain |
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1794 in performance the second time you complete filenames. |
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1795 |
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1796 If the configuration files (@pxref{Customizing Completion}), which |
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1797 @tramp{} uses for analysis of completion, offer user names, those user |
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1798 names will be taken into account as well. |
45861 | 1799 |
1800 | |
1801 @node Dired | |
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1802 @section Dired |
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1803 @cindex dired |
45861 | 1804 |
1805 @tramp{} works transparently with dired, enabling you to use this powerful | |
1806 file management tool to manage files on any machine you have access to | |
1807 over the Internet. | |
1808 | |
1809 If you need to browse a directory tree, Dired is a better choice, at | |
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1810 present, than filename completion. Dired has its own cache mechanism |
45861 | 1811 and will only fetch the directory listing once. |
1812 | |
1813 | |
1814 @node Bug Reports | |
1815 @chapter Reporting Bugs and Problems | |
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1816 @cindex bug reports |
45861 | 1817 |
1818 Bugs and problems with @tramp{} are actively worked on by the development | |
1819 team. Feature requests and suggestions are also more than welcome. | |
1820 | |
1821 The @tramp{} mailing list is a great place to get information on working | |
1822 with @tramp{}, solving problems and general discussion and advice on topics | |
1823 relating to the package. | |
1824 | |
1825 The mailing list is at @email{tramp-devel@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}. | |
1826 Messages sent to this address go to all the subscribers. This is | |
1827 @emph{not} the address to send subscription requests to. | |
1828 | |
1829 For help on subscribing to the list, send mail to the administrative | |
1830 address, @email{tramp-devel-request@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}, with the | |
1831 subject @samp{help}. | |
1832 | |
1833 To report a bug in @tramp{}, you should execute @kbd{M-x tramp-bug}. This | |
1834 will automatically generate a buffer with the details of your system and | |
1835 @tramp{} version. | |
1836 | |
1837 When submitting a bug report, please try to describe in excruciating | |
1838 detail the steps required to reproduce the problem, the setup of the | |
1839 remote machine and any special conditions that exist. | |
1840 | |
1841 If you can identify a minimal test case that reproduces the problem, | |
1842 include that with your bug report. This will make it much easier for the | |
1843 development team to analyze and correct the problem. | |
1844 | |
1845 @node Frequently Asked Questions | |
1846 @chapter Frequently Asked Questions | |
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1847 @cindex frequently asked questions |
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1848 @cindex FAQ |
45861 | 1849 |
1850 @itemize @bullet | |
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1851 @item |
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1852 Where can I get the latest @tramp{}? |
45861 | 1853 |
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1854 @tramp{} is available under the URL below. |
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1855 |
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1856 @noindent |
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1857 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/} |
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1858 |
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1859 @noindent |
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1860 There is also a Savannah project page. |
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1861 |
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1862 @noindent |
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1863 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/tramp/} |
45861 | 1864 |
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1865 @item |
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1866 Which systems does it work on? |
45861 | 1867 |
1868 The package has been used successfully on Emacs 20 and Emacs 21, as well | |
1869 as XEmacs 21. XEmacs 20 is more problematic, see the notes in | |
1870 @file{tramp.el}. I don't think anybody has really tried it on Emacs 19. | |
1871 | |
1872 The package was intended to work on Unix, and it really expects a | |
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1873 Unix-like system on the remote end (except the @option{smb} method), |
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1874 but some people seemed to have some success getting it to work on NT |
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1875 Emacs. |
45861 | 1876 |
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1877 There is some informations on @tramp{} on NT at the following URL; |
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1878 many thanks to Joe Stoy for providing the information: |
