annotate doc/misc/cl.texi @ 99668:b8704eb1a8e9

(Mouse Commands): Move most of the description of Delete Selection Mode to Using Region, and link to it.
author Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
date Mon, 17 Nov 2008 16:39:17 +0000
parents d3c8765b4701
children 6de181810d0f
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1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @setfilename ../../info/cl
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3 @settitle Common Lisp Extensions
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4
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5 @copying
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6 This file documents the GNU Emacs Common Lisp emulation package.
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7
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8 Copyright @copyright{} 1993, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
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9 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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10
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11 @quotation
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12 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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13 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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14 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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15 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'',
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16 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license
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17 is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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18
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19 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
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20 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
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21 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
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22 @end quotation
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23 @end copying
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24
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25 @dircategory Emacs
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26 @direntry
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27 * CL: (cl). Partial Common Lisp support for Emacs Lisp.
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28 @end direntry
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29
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30 @finalout
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31
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32 @titlepage
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33 @sp 6
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34 @center @titlefont{Common Lisp Extensions}
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35 @sp 4
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36 @center For GNU Emacs Lisp
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37 @sp 1
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38 @center Version 2.02
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39 @sp 5
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40 @center Dave Gillespie
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41 @center daveg@@synaptics.com
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42 @page
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43 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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44 @insertcopying
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45 @end titlepage
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46
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47 @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
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48 @chapter Introduction
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49
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50 @noindent
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51 This document describes a set of Emacs Lisp facilities borrowed from
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52 Common Lisp. All the facilities are described here in detail. While
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53 this document does not assume any prior knowledge of Common Lisp, it
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54 does assume a basic familiarity with Emacs Lisp.
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55
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56 @menu
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57 * Overview:: Installation, usage, etc.
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58 * Program Structure:: Arglists, `eval-when', `defalias'
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59 * Predicates:: `typep' and `equalp'
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60 * Control Structure:: `setf', `do', `loop', etc.
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61 * Macros:: Destructuring, `define-compiler-macro'
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62 * Declarations:: `proclaim', `declare', etc.
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63 * Symbols:: Property lists, `gensym'
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64 * Numbers:: Predicates, functions, random numbers
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65 * Sequences:: Mapping, functions, searching, sorting
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66 * Lists:: `caddr', `sublis', `member*', `assoc*', etc.
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67 * Structures:: `defstruct'
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68 * Assertions:: `check-type', `assert', `ignore-errors'.
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69
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70 * Efficiency Concerns:: Hints and techniques
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71 * Common Lisp Compatibility:: All known differences with Steele
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72 * Old CL Compatibility:: All known differences with old cl.el
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73 * Porting Common Lisp:: Hints for porting Common Lisp code
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74
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75 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
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76 * Function Index::
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77 * Variable Index::
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78 @end menu
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79
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80 @node Overview, Program Structure, Top, Top
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81 @ifnottex
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82 @chapter Overview
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83 @end ifnottex
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84
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85 @noindent
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86 Common Lisp is a huge language, and Common Lisp systems tend to be
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87 massive and extremely complex. Emacs Lisp, by contrast, is rather
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88 minimalist in the choice of Lisp features it offers the programmer.
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89 As Emacs Lisp programmers have grown in number, and the applications
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90 they write have grown more ambitious, it has become clear that Emacs
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91 Lisp could benefit from many of the conveniences of Common Lisp.
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92
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93 The @dfn{CL} package adds a number of Common Lisp functions and
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94 control structures to Emacs Lisp. While not a 100% complete
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95 implementation of Common Lisp, @dfn{CL} adds enough functionality
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96 to make Emacs Lisp programming significantly more convenient.
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97
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98 @strong{Please note:} the @dfn{CL} functions are not standard parts of
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99 the Emacs Lisp name space, so it is legitimate for users to define
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100 them with other, conflicting meanings. To avoid conflicting with
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101 those user activities, we have a policy that packages installed in
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102 Emacs must not load @dfn{CL} at run time. (It is ok for them to load
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103 @dfn{CL} at compile time only, with @code{eval-when-compile}, and use
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104 the macros it provides.) If you are writing packages that you plan to
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105 distribute and invite widespread use for, you might want to observe
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106 the same rule.
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107
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108 Some Common Lisp features have been omitted from this package
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109 for various reasons:
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110
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111 @itemize @bullet
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112 @item
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113 Some features are too complex or bulky relative to their benefit
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114 to Emacs Lisp programmers. CLOS and Common Lisp streams are fine
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115 examples of this group.
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116
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117 @item
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118 Other features cannot be implemented without modification to the
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119 Emacs Lisp interpreter itself, such as multiple return values,
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120 lexical scoping, case-insensitive symbols, and complex numbers.
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121 The @dfn{CL} package generally makes no attempt to emulate these
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122 features.
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123
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124 @item
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125 Some features conflict with existing things in Emacs Lisp. For
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126 example, Emacs' @code{assoc} function is incompatible with the
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127 Common Lisp @code{assoc}. In such cases, this package usually
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128 adds the suffix @samp{*} to the function name of the Common
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129 Lisp version of the function (e.g., @code{assoc*}).
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130 @end itemize
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131
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132 The package described here was written by Dave Gillespie,
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133 @file{daveg@@synaptics.com}. It is a total rewrite of the original
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134 1986 @file{cl.el} package by Cesar Quiroz. Most features of the
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135 Quiroz package have been retained; any incompatibilities are
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136 noted in the descriptions below. Care has been taken in this
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137 version to ensure that each function is defined efficiently,
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138 concisely, and with minimal impact on the rest of the Emacs
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139 environment.
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140
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141 @menu
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142 * Usage:: How to use the CL package
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143 * Organization:: The package's five component files
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144 * Installation:: Compiling and installing CL
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145 * Naming Conventions:: Notes on CL function names
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146 @end menu
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147
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148 @node Usage, Organization, Overview, Overview
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149 @section Usage
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150
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151 @noindent
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152 Lisp code that uses features from the @dfn{CL} package should
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153 include at the beginning:
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154
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155 @example
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156 (require 'cl)
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157 @end example
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158
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159 @noindent
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160 If you want to ensure that the new (Gillespie) version of @dfn{CL}
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161 is the one that is present, add an additional @code{(require 'cl-19)}
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162 call:
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163
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164 @example
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165 (require 'cl)
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166 (require 'cl-19)
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167 @end example
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168
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169 @noindent
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170 The second call will fail (with ``@file{cl-19.el} not found'') if
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171 the old @file{cl.el} package was in use.
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172
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173 It is safe to arrange to load @dfn{CL} at all times, e.g.,
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174 in your @file{.emacs} file. But it's a good idea, for portability,
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175 to @code{(require 'cl)} in your code even if you do this.
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176
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177 @node Organization, Installation, Usage, Overview
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178 @section Organization
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179
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180 @noindent
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181 The Common Lisp package is organized into four files:
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182
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183 @table @file
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184 @item cl.el
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185 This is the ``main'' file, which contains basic functions
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186 and information about the package. This file is relatively
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187 compact---about 700 lines.
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188
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189 @item cl-extra.el
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190 This file contains the larger, more complex or unusual functions.
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191 It is kept separate so that packages which only want to use Common
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192 Lisp fundamentals like the @code{cadr} function won't need to pay
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193 the overhead of loading the more advanced functions.
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194
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195 @item cl-seq.el
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196 This file contains most of the advanced functions for operating
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197 on sequences or lists, such as @code{delete-if} and @code{assoc*}.
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198
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199 @item cl-macs.el
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200 This file contains the features of the packages which are macros
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201 instead of functions. Macros expand when the caller is compiled,
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202 not when it is run, so the macros generally only need to be
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203 present when the byte-compiler is running (or when the macros are
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204 used in uncompiled code such as a @file{.emacs} file). Most of
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205 the macros of this package are isolated in @file{cl-macs.el} so
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206 that they won't take up memory unless you are compiling.
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207 @end table
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208
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209 The file @file{cl.el} includes all necessary @code{autoload}
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210 commands for the functions and macros in the other three files.
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211 All you have to do is @code{(require 'cl)}, and @file{cl.el}
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212 will take care of pulling in the other files when they are
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213 needed.
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214
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215 There is another file, @file{cl-compat.el}, which defines some
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216 routines from the older @file{cl.el} package that are no longer
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217 present in the new package. This includes internal routines
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218 like @code{setelt} and @code{zip-lists}, deprecated features
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219 like @code{defkeyword}, and an emulation of the old-style
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220 multiple-values feature. @xref{Old CL Compatibility}.
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221
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222 @node Installation, Naming Conventions, Organization, Overview
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223 @section Installation
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224
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225 @noindent
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226 Installation of the @dfn{CL} package is simple: Just put the
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227 byte-compiled files @file{cl.elc}, @file{cl-extra.elc},
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228 @file{cl-seq.elc}, @file{cl-macs.elc}, and @file{cl-compat.elc}
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229 into a directory on your @code{load-path}.
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230
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231 There are no special requirements to compile this package:
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232 The files do not have to be loaded before they are compiled,
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233 nor do they need to be compiled in any particular order.
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234
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235 You may choose to put the files into your main @file{lisp/}
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236 directory, replacing the original @file{cl.el} file there. Or,
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237 you could put them into a directory that comes before @file{lisp/}
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238 on your @code{load-path} so that the old @file{cl.el} is
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239 effectively hidden.
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240
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241 Also, format the @file{cl.texinfo} file and put the resulting
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242 Info files in the @file{info/} directory or another suitable place.
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243
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244 You may instead wish to leave this package's components all in
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245 their own directory, and then add this directory to your
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246 @code{load-path} and @code{Info-directory-list}.
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247 Add the directory to the front of the list so the old @dfn{CL}
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248 package and its documentation are hidden.
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249
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250 @node Naming Conventions, , Installation, Overview
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251 @section Naming Conventions
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252
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253 @noindent
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254 Except where noted, all functions defined by this package have the
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255 same names and calling conventions as their Common Lisp counterparts.
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256
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257 Following is a complete list of functions whose names were changed
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258 from Common Lisp, usually to avoid conflicts with Emacs. In each
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259 case, a @samp{*} has been appended to the Common Lisp name to obtain
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260 the Emacs name:
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261
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262 @example
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263 defun* defsubst* defmacro* function*
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264 member* assoc* rassoc* get*
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265 remove* delete* mapcar* sort*
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266 floor* ceiling* truncate* round*
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267 mod* rem* random*
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268 @end example
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269
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270 Internal function and variable names in the package are prefixed
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271 by @code{cl-}. Here is a complete list of functions @emph{not}
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272 prefixed by @code{cl-} which were not taken from Common Lisp:
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273
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274 @example
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275 floatp-safe lexical-let lexical-let*
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276 callf callf2 letf letf*
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277 defsubst*
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278 @end example
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279
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280 The following simple functions and macros are defined in @file{cl.el};
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281 they do not cause other components like @file{cl-extra} to be loaded.
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282
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283 @example
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284 floatp-safe endp
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285 evenp oddp plusp minusp
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286 caaar .. cddddr
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287 list* ldiff rest first .. tenth
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288 copy-list subst mapcar* [2]
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289 adjoin [3] acons pairlis pop [4]
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290 push [4] pushnew [3,4] incf [4] decf [4]
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291 proclaim declaim
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292 @end example
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293
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294 @noindent
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295 [2] Only for one sequence argument or two list arguments.
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296
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297 @noindent
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298 [3] Only if @code{:test} is @code{eq}, @code{equal}, or unspecified,
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299 and @code{:key} is not used.
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300
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301 @noindent
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302 [4] Only when @var{place} is a plain variable name.
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303
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304 @iftex
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305 @chapno=4
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306 @end iftex
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307
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308 @node Program Structure, Predicates, Overview, Top
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309 @chapter Program Structure
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310
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311 @noindent
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312 This section describes features of the @dfn{CL} package which have to
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313 do with programs as a whole: advanced argument lists for functions,
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314 and the @code{eval-when} construct.
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315
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316 @menu
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317 * Argument Lists:: `&key', `&aux', `defun*', `defmacro*'.
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318 * Time of Evaluation:: The `eval-when' construct.
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319 @end menu
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320
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321 @iftex
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322 @secno=1
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323 @end iftex
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324
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325 @node Argument Lists, Time of Evaluation, Program Structure, Program Structure
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326 @section Argument Lists
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327
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328 @noindent
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329 Emacs Lisp's notation for argument lists of functions is a subset of
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330 the Common Lisp notation. As well as the familiar @code{&optional}
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331 and @code{&rest} markers, Common Lisp allows you to specify default
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332 values for optional arguments, and it provides the additional markers
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333 @code{&key} and @code{&aux}.
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334
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335 Since argument parsing is built-in to Emacs, there is no way for
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336 this package to implement Common Lisp argument lists seamlessly.
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337 Instead, this package defines alternates for several Lisp forms
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338 which you must use if you need Common Lisp argument lists.
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339
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340 @defspec defun* name arglist body...
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341 This form is identical to the regular @code{defun} form, except
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342 that @var{arglist} is allowed to be a full Common Lisp argument
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343 list. Also, the function body is enclosed in an implicit block
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344 called @var{name}; @pxref{Blocks and Exits}.
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345 @end defspec
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346
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347 @defspec defsubst* name arglist body...
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348 This is just like @code{defun*}, except that the function that
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349 is defined is automatically proclaimed @code{inline}, i.e.,
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350 calls to it may be expanded into in-line code by the byte compiler.
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351 This is analogous to the @code{defsubst} form;
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352 @code{defsubst*} uses a different method (compiler macros) which
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353 works in all version of Emacs, and also generates somewhat more
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354 efficient inline expansions. In particular, @code{defsubst*}
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355 arranges for the processing of keyword arguments, default values,
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356 etc., to be done at compile-time whenever possible.
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357 @end defspec
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358
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359 @defspec defmacro* name arglist body...
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360 This is identical to the regular @code{defmacro} form,
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361 except that @var{arglist} is allowed to be a full Common Lisp
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362 argument list. The @code{&environment} keyword is supported as
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363 described in Steele. The @code{&whole} keyword is supported only
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364 within destructured lists (see below); top-level @code{&whole}
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365 cannot be implemented with the current Emacs Lisp interpreter.
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366 The macro expander body is enclosed in an implicit block called
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367 @var{name}.
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368 @end defspec
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369
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370 @defspec function* symbol-or-lambda
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371 This is identical to the regular @code{function} form,
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372 except that if the argument is a @code{lambda} form then that
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373 form may use a full Common Lisp argument list.
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374 @end defspec
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375
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376 Also, all forms (such as @code{defsetf} and @code{flet}) defined
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377 in this package that include @var{arglist}s in their syntax allow
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378 full Common Lisp argument lists.
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379
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380 Note that it is @emph{not} necessary to use @code{defun*} in
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381 order to have access to most @dfn{CL} features in your function.
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382 These features are always present; @code{defun*}'s only
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383 difference from @code{defun} is its more flexible argument
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384 lists and its implicit block.
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385
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386 The full form of a Common Lisp argument list is
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387
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388 @example
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389 (@var{var}...
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390 &optional (@var{var} @var{initform} @var{svar})...
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391 &rest @var{var}
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392 &key ((@var{keyword} @var{var}) @var{initform} @var{svar})...
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393 &aux (@var{var} @var{initform})...)
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394 @end example
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395
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396 Each of the five argument list sections is optional. The @var{svar},
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397 @var{initform}, and @var{keyword} parts are optional; if they are
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398 omitted, then @samp{(@var{var})} may be written simply @samp{@var{var}}.
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399
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400 The first section consists of zero or more @dfn{required} arguments.
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401 These arguments must always be specified in a call to the function;
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402 there is no difference between Emacs Lisp and Common Lisp as far as
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403 required arguments are concerned.
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404
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405 The second section consists of @dfn{optional} arguments. These
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406 arguments may be specified in the function call; if they are not,
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407 @var{initform} specifies the default value used for the argument.
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408 (No @var{initform} means to use @code{nil} as the default.) The
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409 @var{initform} is evaluated with the bindings for the preceding
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410 arguments already established; @code{(a &optional (b (1+ a)))}
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411 matches one or two arguments, with the second argument defaulting
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412 to one plus the first argument. If the @var{svar} is specified,
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413 it is an auxiliary variable which is bound to @code{t} if the optional
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414 argument was specified, or to @code{nil} if the argument was omitted.
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415 If you don't use an @var{svar}, then there will be no way for your
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416 function to tell whether it was called with no argument, or with
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417 the default value passed explicitly as an argument.
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418
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419 The third section consists of a single @dfn{rest} argument. If
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420 more arguments were passed to the function than are accounted for
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421 by the required and optional arguments, those extra arguments are
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422 collected into a list and bound to the ``rest'' argument variable.
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423 Common Lisp's @code{&rest} is equivalent to that of Emacs Lisp.
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424 Common Lisp accepts @code{&body} as a synonym for @code{&rest} in
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425 macro contexts; this package accepts it all the time.
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426
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427 The fourth section consists of @dfn{keyword} arguments. These
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428 are optional arguments which are specified by name rather than
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429 positionally in the argument list. For example,
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430
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431 @example
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432 (defun* foo (a &optional b &key c d (e 17)))
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433 @end example
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434
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435 @noindent
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436 defines a function which may be called with one, two, or more
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437 arguments. The first two arguments are bound to @code{a} and
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438 @code{b} in the usual way. The remaining arguments must be
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439 pairs of the form @code{:c}, @code{:d}, or @code{:e} followed
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440 by the value to be bound to the corresponding argument variable.
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441 (Symbols whose names begin with a colon are called @dfn{keywords},
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442 and they are self-quoting in the same way as @code{nil} and
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443 @code{t}.)
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444
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445 For example, the call @code{(foo 1 2 :d 3 :c 4)} sets the five
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446 arguments to 1, 2, 4, 3, and 17, respectively. If the same keyword
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447 appears more than once in the function call, the first occurrence
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448 takes precedence over the later ones. Note that it is not possible
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449 to specify keyword arguments without specifying the optional
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450 argument @code{b} as well, since @code{(foo 1 :c 2)} would bind
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451 @code{b} to the keyword @code{:c}, then signal an error because
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452 @code{2} is not a valid keyword.
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453
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454 If a @var{keyword} symbol is explicitly specified in the argument
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455 list as shown in the above diagram, then that keyword will be
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456 used instead of just the variable name prefixed with a colon.
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457 You can specify a @var{keyword} symbol which does not begin with
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458 a colon at all, but such symbols will not be self-quoting; you
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459 will have to quote them explicitly with an apostrophe in the
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460 function call.
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461
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462 Ordinarily it is an error to pass an unrecognized keyword to
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463 a function, e.g., @code{(foo 1 2 :c 3 :goober 4)}. You can ask
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464 Lisp to ignore unrecognized keywords, either by adding the
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465 marker @code{&allow-other-keys} after the keyword section
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466 of the argument list, or by specifying an @code{:allow-other-keys}
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467 argument in the call whose value is non-@code{nil}. If the
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468 function uses both @code{&rest} and @code{&key} at the same time,
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469 the ``rest'' argument is bound to the keyword list as it appears
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470 in the call. For example:
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471
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472 @smallexample
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473 (defun* find-thing (thing &rest rest &key need &allow-other-keys)
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474 (or (apply 'member* thing thing-list :allow-other-keys t rest)
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475 (if need (error "Thing not found"))))
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476 @end smallexample
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477
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478 @noindent
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479 This function takes a @code{:need} keyword argument, but also
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480 accepts other keyword arguments which are passed on to the
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481 @code{member*} function. @code{allow-other-keys} is used to
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482 keep both @code{find-thing} and @code{member*} from complaining
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483 about each others' keywords in the arguments.
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484
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485 The fifth section of the argument list consists of @dfn{auxiliary
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486 variables}. These are not really arguments at all, but simply
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487 variables which are bound to @code{nil} or to the specified
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488 @var{initforms} during execution of the function. There is no
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489 difference between the following two functions, except for a
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490 matter of stylistic taste:
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491
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492 @example
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493 (defun* foo (a b &aux (c (+ a b)) d)
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494 @var{body})
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495
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496 (defun* foo (a b)
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497 (let ((c (+ a b)) d)
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498 @var{body}))
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499 @end example
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500
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501 Argument lists support @dfn{destructuring}. In Common Lisp,
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502 destructuring is only allowed with @code{defmacro}; this package
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503 allows it with @code{defun*} and other argument lists as well.
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504 In destructuring, any argument variable (@var{var} in the above
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505 diagram) can be replaced by a list of variables, or more generally,
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506 a recursive argument list. The corresponding argument value must
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507 be a list whose elements match this recursive argument list.
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508 For example:
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509
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510 @example
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511 (defmacro* dolist ((var listform &optional resultform)
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512 &rest body)
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513 ...)
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514 @end example
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515
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516 This says that the first argument of @code{dolist} must be a list
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517 of two or three items; if there are other arguments as well as this
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518 list, they are stored in @code{body}. All features allowed in
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519 regular argument lists are allowed in these recursive argument lists.
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520 In addition, the clause @samp{&whole @var{var}} is allowed at the
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521 front of a recursive argument list. It binds @var{var} to the
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522 whole list being matched; thus @code{(&whole all a b)} matches
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523 a list of two things, with @code{a} bound to the first thing,
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524 @code{b} bound to the second thing, and @code{all} bound to the
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525 list itself. (Common Lisp allows @code{&whole} in top-level
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526 @code{defmacro} argument lists as well, but Emacs Lisp does not
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527 support this usage.)
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528
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529 One last feature of destructuring is that the argument list may be
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530 dotted, so that the argument list @code{(a b . c)} is functionally
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531 equivalent to @code{(a b &rest c)}.
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532
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533 If the optimization quality @code{safety} is set to 0
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534 (@pxref{Declarations}), error checking for wrong number of
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535 arguments and invalid keyword arguments is disabled. By default,
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536 argument lists are rigorously checked.
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537
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538 @node Time of Evaluation, , Argument Lists, Program Structure
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539 @section Time of Evaluation
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540
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541 @noindent
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542 Normally, the byte-compiler does not actually execute the forms in
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543 a file it compiles. For example, if a file contains @code{(setq foo t)},
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544 the act of compiling it will not actually set @code{foo} to @code{t}.
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545 This is true even if the @code{setq} was a top-level form (i.e., not
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546 enclosed in a @code{defun} or other form). Sometimes, though, you
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547 would like to have certain top-level forms evaluated at compile-time.
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548 For example, the compiler effectively evaluates @code{defmacro} forms
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549 at compile-time so that later parts of the file can refer to the
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550 macros that are defined.
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551
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552 @defspec eval-when (situations...) forms...
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553 This form controls when the body @var{forms} are evaluated.
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554 The @var{situations} list may contain any set of the symbols
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555 @code{compile}, @code{load}, and @code{eval} (or their long-winded
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556 ANSI equivalents, @code{:compile-toplevel}, @code{:load-toplevel},
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557 and @code{:execute}).
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558
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559 The @code{eval-when} form is handled differently depending on
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560 whether or not it is being compiled as a top-level form.
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561 Specifically, it gets special treatment if it is being compiled
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562 by a command such as @code{byte-compile-file} which compiles files
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563 or buffers of code, and it appears either literally at the
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564 top level of the file or inside a top-level @code{progn}.
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565
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566 For compiled top-level @code{eval-when}s, the body @var{forms} are
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567 executed at compile-time if @code{compile} is in the @var{situations}
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568 list, and the @var{forms} are written out to the file (to be executed
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569 at load-time) if @code{load} is in the @var{situations} list.
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570
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571 For non-compiled-top-level forms, only the @code{eval} situation is
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572 relevant. (This includes forms executed by the interpreter, forms
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573 compiled with @code{byte-compile} rather than @code{byte-compile-file},
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574 and non-top-level forms.) The @code{eval-when} acts like a
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575 @code{progn} if @code{eval} is specified, and like @code{nil}
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576 (ignoring the body @var{forms}) if not.
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577
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578 The rules become more subtle when @code{eval-when}s are nested;
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579 consult Steele (second edition) for the gruesome details (and
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580 some gruesome examples).
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581
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582 Some simple examples:
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583
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584 @example
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585 ;; Top-level forms in foo.el:
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586 (eval-when (compile) (setq foo1 'bar))
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587 (eval-when (load) (setq foo2 'bar))
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588 (eval-when (compile load) (setq foo3 'bar))
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589 (eval-when (eval) (setq foo4 'bar))
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590 (eval-when (eval compile) (setq foo5 'bar))
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591 (eval-when (eval load) (setq foo6 'bar))
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592 (eval-when (eval compile load) (setq foo7 'bar))
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593 @end example
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594
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595 When @file{foo.el} is compiled, these variables will be set during
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596 the compilation itself:
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597
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598 @example
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599 foo1 foo3 foo5 foo7 ; `compile'
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600 @end example
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601
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602 When @file{foo.elc} is loaded, these variables will be set:
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603
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604 @example
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605 foo2 foo3 foo6 foo7 ; `load'
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606 @end example
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607
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608 And if @file{foo.el} is loaded uncompiled, these variables will
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609 be set:
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610
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611 @example
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diff changeset
612 foo4 foo5 foo6 foo7 ; `eval'
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613 @end example
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614
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615 If these seven @code{eval-when}s had been, say, inside a @code{defun},
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diff changeset
616 then the first three would have been equivalent to @code{nil} and the
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diff changeset
617 last four would have been equivalent to the corresponding @code{setq}s.
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diff changeset
618
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619 Note that @code{(eval-when (load eval) @dots{})} is equivalent
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620 to @code{(progn @dots{})} in all contexts. The compiler treats
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diff changeset
621 certain top-level forms, like @code{defmacro} (sort-of) and
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diff changeset
622 @code{require}, as if they were wrapped in @code{(eval-when
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diff changeset
623 (compile load eval) @dots{})}.
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624 @end defspec
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625
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626 Emacs includes two special forms related to @code{eval-when}.
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diff changeset
627 One of these, @code{eval-when-compile}, is not quite equivalent to
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628 any @code{eval-when} construct and is described below.
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629
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630 The other form, @code{(eval-and-compile @dots{})}, is exactly
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diff changeset
631 equivalent to @samp{(eval-when (compile load eval) @dots{})} and
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632 so is not itself defined by this package.
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633
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634 @defspec eval-when-compile forms...
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635 The @var{forms} are evaluated at compile-time; at execution time,
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diff changeset
636 this form acts like a quoted constant of the resulting value. Used
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637 at top-level, @code{eval-when-compile} is just like @samp{eval-when
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diff changeset
638 (compile eval)}. In other contexts, @code{eval-when-compile}
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diff changeset
639 allows code to be evaluated once at compile-time for efficiency
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640 or other reasons.
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parents:
diff changeset
641
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642 This form is similar to the @samp{#.} syntax of true Common Lisp.
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643 @end defspec
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644
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645 @defspec load-time-value form
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646 The @var{form} is evaluated at load-time; at execution time,
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diff changeset
647 this form acts like a quoted constant of the resulting value.
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diff changeset
648
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diff changeset
649 Early Common Lisp had a @samp{#,} syntax that was similar to
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diff changeset
650 this, but ANSI Common Lisp replaced it with @code{load-time-value}
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651 and gave it more well-defined semantics.
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652
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653 In a compiled file, @code{load-time-value} arranges for @var{form}
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diff changeset
654 to be evaluated when the @file{.elc} file is loaded and then used
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diff changeset
655 as if it were a quoted constant. In code compiled by
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656 @code{byte-compile} rather than @code{byte-compile-file}, the
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diff changeset
657 effect is identical to @code{eval-when-compile}. In uncompiled
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diff changeset
658 code, both @code{eval-when-compile} and @code{load-time-value}
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659 act exactly like @code{progn}.