45861 | 1879 @uref{ftp://ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk/tmp/Joe.Stoy/} |
1880 | |
1881 The above mostly contains patches to old ssh versions; Tom Roche has a | |
1882 Web page with instructions: | |
1883 @uref{http://www4.ncsu.edu/~tlroche/plinkTramp.html} | |
1884 | |
1885 ??? Is the XEmacs info correct? | |
1886 | |
1887 ??? Can somebody provide some information for getting it to work on NT | |
1888 Emacs? I think there was some issue with @command{ssh}? | |
1889 | |
1890 | |
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1891 @item |
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1892 I can't stop @value{ftp-package-name} starting with @value{emacs-name} |
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1893 |
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1894 @ifset emacs |
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1895 @value{ftp-package-name} is loaded from @tramp{} automatically if you |
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1896 require a file by the ftp method. Unfortunately, there are some Lisp |
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1897 packages which make @value{ftp-package-name} file name handlers active. |
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1898 You can see it applying @kbd{C-h v file-name-handler-alist}: |
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1899 |
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1900 @example |
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1901 file-name-handler-alist's value is |
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1902 (("^/[^/:]*\\'" . ange-ftp-completion-hook-function) |
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1903 ("^/[^/:]*[^/:.]:" . ange-ftp-hook-function) |
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1904 ("^/[^/]*$" . tramp-completion-file-name-handler) |
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1905 ("\\`/[^/:]+:" . tramp-file-name-handler) |
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1906 ("\\`/:" . file-name-non-special)) |
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1907 @end example |
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1908 |
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1909 Please try to find out which package is responsible for loading |
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1910 @value{ftp-package-name}, and raise a bug report. |
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|
1911 |
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1912 A workaround is to require @value{ftp-package-name} before @tramp{} in |
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1913 your @file{~/.emacs}, because @tramp{} cleans up the entries in |
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1914 @code{file-name-handler-alist}: |
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|
1915 |
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1916 @lisp |
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1917 ;; @value{ftp-package-name} temporarily required |
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1918 (require 'ange-ftp) |
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1919 ;; @tramp{} cleans up @code{file-name-handler-alist} |
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1920 (require 'tramp) |
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1921 @end lisp |
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1922 @end ifset |
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1923 |
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1924 @ifset xemacs |
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1925 Not all the older versions of @tramp{} supported @value{emacs-name} |
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1926 correctly. The first thing to do is to make sure that you have the |
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1927 latest version of @tramp{} installed. |
45861 | 1928 |
1929 If you do, please try and find out exactly the conditions required for | |
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1930 the @value{ftp-package-name} handlers to fire. If you can, putting a |
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1931 breakpoint on @code{efs-ftp-path} and sending in the stack trace along |
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1932 with your bug report would make it easier for the developers to work out |
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1933 what is going wrong. |
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1934 @end ifset |
45861 | 1935 |
1936 | |
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1937 @item |
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1938 File name completion does not work with @tramp{} |
45861 | 1939 |
1940 When you log in to the remote machine, do you see the output of | |
1941 @command{ls} in color? If so, this may be the cause of your problems. | |
1942 | |
1943 @command{ls} outputs @acronym{ANSI} escape sequences that your terminal | |
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1944 emulator interprets to set the colors. These escape sequences will |
45861 | 1945 confuse @tramp{} however. |
1946 | |