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660
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661 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
662 (defun report ()
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 (insert "This function was executed on: "
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 (current-time-string)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 ", compiled on: "
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 (eval-when-compile (current-time-string))
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parents:
diff changeset
667 ;; or '#.(current-time-string) in real Common Lisp
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parents:
diff changeset
668 ", and loaded on: "
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parents:
diff changeset
669 (load-time-value (current-time-string))))
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parents:
diff changeset
670 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
671
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
673 Byte-compiled, the above defun will result in the following code
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 (or its compiled equivalent, of course) in the @file{.elc} file:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
677 (setq --temp-- (current-time-string))
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parents:
diff changeset
678 (defun report ()
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 (insert "This function was executed on: "
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 (current-time-string)
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parents:
diff changeset
681 ", compiled on: "
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 '"Wed Jun 23 18:33:43 1993"
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parents:
diff changeset
683 ", and loaded on: "
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parents:
diff changeset
684 --temp--))
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parents:
diff changeset
685 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
686 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
687
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parents:
diff changeset
688 @node Predicates, Control Structure, Program Structure, Top
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parents:
diff changeset
689 @chapter Predicates
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690
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parents:
diff changeset
691 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
692 This section describes functions for testing whether various
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parents:
diff changeset
693 facts are true or false.
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parents:
diff changeset
694
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parents:
diff changeset
695 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
696 * Type Predicates:: `typep', `deftype', and `coerce'
86275
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
697 * Equality Predicates:: `equalp'
84287
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parents:
diff changeset
698 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
699
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parents:
diff changeset
700 @node Type Predicates, Equality Predicates, Predicates, Predicates
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parents:
diff changeset
701 @section Type Predicates
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parents:
diff changeset
702
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parents:
diff changeset
703 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
704 The @dfn{CL} package defines a version of the Common Lisp @code{typep}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 predicate.
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parents:
diff changeset
706
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parents:
diff changeset
707 @defun typep object type
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parents:
diff changeset
708 Check if @var{object} is of type @var{type}, where @var{type} is a
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parents:
diff changeset
709 (quoted) type name of the sort used by Common Lisp. For example,
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parents:
diff changeset
710 @code{(typep foo 'integer)} is equivalent to @code{(integerp foo)}.
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parents:
diff changeset
711 @end defun
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 The @var{type} argument to the above function is either a symbol
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 or a list beginning with a symbol.
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parents:
diff changeset
715
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parents:
diff changeset
716 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
717 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
718 If the type name is a symbol, Emacs appends @samp{-p} to the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 symbol name to form the name of a predicate function for testing
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 the type. (Built-in predicates whose names end in @samp{p} rather
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 than @samp{-p} are used when appropriate.)
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parents:
diff changeset
722
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 The type symbol @code{t} stands for the union of all types.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 @code{(typep @var{object} t)} is always true. Likewise, the
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parents:
diff changeset
726 type symbol @code{nil} stands for nothing at all, and
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parents:
diff changeset
727 @code{(typep @var{object} nil)} is always false.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 The type symbol @code{null} represents the symbol @code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 Thus @code{(typep @var{object} 'null)} is equivalent to
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 @code{(null @var{object})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 The type symbol @code{atom} represents all objects that are not cons
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 cells. Thus @code{(typep @var{object} 'atom)} is equivalent to
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @code{(atom @var{object})}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 The type symbol @code{real} is a synonym for @code{number}, and
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @code{fixnum} is a synonym for @code{integer}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 The type symbols @code{character} and @code{string-char} match
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 integers in the range from 0 to 255.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 The type symbol @code{float} uses the @code{floatp-safe} predicate
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 defined by this package rather than @code{floatp}, so it will work
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 correctly even in Emacs versions without floating-point support.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 The type list @code{(integer @var{low} @var{high})} represents all
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 integers between @var{low} and @var{high}, inclusive. Either bound
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 may be a list of a single integer to specify an exclusive limit,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 or a @code{*} to specify no limit. The type @code{(integer * *)}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 is thus equivalent to @code{integer}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
760 Likewise, lists beginning with @code{float}, @code{real}, or
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 @code{number} represent numbers of that type falling in a particular
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 range.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 Lists beginning with @code{and}, @code{or}, and @code{not} form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 combinations of types. For example, @code{(or integer (float 0 *))}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 represents all objects that are integers or non-negative floats.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 Lists beginning with @code{member} or @code{member*} represent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 objects @code{eql} to any of the following values. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @code{(member 1 2 3 4)} is equivalent to @code{(integer 1 4)},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 and @code{(member nil)} is equivalent to @code{null}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 Lists of the form @code{(satisfies @var{predicate})} represent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 all objects for which @var{predicate} returns true when called
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 with that object as an argument.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 @end itemize
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 The following function and macro (not technically predicates) are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 related to @code{typep}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 @defun coerce object type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 This function attempts to convert @var{object} to the specified
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @var{type}. If @var{object} is already of that type as determined by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 @code{typep}, it is simply returned. Otherwise, certain types of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 conversions will be made: If @var{type} is any sequence type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 (@code{string}, @code{list}, etc.) then @var{object} will be
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 converted to that type if possible. If @var{type} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 @code{character}, then strings of length one and symbols with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 one-character names can be coerced. If @var{type} is @code{float},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 then integers can be coerced in versions of Emacs that support
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 floats. In all other circumstances, @code{coerce} signals an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 error.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 @defspec deftype name arglist forms...
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 This macro defines a new type called @var{name}. It is similar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 to @code{defmacro} in many ways; when @var{name} is encountered
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 as a type name, the body @var{forms} are evaluated and should
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 return a type specifier that is equivalent to the type. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 @var{arglist} is a Common Lisp argument list of the sort accepted
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 by @code{defmacro*}. The type specifier @samp{(@var{name} @var{args}...)}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 is expanded by calling the expander with those arguments; the type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 symbol @samp{@var{name}} is expanded by calling the expander with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 no arguments. The @var{arglist} is processed the same as for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 @code{defmacro*} except that optional arguments without explicit
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 defaults use @code{*} instead of @code{nil} as the ``default''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 default. Some examples:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 (deftype null () '(satisfies null)) ; predefined
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 (deftype list () '(or null cons)) ; predefined
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 (deftype unsigned-byte (&optional bits)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 (list 'integer 0 (if (eq bits '*) bits (1- (lsh 1 bits)))))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 (unsigned-byte 8) @equiv{} (integer 0 255)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 (unsigned-byte) @equiv{} (integer 0 *)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 unsigned-byte @equiv{} (integer 0 *)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 The last example shows how the Common Lisp @code{unsigned-byte}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 type specifier could be implemented if desired; this package does
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 not implement @code{unsigned-byte} by default.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 The @code{typecase} and @code{check-type} macros also use type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 names. @xref{Conditionals}. @xref{Assertions}. The @code{map},
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830 @code{concatenate}, and @code{merge} functions take type-name
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831 arguments to specify the type of sequence to return. @xref{Sequences}.
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832
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833 @node Equality Predicates, , Type Predicates, Predicates
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834 @section Equality Predicates
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835
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diff changeset
836 @noindent
86275
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
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diff changeset
837 This package defines the Common Lisp predicate @code{equalp}.
84287
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diff changeset
838
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839 @defun equalp a b
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diff changeset
840 This function is a more flexible version of @code{equal}. In
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841 particular, it compares strings case-insensitively, and it compares
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842 numbers without regard to type (so that @code{(equalp 3 3.0)} is
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843 true). Vectors and conses are compared recursively. All other
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844 objects are compared as if by @code{equal}.
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845
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846 This function differs from Common Lisp @code{equalp} in several
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diff changeset
847 respects. First, Common Lisp's @code{equalp} also compares
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diff changeset
848 @emph{characters} case-insensitively, which would be impractical
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849 in this package since Emacs does not distinguish between integers
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850 and characters. In keeping with the idea that strings are less
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diff changeset
851 vector-like in Emacs Lisp, this package's @code{equalp} also will
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852 not compare strings against vectors of integers.
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853 @end defun
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854
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855 Also note that the Common Lisp functions @code{member} and @code{assoc}
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856 use @code{eql} to compare elements, whereas Emacs Lisp follows the
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857 MacLisp tradition and uses @code{equal} for these two functions.
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858 In Emacs, use @code{member*} and @code{assoc*} to get functions
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859 which use @code{eql} for comparisons.
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860
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861 @node Control Structure, Macros, Predicates, Top
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diff changeset
862 @chapter Control Structure
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diff changeset
863
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864 @noindent
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diff changeset
865 The features described in the following sections implement
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diff changeset
866 various advanced control structures, including the powerful
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diff changeset
867 @code{setf} facility and a number of looping and conditional
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diff changeset
868 constructs.
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diff changeset
869
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870 @menu
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diff changeset
871 * Assignment:: The `psetq' form
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diff changeset
872 * Generalized Variables:: `setf', `incf', `push', etc.
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873 * Variable Bindings:: `progv', `lexical-let', `flet', `macrolet'
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874 * Conditionals:: `case', `typecase'
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875 * Blocks and Exits:: `block', `return', `return-from'
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diff changeset
876 * Iteration:: `do', `dotimes', `dolist', `do-symbols'
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877 * Loop Facility:: The Common Lisp `loop' macro
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878 * Multiple Values:: `values', `multiple-value-bind', etc.
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879 @end menu
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diff changeset
880
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881 @node Assignment, Generalized Variables, Control Structure, Control Structure
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parents:
diff changeset
882 @section Assignment
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diff changeset
883
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diff changeset
884 @noindent
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diff changeset
885 The @code{psetq} form is just like @code{setq}, except that multiple
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diff changeset
886 assignments are done in parallel rather than sequentially.
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887
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diff changeset
888 @defspec psetq [symbol form]@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
889 This special form (actually a macro) is used to assign to several
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parents:
diff changeset
890 variables simultaneously. Given only one @var{symbol} and @var{form},
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diff changeset
891 it has the same effect as @code{setq}. Given several @var{symbol}
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parents:
diff changeset
892 and @var{form} pairs, it evaluates all the @var{form}s in advance
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parents:
diff changeset
893 and then stores the corresponding variables afterwards.
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894
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diff changeset
895 @example
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diff changeset
896 (setq x 2 y 3)
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parents:
diff changeset
897 (setq x (+ x y) y (* x y))
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diff changeset
898 x
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diff changeset
899 @result{} 5
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diff changeset
900 y ; @r{@code{y} was computed after @code{x} was set.}
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diff changeset
901 @result{} 15
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diff changeset
902 (setq x 2 y 3)
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parents:
diff changeset
903 (psetq x (+ x y) y (* x y))
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diff changeset
904 x
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diff changeset
905 @result{} 5
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diff changeset
906 y ; @r{@code{y} was computed before @code{x} was set.}
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diff changeset
907 @result{} 6
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diff changeset
908 @end example
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diff changeset
909
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diff changeset
910 The simplest use of @code{psetq} is @code{(psetq x y y x)}, which
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diff changeset
911 exchanges the values of two variables. (The @code{rotatef} form
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diff changeset
912 provides an even more convenient way to swap two variables;
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diff changeset
913 @pxref{Modify Macros}.)
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diff changeset
914
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diff changeset
915 @code{psetq} always returns @code{nil}.
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diff changeset
916 @end defspec
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diff changeset
917
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918 @node Generalized Variables, Variable Bindings, Assignment, Control Structure
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diff changeset
919 @section Generalized Variables
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parents:
diff changeset
920
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diff changeset
921 @noindent
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diff changeset
922 A ``generalized variable'' or ``place form'' is one of the many places
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parents:
diff changeset
923 in Lisp memory where values can be stored. The simplest place form is
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diff changeset
924 a regular Lisp variable. But the cars and cdrs of lists, elements
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diff changeset
925 of arrays, properties of symbols, and many other locations are also
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parents:
diff changeset
926 places where Lisp values are stored.
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diff changeset
927
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diff changeset
928 The @code{setf} form is like @code{setq}, except that it accepts
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parents:
diff changeset
929 arbitrary place forms on the left side rather than just
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diff changeset
930 symbols. For example, @code{(setf (car a) b)} sets the car of
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parents:
diff changeset
931 @code{a} to @code{b}, doing the same operation as @code{(setcar a b)}
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parents:
diff changeset
932 but without having to remember two separate functions for setting
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parents:
diff changeset
933 and accessing every type of place.
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diff changeset
934
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diff changeset
935 Generalized variables are analogous to ``lvalues'' in the C
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parents:
diff changeset
936 language, where @samp{x = a[i]} gets an element from an array
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diff changeset
937 and @samp{a[i] = x} stores an element using the same notation.
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parents:
diff changeset
938 Just as certain forms like @code{a[i]} can be lvalues in C, there
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parents:
diff changeset
939 is a set of forms that can be generalized variables in Lisp.
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parents:
diff changeset
940
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diff changeset
941 @menu
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diff changeset
942 * Basic Setf:: `setf' and place forms
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diff changeset
943 * Modify Macros:: `incf', `push', `rotatef', `letf', `callf', etc.
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diff changeset
944 * Customizing Setf:: `define-modify-macro', `defsetf', `define-setf-method'
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diff changeset
945 @end menu
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diff changeset
946
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diff changeset
947 @node Basic Setf, Modify Macros, Generalized Variables, Generalized Variables
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parents:
diff changeset
948 @subsection Basic Setf
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parents:
diff changeset
949
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diff changeset
950 @noindent
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diff changeset
951 The @code{setf} macro is the most basic way to operate on generalized
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diff changeset
952 variables.
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diff changeset
953
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diff changeset
954 @defspec setf [place form]@dots{}
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diff changeset
955 This macro evaluates @var{form} and stores it in @var{place}, which
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parents:
diff changeset
956 must be a valid generalized variable form. If there are several
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parents:
diff changeset
957 @var{place} and @var{form} pairs, the assignments are done sequentially
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diff changeset
958 just as with @code{setq}. @code{setf} returns the value of the last
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diff changeset
959 @var{form}.
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diff changeset
960
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diff changeset
961 The following Lisp forms will work as generalized variables, and
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parents:
diff changeset
962 so may appear in the @var{place} argument of @code{setf}:
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diff changeset
963
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diff changeset
964 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
965 @item
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diff changeset
966 A symbol naming a variable. In other words, @code{(setf x y)} is
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parents:
diff changeset
967 exactly equivalent to @code{(setq x y)}, and @code{setq} itself is
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parents:
diff changeset
968 strictly speaking redundant now that @code{setf} exists. Many
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diff changeset
969 programmers continue to prefer @code{setq} for setting simple
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diff changeset
970 variables, though, purely for stylistic or historical reasons.
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diff changeset
971 The macro @code{(setf x y)} actually expands to @code{(setq x y)},
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parents:
diff changeset
972 so there is no performance penalty for using it in compiled code.
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diff changeset
973
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diff changeset
974 @item
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diff changeset
975 A call to any of the following Lisp functions:
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976
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diff changeset
977 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
978 car cdr caar .. cddddr
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parents:
diff changeset
979 nth rest first .. tenth
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diff changeset
980 aref elt nthcdr
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diff changeset
981 symbol-function symbol-value symbol-plist
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parents:
diff changeset
982 get get* getf
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parents:
diff changeset
983 gethash subseq
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parents:
diff changeset
984 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
985
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diff changeset
986 @noindent
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diff changeset
987 Note that for @code{nthcdr} and @code{getf}, the list argument
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parents:
diff changeset
988 of the function must itself be a valid @var{place} form. For
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diff changeset
989 example, @code{(setf (nthcdr 0 foo) 7)} will set @code{foo} itself
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diff changeset
990 to 7. Note that @code{push} and @code{pop} on an @code{nthcdr}
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diff changeset
991 place can be used to insert or delete at any position in a list.
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diff changeset
992 The use of @code{nthcdr} as a @var{place} form is an extension
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parents:
diff changeset
993 to standard Common Lisp.
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994
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995 @item
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diff changeset
996 The following Emacs-specific functions are also @code{setf}-able.
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diff changeset
997
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diff changeset
998 @smallexample
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diff changeset
999 buffer-file-name marker-position
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diff changeset
1000 buffer-modified-p match-data
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diff changeset
1001 buffer-name mouse-position
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diff changeset
1002 buffer-string overlay-end
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diff changeset
1003 buffer-substring overlay-get
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 current-buffer overlay-start
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parents:
diff changeset
1005 current-case-table point
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diff changeset
1006 current-column point-marker
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diff changeset
1007 current-global-map point-max
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diff changeset
1008 current-input-mode point-min
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diff changeset
1009 current-local-map process-buffer
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diff changeset
1010 current-window-configuration process-filter
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diff changeset
1011 default-file-modes process-sentinel
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diff changeset
1012 default-value read-mouse-position
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diff changeset
1013 documentation-property screen-height
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diff changeset
1014 extent-data screen-menubar
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diff changeset
1015 extent-end-position screen-width
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diff changeset
1016 extent-start-position selected-window
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diff changeset
1017 face-background selected-screen
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diff changeset
1018 face-background-pixmap selected-frame
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diff changeset
1019 face-font standard-case-table
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diff changeset
1020 face-foreground syntax-table
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diff changeset
1021 face-underline-p window-buffer
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diff changeset
1022 file-modes window-dedicated-p
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diff changeset
1023 frame-height window-display-table
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diff changeset
1024 frame-parameters window-height
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diff changeset
1025 frame-visible-p window-hscroll
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diff changeset
1026 frame-width window-point
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diff changeset
1027 get-register window-start
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diff changeset
1028 getenv window-width
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diff changeset
1029 global-key-binding x-get-cut-buffer
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diff changeset
1030 keymap-parent x-get-cutbuffer
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diff changeset
1031 local-key-binding x-get-secondary-selection
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diff changeset
1032 mark x-get-selection
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diff changeset
1033 mark-marker
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diff changeset
1034 @end smallexample
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diff changeset
1035
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diff changeset
1036 Most of these have directly corresponding ``set'' functions, like
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diff changeset
1037 @code{use-local-map} for @code{current-local-map}, or @code{goto-char}
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diff changeset
1038 for @code{point}. A few, like @code{point-min}, expand to longer
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diff changeset
1039 sequences of code when they are @code{setf}'d (@code{(narrow-to-region
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diff changeset
1040 x (point-max))} in this case).
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1041
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1042 @item
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diff changeset
1043 A call of the form @code{(substring @var{subplace} @var{n} [@var{m}])},
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diff changeset
1044 where @var{subplace} is itself a valid generalized variable whose
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diff changeset
1045 current value is a string, and where the value stored is also a
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diff changeset
1046 string. The new string is spliced into the specified part of the
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diff changeset
1047 destination string. For example:
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diff changeset
1048
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1049 @example
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diff changeset
1050 (setq a (list "hello" "world"))
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diff changeset
1051 @result{} ("hello" "world")
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diff changeset
1052 (cadr a)
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diff changeset
1053 @result{} "world"
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diff changeset
1054 (substring (cadr a) 2 4)
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diff changeset
1055 @result{} "rl"
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diff changeset
1056 (setf (substring (cadr a) 2 4) "o")
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diff changeset
1057 @result{} "o"
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diff changeset
1058 (cadr a)
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diff changeset
1059 @result{} "wood"
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diff changeset
1060 a
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diff changeset
1061 @result{} ("hello" "wood")
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diff changeset
1062 @end example
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diff changeset
1063
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diff changeset
1064 The generalized variable @code{buffer-substring}, listed above,
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parents:
diff changeset
1065 also works in this way by replacing a portion of the current buffer.
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diff changeset
1066
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diff changeset
1067 @item
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diff changeset
1068 A call of the form @code{(apply '@var{func} @dots{})} or
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parents:
diff changeset
1069 @code{(apply (function @var{func}) @dots{})}, where @var{func}
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 is a @code{setf}-able function whose store function is ``suitable''
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parents:
diff changeset
1071 in the sense described in Steele's book; since none of the standard
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parents:
diff changeset
1072 Emacs place functions are suitable in this sense, this feature is
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parents:
diff changeset
1073 only interesting when used with places you define yourself with
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parents:
diff changeset
1074 @code{define-setf-method} or the long form of @code{defsetf}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1075
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diff changeset
1076 @item
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diff changeset
1077 A macro call, in which case the macro is expanded and @code{setf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1078 is applied to the resulting form.
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diff changeset
1079
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diff changeset
1080 @item
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diff changeset
1081 Any form for which a @code{defsetf} or @code{define-setf-method}
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parents:
diff changeset
1082 has been made.
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diff changeset
1083 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
1084
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diff changeset
1085 Using any forms other than these in the @var{place} argument to
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diff changeset
1086 @code{setf} will signal an error.
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parents:
diff changeset
1087
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diff changeset
1088 The @code{setf} macro takes care to evaluate all subforms in
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parents:
diff changeset
1089 the proper left-to-right order; for example,
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diff changeset
1090
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diff changeset
1091 @example
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diff changeset
1092 (setf (aref vec (incf i)) i)
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parents:
diff changeset
1093 @end example
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diff changeset
1094
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diff changeset
1095 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1096 looks like it will evaluate @code{(incf i)} exactly once, before the
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parents:
diff changeset
1097 following access to @code{i}; the @code{setf} expander will insert
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parents:
diff changeset
1098 temporary variables as necessary to ensure that it does in fact work
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parents:
diff changeset
1099 this way no matter what setf-method is defined for @code{aref}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1100 (In this case, @code{aset} would be used and no such steps would
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parents:
diff changeset
1101 be necessary since @code{aset} takes its arguments in a convenient
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parents:
diff changeset
1102 order.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1103
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diff changeset
1104 However, if the @var{place} form is a macro which explicitly
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 evaluates its arguments in an unusual order, this unusual order
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parents:
diff changeset
1106 will be preserved. Adapting an example from Steele, given
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parents:
diff changeset
1107
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diff changeset
1108 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1109 (defmacro wrong-order (x y) (list 'aref y x))
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parents:
diff changeset
1110 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1111
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parents:
diff changeset
1112 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1113 the form @code{(setf (wrong-order @var{a} @var{b}) 17)} will
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parents:
diff changeset
1114 evaluate @var{b} first, then @var{a}, just as in an actual call
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parents:
diff changeset
1115 to @code{wrong-order}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1116 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1117
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diff changeset
1118 @node Modify Macros, Customizing Setf, Basic Setf, Generalized Variables
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parents:
diff changeset
1119 @subsection Modify Macros
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parents:
diff changeset
1120
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parents:
diff changeset
1121 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1122 This package defines a number of other macros besides @code{setf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 that operate on generalized variables. Many are interesting and
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 useful even when the @var{place} is just a variable name.
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parents:
diff changeset
1125
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 @defspec psetf [place form]@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1127 This macro is to @code{setf} what @code{psetq} is to @code{setq}:
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parents:
diff changeset
1128 When several @var{place}s and @var{form}s are involved, the
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parents:
diff changeset
1129 assignments take place in parallel rather than sequentially.
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parents:
diff changeset
1130 Specifically, all subforms are evaluated from left to right, then
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parents:
diff changeset
1131 all the assignments are done (in an undefined order).
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parents:
diff changeset
1132 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
1133
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diff changeset
1134 @defspec incf place &optional x
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parents:
diff changeset
1135 This macro increments the number stored in @var{place} by one, or
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parents:
diff changeset
1136 by @var{x} if specified. The incremented value is returned. For
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parents:
diff changeset
1137 example, @code{(incf i)} is equivalent to @code{(setq i (1+ i))}, and
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parents:
diff changeset
1138 @code{(incf (car x) 2)} is equivalent to @code{(setcar x (+ (car x) 2))}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1139
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parents:
diff changeset
1140 Once again, care is taken to preserve the ``apparent'' order of
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parents:
diff changeset
1141 evaluation. For example,
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parents:
diff changeset
1142
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diff changeset
1143 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1144 (incf (aref vec (incf i)))
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parents:
diff changeset
1145 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1146
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parents:
diff changeset
1147 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1148 appears to increment @code{i} once, then increment the element of
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parents:
diff changeset
1149 @code{vec} addressed by @code{i}; this is indeed exactly what it
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parents:
diff changeset
1150 does, which means the above form is @emph{not} equivalent to the
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 ``obvious'' expansion,
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parents:
diff changeset
1152
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parents:
diff changeset
1153 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1154 (setf (aref vec (incf i)) (1+ (aref vec (incf i)))) ; Wrong!
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parents:
diff changeset
1155 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1156
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parents:
diff changeset
1157 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1158 but rather to something more like
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parents:
diff changeset
1159
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parents:
diff changeset
1160 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1161 (let ((temp (incf i)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 (setf (aref vec temp) (1+ (aref vec temp))))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 Again, all of this is taken care of automatically by @code{incf} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 the other generalized-variable macros.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169 As a more Emacs-specific example of @code{incf}, the expression
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 @code{(incf (point) @var{n})} is essentially equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171 @code{(forward-char @var{n})}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 @defspec decf place &optional x
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 This macro decrements the number stored in @var{place} by one, or
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1176 by @var{x} if specified.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 @defspec pop place
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180 This macro removes and returns the first element of the list stored
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 in @var{place}. It is analogous to @code{(prog1 (car @var{place})
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 (setf @var{place} (cdr @var{place})))}, except that it takes care
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 to evaluate all subforms only once.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 @defspec push x place
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 This macro inserts @var{x} at the front of the list stored in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 @var{place}. It is analogous to @code{(setf @var{place} (cons
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 @var{x} @var{place}))}, except for evaluation of the subforms.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191
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parents:
diff changeset
1192 @defspec pushnew x place @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 This macro inserts @var{x} at the front of the list stored in
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 @var{place}, but only if @var{x} was not @code{eql} to any
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1195 existing element of the list. The optional keyword arguments
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196 are interpreted in the same way as for @code{adjoin}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197 @xref{Lists as Sets}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199
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parents:
diff changeset
1200 @defspec shiftf place@dots{} newvalue
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 This macro shifts the @var{place}s left by one, shifting in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 value of @var{newvalue} (which may be any Lisp expression, not just
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 a generalized variable), and returning the value shifted out of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204 the first @var{place}. Thus, @code{(shiftf @var{a} @var{b} @var{c}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 @var{d})} is equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 (prog1
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209 @var{a}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 (psetf @var{a} @var{b}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 @var{b} @var{c}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 @var{c} @var{d}))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 except that the subforms of @var{a}, @var{b}, and @var{c} are actually
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 evaluated only once each and in the apparent order.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1218 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1219
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1220 @defspec rotatef place@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1221 This macro rotates the @var{place}s left by one in circular fashion.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1222 Thus, @code{(rotatef @var{a} @var{b} @var{c} @var{d})} is equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1223
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1224 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 (psetf @var{a} @var{b}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 @var{b} @var{c}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 @var{c} @var{d}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 @var{d} @var{a})
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1230
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1231 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232 except for the evaluation of subforms. @code{rotatef} always
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233 returns @code{nil}. Note that @code{(rotatef @var{a} @var{b})}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1234 conveniently exchanges @var{a} and @var{b}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1235 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 The following macros were invented for this package; they have no
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 analogues in Common Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240 @defspec letf (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1241 This macro is analogous to @code{let}, but for generalized variables
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242 rather than just symbols. Each @var{binding} should be of the form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 @code{(@var{place} @var{value})}; the original contents of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1244 @var{place}s are saved, the @var{value}s are stored in them, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1245 then the body @var{form}s are executed. Afterwards, the @var{places}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246 are set back to their original saved contents. This cleanup happens
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 even if the @var{form}s exit irregularly due to a @code{throw} or an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 error.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 (letf (((point) (point-min))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 (a 17))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 ...)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259 moves ``point'' in the current buffer to the beginning of the buffer,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260 and also binds @code{a} to 17 (as if by a normal @code{let}, since
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261 @code{a} is just a regular variable). After the body exits, @code{a}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 is set back to its original value and point is moved back to its
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 original position.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 Note that @code{letf} on @code{(point)} is not quite like a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 @code{save-excursion}, as the latter effectively saves a marker
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 which tracks insertions and deletions in the buffer. Actually,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 a @code{letf} of @code{(point-marker)} is much closer to this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 behavior. (@code{point} and @code{point-marker} are equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1270 as @code{setf} places; each will accept either an integer or a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 marker as the stored value.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 Since generalized variables look like lists, @code{let}'s shorthand
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 of using @samp{foo} for @samp{(foo nil)} as a @var{binding} would
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 be ambiguous in @code{letf} and is not allowed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 However, a @var{binding} specifier may be a one-element list
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 @samp{(@var{place})}, which is similar to @samp{(@var{place}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 @var{place})}. In other words, the @var{place} is not disturbed
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 on entry to the body, and the only effect of the @code{letf} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 to restore the original value of @var{place} afterwards. (The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282 redundant access-and-store suggested by the @code{(@var{place}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 @var{place})} example does not actually occur.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 In most cases, the @var{place} must have a well-defined value on
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 entry to the @code{letf} form. The only exceptions are plain
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 variables and calls to @code{symbol-value} and @code{symbol-function}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 If the symbol is not bound on entry, it is simply made unbound by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 @code{makunbound} or @code{fmakunbound} on exit.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292 @defspec letf* (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 This macro is to @code{letf} what @code{let*} is to @code{let}:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 It does the bindings in sequential rather than parallel order.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 @defspec callf @var{function} @var{place} @var{args}@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 This is the ``generic'' modify macro. It calls @var{function},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 which should be an unquoted function name, macro name, or lambda.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 It passes @var{place} and @var{args} as arguments, and assigns the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 result back to @var{place}. For example, @code{(incf @var{place}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 @var{n})} is the same as @code{(callf + @var{place} @var{n})}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 Some more examples:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 (callf abs my-number)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 (callf concat (buffer-name) "<" (int-to-string n) ">")
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 (callf union happy-people (list joe bob) :test 'same-person)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 @xref{Customizing Setf}, for @code{define-modify-macro}, a way
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 to create even more concise notations for modify macros. Note
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313 again that @code{callf} is an extension to standard Common Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 @defspec callf2 @var{function} @var{arg1} @var{place} @var{args}@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 This macro is like @code{callf}, except that @var{place} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 the @emph{second} argument of @var{function} rather than the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 first. For example, @code{(push @var{x} @var{place})} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 equivalent to @code{(callf2 cons @var{x} @var{place})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 @end defspec
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1322
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diff changeset
1323 The @code{callf} and @code{callf2} macros serve as building
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diff changeset
1324 blocks for other macros like @code{incf}, @code{pushnew}, and
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1325 @code{define-modify-macro}. The @code{letf} and @code{letf*}
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diff changeset
1326 macros are used in the processing of symbol macros;
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diff changeset
1327 @pxref{Macro Bindings}.
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diff changeset
1328
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diff changeset
1329 @node Customizing Setf, , Modify Macros, Generalized Variables
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diff changeset
1330 @subsection Customizing Setf
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diff changeset
1331
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diff changeset
1332 @noindent
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diff changeset
1333 Common Lisp defines three macros, @code{define-modify-macro},
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diff changeset
1334 @code{defsetf}, and @code{define-setf-method}, that allow the
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diff changeset
1335 user to extend generalized variables in various ways.
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1336
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diff changeset
1337 @defspec define-modify-macro name arglist function [doc-string]
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diff changeset
1338 This macro defines a ``read-modify-write'' macro similar to
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diff changeset
1339 @code{incf} and @code{decf}. The macro @var{name} is defined
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1340 to take a @var{place} argument followed by additional arguments
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diff changeset
1341 described by @var{arglist}. The call
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1342
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1343 @example
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diff changeset
1344 (@var{name} @var{place} @var{args}...)
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diff changeset
1345 @end example
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diff changeset
1346
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diff changeset
1347 @noindent
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diff changeset
1348 will be expanded to
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diff changeset
1349
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diff changeset
1350 @example
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diff changeset
1351 (callf @var{func} @var{place} @var{args}...)
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diff changeset
1352 @end example
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diff changeset
1353
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diff changeset
1354 @noindent
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diff changeset
1355 which in turn is roughly equivalent to
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diff changeset
1356
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diff changeset
1357 @example
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diff changeset
1358 (setf @var{place} (@var{func} @var{place} @var{args}...))
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diff changeset
1359 @end example
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diff changeset
1360
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1361 For example:
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diff changeset
1362
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diff changeset
1363 @example
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diff changeset
1364 (define-modify-macro incf (&optional (n 1)) +)
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parents:
diff changeset
1365 (define-modify-macro concatf (&rest args) concat)
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diff changeset
1366 @end example
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diff changeset
1367
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diff changeset
1368 Note that @code{&key} is not allowed in @var{arglist}, but
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diff changeset
1369 @code{&rest} is sufficient to pass keywords on to the function.
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diff changeset
1370
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diff changeset
1371 Most of the modify macros defined by Common Lisp do not exactly
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diff changeset
1372 follow the pattern of @code{define-modify-macro}. For example,
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diff changeset
1373 @code{push} takes its arguments in the wrong order, and @code{pop}
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diff changeset
1374 is completely irregular. You can define these macros ``by hand''
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parents:
diff changeset
1375 using @code{get-setf-method}, or consult the source file
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diff changeset
1376 @file{cl-macs.el} to see how to use the internal @code{setf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1377 building blocks.
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diff changeset
1378 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1379
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diff changeset
1380 @defspec defsetf access-fn update-fn
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parents:
diff changeset
1381 This is the simpler of two @code{defsetf} forms. Where
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diff changeset
1382 @var{access-fn} is the name of a function which accesses a place,
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diff changeset
1383 this declares @var{update-fn} to be the corresponding store
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diff changeset
1384 function. From now on,
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diff changeset
1385
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diff changeset
1386 @example
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diff changeset
1387 (setf (@var{access-fn} @var{arg1} @var{arg2} @var{arg3}) @var{value})
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parents:
diff changeset
1388 @end example
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diff changeset
1389
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diff changeset
1390 @noindent
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diff changeset
1391 will be expanded to
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diff changeset
1392
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diff changeset
1393 @example
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diff changeset
1394 (@var{update-fn} @var{arg1} @var{arg2} @var{arg3} @var{value})
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diff changeset
1395 @end example
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diff changeset
1396
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diff changeset
1397 @noindent
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diff changeset
1398 The @var{update-fn} is required to be either a true function, or
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diff changeset
1399 a macro which evaluates its arguments in a function-like way. Also,
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diff changeset
1400 the @var{update-fn} is expected to return @var{value} as its result.
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diff changeset
1401 Otherwise, the above expansion would not obey the rules for the way
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diff changeset
1402 @code{setf} is supposed to behave.
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diff changeset
1403
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diff changeset
1404 As a special (non-Common-Lisp) extension, a third argument of @code{t}
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diff changeset
1405 to @code{defsetf} says that the @code{update-fn}'s return value is
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diff changeset
1406 not suitable, so that the above @code{setf} should be expanded to
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diff changeset
1407 something more like
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diff changeset
1408
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diff changeset
1409 @example
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diff changeset
1410 (let ((temp @var{value}))
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diff changeset
1411 (@var{update-fn} @var{arg1} @var{arg2} @var{arg3} temp)
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diff changeset
1412 temp)
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diff changeset
1413 @end example
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diff changeset
1414
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diff changeset
1415 Some examples of the use of @code{defsetf}, drawn from the standard
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diff changeset
1416 suite of setf methods, are:
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diff changeset
1417
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diff changeset
1418 @example
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diff changeset
1419 (defsetf car setcar)
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diff changeset
1420 (defsetf symbol-value set)
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diff changeset
1421 (defsetf buffer-name rename-buffer t)
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diff changeset
1422 @end example
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diff changeset
1423 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1424
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diff changeset
1425 @defspec defsetf access-fn arglist (store-var) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1426 This is the second, more complex, form of @code{defsetf}. It is
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diff changeset
1427 rather like @code{defmacro} except for the additional @var{store-var}
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diff changeset
1428 argument. The @var{forms} should return a Lisp form which stores
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diff changeset
1429 the value of @var{store-var} into the generalized variable formed
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parents:
diff changeset
1430 by a call to @var{access-fn} with arguments described by @var{arglist}.
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diff changeset
1431 The @var{forms} may begin with a string which documents the @code{setf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1432 method (analogous to the doc string that appears at the front of a
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diff changeset
1433 function).
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diff changeset
1434
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diff changeset
1435 For example, the simple form of @code{defsetf} is shorthand for
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diff changeset
1436
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diff changeset
1437 @example
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diff changeset
1438 (defsetf @var{access-fn} (&rest args) (store)
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diff changeset
1439 (append '(@var{update-fn}) args (list store)))
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diff changeset
1440 @end example
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diff changeset
1441
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diff changeset
1442 The Lisp form that is returned can access the arguments from
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diff changeset
1443 @var{arglist} and @var{store-var} in an unrestricted fashion;
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parents:
diff changeset
1444 macros like @code{setf} and @code{incf} which invoke this
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diff changeset
1445 setf-method will insert temporary variables as needed to make
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diff changeset
1446 sure the apparent order of evaluation is preserved.
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diff changeset
1447
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diff changeset
1448 Another example drawn from the standard package:
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diff changeset
1449
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diff changeset
1450 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1451 (defsetf nth (n x) (store)
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parents:
diff changeset
1452 (list 'setcar (list 'nthcdr n x) store))
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parents:
diff changeset
1453 @end example
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diff changeset
1454 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1455
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diff changeset
1456 @defspec define-setf-method access-fn arglist forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1457 This is the most general way to create new place forms. When
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parents:
diff changeset
1458 a @code{setf} to @var{access-fn} with arguments described by
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parents:
diff changeset
1459 @var{arglist} is expanded, the @var{forms} are evaluated and
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diff changeset
1460 must return a list of five items:
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parents:
diff changeset
1461
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parents:
diff changeset
1462 @enumerate
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parents:
diff changeset
1463 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1464 A list of @dfn{temporary variables}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1465
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diff changeset
1466 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1467 A list of @dfn{value forms} corresponding to the temporary variables
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parents:
diff changeset
1468 above. The temporary variables will be bound to these value forms
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parents:
diff changeset
1469 as the first step of any operation on the generalized variable.
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parents:
diff changeset
1470
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diff changeset
1471 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1472 A list of exactly one @dfn{store variable} (generally obtained
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parents:
diff changeset
1473 from a call to @code{gensym}).
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parents:
diff changeset
1474
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diff changeset
1475 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1476 A Lisp form which stores the contents of the store variable into
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parents:
diff changeset
1477 the generalized variable, assuming the temporaries have been
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parents:
diff changeset
1478 bound as described above.
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diff changeset
1479
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diff changeset
1480 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1481 A Lisp form which accesses the contents of the generalized variable,
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parents:
diff changeset
1482 assuming the temporaries have been bound.
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parents:
diff changeset
1483 @end enumerate
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parents:
diff changeset
1484
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diff changeset
1485 This is exactly like the Common Lisp macro of the same name,
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parents:
diff changeset
1486 except that the method returns a list of five values rather
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parents:
diff changeset
1487 than the five values themselves, since Emacs Lisp does not
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parents:
diff changeset
1488 support Common Lisp's notion of multiple return values.
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parents:
diff changeset
1489
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parents:
diff changeset
1490 Once again, the @var{forms} may begin with a documentation string.
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parents:
diff changeset
1491
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diff changeset
1492 A setf-method should be maximally conservative with regard to
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parents:
diff changeset
1493 temporary variables. In the setf-methods generated by
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parents:
diff changeset
1494 @code{defsetf}, the second return value is simply the list of
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parents:
diff changeset
1495 arguments in the place form, and the first return value is a
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parents:
diff changeset
1496 list of a corresponding number of temporary variables generated
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parents:
diff changeset
1497 by @code{gensym}. Macros like @code{setf} and @code{incf} which
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parents:
diff changeset
1498 use this setf-method will optimize away most temporaries that
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parents:
diff changeset
1499 turn out to be unnecessary, so there is little reason for the
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diff changeset
1500 setf-method itself to optimize.
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diff changeset
1501 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1502
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diff changeset
1503 @defun get-setf-method place &optional env
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parents:
diff changeset
1504 This function returns the setf-method for @var{place}, by
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parents:
diff changeset
1505 invoking the definition previously recorded by @code{defsetf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1506 or @code{define-setf-method}. The result is a list of five
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parents:
diff changeset
1507 values as described above. You can use this function to build
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parents:
diff changeset
1508 your own @code{incf}-like modify macros. (Actually, it is
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parents:
diff changeset
1509 better to use the internal functions @code{cl-setf-do-modify}
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parents:
diff changeset
1510 and @code{cl-setf-do-store}, which are a bit easier to use and
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parents:
diff changeset
1511 which also do a number of optimizations; consult the source
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diff changeset
1512 code for the @code{incf} function for a simple example.)
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diff changeset
1513
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diff changeset
1514 The argument @var{env} specifies the ``environment'' to be
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diff changeset
1515 passed on to @code{macroexpand} if @code{get-setf-method} should
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diff changeset
1516 need to expand a macro in @var{place}. It should come from
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diff changeset
1517 an @code{&environment} argument to the macro or setf-method
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diff changeset
1518 that called @code{get-setf-method}.
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diff changeset
1519
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diff changeset
1520 See also the source code for the setf-methods for @code{apply}
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diff changeset
1521 and @code{substring}, each of which works by calling
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diff changeset
1522 @code{get-setf-method} on a simpler case, then massaging
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diff changeset
1523 the result in various ways.
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diff changeset
1524 @end defun
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diff changeset
1525
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diff changeset
1526 Modern Common Lisp defines a second, independent way to specify
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parents:
diff changeset
1527 the @code{setf} behavior of a function, namely ``@code{setf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1528 functions'' whose names are lists @code{(setf @var{name})}
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parents:
diff changeset
1529 rather than symbols. For example, @code{(defun (setf foo) @dots{})}
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parents:
diff changeset
1530 defines the function that is used when @code{setf} is applied to
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diff changeset
1531 @code{foo}. This package does not currently support @code{setf}
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parents:
diff changeset
1532 functions. In particular, it is a compile-time error to use
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diff changeset
1533 @code{setf} on a form which has not already been @code{defsetf}'d
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parents:
diff changeset
1534 or otherwise declared; in newer Common Lisps, this would not be
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parents:
diff changeset
1535 an error since the function @code{(setf @var{func})} might be
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parents:
diff changeset
1536 defined later.
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parents:
diff changeset
1537
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parents:
diff changeset
1538 @iftex
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parents:
diff changeset
1539 @secno=4
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parents:
diff changeset
1540 @end iftex
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parents:
diff changeset
1541
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diff changeset
1542 @node Variable Bindings, Conditionals, Generalized Variables, Control Structure
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parents:
diff changeset
1543 @section Variable Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1544
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parents:
diff changeset
1545 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1546 These Lisp forms make bindings to variables and function names,
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parents:
diff changeset
1547 analogous to Lisp's built-in @code{let} form.
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parents:
diff changeset
1548
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parents:
diff changeset
1549 @xref{Modify Macros}, for the @code{letf} and @code{letf*} forms which
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1550 are also related to variable bindings.
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parents:
diff changeset
1551
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parents:
diff changeset
1552 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1553 * Dynamic Bindings:: The `progv' form
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parents:
diff changeset
1554 * Lexical Bindings:: `lexical-let' and lexical closures
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parents:
diff changeset
1555 * Function Bindings:: `flet' and `labels'
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parents:
diff changeset
1556 * Macro Bindings:: `macrolet' and `symbol-macrolet'
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parents:
diff changeset
1557 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1558
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parents:
diff changeset
1559 @node Dynamic Bindings, Lexical Bindings, Variable Bindings, Variable Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1560 @subsection Dynamic Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1561
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parents:
diff changeset
1562 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1563 The standard @code{let} form binds variables whose names are known
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parents:
diff changeset
1564 at compile-time. The @code{progv} form provides an easy way to
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parents:
diff changeset
1565 bind variables whose names are computed at run-time.
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parents:
diff changeset
1566
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parents:
diff changeset
1567 @defspec progv symbols values forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1568 This form establishes @code{let}-style variable bindings on a
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parents:
diff changeset
1569 set of variables computed at run-time. The expressions
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parents:
diff changeset
1570 @var{symbols} and @var{values} are evaluated, and must return lists
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parents:
diff changeset
1571 of symbols and values, respectively. The symbols are bound to the
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parents:
diff changeset
1572 corresponding values for the duration of the body @var{form}s.
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parents:
diff changeset
1573 If @var{values} is shorter than @var{symbols}, the last few symbols
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parents:
diff changeset
1574 are made unbound (as if by @code{makunbound}) inside the body.
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parents:
diff changeset
1575 If @var{symbols} is shorter than @var{values}, the excess values
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parents:
diff changeset
1576 are ignored.
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parents:
diff changeset
1577 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
1578
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parents:
diff changeset
1579 @node Lexical Bindings, Function Bindings, Dynamic Bindings, Variable Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1580 @subsection Lexical Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1581
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parents:
diff changeset
1582 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1583 The @dfn{CL} package defines the following macro which
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parents:
diff changeset
1584 more closely follows the Common Lisp @code{let} form:
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parents:
diff changeset
1585
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parents:
diff changeset
1586 @defspec lexical-let (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1587 This form is exactly like @code{let} except that the bindings it
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parents:
diff changeset
1588 establishes are purely lexical. Lexical bindings are similar to
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parents:
diff changeset
1589 local variables in a language like C: Only the code physically
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parents:
diff changeset
1590 within the body of the @code{lexical-let} (after macro expansion)
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parents:
diff changeset
1591 may refer to the bound variables.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1592
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parents:
diff changeset
1593 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1594 (setq a 5)
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parents:
diff changeset
1595 (defun foo (b) (+ a b))
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parents:
diff changeset
1596 (let ((a 2)) (foo a))
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parents:
diff changeset
1597 @result{} 4
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parents:
diff changeset
1598 (lexical-let ((a 2)) (foo a))
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parents:
diff changeset
1599 @result{} 7
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parents:
diff changeset
1600 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1601
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parents:
diff changeset
1602 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1603 In this example, a regular @code{let} binding of @code{a} actually
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parents:
diff changeset
1604 makes a temporary change to the global variable @code{a}, so @code{foo}
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parents:
diff changeset
1605 is able to see the binding of @code{a} to 2. But @code{lexical-let}
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parents:
diff changeset
1606 actually creates a distinct local variable @code{a} for use within its
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parents:
diff changeset
1607 body, without any effect on the global variable of the same name.
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parents:
diff changeset
1608
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parents:
diff changeset
1609 The most important use of lexical bindings is to create @dfn{closures}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1610 A closure is a function object that refers to an outside lexical
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parents:
diff changeset
1611 variable. For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1612
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parents:
diff changeset
1613 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1614 (defun make-adder (n)
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parents:
diff changeset
1615 (lexical-let ((n n))
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parents:
diff changeset
1616 (function (lambda (m) (+ n m)))))
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parents:
diff changeset
1617 (setq add17 (make-adder 17))
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parents:
diff changeset
1618 (funcall add17 4)
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parents:
diff changeset
1619 @result{} 21
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parents:
diff changeset
1620 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1621
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parents:
diff changeset
1622 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1623 The call @code{(make-adder 17)} returns a function object which adds
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parents:
diff changeset
1624 17 to its argument. If @code{let} had been used instead of
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parents:
diff changeset
1625 @code{lexical-let}, the function object would have referred to the
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parents:
diff changeset
1626 global @code{n}, which would have been bound to 17 only during the
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parents:
diff changeset
1627 call to @code{make-adder} itself.
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parents:
diff changeset
1628
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parents:
diff changeset
1629 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1630 (defun make-counter ()
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parents:
diff changeset
1631 (lexical-let ((n 0))
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parents:
diff changeset
1632 (function* (lambda (&optional (m 1)) (incf n m)))))
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parents:
diff changeset
1633 (setq count-1 (make-counter))
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parents:
diff changeset
1634 (funcall count-1 3)
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parents:
diff changeset
1635 @result{} 3
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parents:
diff changeset
1636 (funcall count-1 14)
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parents:
diff changeset
1637 @result{} 17
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parents:
diff changeset
1638 (setq count-2 (make-counter))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1639 (funcall count-2 5)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1640 @result{} 5
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parents:
diff changeset
1641 (funcall count-1 2)
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parents:
diff changeset
1642 @result{} 19
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parents:
diff changeset
1643 (funcall count-2)
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parents:
diff changeset
1644 @result{} 6
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parents:
diff changeset
1645 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1646
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parents:
diff changeset
1647 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1648 Here we see that each call to @code{make-counter} creates a distinct
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parents:
diff changeset
1649 local variable @code{n}, which serves as a private counter for the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1650 function object that is returned.
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parents:
diff changeset
1651
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1652 Closed-over lexical variables persist until the last reference to
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parents:
diff changeset
1653 them goes away, just like all other Lisp objects. For example,
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parents:
diff changeset
1654 @code{count-2} refers to a function object which refers to an
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parents:
diff changeset
1655 instance of the variable @code{n}; this is the only reference
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parents:
diff changeset
1656 to that variable, so after @code{(setq count-2 nil)} the garbage
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parents:
diff changeset
1657 collector would be able to delete this instance of @code{n}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1658 Of course, if a @code{lexical-let} does not actually create any
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parents:
diff changeset
1659 closures, then the lexical variables are free as soon as the
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diff changeset
1660 @code{lexical-let} returns.
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parents:
diff changeset
1661
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diff changeset
1662 Many closures are used only during the extent of the bindings they
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parents:
diff changeset
1663 refer to; these are known as ``downward funargs'' in Lisp parlance.
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parents:
diff changeset
1664 When a closure is used in this way, regular Emacs Lisp dynamic
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parents:
diff changeset
1665 bindings suffice and will be more efficient than @code{lexical-let}
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diff changeset
1666 closures:
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diff changeset
1667
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diff changeset
1668 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1669 (defun add-to-list (x list)
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parents:
diff changeset
1670 (mapcar (lambda (y) (+ x y))) list)
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diff changeset
1671 (add-to-list 7 '(1 2 5))
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diff changeset
1672 @result{} (8 9 12)
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diff changeset
1673 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1674
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diff changeset
1675 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1676 Since this lambda is only used while @code{x} is still bound,
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parents:
diff changeset
1677 it is not necessary to make a true closure out of it.
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diff changeset
1678
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diff changeset
1679 You can use @code{defun} or @code{flet} inside a @code{lexical-let}
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parents:
diff changeset
1680 to create a named closure. If several closures are created in the
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parents:
diff changeset
1681 body of a single @code{lexical-let}, they all close over the same
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parents:
diff changeset
1682 instance of the lexical variable.
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diff changeset
1683
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diff changeset
1684 The @code{lexical-let} form is an extension to Common Lisp. In
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diff changeset
1685 true Common Lisp, all bindings are lexical unless declared otherwise.
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parents:
diff changeset
1686 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
1687
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diff changeset
1688 @defspec lexical-let* (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1689 This form is just like @code{lexical-let}, except that the bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1690 are made sequentially in the manner of @code{let*}.
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diff changeset
1691 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1692
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diff changeset
1693 @node Function Bindings, Macro Bindings, Lexical Bindings, Variable Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1694 @subsection Function Bindings
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diff changeset
1695
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diff changeset
1696 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1697 These forms make @code{let}-like bindings to functions instead
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parents:
diff changeset
1698 of variables.
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parents:
diff changeset
1699
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diff changeset
1700 @defspec flet (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1701 This form establishes @code{let}-style bindings on the function
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parents:
diff changeset
1702 cells of symbols rather than on the value cells. Each @var{binding}
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parents:
diff changeset
1703 must be a list of the form @samp{(@var{name} @var{arglist}
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parents:
diff changeset
1704 @var{forms}@dots{})}, which defines a function exactly as if
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parents:
diff changeset
1705 it were a @code{defun*} form. The function @var{name} is defined
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parents:
diff changeset
1706 accordingly for the duration of the body of the @code{flet}; then
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parents:
diff changeset
1707 the old function definition, or lack thereof, is restored.
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parents:
diff changeset
1708
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diff changeset
1709 While @code{flet} in Common Lisp establishes a lexical binding of
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parents:
diff changeset
1710 @var{name}, Emacs Lisp @code{flet} makes a dynamic binding. The
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parents:
diff changeset
1711 result is that @code{flet} affects indirect calls to a function as
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diff changeset
1712 well as calls directly inside the @code{flet} form itself.
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parents:
diff changeset
1713
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diff changeset
1714 You can use @code{flet} to disable or modify the behavior of a
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parents:
diff changeset
1715 function in a temporary fashion. This will even work on Emacs
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parents:
diff changeset
1716 primitives, although note that some calls to primitive functions
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parents:
diff changeset
1717 internal to Emacs are made without going through the symbol's
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parents:
diff changeset
1718 function cell, and so will not be affected by @code{flet}. For
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diff changeset
1719 example,
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diff changeset
1720
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diff changeset
1721 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1722 (flet ((message (&rest args) (push args saved-msgs)))
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parents:
diff changeset
1723 (do-something))
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parents:
diff changeset
1724 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1725
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diff changeset
1726 This code attempts to replace the built-in function @code{message}
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parents:
diff changeset
1727 with a function that simply saves the messages in a list rather
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parents:
diff changeset
1728 than displaying them. The original definition of @code{message}
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parents:
diff changeset
1729 will be restored after @code{do-something} exits. This code will
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parents:
diff changeset
1730 work fine on messages generated by other Lisp code, but messages
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parents:
diff changeset
1731 generated directly inside Emacs will not be caught since they make
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parents:
diff changeset
1732 direct C-language calls to the message routines rather than going
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parents:
diff changeset
1733 through the Lisp @code{message} function.
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parents:
diff changeset
1734
99064
d3c8765b4701 (Function Bindings): Mention `flet' fails to deal with byte-compiling
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 98415
diff changeset
1735 @c Bug#411.
d3c8765b4701 (Function Bindings): Mention `flet' fails to deal with byte-compiling
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 98415
diff changeset
1736 Also note that many primitives (e.g. @code{+}) have special byte-compile
d3c8765b4701 (Function Bindings): Mention `flet' fails to deal with byte-compiling
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 98415
diff changeset
1737 handling. Attempts to redefine such functions using @code{flet} will
d3c8765b4701 (Function Bindings): Mention `flet' fails to deal with byte-compiling
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 98415
diff changeset
1738 fail if byte-compiled. In such cases, use @code{labels} instead.
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parents: 98415
diff changeset
1739
84287
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parents:
diff changeset
1740 Functions defined by @code{flet} may use the full Common Lisp
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parents:
diff changeset
1741 argument notation supported by @code{defun*}; also, the function
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parents:
diff changeset
1742 body is enclosed in an implicit block as if by @code{defun*}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1743 @xref{Program Structure}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1744 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
1745
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diff changeset
1746 @defspec labels (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1747 The @code{labels} form is like @code{flet}, except that it
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parents:
diff changeset
1748 makes lexical bindings of the function names rather than
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parents:
diff changeset
1749 dynamic bindings. (In true Common Lisp, both @code{flet} and
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parents:
diff changeset
1750 @code{labels} make lexical bindings of slightly different sorts;
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parents:
diff changeset
1751 since Emacs Lisp is dynamically bound by default, it seemed
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parents:
diff changeset
1752 more appropriate for @code{flet} also to use dynamic binding.