1947 In your @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile} or equivalent on the remote | |
1948 machine you probably have an alias configured that adds the option | |
1949 @option{--color=yes} or @option{--color=auto}. | |
1950 | |
1951 You should remove that alias and ensure that a new login @emph{does not} | |
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1952 display the output of @command{ls} in color. If you still cannot use |
45861 | 1953 filename completion, report a bug to the @tramp{} developers. |
1954 | |
1955 | |
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1956 @item |
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1957 File name completion does not work in large directories |
45861 | 1958 |
1959 @tramp{} uses globbing for some operations. (Globbing means to use the | |
1960 shell to expand wildcards such as `*.c'.) This might create long | |
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1961 command lines, especially in directories with many files. Some shells |
45861 | 1962 choke on long command lines, or don't cope well with the globbing |
1963 itself. | |
1964 | |
1965 If you have a large directory on the remote end, you may wish to execute | |
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1966 a command like @samp{ls -d * ..?* > /dev/null} and see if it hangs. |
45861 | 1967 Note that you must first start the right shell, which might be |
1968 @command{/bin/sh}, @command{ksh} or @command{bash}, depending on which | |
1969 of those supports tilde expansion. | |
1970 | |
1971 | |
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1972 @item |
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1973 What kinds of systems does @tramp{} work on |
45861 | 1974 |
1975 @tramp{} really expects the remote system to be a Unix-like system. The | |
1976 local system should preferably be Unix-like, as well, but @tramp{} might | |
1977 work on NT with some tweaking. | |
1978 | |
1979 | |
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1980 @item |
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1981 How can I get notified when @tramp{} file transfers are complete? |
45861 | 1982 |
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1983 The following snippet can be put in your @file{~/.emacs} file. It |
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1984 makes @value{emacs-name} beep after reading from or writing to the |
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1985 remote host. |
45861 | 1986 |
1987 @lisp | |
1988 (defadvice tramp-handle-write-region | |
1989 (after tramp-write-beep-advice activate) | |
1990 " make tramp beep after writing a file." | |
1991 (interactive) | |
1992 (beep)) | |
1993 (defadvice tramp-handle-do-copy-or-rename-file | |
1994 (after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate) | |
1995 " make tramp beep after copying a file." | |
1996 (interactive) | |
1997 (beep)) | |
1998 (defadvice tramp-handle-insert-file-contents | |
1999 (after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate) | |
2000 " make tramp beep after copying a file." | |
2001 (interactive) | |
2002 (beep)) | |
2003 @end lisp | |
2004 | |
2005 | |
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2006 @item |
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2007 There's this @file{~/.sh_history} file on the remote host which keeps |
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2008 growing and growing. What's that? |
45861 | 2009 |
2010 Sometimes, @tramp{} starts @code{ksh} on the remote host for tilde | |
2011 expansion. Maybe @code{ksh} saves the history by default. @tramp{} | |
2012 tries to turn off saving the history, but maybe you have to help. For | |
2013 example, you could put this in your @file{.kshrc}: | |
2014 | |
2015 @example | |
2016 if [ -f $HOME/.sh_history ] ; then | |
2017 /bin/rm $HOME/.sh_history | |
2018 fi | |
2019 if [ "$@{HISTFILE-unset@}" != "unset" ] ; then | |
2020 unset HISTFILE | |
2021 fi | |
2022 if [ "$@{HISTSIZE-unset@}" != "unset" ] ; then | |
2023 unset HISTSIZE | |
2024 fi | |
2025 @end example | |
2026 | |
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2027 |
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2028 @item @tramp{} doesn't transfer strings with more than 500 characters |
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2029 correctly |
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2030 |
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2031 On some few systems, the implementation of @code{process-send-string} |
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2032 seems to be broken for longer strings. This case, you should |
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2033 customize the variable @code{tramp-chunksize} to 500. For a |
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2034 description how to determine whether this is necessary see the |
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2035 documentation of @code{tramp-chunksize}. |
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2036 |
45861 | 2037 @end itemize |
2038 | |
2039 | |
2040 @c For the developer | |
2041 @node Version Control | |
2042 @chapter The inner workings of remote version control | |
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2043 @cindex Version Control |