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parents:
diff changeset
1753 The @code{labels} form, with its lexical binding, is fully
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parents:
diff changeset
1754 compatible with Common Lisp.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1755
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diff changeset
1756 Lexical scoping means that all references to the named
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parents:
diff changeset
1757 functions must appear physically within the body of the
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parents:
diff changeset
1758 @code{labels} form. References may appear both in the body
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parents:
diff changeset
1759 @var{forms} of @code{labels} itself, and in the bodies of
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parents:
diff changeset
1760 the functions themselves. Thus, @code{labels} can define
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parents:
diff changeset
1761 local recursive functions, or mutually-recursive sets of
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parents:
diff changeset
1762 functions.
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parents:
diff changeset
1763
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diff changeset
1764 A ``reference'' to a function name is either a call to that
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parents:
diff changeset
1765 function, or a use of its name quoted by @code{quote} or
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parents:
diff changeset
1766 @code{function} to be passed on to, say, @code{mapcar}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1767 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1768
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diff changeset
1769 @node Macro Bindings, , Function Bindings, Variable Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1770 @subsection Macro Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
1771
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parents:
diff changeset
1772 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1773 These forms create local macros and ``symbol macros.''
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parents:
diff changeset
1774
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parents:
diff changeset
1775 @defspec macrolet (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1776 This form is analogous to @code{flet}, but for macros instead of
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parents:
diff changeset
1777 functions. Each @var{binding} is a list of the same form as the
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parents:
diff changeset
1778 arguments to @code{defmacro*} (i.e., a macro name, argument list,
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parents:
diff changeset
1779 and macro-expander forms). The macro is defined accordingly for
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parents:
diff changeset
1780 use within the body of the @code{macrolet}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1781
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parents:
diff changeset
1782 Because of the nature of macros, @code{macrolet} is lexically
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parents:
diff changeset
1783 scoped even in Emacs Lisp: The @code{macrolet} binding will
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parents:
diff changeset
1784 affect only calls that appear physically within the body
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parents:
diff changeset
1785 @var{forms}, possibly after expansion of other macros in the
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parents:
diff changeset
1786 body.
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parents:
diff changeset
1787 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
1788
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parents:
diff changeset
1789 @defspec symbol-macrolet (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1790 This form creates @dfn{symbol macros}, which are macros that look
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parents:
diff changeset
1791 like variable references rather than function calls. Each
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parents:
diff changeset
1792 @var{binding} is a list @samp{(@var{var} @var{expansion})};
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parents:
diff changeset
1793 any reference to @var{var} within the body @var{forms} is
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parents:
diff changeset
1794 replaced by @var{expansion}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1795
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parents:
diff changeset
1796 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1797 (setq bar '(5 . 9))
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parents:
diff changeset
1798 (symbol-macrolet ((foo (car bar)))
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parents:
diff changeset
1799 (incf foo))
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parents:
diff changeset
1800 bar
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parents:
diff changeset
1801 @result{} (6 . 9)
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parents:
diff changeset
1802 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1803
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parents:
diff changeset
1804 A @code{setq} of a symbol macro is treated the same as a @code{setf}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1805 I.e., @code{(setq foo 4)} in the above would be equivalent to
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parents:
diff changeset
1806 @code{(setf foo 4)}, which in turn expands to @code{(setf (car bar) 4)}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1807
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parents:
diff changeset
1808 Likewise, a @code{let} or @code{let*} binding a symbol macro is
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parents:
diff changeset
1809 treated like a @code{letf} or @code{letf*}. This differs from true
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parents:
diff changeset
1810 Common Lisp, where the rules of lexical scoping cause a @code{let}
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parents:
diff changeset
1811 binding to shadow a @code{symbol-macrolet} binding. In this package,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1812 only @code{lexical-let} and @code{lexical-let*} will shadow a symbol
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1813 macro.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1814
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1815 There is no analogue of @code{defmacro} for symbol macros; all symbol
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1816 macros are local. A typical use of @code{symbol-macrolet} is in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1817 expansion of another macro:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1818
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1819 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1820 (defmacro* my-dolist ((x list) &rest body)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1821 (let ((var (gensym)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1822 (list 'loop 'for var 'on list 'do
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1823 (list* 'symbol-macrolet (list (list x (list 'car var)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1824 body))))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1825
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1826 (setq mylist '(1 2 3 4))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1827 (my-dolist (x mylist) (incf x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1828 mylist
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1829 @result{} (2 3 4 5)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1830 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1831
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1832 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1833 In this example, the @code{my-dolist} macro is similar to @code{dolist}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1834 (@pxref{Iteration}) except that the variable @code{x} becomes a true
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1835 reference onto the elements of the list. The @code{my-dolist} call
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1836 shown here expands to
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1837
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1838 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1839 (loop for G1234 on mylist do
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1840 (symbol-macrolet ((x (car G1234)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1841 (incf x)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1842 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1843
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parents:
diff changeset
1844 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1845 which in turn expands to
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1846
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1847 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1848 (loop for G1234 on mylist do (incf (car G1234)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1849 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1850
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1851 @xref{Loop Facility}, for a description of the @code{loop} macro.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1852 This package defines a nonstandard @code{in-ref} loop clause that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1853 works much like @code{my-dolist}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1854 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
1855
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parents:
diff changeset
1856 @node Conditionals, Blocks and Exits, Variable Bindings, Control Structure
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1857 @section Conditionals
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1858
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1859 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1860 These conditional forms augment Emacs Lisp's simple @code{if},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1861 @code{and}, @code{or}, and @code{cond} forms.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1862
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1863 @defspec case keyform clause@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1864 This macro evaluates @var{keyform}, then compares it with the key
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1865 values listed in the various @var{clause}s. Whichever clause matches
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1866 the key is executed; comparison is done by @code{eql}. If no clause
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1867 matches, the @code{case} form returns @code{nil}. The clauses are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1868 of the form
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1869
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1870 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1871 (@var{keylist} @var{body-forms}@dots{})
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1872 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1873
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1874 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1875 where @var{keylist} is a list of key values. If there is exactly
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1876 one value, and it is not a cons cell or the symbol @code{nil} or
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1877 @code{t}, then it can be used by itself as a @var{keylist} without
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1878 being enclosed in a list. All key values in the @code{case} form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1879 must be distinct. The final clauses may use @code{t} in place of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1880 a @var{keylist} to indicate a default clause that should be taken
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1881 if none of the other clauses match. (The symbol @code{otherwise}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1882 is also recognized in place of @code{t}. To make a clause that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1883 matches the actual symbol @code{t}, @code{nil}, or @code{otherwise},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1884 enclose the symbol in a list.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1885
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1886 For example, this expression reads a keystroke, then does one of
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1887 four things depending on whether it is an @samp{a}, a @samp{b},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1888 a @key{RET} or @kbd{C-j}, or anything else.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1889
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1890 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1891 (case (read-char)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1892 (?a (do-a-thing))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1893 (?b (do-b-thing))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1894 ((?\r ?\n) (do-ret-thing))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1895 (t (do-other-thing)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1896 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1897 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1898
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1899 @defspec ecase keyform clause@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
1900 This macro is just like @code{case}, except that if the key does
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1901 not match any of the clauses, an error is signaled rather than
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1902 simply returning @code{nil}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1903 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1904
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1905 @defspec typecase keyform clause@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1906 This macro is a version of @code{case} that checks for types
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1907 rather than values. Each @var{clause} is of the form
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1908 @samp{(@var{type} @var{body}...)}. @xref{Type Predicates},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1909 for a description of type specifiers. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1910
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1911 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1912 (typecase x
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1913 (integer (munch-integer x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1914 (float (munch-float x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1915 (string (munch-integer (string-to-int x)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1916 (t (munch-anything x)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1917 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1918
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parents:
diff changeset
1919 The type specifier @code{t} matches any type of object; the word
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parents:
diff changeset
1920 @code{otherwise} is also allowed. To make one clause match any of
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1921 several types, use an @code{(or ...)} type specifier.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1922 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1923
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parents:
diff changeset
1924 @defspec etypecase keyform clause@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1925 This macro is just like @code{typecase}, except that if the key does
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1926 not match any of the clauses, an error is signaled rather than
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1927 simply returning @code{nil}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1928 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1929
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parents:
diff changeset
1930 @node Blocks and Exits, Iteration, Conditionals, Control Structure
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1931 @section Blocks and Exits
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1932
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parents:
diff changeset
1933 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1934 Common Lisp @dfn{blocks} provide a non-local exit mechanism very
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
1935 similar to @code{catch} and @code{throw}, but lexically rather than
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1936 dynamically scoped. This package actually implements @code{block}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1937 in terms of @code{catch}; however, the lexical scoping allows the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1938 optimizing byte-compiler to omit the costly @code{catch} step if the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1939 body of the block does not actually @code{return-from} the block.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1940
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1941 @defspec block name forms@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1942 The @var{forms} are evaluated as if by a @code{progn}. However,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1943 if any of the @var{forms} execute @code{(return-from @var{name})},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1944 they will jump out and return directly from the @code{block} form.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1945 The @code{block} returns the result of the last @var{form} unless
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1946 a @code{return-from} occurs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1947
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1948 The @code{block}/@code{return-from} mechanism is quite similar to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1949 the @code{catch}/@code{throw} mechanism. The main differences are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1950 that block @var{name}s are unevaluated symbols, rather than forms
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1951 (such as quoted symbols) which evaluate to a tag at run-time; and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1952 also that blocks are lexically scoped whereas @code{catch}/@code{throw}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1953 are dynamically scoped. This means that functions called from the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1954 body of a @code{catch} can also @code{throw} to the @code{catch},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1955 but the @code{return-from} referring to a block name must appear
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1956 physically within the @var{forms} that make up the body of the block.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1957 They may not appear within other called functions, although they may
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1958 appear within macro expansions or @code{lambda}s in the body. Block
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1959 names and @code{catch} names form independent name-spaces.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1960
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1961 In true Common Lisp, @code{defun} and @code{defmacro} surround
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1962 the function or expander bodies with implicit blocks with the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1963 same name as the function or macro. This does not occur in Emacs
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parents:
diff changeset
1964 Lisp, but this package provides @code{defun*} and @code{defmacro*}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1965 forms which do create the implicit block.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1966
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1967 The Common Lisp looping constructs defined by this package,
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1968 such as @code{loop} and @code{dolist}, also create implicit blocks
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1969 just as in Common Lisp.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1970
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1971 Because they are implemented in terms of Emacs Lisp @code{catch}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1972 and @code{throw}, blocks have the same overhead as actual
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1973 @code{catch} constructs (roughly two function calls). However,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1974 the optimizing byte compiler will optimize away the @code{catch}
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diff changeset
1975 if the block does
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diff changeset
1976 not in fact contain any @code{return} or @code{return-from} calls
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diff changeset
1977 that jump to it. This means that @code{do} loops and @code{defun*}
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diff changeset
1978 functions which don't use @code{return} don't pay the overhead to
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diff changeset
1979 support it.
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diff changeset
1980 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1981
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diff changeset
1982 @defspec return-from name [result]
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diff changeset
1983 This macro returns from the block named @var{name}, which must be
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diff changeset
1984 an (unevaluated) symbol. If a @var{result} form is specified, it
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1985 is evaluated to produce the result returned from the @code{block}.
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diff changeset
1986 Otherwise, @code{nil} is returned.
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diff changeset
1987 @end defspec
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diff changeset
1988
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diff changeset
1989 @defspec return [result]
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diff changeset
1990 This macro is exactly like @code{(return-from nil @var{result})}.
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diff changeset
1991 Common Lisp loops like @code{do} and @code{dolist} implicitly enclose
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diff changeset
1992 themselves in @code{nil} blocks.
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diff changeset
1993 @end defspec
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1994
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1995 @node Iteration, Loop Facility, Blocks and Exits, Control Structure
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diff changeset
1996 @section Iteration
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1997
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diff changeset
1998 @noindent
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diff changeset
1999 The macros described here provide more sophisticated, high-level
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diff changeset
2000 looping constructs to complement Emacs Lisp's basic @code{while}
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diff changeset
2001 loop.
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diff changeset
2002
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diff changeset
2003 @defspec loop forms@dots{}
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diff changeset
2004 The @dfn{CL} package supports both the simple, old-style meaning of
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diff changeset
2005 @code{loop} and the extremely powerful and flexible feature known as
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diff changeset
2006 the @dfn{Loop Facility} or @dfn{Loop Macro}. This more advanced
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diff changeset
2007 facility is discussed in the following section; @pxref{Loop Facility}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2008 The simple form of @code{loop} is described here.
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diff changeset
2009
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diff changeset
2010 If @code{loop} is followed by zero or more Lisp expressions,
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diff changeset
2011 then @code{(loop @var{exprs}@dots{})} simply creates an infinite
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parents:
diff changeset
2012 loop executing the expressions over and over. The loop is
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diff changeset
2013 enclosed in an implicit @code{nil} block. Thus,
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diff changeset
2014
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diff changeset
2015 @example
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diff changeset
2016 (loop (foo) (if (no-more) (return 72)) (bar))
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diff changeset
2017 @end example
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diff changeset
2018
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2019 @noindent
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diff changeset
2020 is exactly equivalent to
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diff changeset
2021
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diff changeset
2022 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2023 (block nil (while t (foo) (if (no-more) (return 72)) (bar)))
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diff changeset
2024 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2025
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diff changeset
2026 If any of the expressions are plain symbols, the loop is instead
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parents:
diff changeset
2027 interpreted as a Loop Macro specification as described later.
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parents:
diff changeset
2028 (This is not a restriction in practice, since a plain symbol
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diff changeset
2029 in the above notation would simply access and throw away the
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diff changeset
2030 value of a variable.)
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diff changeset
2031 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2032
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diff changeset
2033 @defspec do (spec@dots{}) (end-test [result@dots{}]) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2034 This macro creates a general iterative loop. Each @var{spec} is
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parents:
diff changeset
2035 of the form
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diff changeset
2036
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diff changeset
2037 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2038 (@var{var} [@var{init} [@var{step}]])
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diff changeset
2039 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2040
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diff changeset
2041 The loop works as follows: First, each @var{var} is bound to the
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parents:
diff changeset
2042 associated @var{init} value as if by a @code{let} form. Then, in
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parents:
diff changeset
2043 each iteration of the loop, the @var{end-test} is evaluated; if
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parents:
diff changeset
2044 true, the loop is finished. Otherwise, the body @var{forms} are
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parents:
diff changeset
2045 evaluated, then each @var{var} is set to the associated @var{step}
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parents:
diff changeset
2046 expression (as if by a @code{psetq} form) and the next iteration
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parents:
diff changeset
2047 begins. Once the @var{end-test} becomes true, the @var{result}
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parents:
diff changeset
2048 forms are evaluated (with the @var{var}s still bound to their
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parents:
diff changeset
2049 values) to produce the result returned by @code{do}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2050
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diff changeset
2051 The entire @code{do} loop is enclosed in an implicit @code{nil}
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parents:
diff changeset
2052 block, so that you can use @code{(return)} to break out of the
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parents:
diff changeset
2053 loop at any time.
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parents:
diff changeset
2054
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diff changeset
2055 If there are no @var{result} forms, the loop returns @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2056 If a given @var{var} has no @var{step} form, it is bound to its
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parents:
diff changeset
2057 @var{init} value but not otherwise modified during the @code{do}
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parents:
diff changeset
2058 loop (unless the code explicitly modifies it); this case is just
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parents:
diff changeset
2059 a shorthand for putting a @code{(let ((@var{var} @var{init})) @dots{})}
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parents:
diff changeset
2060 around the loop. If @var{init} is also omitted it defaults to
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parents:
diff changeset
2061 @code{nil}, and in this case a plain @samp{@var{var}} can be used
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parents:
diff changeset
2062 in place of @samp{(@var{var})}, again following the analogy with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2063 @code{let}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2064
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diff changeset
2065 This example (from Steele) illustrates a loop which applies the
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parents:
diff changeset
2066 function @code{f} to successive pairs of values from the lists
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parents:
diff changeset
2067 @code{foo} and @code{bar}; it is equivalent to the call
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parents:
diff changeset
2068 @code{(mapcar* 'f foo bar)}. Note that this loop has no body
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parents:
diff changeset
2069 @var{forms} at all, performing all its work as side effects of
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parents:
diff changeset
2070 the rest of the loop.
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parents:
diff changeset
2071
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parents:
diff changeset
2072 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2073 (do ((x foo (cdr x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2074 (y bar (cdr y))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2075 (z nil (cons (f (car x) (car y)) z)))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2076 ((or (null x) (null y))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2077 (nreverse z)))
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parents:
diff changeset
2078 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2079 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2080
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diff changeset
2081 @defspec do* (spec@dots{}) (end-test [result@dots{}]) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2082 This is to @code{do} what @code{let*} is to @code{let}. In
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2083 particular, the initial values are bound as if by @code{let*}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2084 rather than @code{let}, and the steps are assigned as if by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2085 @code{setq} rather than @code{psetq}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2086
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2087 Here is another way to write the above loop:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2088
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parents:
diff changeset
2089 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2090 (do* ((xp foo (cdr xp))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2091 (yp bar (cdr yp))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2092 (x (car xp) (car xp))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2093 (y (car yp) (car yp))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2094 z)
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parents:
diff changeset
2095 ((or (null xp) (null yp))
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parents:
diff changeset
2096 (nreverse z))
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parents:
diff changeset
2097 (push (f x y) z))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2098 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2099 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2100
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parents:
diff changeset
2101 @defspec dolist (var list [result]) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2102 This is a more specialized loop which iterates across the elements
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parents:
diff changeset
2103 of a list. @var{list} should evaluate to a list; the body @var{forms}
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parents:
diff changeset
2104 are executed with @var{var} bound to each element of the list in
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parents:
diff changeset
2105 turn. Finally, the @var{result} form (or @code{nil}) is evaluated
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2106 with @var{var} bound to @code{nil} to produce the result returned by
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2107 the loop. Unlike with Emacs's built in @code{dolist}, the loop is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2108 surrounded by an implicit @code{nil} block.
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parents:
diff changeset
2109 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2110
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parents:
diff changeset
2111 @defspec dotimes (var count [result]) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2112 This is a more specialized loop which iterates a specified number
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parents:
diff changeset
2113 of times. The body is executed with @var{var} bound to the integers
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parents:
diff changeset
2114 from zero (inclusive) to @var{count} (exclusive), in turn. Then
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parents:
diff changeset
2115 the @code{result} form is evaluated with @var{var} bound to the total
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parents:
diff changeset
2116 number of iterations that were done (i.e., @code{(max 0 @var{count})})
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parents:
diff changeset
2117 to get the return value for the loop form. Unlike with Emacs's built in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
2118 @code{dolist}, the loop is surrounded by an implicit @code{nil} block.
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parents:
diff changeset
2119 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2120
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parents:
diff changeset
2121 @defspec do-symbols (var [obarray [result]]) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2122 This loop iterates over all interned symbols. If @var{obarray}
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parents:
diff changeset
2123 is specified and is not @code{nil}, it loops over all symbols in
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parents:
diff changeset
2124 that obarray. For each symbol, the body @var{forms} are evaluated
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parents:
diff changeset
2125 with @var{var} bound to that symbol. The symbols are visited in
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parents:
diff changeset
2126 an unspecified order. Afterward the @var{result} form, if any,
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parents:
diff changeset
2127 is evaluated (with @var{var} bound to @code{nil}) to get the return
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parents:
diff changeset
2128 value. The loop is surrounded by an implicit @code{nil} block.
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parents:
diff changeset
2129 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2130
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parents:
diff changeset
2131 @defspec do-all-symbols (var [result]) forms@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2132 This is identical to @code{do-symbols} except that the @var{obarray}
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parents:
diff changeset
2133 argument is omitted; it always iterates over the default obarray.
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parents:
diff changeset
2134 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2135
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diff changeset
2136 @xref{Mapping over Sequences}, for some more functions for
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diff changeset
2137 iterating over vectors or lists.
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diff changeset
2138
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diff changeset
2139 @node Loop Facility, Multiple Values, Iteration, Control Structure
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parents:
diff changeset
2140 @section Loop Facility
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diff changeset
2141
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diff changeset
2142 @noindent
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diff changeset
2143 A common complaint with Lisp's traditional looping constructs is
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diff changeset
2144 that they are either too simple and limited, such as Common Lisp's
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diff changeset
2145 @code{dotimes} or Emacs Lisp's @code{while}, or too unreadable and
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diff changeset
2146 obscure, like Common Lisp's @code{do} loop.
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diff changeset
2147
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diff changeset
2148 To remedy this, recent versions of Common Lisp have added a new
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diff changeset
2149 construct called the ``Loop Facility'' or ``@code{loop} macro,''
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diff changeset
2150 with an easy-to-use but very powerful and expressive syntax.
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diff changeset
2151
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diff changeset
2152 @menu
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diff changeset
2153 * Loop Basics:: `loop' macro, basic clause structure
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diff changeset
2154 * Loop Examples:: Working examples of `loop' macro
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diff changeset
2155 * For Clauses:: Clauses introduced by `for' or `as'
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2156 * Iteration Clauses:: `repeat', `while', `thereis', etc.
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diff changeset
2157 * Accumulation Clauses:: `collect', `sum', `maximize', etc.
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2158 * Other Clauses:: `with', `if', `initially', `finally'
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diff changeset
2159 @end menu
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diff changeset
2160
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2161 @node Loop Basics, Loop Examples, Loop Facility, Loop Facility
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2162 @subsection Loop Basics
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2163
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2164 @noindent
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diff changeset
2165 The @code{loop} macro essentially creates a mini-language within
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2166 Lisp that is specially tailored for describing loops. While this
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diff changeset
2167 language is a little strange-looking by the standards of regular Lisp,
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diff changeset
2168 it turns out to be very easy to learn and well-suited to its purpose.
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2169
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2170 Since @code{loop} is a macro, all parsing of the loop language
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diff changeset
2171 takes place at byte-compile time; compiled @code{loop}s are just
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2172 as efficient as the equivalent @code{while} loops written longhand.
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2173
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diff changeset
2174 @defspec loop clauses@dots{}
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diff changeset
2175 A loop construct consists of a series of @var{clause}s, each
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diff changeset
2176 introduced by a symbol like @code{for} or @code{do}. Clauses
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diff changeset
2177 are simply strung together in the argument list of @code{loop},
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diff changeset
2178 with minimal extra parentheses. The various types of clauses
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diff changeset
2179 specify initializations, such as the binding of temporary
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diff changeset
2180 variables, actions to be taken in the loop, stepping actions,
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diff changeset
2181 and final cleanup.
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diff changeset
2182
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2183 Common Lisp specifies a certain general order of clauses in a
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diff changeset
2184 loop:
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diff changeset
2185
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diff changeset
2186 @example
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diff changeset
2187 (loop @var{name-clause}
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diff changeset
2188 @var{var-clauses}@dots{}
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diff changeset
2189 @var{action-clauses}@dots{})
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diff changeset
2190 @end example
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diff changeset
2191
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diff changeset
2192 The @var{name-clause} optionally gives a name to the implicit
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diff changeset
2193 block that surrounds the loop. By default, the implicit block
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diff changeset
2194 is named @code{nil}. The @var{var-clauses} specify what
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diff changeset
2195 variables should be bound during the loop, and how they should
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diff changeset
2196 be modified or iterated throughout the course of the loop. The
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diff changeset
2197 @var{action-clauses} are things to be done during the loop, such
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diff changeset
2198 as computing, collecting, and returning values.
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parents:
diff changeset
2199
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diff changeset
2200 The Emacs version of the @code{loop} macro is less restrictive about
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diff changeset
2201 the order of clauses, but things will behave most predictably if
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2202 you put the variable-binding clauses @code{with}, @code{for}, and
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diff changeset
2203 @code{repeat} before the action clauses. As in Common Lisp,
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diff changeset
2204 @code{initially} and @code{finally} clauses can go anywhere.
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diff changeset
2205
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diff changeset
2206 Loops generally return @code{nil} by default, but you can cause
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diff changeset
2207 them to return a value by using an accumulation clause like
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diff changeset
2208 @code{collect}, an end-test clause like @code{always}, or an
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parents:
diff changeset
2209 explicit @code{return} clause to jump out of the implicit block.
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diff changeset
2210 (Because the loop body is enclosed in an implicit block, you can
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diff changeset
2211 also use regular Lisp @code{return} or @code{return-from} to
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diff changeset
2212 break out of the loop.)
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diff changeset
2213 @end defspec
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parents:
diff changeset
2214
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diff changeset
2215 The following sections give some examples of the Loop Macro in
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parents:
diff changeset
2216 action, and describe the particular loop clauses in great detail.
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diff changeset
2217 Consult the second edition of Steele's @dfn{Common Lisp, the Language},
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parents:
diff changeset
2218 for additional discussion and examples of the @code{loop} macro.
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diff changeset
2219
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diff changeset
2220 @node Loop Examples, For Clauses, Loop Basics, Loop Facility
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diff changeset
2221 @subsection Loop Examples
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diff changeset
2222
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diff changeset
2223 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2224 Before listing the full set of clauses that are allowed, let's
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diff changeset
2225 look at a few example loops just to get a feel for the @code{loop}
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diff changeset
2226 language.
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diff changeset
2227
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diff changeset
2228 @example
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diff changeset
2229 (loop for buf in (buffer-list)
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diff changeset
2230 collect (buffer-file-name buf))
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diff changeset
2231 @end example
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diff changeset
2232
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diff changeset
2233 @noindent
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diff changeset
2234 This loop iterates over all Emacs buffers, using the list
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parents:
diff changeset
2235 returned by @code{buffer-list}. For each buffer @code{buf},
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parents:
diff changeset
2236 it calls @code{buffer-file-name} and collects the results into
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parents:
diff changeset
2237 a list, which is then returned from the @code{loop} construct.
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parents:
diff changeset
2238 The result is a list of the file names of all the buffers in
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parents:
diff changeset
2239 Emacs' memory. The words @code{for}, @code{in}, and @code{collect}
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parents:
diff changeset
2240 are reserved words in the @code{loop} language.
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parents:
diff changeset
2241
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diff changeset
2242 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2243 (loop repeat 20 do (insert "Yowsa\n"))
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parents:
diff changeset
2244 @end example
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diff changeset
2245
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parents:
diff changeset
2246 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2247 This loop inserts the phrase ``Yowsa'' twenty times in the
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parents:
diff changeset
2248 current buffer.
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diff changeset
2249
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diff changeset
2250 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2251 (loop until (eobp) do (munch-line) (forward-line 1))
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parents:
diff changeset
2252 @end example
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diff changeset
2253
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diff changeset
2254 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2255 This loop calls @code{munch-line} on every line until the end
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parents:
diff changeset
2256 of the buffer. If point is already at the end of the buffer,
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parents:
diff changeset
2257 the loop exits immediately.
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parents:
diff changeset
2258
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diff changeset
2259 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2260 (loop do (munch-line) until (eobp) do (forward-line 1))
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parents:
diff changeset
2261 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2262
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parents:
diff changeset
2263 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2264 This loop is similar to the above one, except that @code{munch-line}
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parents:
diff changeset
2265 is always called at least once.
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parents:
diff changeset
2266
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parents:
diff changeset
2267 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2268 (loop for x from 1 to 100
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parents:
diff changeset
2269 for y = (* x x)
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parents:
diff changeset
2270 until (>= y 729)
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parents:
diff changeset
2271 finally return (list x (= y 729)))
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parents:
diff changeset
2272 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2273
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parents:
diff changeset
2274 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2275 This more complicated loop searches for a number @code{x} whose
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parents:
diff changeset
2276 square is 729. For safety's sake it only examines @code{x}
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parents:
diff changeset
2277 values up to 100; dropping the phrase @samp{to 100} would
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parents:
diff changeset
2278 cause the loop to count upwards with no limit. The second
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parents:
diff changeset
2279 @code{for} clause defines @code{y} to be the square of @code{x}
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parents:
diff changeset
2280 within the loop; the expression after the @code{=} sign is
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parents:
diff changeset
2281 reevaluated each time through the loop. The @code{until}
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parents:
diff changeset
2282 clause gives a condition for terminating the loop, and the
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parents:
diff changeset
2283 @code{finally} clause says what to do when the loop finishes.
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parents:
diff changeset
2284 (This particular example was written less concisely than it
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parents:
diff changeset
2285 could have been, just for the sake of illustration.)
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parents:
diff changeset
2286
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parents:
diff changeset
2287 Note that even though this loop contains three clauses (two
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parents:
diff changeset
2288 @code{for}s and an @code{until}) that would have been enough to
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parents:
diff changeset
2289 define loops all by themselves, it still creates a single loop
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parents:
diff changeset
2290 rather than some sort of triple-nested loop. You must explicitly
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parents:
diff changeset
2291 nest your @code{loop} constructs if you want nested loops.
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parents:
diff changeset
2292
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parents:
diff changeset
2293 @node For Clauses, Iteration Clauses, Loop Examples, Loop Facility
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parents:
diff changeset
2294 @subsection For Clauses
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parents:
diff changeset
2295
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parents:
diff changeset
2296 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2297 Most loops are governed by one or more @code{for} clauses.
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parents:
diff changeset
2298 A @code{for} clause simultaneously describes variables to be
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parents:
diff changeset
2299 bound, how those variables are to be stepped during the loop,
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parents:
diff changeset
2300 and usually an end condition based on those variables.
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parents:
diff changeset
2301
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parents:
diff changeset
2302 The word @code{as} is a synonym for the word @code{for}. This
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
2303 word is followed by a variable name, then a word like @code{from}
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parents:
diff changeset
2304 or @code{across} that describes the kind of iteration desired.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2305 In Common Lisp, the phrase @code{being the} sometimes precedes
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2306 the type of iteration; in this package both @code{being} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
2307 @code{the} are optional. The word @code{each} is a synonym
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2308 for @code{the}, and the word that follows it may be singular
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2309 or plural: @samp{for x being the elements of y} or
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2310 @samp{for x being each element of y}. Which form you use
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2311 is purely a matter of style.
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parents:
diff changeset
2312
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parents:
diff changeset
2313 The variable is bound around the loop as if by @code{let}:
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parents:
diff changeset
2314
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parents:
diff changeset
2315 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2316 (setq i 'happy)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2317 (loop for i from 1 to 10 do (do-something-with i))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2318 i
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2319 @result{} happy
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parents:
diff changeset
2320 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2321
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parents:
diff changeset
2322 @table @code
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parents:
diff changeset
2323 @item for @var{var} from @var{expr1} to @var{expr2} by @var{expr3}
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parents:
diff changeset
2324 This type of @code{for} clause creates a counting loop. Each of
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parents:
diff changeset
2325 the three sub-terms is optional, though there must be at least one
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parents:
diff changeset
2326 term so that the clause is marked as a counting clause.
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parents:
diff changeset
2327
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parents:
diff changeset
2328 The three expressions are the starting value, the ending value, and
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parents:
diff changeset
2329 the step value, respectively, of the variable. The loop counts
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parents:
diff changeset
2330 upwards by default (@var{expr3} must be positive), from @var{expr1}
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parents:
diff changeset
2331 to @var{expr2} inclusively. If you omit the @code{from} term, the
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parents:
diff changeset
2332 loop counts from zero; if you omit the @code{to} term, the loop
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parents:
diff changeset
2333 counts forever without stopping (unless stopped by some other
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parents:
diff changeset
2334 loop clause, of course); if you omit the @code{by} term, the loop
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2335 counts in steps of one.
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parents:
diff changeset
2336
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parents:
diff changeset
2337 You can replace the word @code{from} with @code{upfrom} or
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parents:
diff changeset
2338 @code{downfrom} to indicate the direction of the loop. Likewise,
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parents:
diff changeset
2339 you can replace @code{to} with @code{upto} or @code{downto}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2340 For example, @samp{for x from 5 downto 1} executes five times
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parents:
diff changeset
2341 with @code{x} taking on the integers from 5 down to 1 in turn.
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parents:
diff changeset
2342 Also, you can replace @code{to} with @code{below} or @code{above},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2343 which are like @code{upto} and @code{downto} respectively except
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2344 that they are exclusive rather than inclusive limits:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2345
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2346 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2347 (loop for x to 10 collect x)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2348 @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2349 (loop for x below 10 collect x)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2350 @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
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parents:
diff changeset
2351 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2352
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parents:
diff changeset
2353 The @code{by} value is always positive, even for downward-counting
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2354 loops. Some sort of @code{from} value is required for downward
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2355 loops; @samp{for x downto 5} is not a valid loop clause all by
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2356 itself.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2357
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parents:
diff changeset
2358 @item for @var{var} in @var{list} by @var{function}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2359 This clause iterates @var{var} over all the elements of @var{list},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2360 in turn. If you specify the @code{by} term, then @var{function}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2361 is used to traverse the list instead of @code{cdr}; it must be a
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2362 function taking one argument. For example:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2363
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2364 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2365 (loop for x in '(1 2 3 4 5 6) collect (* x x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2366 @result{} (1 4 9 16 25 36)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2367 (loop for x in '(1 2 3 4 5 6) by 'cddr collect (* x x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2368 @result{} (1 9 25)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2369 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2370
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2371 @item for @var{var} on @var{list} by @var{function}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2372 This clause iterates @var{var} over all the cons cells of @var{list}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2373
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parents:
diff changeset
2374 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2375 (loop for x on '(1 2 3 4) collect x)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2376 @result{} ((1 2 3 4) (2 3 4) (3 4) (4))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2377 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2378
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parents:
diff changeset
2379 With @code{by}, there is no real reason that the @code{on} expression
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2380 must be a list. For example:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2381
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parents:
diff changeset
2382 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2383 (loop for x on first-animal by 'next-animal collect x)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2384 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2385
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parents:
diff changeset
2386 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2387 where @code{(next-animal x)} takes an ``animal'' @var{x} and returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2388 the next in the (assumed) sequence of animals, or @code{nil} if
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2389 @var{x} was the last animal in the sequence.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2390
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parents:
diff changeset
2391 @item for @var{var} in-ref @var{list} by @var{function}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2392 This is like a regular @code{in} clause, but @var{var} becomes
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2393 a @code{setf}-able ``reference'' onto the elements of the list
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2394 rather than just a temporary variable. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2395
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parents:
diff changeset
2396 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2397 (loop for x in-ref my-list do (incf x))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2398 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2399
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parents:
diff changeset
2400 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2401 increments every element of @code{my-list} in place. This clause
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2402 is an extension to standard Common Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2403
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
2404 @item for @var{var} across @var{array}
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parents:
diff changeset
2405 This clause iterates @var{var} over all the elements of @var{array},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2406 which may be a vector or a string.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2407
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parents:
diff changeset
2408 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2409 (loop for x across "aeiou"
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2410 do (use-vowel (char-to-string x)))
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parents:
diff changeset
2411 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2412
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parents:
diff changeset
2413 @item for @var{var} across-ref @var{array}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2414 This clause iterates over an array, with @var{var} a @code{setf}-able
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2415 reference onto the elements; see @code{in-ref} above.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2416
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2417 @item for @var{var} being the elements of @var{sequence}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2418 This clause iterates over the elements of @var{sequence}, which may
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2419 be a list, vector, or string. Since the type must be determined
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2420 at run-time, this is somewhat less efficient than @code{in} or
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parents:
diff changeset
2421 @code{across}. The clause may be followed by the additional term
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parents:
diff changeset
2422 @samp{using (index @var{var2})} to cause @var{var2} to be bound to
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parents:
diff changeset
2423 the successive indices (starting at 0) of the elements.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2424
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parents:
diff changeset
2425 This clause type is taken from older versions of the @code{loop} macro,
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2426 and is not present in modern Common Lisp. The @samp{using (sequence ...)}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2427 term of the older macros is not supported.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2428
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2429 @item for @var{var} being the elements of-ref @var{sequence}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2430 This clause iterates over a sequence, with @var{var} a @code{setf}-able
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2431 reference onto the elements; see @code{in-ref} above.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2432
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parents:
diff changeset
2433 @item for @var{var} being the symbols [of @var{obarray}]
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2434 This clause iterates over symbols, either over all interned symbols
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2435 or over all symbols in @var{obarray}. The loop is executed with
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2436 @var{var} bound to each symbol in turn. The symbols are visited in
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2437 an unspecified order.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2438
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2439 As an example,
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2440
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2441 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2442 (loop for sym being the symbols
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2443 when (fboundp sym)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2444 when (string-match "^map" (symbol-name sym))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2445 collect sym)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2446 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2447
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2448 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2449 returns a list of all the functions whose names begin with @samp{map}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2450
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2451 The Common Lisp words @code{external-symbols} and @code{present-symbols}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2452 are also recognized but are equivalent to @code{symbols} in Emacs Lisp.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2453
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
2454 Due to a minor implementation restriction, it will not work to have
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2455 more than one @code{for} clause iterating over symbols, hash tables,
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2456 keymaps, overlays, or intervals in a given @code{loop}. Fortunately,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2457 it would rarely if ever be useful to do so. It @emph{is} valid to mix
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2458 one of these types of clauses with other clauses like @code{for ... to}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2459 or @code{while}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2460
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2461 @item for @var{var} being the hash-keys of @var{hash-table}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2462 This clause iterates over the entries in @var{hash-table}. For each
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2463 hash table entry, @var{var} is bound to the entry's key. If you write
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2464 @samp{the hash-values} instead, @var{var} is bound to the values
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2465 of the entries. The clause may be followed by the additional
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2466 term @samp{using (hash-values @var{var2})} (where @code{hash-values}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2467 is the opposite word of the word following @code{the}) to cause
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2468 @var{var} and @var{var2} to be bound to the two parts of each
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2469 hash table entry.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2470
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2471 @item for @var{var} being the key-codes of @var{keymap}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2472 This clause iterates over the entries in @var{keymap}.
93759
4e76a03232e5 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 87903
diff changeset
2473 The iteration does not enter nested keymaps but does enter inherited
4e76a03232e5 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 87903
diff changeset
2474 (parent) keymaps.
84287
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2475 You can use @samp{the key-bindings} to access the commands bound to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2476 the keys rather than the key codes, and you can add a @code{using}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2477 clause to access both the codes and the bindings together.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2478
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2479 @item for @var{var} being the key-seqs of @var{keymap}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2480 This clause iterates over all key sequences defined by @var{keymap}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2481 and its nested keymaps, where @var{var} takes on values which are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2482 vectors. The strings or vectors
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2483 are reused for each iteration, so you must copy them if you wish to keep
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2484 them permanently. You can add a @samp{using (key-bindings ...)}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2485 clause to get the command bindings as well.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2486
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2487 @item for @var{var} being the overlays [of @var{buffer}] @dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2488 This clause iterates over the ``overlays'' of a buffer
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2489 (the clause @code{extents} is synonymous
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2490 with @code{overlays}). If the @code{of} term is omitted, the current
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2491 buffer is used.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2492 This clause also accepts optional @samp{from @var{pos}} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2493 @samp{to @var{pos}} terms, limiting the clause to overlays which
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2494 overlap the specified region.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2495
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2496 @item for @var{var} being the intervals [of @var{buffer}] @dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2497 This clause iterates over all intervals of a buffer with constant
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2498 text properties. The variable @var{var} will be bound to conses
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2499 of start and end positions, where one start position is always equal
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2500 to the previous end position. The clause allows @code{of},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2501 @code{from}, @code{to}, and @code{property} terms, where the latter
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2502 term restricts the search to just the specified property. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2503 @code{of} term may specify either a buffer or a string.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2504
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2505 @item for @var{var} being the frames
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2506 This clause iterates over all frames, i.e., X window system windows
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2507 open on Emacs files. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2508 clause @code{screens} is a synonym for @code{frames}. The frames
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2509 are visited in @code{next-frame} order starting from
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2510 @code{selected-frame}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2511
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2512 @item for @var{var} being the windows [of @var{frame}]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2513 This clause iterates over the windows (in the Emacs sense) of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2514 the current frame, or of the specified @var{frame}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2515
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2516 @item for @var{var} being the buffers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2517 This clause iterates over all buffers in Emacs. It is equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2518 to @samp{for @var{var} in (buffer-list)}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2519
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2520 @item for @var{var} = @var{expr1} then @var{expr2}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2521 This clause does a general iteration. The first time through
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2522 the loop, @var{var} will be bound to @var{expr1}. On the second
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2523 and successive iterations it will be set by evaluating @var{expr2}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2524 (which may refer to the old value of @var{var}). For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2525 these two loops are effectively the same:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2526
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2527 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2528 (loop for x on my-list by 'cddr do ...)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2529 (loop for x = my-list then (cddr x) while x do ...)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2530 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2531
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2532 Note that this type of @code{for} clause does not imply any sort
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2533 of terminating condition; the above example combines it with a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2534 @code{while} clause to tell when to end the loop.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2535
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2536 If you omit the @code{then} term, @var{expr1} is used both for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2537 the initial setting and for successive settings:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2538
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2539 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2540 (loop for x = (random) when (> x 0) return x)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2541 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2542
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2543 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2544 This loop keeps taking random numbers from the @code{(random)}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2545 function until it gets a positive one, which it then returns.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2546 @end table
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2547
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2548 If you include several @code{for} clauses in a row, they are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2549 treated sequentially (as if by @code{let*} and @code{setq}).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2550 You can instead use the word @code{and} to link the clauses,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2551 in which case they are processed in parallel (as if by @code{let}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2552 and @code{psetq}).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2553
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2554 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2555 (loop for x below 5 for y = nil then x collect (list x y))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2556 @result{} ((0 nil) (1 1) (2 2) (3 3) (4 4))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2557 (loop for x below 5 and y = nil then x collect (list x y))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2558 @result{} ((0 nil) (1 0) (2 1) (3 2) (4 3))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2559 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2560
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2561 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2562 In the first loop, @code{y} is set based on the value of @code{x}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2563 that was just set by the previous clause; in the second loop,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2564 @code{x} and @code{y} are set simultaneously so @code{y} is set
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2565 based on the value of @code{x} left over from the previous time
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2566 through the loop.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2567
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2568 Another feature of the @code{loop} macro is @dfn{destructuring},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2569 similar in concept to the destructuring provided by @code{defmacro}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2570 The @var{var} part of any @code{for} clause can be given as a list
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2571 of variables instead of a single variable. The values produced
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2572 during loop execution must be lists; the values in the lists are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2573 stored in the corresponding variables.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2574
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2575 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2576 (loop for (x y) in '((2 3) (4 5) (6 7)) collect (+ x y))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2577 @result{} (5 9 13)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2578 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2579
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2580 In loop destructuring, if there are more values than variables
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2581 the trailing values are ignored, and if there are more variables
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2582 than values the trailing variables get the value @code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2583 If @code{nil} is used as a variable name, the corresponding
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2584 values are ignored. Destructuring may be nested, and dotted
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2585 lists of variables like @code{(x . y)} are allowed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2586
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2587 @node Iteration Clauses, Accumulation Clauses, For Clauses, Loop Facility
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2588 @subsection Iteration Clauses
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2589
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2590 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2591 Aside from @code{for} clauses, there are several other loop clauses
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2592 that control the way the loop operates. They might be used by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2593 themselves, or in conjunction with one or more @code{for} clauses.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2594
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2595 @table @code
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2596 @item repeat @var{integer}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2597 This clause simply counts up to the specified number using an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2598 internal temporary variable. The loops
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2599
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2600 @example
95420
f035c0b179dc (Iteration Clauses): Fix incorrect "identical" examples.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 93759
diff changeset
2601 (loop repeat (1+ n) do ...)
84287
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2602 (loop for temp to n do ...)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2603 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2604
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2605 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2606 are identical except that the second one forces you to choose
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2607 a name for a variable you aren't actually going to use.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2608
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2609 @item while @var{condition}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2610 This clause stops the loop when the specified condition (any Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2611 expression) becomes @code{nil}. For example, the following two
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2612 loops are equivalent, except for the implicit @code{nil} block
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2613 that surrounds the second one:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2614
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2615 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2616 (while @var{cond} @var{forms}@dots{})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2617 (loop while @var{cond} do @var{forms}@dots{})
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2618 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2619
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2620 @item until @var{condition}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2621 This clause stops the loop when the specified condition is true,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2622 i.e., non-@code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2623
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parents:
diff changeset
2624 @item always @var{condition}
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parents:
diff changeset
2625 This clause stops the loop when the specified condition is @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2626 Unlike @code{while}, it stops the loop using @code{return nil} so that
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parents:
diff changeset
2627 the @code{finally} clauses are not executed. If all the conditions
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parents:
diff changeset
2628 were non-@code{nil}, the loop returns @code{t}:
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parents:
diff changeset
2629
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parents:
diff changeset
2630 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2631 (if (loop for size in size-list always (> size 10))
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parents:
diff changeset
2632 (some-big-sizes)
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parents:
diff changeset
2633 (no-big-sizes))
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parents:
diff changeset
2634 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2635
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parents:
diff changeset
2636 @item never @var{condition}
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parents:
diff changeset
2637 This clause is like @code{always}, except that the loop returns
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parents:
diff changeset
2638 @code{t} if any conditions were false, or @code{nil} otherwise.
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parents:
diff changeset
2639
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parents:
diff changeset
2640 @item thereis @var{condition}
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parents:
diff changeset
2641 This clause stops the loop when the specified form is non-@code{nil};
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parents:
diff changeset
2642 in this case, it returns that non-@code{nil} value. If all the
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parents:
diff changeset
2643 values were @code{nil}, the loop returns @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2644 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
2645
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diff changeset
2646 @node Accumulation Clauses, Other Clauses, Iteration Clauses, Loop Facility
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parents:
diff changeset
2647 @subsection Accumulation Clauses
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parents:
diff changeset
2648
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parents:
diff changeset
2649 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2650 These clauses cause the loop to accumulate information about the
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parents:
diff changeset
2651 specified Lisp @var{form}. The accumulated result is returned
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parents:
diff changeset
2652 from the loop unless overridden, say, by a @code{return} clause.
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parents:
diff changeset
2653
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parents:
diff changeset
2654 @table @code
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parents:
diff changeset
2655 @item collect @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2656 This clause collects the values of @var{form} into a list. Several
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parents:
diff changeset
2657 examples of @code{collect} appear elsewhere in this manual.
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parents:
diff changeset
2658
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parents:
diff changeset
2659 The word @code{collecting} is a synonym for @code{collect}, and
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parents:
diff changeset
2660 likewise for the other accumulation clauses.
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parents:
diff changeset
2661
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parents:
diff changeset
2662 @item append @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2663 This clause collects lists of values into a result list using
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parents:
diff changeset
2664 @code{append}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2665
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parents:
diff changeset
2666 @item nconc @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2667 This clause collects lists of values into a result list by
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parents:
diff changeset
2668 destructively modifying the lists rather than copying them.
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parents:
diff changeset
2669
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parents:
diff changeset
2670 @item concat @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2671 This clause concatenates the values of the specified @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2672 into a string. (It and the following clause are extensions to
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parents:
diff changeset
2673 standard Common Lisp.)
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parents:
diff changeset
2674
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parents:
diff changeset
2675 @item vconcat @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2676 This clause concatenates the values of the specified @var{form}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2677 into a vector.
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parents:
diff changeset
2678
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parents:
diff changeset
2679 @item count @var{form}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2680 This clause counts the number of times the specified @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2681 evaluates to a non-@code{nil} value.
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parents:
diff changeset
2682
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parents:
diff changeset
2683 @item sum @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2684 This clause accumulates the sum of the values of the specified
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parents:
diff changeset
2685 @var{form}, which must evaluate to a number.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2686
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parents:
diff changeset
2687 @item maximize @var{form}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
2688 This clause accumulates the maximum value of the specified @var{form},
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parents:
diff changeset
2689 which must evaluate to a number. The return value is undefined if
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parents:
diff changeset
2690 @code{maximize} is executed zero times.
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parents:
diff changeset
2691
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parents:
diff changeset
2692 @item minimize @var{form}
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parents:
diff changeset
2693 This clause accumulates the minimum value of the specified @var{form}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2694 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
2695
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parents:
diff changeset
2696 Accumulation clauses can be followed by @samp{into @var{var}} to
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parents:
diff changeset
2697 cause the data to be collected into variable @var{var} (which is
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parents:
diff changeset
2698 automatically @code{let}-bound during the loop) rather than an
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parents:
diff changeset
2699 unnamed temporary variable. Also, @code{into} accumulations do
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parents:
diff changeset
2700 not automatically imply a return value. The loop must use some
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parents:
diff changeset
2701 explicit mechanism, such as @code{finally return}, to return
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parents:
diff changeset
2702 the accumulated result.
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parents:
diff changeset
2703
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parents:
diff changeset
2704 It is valid for several accumulation clauses of the same type to
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parents:
diff changeset
2705 accumulate into the same place. From Steele:
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parents:
diff changeset
2706
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parents:
diff changeset
2707 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2708 (loop for name in '(fred sue alice joe june)
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parents:
diff changeset
2709 for kids in '((bob ken) () () (kris sunshine) ())
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2710 collect name
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2711 append kids)
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parents:
diff changeset
2712 @result{} (fred bob ken sue alice joe kris sunshine june)
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parents:
diff changeset
2713 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2714
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parents:
diff changeset
2715 @node Other Clauses, , Accumulation Clauses, Loop Facility
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parents:
diff changeset
2716 @subsection Other Clauses
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parents:
diff changeset
2717
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parents:
diff changeset
2718 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
2719 This section describes the remaining loop clauses.
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parents:
diff changeset
2720
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parents:
diff changeset
2721 @table @code
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parents:
diff changeset
2722 @item with @var{var} = @var{value}
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parents:
diff changeset
2723 This clause binds a variable to a value around the loop, but
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parents:
diff changeset
2724 otherwise leaves the variable alone during the loop. The following
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2725 loops are basically equivalent:
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parents:
diff changeset
2726
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parents:
diff changeset
2727 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2728 (loop with x = 17 do ...)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2729 (let ((x 17)) (loop do ...))
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2730 (loop for x = 17 then x do ...)
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parents:
diff changeset
2731 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2732
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parents:
diff changeset
2733 Naturally, the variable @var{var} might be used for some purpose
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parents:
diff changeset
2734 in the rest of the loop. For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
2735
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parents:
diff changeset
2736 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2737 (loop for x in my-list with res = nil do (push x res)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2738 finally return res)
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parents:
diff changeset
2739 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2740
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parents:
diff changeset
2741 This loop inserts the elements of @code{my-list} at the front of
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parents:
diff changeset
2742 a new list being accumulated in @code{res}, then returns the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2743 list @code{res} at the end of the loop. The effect is similar
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parents:
diff changeset
2744 to that of a @code{collect} clause, but the list gets reversed
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parents:
diff changeset
2745 by virtue of the fact that elements are being pushed onto the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2746 front of @code{res} rather than the end.
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parents:
diff changeset
2747
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parents:
diff changeset
2748 If you omit the @code{=} term, the variable is initialized to
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parents:
diff changeset
2749 @code{nil}. (Thus the @samp{= nil} in the above example is
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2750 unnecessary.)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2751
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parents:
diff changeset
2752 Bindings made by @code{with} are sequential by default, as if
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parents:
diff changeset
2753 by @code{let*}. Just like @code{for} clauses, @code{with} clauses
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2754 can be linked with @code{and} to cause the bindings to be made by
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2755 @code{let} instead.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2756
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parents:
diff changeset
2757 @item if @var{condition} @var{clause}
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parents:
diff changeset
2758 This clause executes the following loop clause only if the specified
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parents:
diff changeset
2759 condition is true. The following @var{clause} should be an accumulation,
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parents:
diff changeset
2760 @code{do}, @code{return}, @code{if}, or @code{unless} clause.
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parents:
diff changeset
2761 Several clauses may be linked by separating them with @code{and}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2762 These clauses may be followed by @code{else} and a clause or clauses
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parents:
diff changeset
2763 to execute if the condition was false. The whole construct may
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parents:
diff changeset
2764 optionally be followed by the word @code{end} (which may be used to
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parents:
diff changeset
2765 disambiguate an @code{else} or @code{and} in a nested @code{if}).
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2766
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parents:
diff changeset
2767 The actual non-@code{nil} value of the condition form is available
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parents:
diff changeset
2768 by the name @code{it} in the ``then'' part. For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
2769
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parents:
diff changeset
2770 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
2771 (setq funny-numbers '(6 13 -1))
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parents:
diff changeset
2772 @result{} (6 13 -1)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2773 (loop for x below 10
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2774 if (oddp x)
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parents:
diff changeset
2775 collect x into odds
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parents:
diff changeset
2776 and if (memq x funny-numbers) return (cdr it) end
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2777 else
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2778 collect x into evens
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parents:
diff changeset
2779 finally return (vector odds evens))
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parents:
diff changeset
2780 @result{} [(1 3 5 7 9) (0 2 4 6 8)]
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parents:
diff changeset
2781 (setq funny-numbers '(6 7 13 -1))
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parents:
diff changeset
2782 @result{} (6 7 13 -1)
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parents:
diff changeset
2783 (loop <@r{same thing again}>)
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parents:
diff changeset
2784 @result{} (13 -1)
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parents:
diff changeset
2785 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2786
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parents:
diff changeset
2787 Note the use of @code{and} to put two clauses into the ``then''
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parents:
diff changeset
2788 part, one of which is itself an @code{if} clause. Note also that
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2789 @code{end}, while normally optional, was necessary here to make
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2790 it clear that the @code{else} refers to the outermost @code{if}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2791 clause. In the first case, the loop returns a vector of lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2792 of the odd and even values of @var{x}. In the second case, the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2793 odd number 7 is one of the @code{funny-numbers} so the loop
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2794 returns early; the actual returned value is based on the result
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2795 of the @code{memq} call.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2796
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2797 @item when @var{condition} @var{clause}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2798 This clause is just a synonym for @code{if}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2799
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2800 @item unless @var{condition} @var{clause}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2801 The @code{unless} clause is just like @code{if} except that the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2802 sense of the condition is reversed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2803
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2804 @item named @var{name}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2805 This clause gives a name other than @code{nil} to the implicit
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2806 block surrounding the loop. The @var{name} is the symbol to be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2807 used as the block name.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2808
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2809 @item initially [do] @var{forms}...
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2810 This keyword introduces one or more Lisp forms which will be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2811 executed before the loop itself begins (but after any variables
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2812 requested by @code{for} or @code{with} have been bound to their
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2813 initial values). @code{initially} clauses can appear anywhere;
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2814 if there are several, they are executed in the order they appear
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2815 in the loop. The keyword @code{do} is optional.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2816
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2817 @item finally [do] @var{forms}...
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2818 This introduces Lisp forms which will be executed after the loop
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2819 finishes (say, on request of a @code{for} or @code{while}).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2820 @code{initially} and @code{finally} clauses may appear anywhere
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2821 in the loop construct, but they are executed (in the specified
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2822 order) at the beginning or end, respectively, of the loop.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2823
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2824 @item finally return @var{form}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2825 This says that @var{form} should be executed after the loop
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2826 is done to obtain a return value. (Without this, or some other
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2827 clause like @code{collect} or @code{return}, the loop will simply
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2828 return @code{nil}.) Variables bound by @code{for}, @code{with},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2829 or @code{into} will still contain their final values when @var{form}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2830 is executed.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2831
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2832 @item do @var{forms}...