45861 | 2044 |
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2045 Unlike @value{ftp-package-name}, @tramp{} has full shell access to the |
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2046 remote machine. This makes it possible to provide version control for |
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2047 files accessed under @tramp{}. |
45861 | 2048 |
2049 The actual version control binaries must be installed on the remote | |
2050 machine, accessible in the directories specified in | |
2051 @var{tramp-remote-path}. | |
2052 | |
2053 This transparent integration with the version control systems is one of | |
2054 the most valuable features provided by @tramp{}, but it is far from perfect. | |
2055 Work is ongoing to improve the transparency of the system. | |
2056 | |
2057 @menu | |
2058 * Version Controlled Files:: Determining if a file is under version control. | |
2059 * Remote Commands:: Executing the version control commands on the remote machine. | |
2060 * Changed workfiles:: Detecting if the working file has changed. | |
2061 * Checking out files:: Bringing the workfile out of the repository. | |
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2062 * Miscellaneous Version Control:: Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere. |
45861 | 2063 @end menu |
2064 | |
2065 | |
2066 @node Version Controlled Files | |
2067 @section Determining if a file is under version control | |
2068 | |
2069 The VC package uses the existence of on-disk revision control master | |
2070 files to determine if a given file is under revision control. These file | |
2071 tests happen on the remote machine through the standard @tramp{} mechanisms. | |
2072 | |
2073 | |
2074 @node Remote Commands | |
2075 @section Executing the version control commands on the remote machine | |
2076 | |
2077 There are no hooks provided by VC to allow intercepting of the version | |
2078 control command execution. The calls occur through the | |
2079 @code{call-process} mechanism, a function that is somewhat more | |
2080 efficient than the @code{shell-command} function but that does not | |
2081 provide hooks for remote execution of commands. | |
2082 | |
2083 To work around this, the functions @code{vc-do-command} and | |
2084 @code{vc-simple-command} have been advised to intercept requests for | |
2085 operations on files accessed via @tramp{}. | |
2086 | |
2087 In the case of a remote file, the @code{shell-command} interface is | |
2088 used, with some wrapper code, to provide the same functionality on the | |
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2089 remote machine as would be seen on the local machine. |
45861 | 2090 |
2091 | |
2092 @node Changed workfiles | |
2093 @section Detecting if the working file has changed | |
2094 | |
2095 As there is currently no way to get access to the mtime of a file on a | |
2096 remote machine in a portable way, the @code{vc-workfile-unchanged-p} | |
2097 function is advised to call an @tramp{} specific function for remote files. | |
2098 | |
2099 The @code{tramp-vc-workfile-unchanged-p} function uses the functioning VC | |
2100 diff functionality to determine if any changes have occurred between the | |
2101 workfile and the version control master. | |
2102 | |
2103 This requires that a shell command be executed remotely, a process that | |
2104 is notably heavier-weight than the mtime comparison used for local | |
2105 files. Unfortunately, unless a portable solution to the issue is found, | |
2106 this will remain the cost of remote version control. | |
2107 | |
2108 | |
2109 @node Checking out files | |
2110 @section Bringing the workfile out of the repository | |
2111 | |
2112 VC will, by default, check for remote files and refuse to act on them | |
2113 when checking out files from the repository. To work around this | |
2114 problem, the function @code{vc-checkout} knows about @tramp{} files and | |
2115 allows version control to occur. | |
2116 | |
2117 | |
2118 @node Miscellaneous Version Control | |
2119 @section Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere | |
2120 | |
2121 Minor implementation details, &c. | |
2122 | |
2123 @menu | |
2124 * Remote File Ownership:: How VC determines who owns a workfile. | |
2125 * Back-end Versions:: How VC determines what release your RCS is. | |
2126 @end menu | |
2127 | |
2128 | |
2129 @node Remote File Ownership | |
2130 @subsection How VC determines who owns a workfile | |
2131 | |
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2132 @value{emacs-name} provides the @code{user-full-name} function to |
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2133 return the login name of the current user as well as mapping from |
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2134 arbitrary user id values back to login names. The VC code uses this |
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2135 functionality to map from the uid of the owner of a workfile to the |
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2136 login name in some circumstances. |
45861 | 2137 |
2138 This will not, for obvious reasons, work if the remote system has a | |
2139 different set of logins. As such, it is necessary to delegate to the | |
2140 remote machine the job of determining the login name associated with a | |
2141 uid. | |
2142 | |
2143 Unfortunately, with the profusion of distributed management systems such | |
2144 as @code{NIS}, @code{NIS+} and @code{NetInfo}, there is no simple, | |
2145 reliable and portable method for performing this mapping. | |
2146 | |
2147 Thankfully, the only place in the VC code that depends on the mapping of | |
2148 a uid to a login name is the @code{vc-file-owner} function. This returns | |
2149 the login of the owner of the file as a string. | |
2150 | |
2151 This function has been advised to use the output of @command{ls} on the | |
2152 remote machine to determine the login name, delegating the problem of | |
2153 mapping the uid to the login to the remote system which should know more | |
2154 about it than I do. | |
2155 | |
2156 | |
2157 @node Back-end Versions | |
2158 @subsection How VC determines what release your RCS is | |
2159 | |
2160 VC needs to know what release your revision control binaries you are | |
2161 running as not all features VC supports are available with older | |
2162 versions of @command{rcs(1)}, @command{cvs(1)} or @command{sccs(1)}. | |
2163 | |
2164 The default implementation of VC determines this value the first time it | |
2165 is needed and then stores the value globally to avoid the overhead of | |
2166 executing a process and parsing its output each time the information is | |
2167 needed. | |
2168 | |
2169 Unfortunately, life is not quite so easy when remote version control | |
2170 comes into the picture. Each remote machine may have a different version | |
2171 of the version control tools and, while this is painful, we need to | |
2172 ensure that unavailable features are not used remotely. | |
2173 | |
2174 To resolve this issue, @tramp{} currently takes the sledgehammer | |
2175 approach of making the release values of the revision control tools | |
2176 local to each @tramp{} buffer, forcing VC to determine these values | |
2177 again each time a new file is visited. | |
2178 | |
2179 This has, quite obviously, some performance implications. Thankfully, | |
2180 most of the common operations performed by VC do not actually require | |
2181 that the remote version be known. This makes the problem far less | |
2182 apparent. | |
2183 | |
2184 Eventually these values will be captured by @tramp{} on a system by | |
2185 system basis and the results cached to improve performance. | |
2186 | |
2187 | |
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2188 @node Files directories and localnames |
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2189 @chapter How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed. |
45861 | 2190 |
2191 @menu | |
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2192 * Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components. |
45861 | 2193 @end menu |
2194 | |
2195 | |
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2196 @node Localname deconstruction |
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2197 @section Breaking a localname into its components. |
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2198 |
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2199 @tramp{} file names are somewhat different, obviously, to ordinary file |
45861 | 2200 names. As such, the lisp functions @code{file-name-directory} and |
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2201 @code{file-name-nondirectory} are overridden within the @tramp{} |
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2202 package. |
45861 | 2203 |
2204 Their replacements are reasonably simplistic in their approach. They | |
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2205 dissect the filename, call the original handler on the localname and |
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2206 then rebuild the @tramp{} file name with the result. |
45861 | 2207 |
2208 This allows the platform specific hacks in the original handlers to take | |
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2209 effect while preserving the @tramp{} file name information. |
45861 | 2210 |
2211 | |
2212 @node Issues | |
2213 @chapter Debatable Issues and What Was Decided | |
2214 | |
2215 @itemize @bullet | |
2216 @item The uuencode method does not always work. | |
2217 | |
2218 Due to the design of @tramp{}, the encoding and decoding programs need to | |
2219 read from stdin and write to stdout. On some systems, @code{uudecode -o | |
2220 -} will read stdin and write the decoded file to stdout, on other | |
2221 systems @code{uudecode -p} does the same thing. But some systems have | |
2222 uudecode implementations which cannot do this at all---it is not | |
2223 possible to call these uudecode implementations with suitable parameters | |
2224 so that they write to stdout. | |
2225 | |
2226 Of course, this could be circumvented: the @code{begin foo 644} line | |
2227 could be rewritten to put in some temporary file name, then | |
2228 @code{uudecode} could be called, then the temp file could be printed and | |
2229 deleted. | |
2230 | |
2231 But I have decided that this is too fragile to reliably work, so on some | |
2232 systems you'll have to do without the uuencode methods. | |
2233 | |
2234 @item @tramp{} does not work on XEmacs 20. | |
2235 | |