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2833 The word @code{do} may be followed by any number of Lisp expressions
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2834 which are executed as an implicit @code{progn} in the body of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2835 loop. Many of the examples in this section illustrate the use of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2836 @code{do}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2837
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2838 @item return @var{form}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2839 This clause causes the loop to return immediately. The following
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2840 Lisp form is evaluated to give the return value of the @code{loop}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2841 form. The @code{finally} clauses, if any, are not executed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2842 Of course, @code{return} is generally used inside an @code{if} or
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2843 @code{unless}, as its use in a top-level loop clause would mean
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2844 the loop would never get to ``loop'' more than once.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2845
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2846 The clause @samp{return @var{form}} is equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2847 @samp{do (return @var{form})} (or @code{return-from} if the loop
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2848 was named). The @code{return} clause is implemented a bit more
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2849 efficiently, though.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2850 @end table
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2851
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2852 While there is no high-level way to add user extensions to @code{loop}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2853 (comparable to @code{defsetf} for @code{setf}, say), this package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2854 does offer two properties called @code{cl-loop-handler} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2855 @code{cl-loop-for-handler} which are functions to be called when
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2856 a given symbol is encountered as a top-level loop clause or
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2857 @code{for} clause, respectively. Consult the source code in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2858 file @file{cl-macs.el} for details.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2859
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2860 This package's @code{loop} macro is compatible with that of Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2861 Lisp, except that a few features are not implemented: @code{loop-finish}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2862 and data-type specifiers. Naturally, the @code{for} clauses which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2863 iterate over keymaps, overlays, intervals, frames, windows, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2864 buffers are Emacs-specific extensions.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2865
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2866 @node Multiple Values, , Loop Facility, Control Structure
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2867 @section Multiple Values
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2868
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2869 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2870 Common Lisp functions can return zero or more results. Emacs Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2871 functions, by contrast, always return exactly one result. This
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2872 package makes no attempt to emulate Common Lisp multiple return
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2873 values; Emacs versions of Common Lisp functions that return more
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2874 than one value either return just the first value (as in
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2875 @code{compiler-macroexpand}) or return a list of values (as in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2876 @code{get-setf-method}). This package @emph{does} define placeholders
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2877 for the Common Lisp functions that work with multiple values, but
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2878 in Emacs Lisp these functions simply operate on lists instead.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2879 The @code{values} form, for example, is a synonym for @code{list}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2880 in Emacs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2881
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2882 @defspec multiple-value-bind (var@dots{}) values-form forms@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2883 This form evaluates @var{values-form}, which must return a list of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2884 values. It then binds the @var{var}s to these respective values,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2885 as if by @code{let}, and then executes the body @var{forms}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2886 If there are more @var{var}s than values, the extra @var{var}s
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2887 are bound to @code{nil}. If there are fewer @var{var}s than
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2888 values, the excess values are ignored.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2889 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2890
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2891 @defspec multiple-value-setq (var@dots{}) form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2892 This form evaluates @var{form}, which must return a list of values.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2893 It then sets the @var{var}s to these respective values, as if by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2894 @code{setq}. Extra @var{var}s or values are treated the same as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2895 in @code{multiple-value-bind}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2896 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2897
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2898 The older Quiroz package attempted a more faithful (but still
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2899 imperfect) emulation of Common Lisp multiple values. The old
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2900 method ``usually'' simulated true multiple values quite well,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2901 but under certain circumstances would leave spurious return
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2902 values in memory where a later, unrelated @code{multiple-value-bind}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2903 form would see them.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2904
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2905 Since a perfect emulation is not feasible in Emacs Lisp, this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2906 package opts to keep it as simple and predictable as possible.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2907
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2908 @node Macros, Declarations, Control Structure, Top
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2909 @chapter Macros
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2910
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2911 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2912 This package implements the various Common Lisp features of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2913 @code{defmacro}, such as destructuring, @code{&environment},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2914 and @code{&body}. Top-level @code{&whole} is not implemented
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2915 for @code{defmacro} due to technical difficulties.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2916 @xref{Argument Lists}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2917
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2918 Destructuring is made available to the user by way of the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2919 following macro:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2920
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2921 @defspec destructuring-bind arglist expr forms@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2922 This macro expands to code which executes @var{forms}, with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2923 the variables in @var{arglist} bound to the list of values
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2924 returned by @var{expr}. The @var{arglist} can include all
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2925 the features allowed for @code{defmacro} argument lists,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2926 including destructuring. (The @code{&environment} keyword
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2927 is not allowed.) The macro expansion will signal an error
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2928 if @var{expr} returns a list of the wrong number of arguments
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2929 or with incorrect keyword arguments.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2930 @end defspec
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2931
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2932 This package also includes the Common Lisp @code{define-compiler-macro}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2933 facility, which allows you to define compile-time expansions and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2934 optimizations for your functions.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2935
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2936 @defspec define-compiler-macro name arglist forms@dots{}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2937 This form is similar to @code{defmacro}, except that it only expands
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2938 calls to @var{name} at compile-time; calls processed by the Lisp
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2939 interpreter are not expanded, nor are they expanded by the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2940 @code{macroexpand} function.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2941
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2942 The argument list may begin with a @code{&whole} keyword and a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2943 variable. This variable is bound to the macro-call form itself,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2944 i.e., to a list of the form @samp{(@var{name} @var{args}@dots{})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2945 If the macro expander returns this form unchanged, then the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2946 compiler treats it as a normal function call. This allows
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2947 compiler macros to work as optimizers for special cases of a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2948 function, leaving complicated cases alone.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2949
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2950 For example, here is a simplified version of a definition that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2951 appears as a standard part of this package:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2952
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2953 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2954 (define-compiler-macro member* (&whole form a list &rest keys)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2955 (if (and (null keys)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2956 (eq (car-safe a) 'quote)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2957 (not (floatp-safe (cadr a))))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2958 (list 'memq a list)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2959 form))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2960 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2961
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2962 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2963 This definition causes @code{(member* @var{a} @var{list})} to change
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2964 to a call to the faster @code{memq} in the common case where @var{a}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2965 is a non-floating-point constant; if @var{a} is anything else, or
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2966 if there are any keyword arguments in the call, then the original
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2967 @code{member*} call is left intact. (The actual compiler macro
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2968 for @code{member*} optimizes a number of other cases, including
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2969 common @code{:test} predicates.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2970 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2971
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2972 @defun compiler-macroexpand form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2973 This function is analogous to @code{macroexpand}, except that it
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2974 expands compiler macros rather than regular macros. It returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2975 @var{form} unchanged if it is not a call to a function for which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2976 a compiler macro has been defined, or if that compiler macro
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2977 decided to punt by returning its @code{&whole} argument. Like
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2978 @code{macroexpand}, it expands repeatedly until it reaches a form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2979 for which no further expansion is possible.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2980 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2981
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2982 @xref{Macro Bindings}, for descriptions of the @code{macrolet}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2983 and @code{symbol-macrolet} forms for making ``local'' macro
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2984 definitions.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2985
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2986 @node Declarations, Symbols, Macros, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2987 @chapter Declarations
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2988
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2989 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2990 Common Lisp includes a complex and powerful ``declaration''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2991 mechanism that allows you to give the compiler special hints
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2992 about the types of data that will be stored in particular variables,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2993 and about the ways those variables and functions will be used. This
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2994 package defines versions of all the Common Lisp declaration forms:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2995 @code{declare}, @code{locally}, @code{proclaim}, @code{declaim},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2996 and @code{the}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2997
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2998 Most of the Common Lisp declarations are not currently useful in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2999 Emacs Lisp, as the byte-code system provides little opportunity
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3000 to benefit from type information, and @code{special} declarations
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3001 are redundant in a fully dynamically-scoped Lisp. A few
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3002 declarations are meaningful when the optimizing byte
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3003 compiler is being used, however. Under the earlier non-optimizing
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3004 compiler, these declarations will effectively be ignored.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3005
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3006 @defun proclaim decl-spec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3007 This function records a ``global'' declaration specified by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3008 @var{decl-spec}. Since @code{proclaim} is a function, @var{decl-spec}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3009 is evaluated and thus should normally be quoted.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3010 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3011
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3012 @defspec declaim decl-specs@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3013 This macro is like @code{proclaim}, except that it takes any number
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3014 of @var{decl-spec} arguments, and the arguments are unevaluated and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3015 unquoted. The @code{declaim} macro also puts an @code{(eval-when
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3016 (compile load eval) ...)} around the declarations so that they will
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3017 be registered at compile-time as well as at run-time. (This is vital,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3018 since normally the declarations are meant to influence the way the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3019 compiler treats the rest of the file that contains the @code{declaim}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3020 form.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3021 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3022
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3023 @defspec declare decl-specs@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3024 This macro is used to make declarations within functions and other
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3025 code. Common Lisp allows declarations in various locations, generally
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3026 at the beginning of any of the many ``implicit @code{progn}s''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3027 throughout Lisp syntax, such as function bodies, @code{let} bodies,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3028 etc. Currently the only declaration understood by @code{declare}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3029 is @code{special}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3030 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3031
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3032 @defspec locally declarations@dots{} forms@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3033 In this package, @code{locally} is no different from @code{progn}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3034 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3035
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3036 @defspec the type form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3037 Type information provided by @code{the} is ignored in this package;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3038 in other words, @code{(the @var{type} @var{form})} is equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3039 to @var{form}. Future versions of the optimizing byte-compiler may
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3040 make use of this information.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3041
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3042 For example, @code{mapcar} can map over both lists and arrays. It is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3043 hard for the compiler to expand @code{mapcar} into an in-line loop
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3044 unless it knows whether the sequence will be a list or an array ahead
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3045 of time. With @code{(mapcar 'car (the vector foo))}, a future
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3046 compiler would have enough information to expand the loop in-line.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3047 For now, Emacs Lisp will treat the above code as exactly equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3048 to @code{(mapcar 'car foo)}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3049 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3050
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3051 Each @var{decl-spec} in a @code{proclaim}, @code{declaim}, or
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3052 @code{declare} should be a list beginning with a symbol that says
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3053 what kind of declaration it is. This package currently understands
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3054 @code{special}, @code{inline}, @code{notinline}, @code{optimize},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3055 and @code{warn} declarations. (The @code{warn} declaration is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3056 extension of standard Common Lisp.) Other Common Lisp declarations,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3057 such as @code{type} and @code{ftype}, are silently ignored.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3058
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3059 @table @code
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3060 @item special
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3061 Since all variables in Emacs Lisp are ``special'' (in the Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3062 Lisp sense), @code{special} declarations are only advisory. They
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3063 simply tell the optimizing byte compiler that the specified
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3064 variables are intentionally being referred to without being
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3065 bound in the body of the function. The compiler normally emits
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3066 warnings for such references, since they could be typographical
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3067 errors for references to local variables.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3068
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3069 The declaration @code{(declare (special @var{var1} @var{var2}))} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3070 equivalent to @code{(defvar @var{var1}) (defvar @var{var2})} in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3071 optimizing compiler, or to nothing at all in older compilers (which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3072 do not warn for non-local references).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3073
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3074 In top-level contexts, it is generally better to write
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3075 @code{(defvar @var{var})} than @code{(declaim (special @var{var}))},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3076 since @code{defvar} makes your intentions clearer. But the older
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3077 byte compilers can not handle @code{defvar}s appearing inside of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3078 functions, while @code{(declare (special @var{var}))} takes care
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3079 to work correctly with all compilers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3080
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3081 @item inline
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3082 The @code{inline} @var{decl-spec} lists one or more functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3083 whose bodies should be expanded ``in-line'' into calling functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3084 whenever the compiler is able to arrange for it. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3085 the Common Lisp function @code{cadr} is declared @code{inline}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3086 by this package so that the form @code{(cadr @var{x})} will
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3087 expand directly into @code{(car (cdr @var{x}))} when it is called
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3088 in user functions, for a savings of one (relatively expensive)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3089 function call.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3090
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3091 The following declarations are all equivalent. Note that the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3092 @code{defsubst} form is a convenient way to define a function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3093 and declare it inline all at once.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3094
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3095 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3096 (declaim (inline foo bar))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3097 (eval-when (compile load eval) (proclaim '(inline foo bar)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3098 (defsubst foo (...) ...) ; instead of defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3099 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3100
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3101 @strong{Please note:} this declaration remains in effect after the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3102 containing source file is done. It is correct to use it to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3103 request that a function you have defined should be inlined,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3104 but it is impolite to use it to request inlining of an external
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3105 function.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3106
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3107 In Common Lisp, it is possible to use @code{(declare (inline @dots{}))}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3108 before a particular call to a function to cause just that call to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3109 be inlined; the current byte compilers provide no way to implement
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3110 this, so @code{(declare (inline @dots{}))} is currently ignored by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3111 this package.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3112
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3113 @item notinline
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3114 The @code{notinline} declaration lists functions which should
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3115 not be inlined after all; it cancels a previous @code{inline}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3116 declaration.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3117
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3118 @item optimize
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3119 This declaration controls how much optimization is performed by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3120 the compiler. Naturally, it is ignored by the earlier non-optimizing
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3121 compilers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3122
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3123 The word @code{optimize} is followed by any number of lists like
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3124 @code{(speed 3)} or @code{(safety 2)}. Common Lisp defines several
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3125 optimization ``qualities''; this package ignores all but @code{speed}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3126 and @code{safety}. The value of a quality should be an integer from
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3127 0 to 3, with 0 meaning ``unimportant'' and 3 meaning ``very important.''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3128 The default level for both qualities is 1.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3129
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3130 In this package, with the optimizing compiler, the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3131 @code{speed} quality is tied to the @code{byte-compile-optimize}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3132 flag, which is set to @code{nil} for @code{(speed 0)} and to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3133 @code{t} for higher settings; and the @code{safety} quality is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3134 tied to the @code{byte-compile-delete-errors} flag, which is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3135 set to @code{t} for @code{(safety 3)} and to @code{nil} for all
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3136 lower settings. (The latter flag controls whether the compiler
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3137 is allowed to optimize out code whose only side-effect could
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3138 be to signal an error, e.g., rewriting @code{(progn foo bar)} to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3139 @code{bar} when it is not known whether @code{foo} will be bound
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3140 at run-time.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3141
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3142 Note that even compiling with @code{(safety 0)}, the Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3143 byte-code system provides sufficient checking to prevent real
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3144 harm from being done. For example, barring serious bugs in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3145 Emacs itself, Emacs will not crash with a segmentation fault
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3146 just because of an error in a fully-optimized Lisp program.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3147
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3148 The @code{optimize} declaration is normally used in a top-level
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3149 @code{proclaim} or @code{declaim} in a file; Common Lisp allows
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3150 it to be used with @code{declare} to set the level of optimization
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3151 locally for a given form, but this will not work correctly with the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3152 current version of the optimizing compiler. (The @code{declare}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3153 will set the new optimization level, but that level will not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3154 automatically be unset after the enclosing form is done.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3155
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3156 @item warn
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3157 This declaration controls what sorts of warnings are generated
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3158 by the byte compiler. Again, only the optimizing compiler
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3159 generates warnings. The word @code{warn} is followed by any
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3160 number of ``warning qualities,'' similar in form to optimization
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3161 qualities. The currently supported warning types are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3162 @code{redefine}, @code{callargs}, @code{unresolved}, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3163 @code{free-vars}; in the current system, a value of 0 will
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3164 disable these warnings and any higher value will enable them.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3165 See the documentation for the optimizing byte compiler for details.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3166 @end table
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3167
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3168 @node Symbols, Numbers, Declarations, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3169 @chapter Symbols
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3170
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3171 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3172 This package defines several symbol-related features that were
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3173 missing from Emacs Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3174
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3175 @menu
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3176 * Property Lists:: `get*', `remprop', `getf', `remf'
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3177 * Creating Symbols:: `gensym', `gentemp'
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3178 @end menu
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3179
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3180 @node Property Lists, Creating Symbols, Symbols, Symbols
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3181 @section Property Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3182
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3183 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3184 These functions augment the standard Emacs Lisp functions @code{get}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3185 and @code{put} for operating on properties attached to symbols.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3186 There are also functions for working with property lists as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3187 first-class data structures not attached to particular symbols.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3188
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3189 @defun get* symbol property &optional default
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3190 This function is like @code{get}, except that if the property is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3191 not found, the @var{default} argument provides the return value.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3192 (The Emacs Lisp @code{get} function always uses @code{nil} as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3193 the default; this package's @code{get*} is equivalent to Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3194 Lisp's @code{get}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3195
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3196 The @code{get*} function is @code{setf}-able; when used in this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3197 fashion, the @var{default} argument is allowed but ignored.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3198 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3199
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3200 @defun remprop symbol property
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3201 This function removes the entry for @var{property} from the property
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3202 list of @var{symbol}. It returns a true value if the property was
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3203 indeed found and removed, or @code{nil} if there was no such property.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3204 (This function was probably omitted from Emacs originally because,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3205 since @code{get} did not allow a @var{default}, it was very difficult
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3206 to distinguish between a missing property and a property whose value
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3207 was @code{nil}; thus, setting a property to @code{nil} was close
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3208 enough to @code{remprop} for most purposes.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3209 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3210
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3211 @defun getf place property &optional default
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3212 This function scans the list @var{place} as if it were a property
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3213 list, i.e., a list of alternating property names and values. If
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3214 an even-numbered element of @var{place} is found which is @code{eq}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3215 to @var{property}, the following odd-numbered element is returned.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3216 Otherwise, @var{default} is returned (or @code{nil} if no default
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3217 is given).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3218
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3219 In particular,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3220
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3221 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3222 (get sym prop) @equiv{} (getf (symbol-plist sym) prop)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3223 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3224
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3225 It is valid to use @code{getf} as a @code{setf} place, in which case
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3226 its @var{place} argument must itself be a valid @code{setf} place.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3227 The @var{default} argument, if any, is ignored in this context.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3228 The effect is to change (via @code{setcar}) the value cell in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3229 list that corresponds to @var{property}, or to cons a new property-value
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3230 pair onto the list if the property is not yet present.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3231
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3232 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3233 (put sym prop val) @equiv{} (setf (getf (symbol-plist sym) prop) val)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3234 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3235
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3236 The @code{get} and @code{get*} functions are also @code{setf}-able.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3237 The fact that @code{default} is ignored can sometimes be useful:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3238
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3239 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3240 (incf (get* 'foo 'usage-count 0))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3241 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3242
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3243 Here, symbol @code{foo}'s @code{usage-count} property is incremented
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3244 if it exists, or set to 1 (an incremented 0) otherwise.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3245
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3246 When not used as a @code{setf} form, @code{getf} is just a regular
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3247 function and its @var{place} argument can actually be any Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3248 expression.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3249 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3250
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3251 @defspec remf place property
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3252 This macro removes the property-value pair for @var{property} from
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3253 the property list stored at @var{place}, which is any @code{setf}-able
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3254 place expression. It returns true if the property was found. Note
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3255 that if @var{property} happens to be first on the list, this will
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3256 effectively do a @code{(setf @var{place} (cddr @var{place}))},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3257 whereas if it occurs later, this simply uses @code{setcdr} to splice
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3258 out the property and value cells.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3259 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3260
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3261 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3262 @secno=2
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3263 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3264
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3265 @node Creating Symbols, , Property Lists, Symbols
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3266 @section Creating Symbols
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3267
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3268 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3269 These functions create unique symbols, typically for use as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3270 temporary variables.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3271
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3272 @defun gensym &optional x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3273 This function creates a new, uninterned symbol (using @code{make-symbol})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3274 with a unique name. (The name of an uninterned symbol is relevant
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3275 only if the symbol is printed.) By default, the name is generated
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3276 from an increasing sequence of numbers, @samp{G1000}, @samp{G1001},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3277 @samp{G1002}, etc. If the optional argument @var{x} is a string, that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3278 string is used as a prefix instead of @samp{G}. Uninterned symbols
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3279 are used in macro expansions for temporary variables, to ensure that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3280 their names will not conflict with ``real'' variables in the user's
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3281 code.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3282 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3283
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3284 @defvar *gensym-counter*
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3285 This variable holds the counter used to generate @code{gensym} names.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3286 It is incremented after each use by @code{gensym}. In Common Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3287 this is initialized with 0, but this package initializes it with a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3288 random (time-dependent) value to avoid trouble when two files that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3289 each used @code{gensym} in their compilation are loaded together.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3290 (Uninterned symbols become interned when the compiler writes them
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3291 out to a file and the Emacs loader loads them, so their names have to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3292 be treated a bit more carefully than in Common Lisp where uninterned
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3293 symbols remain uninterned after loading.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3294 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3295
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3296 @defun gentemp &optional x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3297 This function is like @code{gensym}, except that it produces a new
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3298 @emph{interned} symbol. If the symbol that is generated already
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3299 exists, the function keeps incrementing the counter and trying
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3300 again until a new symbol is generated.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3301 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3302
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3303 The Quiroz @file{cl.el} package also defined a @code{defkeyword}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3304 form for creating self-quoting keyword symbols. This package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3305 automatically creates all keywords that are called for by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3306 @code{&key} argument specifiers, and discourages the use of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3307 keywords as data unrelated to keyword arguments, so the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3308 @code{defkeyword} form has been discontinued.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3309
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3310 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3311 @chapno=11
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3312 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3313
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3314 @node Numbers, Sequences, Symbols, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3315 @chapter Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3316
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3317 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3318 This section defines a few simple Common Lisp operations on numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3319 which were left out of Emacs Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3320
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3321 @menu
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3322 * Predicates on Numbers:: `plusp', `oddp', `floatp-safe', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3323 * Numerical Functions:: `abs', `floor*', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3324 * Random Numbers:: `random*', `make-random-state'
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3325 * Implementation Parameters:: `most-positive-float'
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3326 @end menu
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3327
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3328 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3329 @secno=1
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3330 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3331
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3332 @node Predicates on Numbers, Numerical Functions, Numbers, Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3333 @section Predicates on Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3334
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3335 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3336 These functions return @code{t} if the specified condition is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3337 true of the numerical argument, or @code{nil} otherwise.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3338
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3339 @defun plusp number
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3340 This predicate tests whether @var{number} is positive. It is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3341 error if the argument is not a number.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3342 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3343
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3344 @defun minusp number
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3345 This predicate tests whether @var{number} is negative. It is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3346 error if the argument is not a number.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3347 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3348
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3349 @defun oddp integer
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3350 This predicate tests whether @var{integer} is odd. It is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3351 error if the argument is not an integer.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3352 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3353
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3354 @defun evenp integer
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3355 This predicate tests whether @var{integer} is even. It is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3356 error if the argument is not an integer.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3357 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3358
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3359 @defun floatp-safe object
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3360 This predicate tests whether @var{object} is a floating-point
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3361 number. On systems that support floating-point, this is equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3362 to @code{floatp}. On other systems, this always returns @code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3363 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3364
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3365 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3366 @secno=3
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3367 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3368
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3369 @node Numerical Functions, Random Numbers, Predicates on Numbers, Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3370 @section Numerical Functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3371
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3372 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3373 These functions perform various arithmetic operations on numbers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3374
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3375 @defun gcd &rest integers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3376 This function returns the Greatest Common Divisor of the arguments.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3377 For one argument, it returns the absolute value of that argument.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3378 For zero arguments, it returns zero.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3379 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3380
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3381 @defun lcm &rest integers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3382 This function returns the Least Common Multiple of the arguments.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3383 For one argument, it returns the absolute value of that argument.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3384 For zero arguments, it returns one.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3385 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3386
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3387 @defun isqrt integer
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3388 This function computes the ``integer square root'' of its integer
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3389 argument, i.e., the greatest integer less than or equal to the true
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3390 square root of the argument.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3391 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3392
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3393 @defun floor* number &optional divisor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3394 This function implements the Common Lisp @code{floor} function.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3395 It is called @code{floor*} to avoid name conflicts with the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3396 simpler @code{floor} function built-in to Emacs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3397
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3398 With one argument, @code{floor*} returns a list of two numbers:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3399 The argument rounded down (toward minus infinity) to an integer,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3400 and the ``remainder'' which would have to be added back to the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3401 first return value to yield the argument again. If the argument
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3402 is an integer @var{x}, the result is always the list @code{(@var{x} 0)}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3403 If the argument is a floating-point number, the first
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3404 result is a Lisp integer and the second is a Lisp float between
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3405 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3406
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3407 With two arguments, @code{floor*} divides @var{number} by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3408 @var{divisor}, and returns the floor of the quotient and the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3409 corresponding remainder as a list of two numbers. If
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3410 @code{(floor* @var{x} @var{y})} returns @code{(@var{q} @var{r})},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3411 then @code{@var{q}*@var{y} + @var{r} = @var{x}}, with @var{r}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3412 between 0 (inclusive) and @var{r} (exclusive). Also, note
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3413 that @code{(floor* @var{x})} is exactly equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3414 @code{(floor* @var{x} 1)}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3415
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3416 This function is entirely compatible with Common Lisp's @code{floor}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3417 function, except that it returns the two results in a list since
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3418 Emacs Lisp does not support multiple-valued functions.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3419 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3420
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3421 @defun ceiling* number &optional divisor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3422 This function implements the Common Lisp @code{ceiling} function,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3423 which is analogous to @code{floor} except that it rounds the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3424 argument or quotient of the arguments up toward plus infinity.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3425 The remainder will be between 0 and minus @var{r}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3426 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3427
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3428 @defun truncate* number &optional divisor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3429 This function implements the Common Lisp @code{truncate} function,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3430 which is analogous to @code{floor} except that it rounds the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3431 argument or quotient of the arguments toward zero. Thus it is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3432 equivalent to @code{floor*} if the argument or quotient is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3433 positive, or to @code{ceiling*} otherwise. The remainder has
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3434 the same sign as @var{number}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3435 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3436
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3437 @defun round* number &optional divisor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3438 This function implements the Common Lisp @code{round} function,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3439 which is analogous to @code{floor} except that it rounds the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3440 argument or quotient of the arguments to the nearest integer.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3441 In the case of a tie (the argument or quotient is exactly
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3442 halfway between two integers), it rounds to the even integer.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3443 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3444
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3445 @defun mod* number divisor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3446 This function returns the same value as the second return value
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3447 of @code{floor}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3448 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3449
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3450 @defun rem* number divisor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3451 This function returns the same value as the second return value
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3452 of @code{truncate}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3453 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3454
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3455 These definitions are compatible with those in the Quiroz
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3456 @file{cl.el} package, except that this package appends @samp{*}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3457 to certain function names to avoid conflicts with existing
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3458 Emacs functions, and that the mechanism for returning
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3459 multiple values is different.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3460
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3461 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3462 @secno=8
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3463 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3464
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3465 @node Random Numbers, Implementation Parameters, Numerical Functions, Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3466 @section Random Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3467
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3468 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3469 This package also provides an implementation of the Common Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3470 random number generator. It uses its own additive-congruential
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3471 algorithm, which is much more likely to give statistically clean
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3472 random numbers than the simple generators supplied by many
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3473 operating systems.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3474
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3475 @defun random* number &optional state
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3476 This function returns a random nonnegative number less than
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3477 @var{number}, and of the same type (either integer or floating-point).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3478 The @var{state} argument should be a @code{random-state} object
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3479 which holds the state of the random number generator. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3480 function modifies this state object as a side effect. If
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3481 @var{state} is omitted, it defaults to the variable
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3482 @code{*random-state*}, which contains a pre-initialized
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3483 @code{random-state} object.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3484 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3485
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3486 @defvar *random-state*
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3487 This variable contains the system ``default'' @code{random-state}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3488 object, used for calls to @code{random*} that do not specify an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3489 alternative state object. Since any number of programs in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3490 Emacs process may be accessing @code{*random-state*} in interleaved
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3491 fashion, the sequence generated from this variable will be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3492 irreproducible for all intents and purposes.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3493 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3494
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3495 @defun make-random-state &optional state
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3496 This function creates or copies a @code{random-state} object.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3497 If @var{state} is omitted or @code{nil}, it returns a new copy of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3498 @code{*random-state*}. This is a copy in the sense that future
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3499 sequences of calls to @code{(random* @var{n})} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3500 @code{(random* @var{n} @var{s})} (where @var{s} is the new
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3501 random-state object) will return identical sequences of random
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3502 numbers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3503
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3504 If @var{state} is a @code{random-state} object, this function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3505 returns a copy of that object. If @var{state} is @code{t}, this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3506 function returns a new @code{random-state} object seeded from the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3507 date and time. As an extension to Common Lisp, @var{state} may also
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3508 be an integer in which case the new object is seeded from that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3509 integer; each different integer seed will result in a completely
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3510 different sequence of random numbers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3511
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3512 It is valid to print a @code{random-state} object to a buffer or
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3513 file and later read it back with @code{read}. If a program wishes
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3514 to use a sequence of pseudo-random numbers which can be reproduced
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3515 later for debugging, it can call @code{(make-random-state t)} to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3516 get a new sequence, then print this sequence to a file. When the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3517 program is later rerun, it can read the original run's random-state
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3518 from the file.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3519 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3520
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3521 @defun random-state-p object
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3522 This predicate returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3523 @code{random-state} object, or @code{nil} otherwise.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3524 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3525
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3526 @node Implementation Parameters, , Random Numbers, Numbers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3527 @section Implementation Parameters
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3528
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3529 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3530 This package defines several useful constants having to with numbers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3531
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3532 The following parameters have to do with floating-point numbers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3533 This package determines their values by exercising the computer's
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3534 floating-point arithmetic in various ways. Because this operation
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3535 might be slow, the code for initializing them is kept in a separate
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3536 function that must be called before the parameters can be used.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3537
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3538 @defun cl-float-limits
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3539 This function makes sure that the Common Lisp floating-point parameters
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3540 like @code{most-positive-float} have been initialized. Until it is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3541 called, these parameters will be @code{nil}. If this version of Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3542 does not support floats, the parameters will remain @code{nil}. If the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3543 parameters have already been initialized, the function returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3544 immediately.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3545
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3546 The algorithm makes assumptions that will be valid for most modern
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3547 machines, but will fail if the machine's arithmetic is extremely
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3548 unusual, e.g., decimal.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3549 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3550
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3551 Since true Common Lisp supports up to four different floating-point
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3552 precisions, it has families of constants like
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3553 @code{most-positive-single-float}, @code{most-positive-double-float},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3554 @code{most-positive-long-float}, and so on. Emacs has only one
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3555 floating-point precision, so this package omits the precision word
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3556 from the constants' names.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3557
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3558 @defvar most-positive-float
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3559 This constant equals the largest value a Lisp float can hold.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3560 For those systems whose arithmetic supports infinities, this is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3561 the largest @emph{finite} value. For IEEE machines, the value
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3562 is approximately @code{1.79e+308}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3563 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3564
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3565 @defvar most-negative-float
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3566 This constant equals the most-negative value a Lisp float can hold.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3567 (It is assumed to be equal to @code{(- most-positive-float)}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3568 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3569
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3570 @defvar least-positive-float
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3571 This constant equals the smallest Lisp float value greater than zero.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3572 For IEEE machines, it is about @code{4.94e-324} if denormals are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3573 supported or @code{2.22e-308} if not.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3574 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3575
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3576 @defvar least-positive-normalized-float
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3577 This constant equals the smallest @emph{normalized} Lisp float greater
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3578 than zero, i.e., the smallest value for which IEEE denormalization
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3579 will not result in a loss of precision. For IEEE machines, this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3580 value is about @code{2.22e-308}. For machines that do not support
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3581 the concept of denormalization and gradual underflow, this constant
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3582 will always equal @code{least-positive-float}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3583 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3584
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3585 @defvar least-negative-float
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3586 This constant is the negative counterpart of @code{least-positive-float}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3587 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3588
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3589 @defvar least-negative-normalized-float
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3590 This constant is the negative counterpart of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3591 @code{least-positive-normalized-float}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3592 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3593
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3594 @defvar float-epsilon
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3595 This constant is the smallest positive Lisp float that can be added
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3596 to 1.0 to produce a distinct value. Adding a smaller number to 1.0
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3597 will yield 1.0 again due to roundoff. For IEEE machines, epsilon
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3598 is about @code{2.22e-16}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3599 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3600
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3601 @defvar float-negative-epsilon
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3602 This is the smallest positive value that can be subtracted from
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3603 1.0 to produce a distinct value. For IEEE machines, it is about
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3604 @code{1.11e-16}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3605 @end defvar
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3606
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3607 @iftex
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3608 @chapno=13
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3609 @end iftex
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3610
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3611 @node Sequences, Lists, Numbers, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3612 @chapter Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3613
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3614 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3615 Common Lisp defines a number of functions that operate on
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3616 @dfn{sequences}, which are either lists, strings, or vectors.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3617 Emacs Lisp includes a few of these, notably @code{elt} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3618 @code{length}; this package defines most of the rest.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3619
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3620 @menu
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3621 * Sequence Basics:: Arguments shared by all sequence functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3622 * Mapping over Sequences:: `mapcar*', `mapcan', `map', `every', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3623 * Sequence Functions:: `subseq', `remove*', `substitute', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3624 * Searching Sequences:: `find', `position', `count', `search', etc.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3625 * Sorting Sequences:: `sort*', `stable-sort', `merge'
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3626 @end menu
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3627
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3628 @node Sequence Basics, Mapping over Sequences, Sequences, Sequences
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3629 @section Sequence Basics
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3630
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3631 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3632 Many of the sequence functions take keyword arguments; @pxref{Argument
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3633 Lists}. All keyword arguments are optional and, if specified,
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3634 may appear in any order.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3635
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3636 The @code{:key} argument should be passed either @code{nil}, or a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3637 function of one argument. This key function is used as a filter
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3638 through which the elements of the sequence are seen; for example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3639 @code{(find x y :key 'car)} is similar to @code{(assoc* x y)}:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3640 It searches for an element of the list whose @code{car} equals
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3641 @code{x}, rather than for an element which equals @code{x} itself.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3642 If @code{:key} is omitted or @code{nil}, the filter is effectively
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3643 the identity function.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3644
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3645 The @code{:test} and @code{:test-not} arguments should be either
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3646 @code{nil}, or functions of two arguments. The test function is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3647 used to compare two sequence elements, or to compare a search value
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3648 with sequence elements. (The two values are passed to the test
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3649 function in the same order as the original sequence function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3650 arguments from which they are derived, or, if they both come from
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3651 the same sequence, in the same order as they appear in that sequence.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3652 The @code{:test} argument specifies a function which must return
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3653 true (non-@code{nil}) to indicate a match; instead, you may use
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3654 @code{:test-not} to give a function which returns @emph{false} to
86275
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
3655 indicate a match. The default test function is @code{eql}.
84287
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3656
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3657 Many functions which take @var{item} and @code{:test} or @code{:test-not}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3658 arguments also come in @code{-if} and @code{-if-not} varieties,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3659 where a @var{predicate} function is passed instead of @var{item},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3660 and sequence elements match if the predicate returns true on them
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3661 (or false in the case of @code{-if-not}). For example:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3662
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3663 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3664 (remove* 0 seq :test '=) @equiv{} (remove-if 'zerop seq)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3665 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3666
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3667 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3668 to remove all zeros from sequence @code{seq}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3669
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3670 Some operations can work on a subsequence of the argument sequence;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3671 these function take @code{:start} and @code{:end} arguments which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3672 default to zero and the length of the sequence, respectively.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3673 Only elements between @var{start} (inclusive) and @var{end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3674 (exclusive) are affected by the operation. The @var{end} argument
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3675 may be passed @code{nil} to signify the length of the sequence;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3676 otherwise, both @var{start} and @var{end} must be integers, with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3677 @code{0 <= @var{start} <= @var{end} <= (length @var{seq})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3678 If the function takes two sequence arguments, the limits are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3679 defined by keywords @code{:start1} and @code{:end1} for the first,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3680 and @code{:start2} and @code{:end2} for the second.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3681
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3682 A few functions accept a @code{:from-end} argument, which, if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3683 non-@code{nil}, causes the operation to go from right-to-left
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3684 through the sequence instead of left-to-right, and a @code{:count}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3685 argument, which specifies an integer maximum number of elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3686 to be removed or otherwise processed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3687
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3688 The sequence functions make no guarantees about the order in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3689 which the @code{:test}, @code{:test-not}, and @code{:key} functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3690 are called on various elements. Therefore, it is a bad idea to depend
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3691 on side effects of these functions. For example, @code{:from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3692 may cause the sequence to be scanned actually in reverse, or it may
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3693 be scanned forwards but computing a result ``as if'' it were scanned
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3694 backwards. (Some functions, like @code{mapcar*} and @code{every},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3695 @emph{do} specify exactly the order in which the function is called
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3696 so side effects are perfectly acceptable in those cases.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3697
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3698 Strings may contain ``text properties'' as well
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3699 as character data. Except as noted, it is undefined whether or
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3700 not text properties are preserved by sequence functions. For
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3701 example, @code{(remove* ?A @var{str})} may or may not preserve
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3702 the properties of the characters copied from @var{str} into the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3703 result.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3704
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3705 @node Mapping over Sequences, Sequence Functions, Sequence Basics, Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3706 @section Mapping over Sequences
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3707
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3708 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3709 These functions ``map'' the function you specify over the elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3710 of lists or arrays. They are all variations on the theme of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3711 built-in function @code{mapcar}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3712
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3713 @defun mapcar* function seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3714 This function calls @var{function} on successive parallel sets of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3715 elements from its argument sequences. Given a single @var{seq}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3716 argument it is equivalent to @code{mapcar}; given @var{n} sequences,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3717 it calls the function with the first elements of each of the sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3718 as the @var{n} arguments to yield the first element of the result
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3719 list, then with the second elements, and so on. The mapping stops as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3720 soon as the shortest sequence runs out. The argument sequences may
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3721 be any mixture of lists, strings, and vectors; the return sequence
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3722 is always a list.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3723
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3724 Common Lisp's @code{mapcar} accepts multiple arguments but works
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3725 only on lists; Emacs Lisp's @code{mapcar} accepts a single sequence
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3726 argument. This package's @code{mapcar*} works as a compatible
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3727 superset of both.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3728 @end defun
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3729
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3730 @defun map result-type function seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3731 This function maps @var{function} over the argument sequences,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3732 just like @code{mapcar*}, but it returns a sequence of type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3733 @var{result-type} rather than a list. @var{result-type} must
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3734 be one of the following symbols: @code{vector}, @code{string},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3735 @code{list} (in which case the effect is the same as for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3736 @code{mapcar*}), or @code{nil} (in which case the results are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3737 thrown away and @code{map} returns @code{nil}).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3738 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3739
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3740 @defun maplist function list &rest more-lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3741 This function calls @var{function} on each of its argument lists,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3742 then on the @code{cdr}s of those lists, and so on, until the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3743 shortest list runs out. The results are returned in the form
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3744 of a list. Thus, @code{maplist} is like @code{mapcar*} except
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3745 that it passes in the list pointers themselves rather than the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3746 @code{car}s of the advancing pointers.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3747 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3748
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3749 @defun mapc function seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3750 This function is like @code{mapcar*}, except that the values returned
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3751 by @var{function} are ignored and thrown away rather than being
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3752 collected into a list. The return value of @code{mapc} is @var{seq},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3753 the first sequence. This function is more general than the Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3754 primitive @code{mapc}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3755 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3756
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3757 @defun mapl function list &rest more-lists
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3758 This function is like @code{maplist}, except that it throws away
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3759 the values returned by @var{function}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3760 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3761
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3762 @defun mapcan function seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3763 This function is like @code{mapcar*}, except that it concatenates
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3764 the return values (which must be lists) using @code{nconc},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3765 rather than simply collecting them into a list.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3766 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3767
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3768 @defun mapcon function list &rest more-lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3769 This function is like @code{maplist}, except that it concatenates
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3770 the return values using @code{nconc}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3771 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3772
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3773 @defun some predicate seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3774 This function calls @var{predicate} on each element of @var{seq}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3775 in turn; if @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3776 @code{some} returns that value, otherwise it returns @code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3777 Given several sequence arguments, it steps through the sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3778 in parallel until the shortest one runs out, just as in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3779 @code{mapcar*}. You can rely on the left-to-right order in which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3780 the elements are visited, and on the fact that mapping stops
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3781 immediately as soon as @var{predicate} returns non-@code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3782 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3783
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3784 @defun every predicate seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3785 This function calls @var{predicate} on each element of the sequence(s)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3786 in turn; it returns @code{nil} as soon as @var{predicate} returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3787 @code{nil} for any element, or @code{t} if the predicate was true
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3788 for all elements.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3789 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3790
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3791 @defun notany predicate seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3792 This function calls @var{predicate} on each element of the sequence(s)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3793 in turn; it returns @code{nil} as soon as @var{predicate} returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3794 a non-@code{nil} value for any element, or @code{t} if the predicate
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3795 was @code{nil} for all elements.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3796 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3797
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3798 @defun notevery predicate seq &rest more-seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3799 This function calls @var{predicate} on each element of the sequence(s)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3800 in turn; it returns a non-@code{nil} value as soon as @var{predicate}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3801 returns @code{nil} for any element, or @code{t} if the predicate was
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3802 true for all elements.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3803 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3804
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3805 @defun reduce function seq @t{&key :from-end :start :end :initial-value :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3806 This function combines the elements of @var{seq} using an associative
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3807 binary operation. Suppose @var{function} is @code{*} and @var{seq} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3808 the list @code{(2 3 4 5)}. The first two elements of the list are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3809 combined with @code{(* 2 3) = 6}; this is combined with the next
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3810 element, @code{(* 6 4) = 24}, and that is combined with the final
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3811 element: @code{(* 24 5) = 120}. Note that the @code{*} function happens
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3812 to be self-reducing, so that @code{(* 2 3 4 5)} has the same effect as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3813 an explicit call to @code{reduce}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3814
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3815 If @code{:from-end} is true, the reduction is right-associative instead
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3816 of left-associative:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3817
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3818 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3819 (reduce '- '(1 2 3 4))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3820 @equiv{} (- (- (- 1 2) 3) 4) @result{} -8
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3821 (reduce '- '(1 2 3 4) :from-end t)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3822 @equiv{} (- 1 (- 2 (- 3 4))) @result{} -2
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3823 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3824
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3825 If @code{:key} is specified, it is a function of one argument which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3826 is called on each of the sequence elements in turn.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3827
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3828 If @code{:initial-value} is specified, it is effectively added to the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3829 front (or rear in the case of @code{:from-end}) of the sequence.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3830 The @code{:key} function is @emph{not} applied to the initial value.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3831
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3832 If the sequence, including the initial value, has exactly one element
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3833 then that element is returned without ever calling @var{function}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3834 If the sequence is empty (and there is no initial value), then
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3835 @var{function} is called with no arguments to obtain the return value.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3836 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3837
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3838 All of these mapping operations can be expressed conveniently in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3839 terms of the @code{loop} macro. In compiled code, @code{loop} will
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3840 be faster since it generates the loop as in-line code with no
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3841 function calls.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3842
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3843 @node Sequence Functions, Searching Sequences, Mapping over Sequences, Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3844 @section Sequence Functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3845
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3846 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3847 This section describes a number of Common Lisp functions for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3848 operating on sequences.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3849
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3850 @defun subseq sequence start &optional end
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3851 This function returns a given subsequence of the argument
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3852 @var{sequence}, which may be a list, string, or vector.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3853 The indices @var{start} and @var{end} must be in range, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3854 @var{start} must be no greater than @var{end}. If @var{end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3855 is omitted, it defaults to the length of the sequence. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3856 return value is always a copy; it does not share structure
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3857 with @var{sequence}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3858
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3859 As an extension to Common Lisp, @var{start} and/or @var{end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3860 may be negative, in which case they represent a distance back
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3861 from the end of the sequence. This is for compatibility with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3862 Emacs' @code{substring} function. Note that @code{subseq} is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3863 the @emph{only} sequence function that allows negative
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3864 @var{start} and @var{end}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3865
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3866 You can use @code{setf} on a @code{subseq} form to replace a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3867 specified range of elements with elements from another sequence.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3868 The replacement is done as if by @code{replace}, described below.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3869 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3870
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3871 @defun concatenate result-type &rest seqs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3872 This function concatenates the argument sequences together to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3873 form a result sequence of type @var{result-type}, one of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3874 symbols @code{vector}, @code{string}, or @code{list}. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3875 arguments are always copied, even in cases such as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3876 @code{(concatenate 'list '(1 2 3))} where the result is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3877 identical to an argument.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3878 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3879
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3880 @defun fill seq item @t{&key :start :end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3881 This function fills the elements of the sequence (or the specified
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3882 part of the sequence) with the value @var{item}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3883 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3884
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3885 @defun replace seq1 seq2 @t{&key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3886 This function copies part of @var{seq2} into part of @var{seq1}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3887 The sequence @var{seq1} is not stretched or resized; the amount
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3888 of data copied is simply the shorter of the source and destination
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3889 (sub)sequences. The function returns @var{seq1}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3890
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3891 If @var{seq1} and @var{seq2} are @code{eq}, then the replacement
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3892 will work correctly even if the regions indicated by the start
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3893 and end arguments overlap. However, if @var{seq1} and @var{seq2}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3894 are lists which share storage but are not @code{eq}, and the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3895 start and end arguments specify overlapping regions, the effect
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3896 is undefined.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3897 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3898
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3899 @defun remove* item seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :count :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3900 This returns a copy of @var{seq} with all elements matching
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3901 @var{item} removed. The result may share storage with or be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3902 @code{eq} to @var{seq} in some circumstances, but the original
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3903 @var{seq} will not be modified. The @code{:test}, @code{:test-not},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3904 and @code{:key} arguments define the matching test that is used;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3905 by default, elements @code{eql} to @var{item} are removed. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3906 @code{:count} argument specifies the maximum number of matching
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3907 elements that can be removed (only the leftmost @var{count} matches
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3908 are removed). The @code{:start} and @code{:end} arguments specify
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3909 a region in @var{seq} in which elements will be removed; elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3910 outside that region are not matched or removed. The @code{:from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3911 argument, if true, says that elements should be deleted from the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3912 end of the sequence rather than the beginning (this matters only
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3913 if @var{count} was also specified).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3914 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3915
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3916 @defun delete* item seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :count :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3917 This deletes all elements of @var{seq} which match @var{item}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3918 It is a destructive operation. Since Emacs Lisp does not support
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3919 stretchable strings or vectors, this is the same as @code{remove*}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3920 for those sequence types. On lists, @code{remove*} will copy the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3921 list if necessary to preserve the original list, whereas
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3922 @code{delete*} will splice out parts of the argument list.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3923 Compare @code{append} and @code{nconc}, which are analogous
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3924 non-destructive and destructive list operations in Emacs Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3925 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3926
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3927 @findex remove-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3928 @findex remove-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3929 @findex delete-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3930 @findex delete-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3931 The predicate-oriented functions @code{remove-if}, @code{remove-if-not},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3932 @code{delete-if}, and @code{delete-if-not} are defined similarly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3933
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3934 @defun remove-duplicates seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3935 This function returns a copy of @var{seq} with duplicate elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3936 removed. Specifically, if two elements from the sequence match
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3937 according to the @code{:test}, @code{:test-not}, and @code{:key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3938 arguments, only the rightmost one is retained. If @code{:from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3939 is true, the leftmost one is retained instead. If @code{:start} or
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3940 @code{:end} is specified, only elements within that subsequence are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3941 examined or removed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3942 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3943
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3944 @defun delete-duplicates seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3945 This function deletes duplicate elements from @var{seq}. It is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3946 a destructive version of @code{remove-duplicates}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3947 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3948
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3949 @defun substitute new old seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :count :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3950 This function returns a copy of @var{seq}, with all elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3951 matching @var{old} replaced with @var{new}. The @code{:count},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3952 @code{:start}, @code{:end}, and @code{:from-end} arguments may be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3953 used to limit the number of substitutions made.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3954 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3955
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3956 @defun nsubstitute new old seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :count :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3957 This is a destructive version of @code{substitute}; it performs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3958 the substitution using @code{setcar} or @code{aset} rather than
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3959 by returning a changed copy of the sequence.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3960 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3961
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3962 @findex substitute-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3963 @findex substitute-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3964 @findex nsubstitute-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3965 @findex nsubstitute-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3966 The @code{substitute-if}, @code{substitute-if-not}, @code{nsubstitute-if},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3967 and @code{nsubstitute-if-not} functions are defined similarly. For
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3968 these, a @var{predicate} is given in place of the @var{old} argument.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3969
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3970 @node Searching Sequences, Sorting Sequences, Sequence Functions, Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3971 @section Searching Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3972
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3973 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3974 These functions search for elements or subsequences in a sequence.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3975 (See also @code{member*} and @code{assoc*}; @pxref{Lists}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3976
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3977 @defun find item seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3978 This function searches @var{seq} for an element matching @var{item}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3979 If it finds a match, it returns the matching element. Otherwise,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3980 it returns @code{nil}. It returns the leftmost match, unless
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3981 @code{:from-end} is true, in which case it returns the rightmost
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3982 match. The @code{:start} and @code{:end} arguments may be used to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3983 limit the range of elements that are searched.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3984 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3985
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3986 @defun position item seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :start :end :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3987 This function is like @code{find}, except that it returns the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3988 integer position in the sequence of the matching item rather than
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3989 the item itself. The position is relative to the start of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3990 sequence as a whole, even if @code{:start} is non-zero. The function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3991 returns @code{nil} if no matching element was found.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3992 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3993
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3994 @defun count item seq @t{&key :test :test-not :key :start :end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3995 This function returns the number of elements of @var{seq} which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3996 match @var{item}. The result is always a nonnegative integer.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3997 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3998
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3999 @findex find-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4000 @findex find-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4001 @findex position-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4002 @findex position-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4003 @findex count-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4004 @findex count-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4005 The @code{find-if}, @code{find-if-not}, @code{position-if},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4006 @code{position-if-not}, @code{count-if}, and @code{count-if-not}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4007 functions are defined similarly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4008
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4009 @defun mismatch seq1 seq2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2 :from-end}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4010 This function compares the specified parts of @var{seq1} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4011 @var{seq2}. If they are the same length and the corresponding
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4012 elements match (according to @code{:test}, @code{:test-not},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4013 and @code{:key}), the function returns @code{nil}. If there is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4014 a mismatch, the function returns the index (relative to @var{seq1})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4015 of the first mismatching element. This will be the leftmost pair of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4016 elements which do not match, or the position at which the shorter of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4017 the two otherwise-matching sequences runs out.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4018
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4019 If @code{:from-end} is true, then the elements are compared from right
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4020 to left starting at @code{(1- @var{end1})} and @code{(1- @var{end2})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4021 If the sequences differ, then one plus the index of the rightmost
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4022 difference (relative to @var{seq1}) is returned.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4023
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4024 An interesting example is @code{(mismatch str1 str2 :key 'upcase)},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4025 which compares two strings case-insensitively.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4026 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4027
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4028 @defun search seq1 seq2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key :from-end :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4029 This function searches @var{seq2} for a subsequence that matches
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4030 @var{seq1} (or part of it specified by @code{:start1} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4031 @code{:end1}.) Only matches which fall entirely within the region
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4032 defined by @code{:start2} and @code{:end2} will be considered.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4033 The return value is the index of the leftmost element of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4034 leftmost match, relative to the start of @var{seq2}, or @code{nil}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4035 if no matches were found. If @code{:from-end} is true, the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4036 function finds the @emph{rightmost} matching subsequence.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4037 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4038
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4039 @node Sorting Sequences, , Searching Sequences, Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4040 @section Sorting Sequences
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4041
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4042 @defun sort* seq predicate @t{&key :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4043 This function sorts @var{seq} into increasing order as determined
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4044 by using @var{predicate} to compare pairs of elements. @var{predicate}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4045 should return true (non-@code{nil}) if and only if its first argument
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4046 is less than (not equal to) its second argument. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4047 @code{<} and @code{string-lessp} are suitable predicate functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4048 for sorting numbers and strings, respectively; @code{>} would sort
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4049 numbers into decreasing rather than increasing order.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4050
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4051 This function differs from Emacs' built-in @code{sort} in that it
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4052 can operate on any type of sequence, not just lists. Also, it
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4053 accepts a @code{:key} argument which is used to preprocess data
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4054 fed to the @var{predicate} function. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4055
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4056 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4057 (setq data (sort* data 'string-lessp :key 'downcase))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4058 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4059
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4060 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4061 sorts @var{data}, a sequence of strings, into increasing alphabetical
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4062 order without regard to case. A @code{:key} function of @code{car}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4063 would be useful for sorting association lists. It should only be a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4064 simple accessor though, it's used heavily in the current
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4065 implementation.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4066
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4067 The @code{sort*} function is destructive; it sorts lists by actually
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4068 rearranging the @code{cdr} pointers in suitable fashion.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4069 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4070
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4071 @defun stable-sort seq predicate @t{&key :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4072 This function sorts @var{seq} @dfn{stably}, meaning two elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4073 which are equal in terms of @var{predicate} are guaranteed not to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4074 be rearranged out of their original order by the sort.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4075
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4076 In practice, @code{sort*} and @code{stable-sort} are equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4077 in Emacs Lisp because the underlying @code{sort} function is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4078 stable by default. However, this package reserves the right to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4079 use non-stable methods for @code{sort*} in the future.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4080 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4081
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4082 @defun merge type seq1 seq2 predicate @t{&key :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4083 This function merges two sequences @var{seq1} and @var{seq2} by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4084 interleaving their elements. The result sequence, of type @var{type}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4085 (in the sense of @code{concatenate}), has length equal to the sum
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4086 of the lengths of the two input sequences. The sequences may be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4087 modified destructively. Order of elements within @var{seq1} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4088 @var{seq2} is preserved in the interleaving; elements of the two
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4089 sequences are compared by @var{predicate} (in the sense of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4090 @code{sort}) and the lesser element goes first in the result.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4091 When elements are equal, those from @var{seq1} precede those from
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4092 @var{seq2} in the result. Thus, if @var{seq1} and @var{seq2} are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4093 both sorted according to @var{predicate}, then the result will be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4094 a merged sequence which is (stably) sorted according to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4095 @var{predicate}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4096 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4097
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4098 @node Lists, Structures, Sequences, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4099 @chapter Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4100
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4101 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4102 The functions described here operate on lists.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4103
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4104 @menu
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4105 * List Functions:: `caddr', `first', `list*', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4106 * Substitution of Expressions:: `subst', `sublis', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4107 * Lists as Sets:: `member*', `adjoin', `union', etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4108 * Association Lists:: `assoc*', `rassoc*', `acons', `pairlis'
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4109 @end menu
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4110
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4111 @node List Functions, Substitution of Expressions, Lists, Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4112 @section List Functions
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4113
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4114 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4115 This section describes a number of simple operations on lists,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4116 i.e., chains of cons cells.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4117
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4118 @defun caddr x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4119 This function is equivalent to @code{(car (cdr (cdr @var{x})))}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4120 Likewise, this package defines all 28 @code{c@var{xxx}r} functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4121 where @var{xxx} is up to four @samp{a}s and/or @samp{d}s.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4122 All of these functions are @code{setf}-able, and calls to them
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4123 are expanded inline by the byte-compiler for maximum efficiency.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4124 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4125
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4126 @defun first x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4127 This function is a synonym for @code{(car @var{x})}. Likewise,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4128 the functions @code{second}, @code{third}, @dots{}, through
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4129 @code{tenth} return the given element of the list @var{x}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4130 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4131
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4132 @defun rest x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4133 This function is a synonym for @code{(cdr @var{x})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4134 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4135
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4136 @defun endp x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4137 Common Lisp defines this function to act like @code{null}, but
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4138 signaling an error if @code{x} is neither a @code{nil} nor a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4139 cons cell. This package simply defines @code{endp} as a synonym
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4140 for @code{null}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4141 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4142
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4143 @defun list-length x
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4144 This function returns the length of list @var{x}, exactly like
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4145 @code{(length @var{x})}, except that if @var{x} is a circular
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4146 list (where the cdr-chain forms a loop rather than terminating
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4147 with @code{nil}), this function returns @code{nil}. (The regular
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4148 @code{length} function would get stuck if given a circular list.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4149 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4150
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4151 @defun list* arg &rest others
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4152 This function constructs a list of its arguments. The final
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4153 argument becomes the @code{cdr} of the last cell constructed.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4154 Thus, @code{(list* @var{a} @var{b} @var{c})} is equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4155 @code{(cons @var{a} (cons @var{b} @var{c}))}, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4156 @code{(list* @var{a} @var{b} nil)} is equivalent to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4157 @code{(list @var{a} @var{b})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4158
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4159 (Note that this function really is called @code{list*} in Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4160 Lisp; it is not a name invented for this package like @code{member*}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4161 or @code{defun*}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4162 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4163
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4164 @defun ldiff list sublist
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4165 If @var{sublist} is a sublist of @var{list}, i.e., is @code{eq} to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4166 one of the cons cells of @var{list}, then this function returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4167 a copy of the part of @var{list} up to but not including
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4168 @var{sublist}. For example, @code{(ldiff x (cddr x))} returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4169 the first two elements of the list @code{x}. The result is a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4170 copy; the original @var{list} is not modified. If @var{sublist}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4171 is not a sublist of @var{list}, a copy of the entire @var{list}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4172 is returned.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4173 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4174
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4175 @defun copy-list list
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4176 This function returns a copy of the list @var{list}. It copies
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4177 dotted lists like @code{(1 2 . 3)} correctly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4178 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4179
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4180 @defun copy-tree x &optional vecp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4181 This function returns a copy of the tree of cons cells @var{x}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4182 Unlike @code{copy-sequence} (and its alias @code{copy-list}),
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4183 which copies only along the @code{cdr} direction, this function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4184 copies (recursively) along both the @code{car} and the @code{cdr}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4185 directions. If @var{x} is not a cons cell, the function simply
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4186 returns @var{x} unchanged. If the optional @var{vecp} argument
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4187 is true, this function copies vectors (recursively) as well as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4188 cons cells.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4189 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4190
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4191 @defun tree-equal x y @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4192 This function compares two trees of cons cells. If @var{x} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4193 @var{y} are both cons cells, their @code{car}s and @code{cdr}s are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4194 compared recursively. If neither @var{x} nor @var{y} is a cons
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4195 cell, they are compared by @code{eql}, or according to the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4196 specified test. The @code{:key} function, if specified, is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4197 applied to the elements of both trees. @xref{Sequences}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4198 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4199
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4200 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4201 @secno=3
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4202 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4203
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4204 @node Substitution of Expressions, Lists as Sets, List Functions, Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4205 @section Substitution of Expressions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4206
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4207 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4208 These functions substitute elements throughout a tree of cons
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4209 cells. (@xref{Sequence Functions}, for the @code{substitute}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4210 function, which works on just the top-level elements of a list.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4211
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4212 @defun subst new old tree @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4213 This function substitutes occurrences of @var{old} with @var{new}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4214 in @var{tree}, a tree of cons cells. It returns a substituted
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4215 tree, which will be a copy except that it may share storage with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4216 the argument @var{tree} in parts where no substitutions occurred.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4217 The original @var{tree} is not modified. This function recurses