2236 This is because it requires the macro @code{with-timeout} which does not | |
2237 appear to exist in XEmacs 20. I'm somewhat reluctant to add an | |
2238 emulation macro to @tramp{}, but if somebody who uses XEmacs 20 steps | |
2239 forward and wishes to implement and test it, please contact me or the | |
2240 mailing list. | |
2241 | |
46348 | 2242 @item The @tramp{} filename syntax differs between Emacs and XEmacs. |
2243 | |
2244 The Emacs maintainers wish to use a unified filename syntax for | |
2245 Ange-FTP and @tramp{} so that users don't have to learn a new | |
2246 syntax. It is sufficient to learn some extensions to the old syntax. | |
2247 | |
2248 For the XEmacs maintainers, the problems caused from using a unified | |
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2249 filename syntax are greater than the gains. The XEmacs package system |
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2250 uses EFS for downloading new packages. So, obviously, EFS has to be |
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2251 installed from the start. If the filenames were unified, @tramp{} |
46348 | 2252 would have to be installed from the start, too. |
2253 | |
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2254 @ifset xemacs |
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2255 @strong{Note:} If you'ld like to use a similar syntax like |
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2256 @value{ftp-package-name}, you need the following settings in your init |
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2257 file: |
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2258 |
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2259 @lisp |
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2260 (setq tramp-unified-filenames t) |
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2261 (require 'tramp) |
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2262 @end lisp |
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2263 |
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2264 The autoload of the @value{emacs-name} @tramp{} package must be |
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2265 disabled. This can be achieved by setting file permissions @code{000} |
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2266 to the files @file{.../xemacs-packages/lisp/tramp/auto-autoloads.el*}. |
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2267 |
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2268 In case of unified filenames, all @value{emacs-name} download sites |
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2269 are added to @code{tramp-default-method-alist} with default method |
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2270 @code{ftp} @xref{Default Method}. These settings shouldn't be touched |
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2271 for proper working of the @value{emacs-name} package system. |
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2272 |
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2273 The syntax for unified filenames is described in the @tramp{} manual |
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2274 for @value{emacs-other-name}. |
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2275 @end ifset |
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2276 |
45861 | 2277 @end itemize |
2278 | |
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Version 2.0.35 of Tramp released.
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2279 @node Concept Index |
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Version 2.0.35 of Tramp released.
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2280 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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Version 2.0.35 of Tramp released.
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2281 @unnumbered Concept Index |
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2282 @printindex cp |
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2283 @contents |
45861 | 2284 @c End of tramp.texi - the TRAMP User Manual |
2285 @bye | |
2286 | |
2287 @c TODO | |
2288 @c | |
2289 @c * Say something about the .login and .profile files of the remote | |
2290 @c shells. | |
2291 @c * Explain how tramp.el works in principle: open a shell on a remote | |
2292 @c host and then send commands to it. | |
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2293 @c * Mention that bookmarks are a cool feature to go along with Tramp. |
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2294 @c * Make terminology "inline" vs "out-of-band" consistent. |
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2295 @c It seems that "external" is also used instead of "out-of-band". |
45861 | 2296 |
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2297 @c * M. Albinus |
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2298 @c ** Use `filename' resp. `file name' consistently. |
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2299 @c ** Use `host' resp. `machine' consistently. |
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2300 @c ** Consistent small or capitalized words especially in menues. |
54203 | 2301 |
2302 @ignore | |
2303 arch-tag: f96dd66e-6dd3-4c92-8d77-9c56205ba808 | |
2304 @end ignore |