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4218 on, and compares against @var{old}, both @code{car}s and @code{cdr}s
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4219 of the component cons cells. If @var{old} is itself a cons cell,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4220 then matching cells in the tree are substituted as usual without
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4221 recursively substituting in that cell. Comparisons with @var{old}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4222 are done according to the specified test (@code{eql} by default).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4223 The @code{:key} function is applied to the elements of the tree
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4224 but not to @var{old}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4225 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4226
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4227 @defun nsubst new old tree @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4228 This function is like @code{subst}, except that it works by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4229 destructive modification (by @code{setcar} or @code{setcdr})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4230 rather than copying.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4231 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4232
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4233 @findex subst-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4234 @findex subst-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4235 @findex nsubst-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4236 @findex nsubst-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4237 The @code{subst-if}, @code{subst-if-not}, @code{nsubst-if}, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4238 @code{nsubst-if-not} functions are defined similarly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4239
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4240 @defun sublis alist tree @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4241 This function is like @code{subst}, except that it takes an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4242 association list @var{alist} of @var{old}-@var{new} pairs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4243 Each element of the tree (after applying the @code{:key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4244 function, if any), is compared with the @code{car}s of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4245 @var{alist}; if it matches, it is replaced by the corresponding
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4246 @code{cdr}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4247 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4248
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4249 @defun nsublis alist tree @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4250 This is a destructive version of @code{sublis}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4251 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4252
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4253 @node Lists as Sets, Association Lists, Substitution of Expressions, Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4254 @section Lists as Sets
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4255
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4256 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4257 These functions perform operations on lists which represent sets
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4258 of elements.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4259
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4260 @defun member* item list @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4261 This function searches @var{list} for an element matching @var{item}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4262 If a match is found, it returns the cons cell whose @code{car} was
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4263 the matching element. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. Elements
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4264 are compared by @code{eql} by default; you can use the @code{:test},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4265 @code{:test-not}, and @code{:key} arguments to modify this behavior.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4266 @xref{Sequences}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4267
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4268 Note that this function's name is suffixed by @samp{*} to avoid
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4269 the incompatible @code{member} function defined in Emacs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4270 (That function uses @code{equal} for comparisons; it is equivalent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4271 to @code{(member* @var{item} @var{list} :test 'equal)}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4272 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4273
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4274 @findex member-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4275 @findex member-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4276 The @code{member-if} and @code{member-if-not} functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4277 analogously search for elements which satisfy a given predicate.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4278
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4279 @defun tailp sublist list
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4280 This function returns @code{t} if @var{sublist} is a sublist of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4281 @var{list}, i.e., if @var{sublist} is @code{eql} to @var{list} or to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4282 any of its @code{cdr}s.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4283 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4284
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4285 @defun adjoin item list @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4286 This function conses @var{item} onto the front of @var{list},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4287 like @code{(cons @var{item} @var{list})}, but only if @var{item}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4288 is not already present on the list (as determined by @code{member*}).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4289 If a @code{:key} argument is specified, it is applied to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4290 @var{item} as well as to the elements of @var{list} during
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4291 the search, on the reasoning that @var{item} is ``about'' to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4292 become part of the list.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4293 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4294
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4295 @defun union list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4296 This function combines two lists which represent sets of items,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4297 returning a list that represents the union of those two sets.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4298 The result list will contain all items which appear in @var{list1}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4299 or @var{list2}, and no others. If an item appears in both
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4300 @var{list1} and @var{list2} it will be copied only once. If
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4301 an item is duplicated in @var{list1} or @var{list2}, it is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4302 undefined whether or not that duplication will survive in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4303 result list. The order of elements in the result list is also
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4304 undefined.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4305 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4306
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4307 @defun nunion list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4308 This is a destructive version of @code{union}; rather than copying,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4309 it tries to reuse the storage of the argument lists if possible.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4310 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4311
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4312 @defun intersection list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4313 This function computes the intersection of the sets represented
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4314 by @var{list1} and @var{list2}. It returns the list of items
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4315 which appear in both @var{list1} and @var{list2}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4316 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4317
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4318 @defun nintersection list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4319 This is a destructive version of @code{intersection}. It
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4320 tries to reuse storage of @var{list1} rather than copying.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4321 It does @emph{not} reuse the storage of @var{list2}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4322 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4323
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4324 @defun set-difference list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4325 This function computes the ``set difference'' of @var{list1}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4326 and @var{list2}, i.e., the set of elements that appear in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4327 @var{list1} but @emph{not} in @var{list2}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4328 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4329
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4330 @defun nset-difference list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4331 This is a destructive @code{set-difference}, which will try
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4332 to reuse @var{list1} if possible.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4333 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4334
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4335 @defun set-exclusive-or list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4336 This function computes the ``set exclusive or'' of @var{list1}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4337 and @var{list2}, i.e., the set of elements that appear in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4338 exactly one of @var{list1} and @var{list2}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4339 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4340
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4341 @defun nset-exclusive-or list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4342 This is a destructive @code{set-exclusive-or}, which will try
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4343 to reuse @var{list1} and @var{list2} if possible.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4344 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4345
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4346 @defun subsetp list1 list2 @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4347 This function checks whether @var{list1} represents a subset
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4348 of @var{list2}, i.e., whether every element of @var{list1}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4349 also appears in @var{list2}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4350 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4351
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4352 @node Association Lists, , Lists as Sets, Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4353 @section Association Lists
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4354
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4355 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4356 An @dfn{association list} is a list representing a mapping from
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4357 one set of values to another; any list whose elements are cons
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4358 cells is an association list.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4359
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4360 @defun assoc* item a-list @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4361 This function searches the association list @var{a-list} for an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4362 element whose @code{car} matches (in the sense of @code{:test},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4363 @code{:test-not}, and @code{:key}, or by comparison with @code{eql})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4364 a given @var{item}. It returns the matching element, if any,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4365 otherwise @code{nil}. It ignores elements of @var{a-list} which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4366 are not cons cells. (This corresponds to the behavior of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4367 @code{assq} and @code{assoc} in Emacs Lisp; Common Lisp's
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4368 @code{assoc} ignores @code{nil}s but considers any other non-cons
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4369 elements of @var{a-list} to be an error.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4370 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4371
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4372 @defun rassoc* item a-list @t{&key :test :test-not :key}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4373 This function searches for an element whose @code{cdr} matches
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4374 @var{item}. If @var{a-list} represents a mapping, this applies
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4375 the inverse of the mapping to @var{item}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4376 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4377
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4378 @findex assoc-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4379 @findex assoc-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4380 @findex rassoc-if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4381 @findex rassoc-if-not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4382 The @code{assoc-if}, @code{assoc-if-not}, @code{rassoc-if},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4383 and @code{rassoc-if-not} functions are defined similarly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4384
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4385 Two simple functions for constructing association lists are:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4386
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4387 @defun acons key value alist
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4388 This is equivalent to @code{(cons (cons @var{key} @var{value}) @var{alist})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4389 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4390
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4391 @defun pairlis keys values &optional alist
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4392 This is equivalent to @code{(nconc (mapcar* 'cons @var{keys} @var{values})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4393 @var{alist})}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4394 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4395
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4396 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4397 @chapno=18
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4398 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4399
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4400 @node Structures, Assertions, Lists, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4401 @chapter Structures
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4402
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4403 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4404 The Common Lisp @dfn{structure} mechanism provides a general way
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4405 to define data types similar to C's @code{struct} types. A
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4406 structure is a Lisp object containing some number of @dfn{slots},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4407 each of which can hold any Lisp data object. Functions are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4408 provided for accessing and setting the slots, creating or copying
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4409 structure objects, and recognizing objects of a particular structure
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4410 type.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4411
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4412 In true Common Lisp, each structure type is a new type distinct
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4413 from all existing Lisp types. Since the underlying Emacs Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4414 system provides no way to create new distinct types, this package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4415 implements structures as vectors (or lists upon request) with a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4416 special ``tag'' symbol to identify them.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4417
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4418 @defspec defstruct name slots@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4419 The @code{defstruct} form defines a new structure type called
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4420 @var{name}, with the specified @var{slots}. (The @var{slots}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4421 may begin with a string which documents the structure type.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4422 In the simplest case, @var{name} and each of the @var{slots}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4423 are symbols. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4424
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4425 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4426 (defstruct person name age sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4427 @end example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4428
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4429 @noindent
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4430 defines a struct type called @code{person} which contains three
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4431 slots. Given a @code{person} object @var{p}, you can access those
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4432 slots by calling @code{(person-name @var{p})}, @code{(person-age @var{p})},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4433 and @code{(person-sex @var{p})}. You can also change these slots by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4434 using @code{setf} on any of these place forms:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4435
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4436 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4437 (incf (person-age birthday-boy))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4438 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4439
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4440 You can create a new @code{person} by calling @code{make-person},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4441 which takes keyword arguments @code{:name}, @code{:age}, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4442 @code{:sex} to specify the initial values of these slots in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4443 new object. (Omitting any of these arguments leaves the corresponding
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4444 slot ``undefined,'' according to the Common Lisp standard; in Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4445 Lisp, such uninitialized slots are filled with @code{nil}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4446
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4447 Given a @code{person}, @code{(copy-person @var{p})} makes a new
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4448 object of the same type whose slots are @code{eq} to those of @var{p}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4449
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4450 Given any Lisp object @var{x}, @code{(person-p @var{x})} returns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4451 true if @var{x} looks like a @code{person}, false otherwise. (Again,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4452 in Common Lisp this predicate would be exact; in Emacs Lisp the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4453 best it can do is verify that @var{x} is a vector of the correct
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4454 length which starts with the correct tag symbol.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4455
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4456 Accessors like @code{person-name} normally check their arguments
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4457 (effectively using @code{person-p}) and signal an error if the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4458 argument is the wrong type. This check is affected by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4459 @code{(optimize (safety @dots{}))} declarations. Safety level 1,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4460 the default, uses a somewhat optimized check that will detect all
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4461 incorrect arguments, but may use an uninformative error message
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4462 (e.g., ``expected a vector'' instead of ``expected a @code{person}'').
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4463 Safety level 0 omits all checks except as provided by the underlying
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4464 @code{aref} call; safety levels 2 and 3 do rigorous checking that will
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4465 always print a descriptive error message for incorrect inputs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4466 @xref{Declarations}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4467
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4468 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4469 (setq dave (make-person :name "Dave" :sex 'male))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4470 @result{} [cl-struct-person "Dave" nil male]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4471 (setq other (copy-person dave))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4472 @result{} [cl-struct-person "Dave" nil male]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4473 (eq dave other)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4474 @result{} nil
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4475 (eq (person-name dave) (person-name other))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4476 @result{} t
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4477 (person-p dave)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4478 @result{} t
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4479 (person-p [1 2 3 4])
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4480 @result{} nil
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4481 (person-p "Bogus")
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4482 @result{} nil
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4483 (person-p '[cl-struct-person counterfeit person object])
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4484 @result{} t
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4485 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4486
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4487 In general, @var{name} is either a name symbol or a list of a name
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4488 symbol followed by any number of @dfn{struct options}; each @var{slot}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4489 is either a slot symbol or a list of the form @samp{(@var{slot-name}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4490 @var{default-value} @var{slot-options}@dots{})}. The @var{default-value}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4491 is a Lisp form which is evaluated any time an instance of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4492 structure type is created without specifying that slot's value.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4493
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4494 Common Lisp defines several slot options, but the only one
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4495 implemented in this package is @code{:read-only}. A non-@code{nil}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4496 value for this option means the slot should not be @code{setf}-able;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4497 the slot's value is determined when the object is created and does
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4498 not change afterward.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4499
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4500 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4501 (defstruct person
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4502 (name nil :read-only t)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4503 age
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4504 (sex 'unknown))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4505 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4506
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4507 Any slot options other than @code{:read-only} are ignored.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4508
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4509 For obscure historical reasons, structure options take a different
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4510 form than slot options. A structure option is either a keyword
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4511 symbol, or a list beginning with a keyword symbol possibly followed
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4512 by arguments. (By contrast, slot options are key-value pairs not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4513 enclosed in lists.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4514
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4515 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4516 (defstruct (person (:constructor create-person)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4517 (:type list)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4518 :named)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4519 name age sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4520 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4521
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4522 The following structure options are recognized.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4523
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4524 @table @code
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4525 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4526 @itemmax=0 in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4527 @advance@leftskip-.5@tableindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4528 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4529 @item :conc-name
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4530 The argument is a symbol whose print name is used as the prefix for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4531 the names of slot accessor functions. The default is the name of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4532 the struct type followed by a hyphen. The option @code{(:conc-name p-)}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4533 would change this prefix to @code{p-}. Specifying @code{nil} as an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4534 argument means no prefix, so that the slot names themselves are used
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4535 to name the accessor functions.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4536
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4537 @item :constructor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4538 In the simple case, this option takes one argument which is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4539 alternate name to use for the constructor function. The default
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4540 is @code{make-@var{name}}, e.g., @code{make-person}. The above
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4541 example changes this to @code{create-person}. Specifying @code{nil}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4542 as an argument means that no standard constructor should be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4543 generated at all.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4544
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4545 In the full form of this option, the constructor name is followed
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4546 by an arbitrary argument list. @xref{Program Structure}, for a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4547 description of the format of Common Lisp argument lists. All
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4548 options, such as @code{&rest} and @code{&key}, are supported.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4549 The argument names should match the slot names; each slot is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4550 initialized from the corresponding argument. Slots whose names
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4551 do not appear in the argument list are initialized based on the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4552 @var{default-value} in their slot descriptor. Also, @code{&optional}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4553 and @code{&key} arguments which don't specify defaults take their
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4554 defaults from the slot descriptor. It is valid to include arguments
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4555 which don't correspond to slot names; these are useful if they are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4556 referred to in the defaults for optional, keyword, or @code{&aux}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4557 arguments which @emph{do} correspond to slots.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4558
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4559 You can specify any number of full-format @code{:constructor}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4560 options on a structure. The default constructor is still generated
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4561 as well unless you disable it with a simple-format @code{:constructor}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4562 option.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4563
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4564 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4565 (defstruct
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4566 (person
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4567 (:constructor nil) ; no default constructor
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4568 (:constructor new-person (name sex &optional (age 0)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4569 (:constructor new-hound (&key (name "Rover")
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4570 (dog-years 0)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4571 &aux (age (* 7 dog-years))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4572 (sex 'canine))))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4573 name age sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4574 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4575
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4576 The first constructor here takes its arguments positionally rather
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4577 than by keyword. (In official Common Lisp terminology, constructors
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4578 that work By Order of Arguments instead of by keyword are called
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4579 ``BOA constructors.'' No, I'm not making this up.) For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4580 @code{(new-person "Jane" 'female)} generates a person whose slots
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4581 are @code{"Jane"}, 0, and @code{female}, respectively.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4582
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4583 The second constructor takes two keyword arguments, @code{:name},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4584 which initializes the @code{name} slot and defaults to @code{"Rover"},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4585 and @code{:dog-years}, which does not itself correspond to a slot
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4586 but which is used to initialize the @code{age} slot. The @code{sex}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4587 slot is forced to the symbol @code{canine} with no syntax for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4588 overriding it.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4589
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4590 @item :copier
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4591 The argument is an alternate name for the copier function for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4592 this type. The default is @code{copy-@var{name}}. @code{nil}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4593 means not to generate a copier function. (In this implementation,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4594 all copier functions are simply synonyms for @code{copy-sequence}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4595
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4596 @item :predicate
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4597 The argument is an alternate name for the predicate which recognizes
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4598 objects of this type. The default is @code{@var{name}-p}. @code{nil}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4599 means not to generate a predicate function. (If the @code{:type}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4600 option is used without the @code{:named} option, no predicate is
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4601 ever generated.)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4602
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4603 In true Common Lisp, @code{typep} is always able to recognize a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4604 structure object even if @code{:predicate} was used. In this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4605 package, @code{typep} simply looks for a function called
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4606 @code{@var{typename}-p}, so it will work for structure types
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4607 only if they used the default predicate name.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4608
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4609 @item :include
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4610 This option implements a very limited form of C++-style inheritance.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4611 The argument is the name of another structure type previously
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4612 created with @code{defstruct}. The effect is to cause the new
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4613 structure type to inherit all of the included structure's slots
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4614 (plus, of course, any new slots described by this struct's slot
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4615 descriptors). The new structure is considered a ``specialization''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4616 of the included one. In fact, the predicate and slot accessors
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4617 for the included type will also accept objects of the new type.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4618
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4619 If there are extra arguments to the @code{:include} option after
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4620 the included-structure name, these options are treated as replacement
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4621 slot descriptors for slots in the included structure, possibly with
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4622 modified default values. Borrowing an example from Steele:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4623
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4624 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4625 (defstruct person name (age 0) sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4626 @result{} person
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4627 (defstruct (astronaut (:include person (age 45)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4628 helmet-size
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4629 (favorite-beverage 'tang))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4630 @result{} astronaut
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4631
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4632 (setq joe (make-person :name "Joe"))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4633 @result{} [cl-struct-person "Joe" 0 nil]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4634 (setq buzz (make-astronaut :name "Buzz"))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4635 @result{} [cl-struct-astronaut "Buzz" 45 nil nil tang]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4636
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4637 (list (person-p joe) (person-p buzz))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4638 @result{} (t t)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4639 (list (astronaut-p joe) (astronaut-p buzz))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4640 @result{} (nil t)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4641
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4642 (person-name buzz)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4643 @result{} "Buzz"
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4644 (astronaut-name joe)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4645 @result{} error: "astronaut-name accessing a non-astronaut"
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4646 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4647
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4648 Thus, if @code{astronaut} is a specialization of @code{person},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4649 then every @code{astronaut} is also a @code{person} (but not the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4650 other way around). Every @code{astronaut} includes all the slots
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4651 of a @code{person}, plus extra slots that are specific to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4652 astronauts. Operations that work on people (like @code{person-name})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4653 work on astronauts just like other people.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4654
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4655 @item :print-function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4656 In full Common Lisp, this option allows you to specify a function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4657 which is called to print an instance of the structure type. The
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4658 Emacs Lisp system offers no hooks into the Lisp printer which would
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4659 allow for such a feature, so this package simply ignores
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4660 @code{:print-function}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4661
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4662 @item :type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4663 The argument should be one of the symbols @code{vector} or @code{list}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4664 This tells which underlying Lisp data type should be used to implement
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4665 the new structure type. Vectors are used by default, but
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4666 @code{(:type list)} will cause structure objects to be stored as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4667 lists instead.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4668
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4669 The vector representation for structure objects has the advantage
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4670 that all structure slots can be accessed quickly, although creating
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4671 vectors is a bit slower in Emacs Lisp. Lists are easier to create,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4672 but take a relatively long time accessing the later slots.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4673
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4674 @item :named
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4675 This option, which takes no arguments, causes a characteristic ``tag''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4676 symbol to be stored at the front of the structure object. Using
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4677 @code{:type} without also using @code{:named} will result in a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4678 structure type stored as plain vectors or lists with no identifying
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4679 features.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4680
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4681 The default, if you don't specify @code{:type} explicitly, is to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4682 use named vectors. Therefore, @code{:named} is only useful in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4683 conjunction with @code{:type}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4684
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4685 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4686 (defstruct (person1) name age sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4687 (defstruct (person2 (:type list) :named) name age sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4688 (defstruct (person3 (:type list)) name age sex)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4689
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4690 (setq p1 (make-person1))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4691 @result{} [cl-struct-person1 nil nil nil]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4692 (setq p2 (make-person2))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4693 @result{} (person2 nil nil nil)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4694 (setq p3 (make-person3))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4695 @result{} (nil nil nil)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4696
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4697 (person1-p p1)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4698 @result{} t
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4699 (person2-p p2)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4700 @result{} t
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4701 (person3-p p3)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4702 @result{} error: function person3-p undefined
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4703 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4704
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4705 Since unnamed structures don't have tags, @code{defstruct} is not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4706 able to make a useful predicate for recognizing them. Also,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4707 accessors like @code{person3-name} will be generated but they
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4708 will not be able to do any type checking. The @code{person3-name}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4709 function, for example, will simply be a synonym for @code{car} in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4710 this case. By contrast, @code{person2-name} is able to verify
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4711 that its argument is indeed a @code{person2} object before
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4712 proceeding.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4713
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4714 @item :initial-offset
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4715 The argument must be a nonnegative integer. It specifies a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4716 number of slots to be left ``empty'' at the front of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4717 structure. If the structure is named, the tag appears at the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4718 specified position in the list or vector; otherwise, the first
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4719 slot appears at that position. Earlier positions are filled
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4720 with @code{nil} by the constructors and ignored otherwise. If
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4721 the type @code{:include}s another type, then @code{:initial-offset}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4722 specifies a number of slots to be skipped between the last slot
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4723 of the included type and the first new slot.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4724 @end table
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4725 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4726
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4727 Except as noted, the @code{defstruct} facility of this package is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4728 entirely compatible with that of Common Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4729
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4730 @iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4731 @chapno=23
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4732 @end iftex
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4733
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4734 @node Assertions, Efficiency Concerns, Structures, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4735 @chapter Assertions and Errors
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4736
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4737 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4738 This section describes two macros that test @dfn{assertions}, i.e.,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4739 conditions which must be true if the program is operating correctly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4740 Assertions never add to the behavior of a Lisp program; they simply
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4741 make ``sanity checks'' to make sure everything is as it should be.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4742
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4743 If the optimization property @code{speed} has been set to 3, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4744 @code{safety} is less than 3, then the byte-compiler will optimize
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4745 away the following assertions. Because assertions might be optimized
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4746 away, it is a bad idea for them to include side-effects.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4747
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4748 @defspec assert test-form [show-args string args@dots{}]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4749 This form verifies that @var{test-form} is true (i.e., evaluates to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4750 a non-@code{nil} value). If so, it returns @code{nil}. If the test
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4751 is not satisfied, @code{assert} signals an error.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4752
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4753 A default error message will be supplied which includes @var{test-form}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4754 You can specify a different error message by including a @var{string}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4755 argument plus optional extra arguments. Those arguments are simply
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4756 passed to @code{error} to signal the error.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4757
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4758 If the optional second argument @var{show-args} is @code{t} instead
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4759 of @code{nil}, then the error message (with or without @var{string})
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4760 will also include all non-constant arguments of the top-level
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4761 @var{form}. For example:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4762
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4763 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4764 (assert (> x 10) t "x is too small: %d")
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4765 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4766
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4767 This usage of @var{show-args} is an extension to Common Lisp. In
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4768 true Common Lisp, the second argument gives a list of @var{places}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4769 which can be @code{setf}'d by the user before continuing from the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4770 error. Since Emacs Lisp does not support continuable errors, it
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4771 makes no sense to specify @var{places}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4772 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4773
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4774 @defspec check-type form type [string]
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4775 This form verifies that @var{form} evaluates to a value of type
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4776 @var{type}. If so, it returns @code{nil}. If not, @code{check-type}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4777 signals a @code{wrong-type-argument} error. The default error message
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4778 lists the erroneous value along with @var{type} and @var{form}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4779 themselves. If @var{string} is specified, it is included in the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4780 error message in place of @var{type}. For example:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4781
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4782 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4783 (check-type x (integer 1 *) "a positive integer")
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4784 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4785
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4786 @xref{Type Predicates}, for a description of the type specifiers
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4787 that may be used for @var{type}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4788
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4789 Note that in Common Lisp, the first argument to @code{check-type}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4790 must be a @var{place} suitable for use by @code{setf}, because
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4791 @code{check-type} signals a continuable error that allows the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4792 user to modify @var{place}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4793 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4794
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4795 The following error-related macro is also defined:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4796
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4797 @defspec ignore-errors forms@dots{}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4798 This executes @var{forms} exactly like a @code{progn}, except that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4799 errors are ignored during the @var{forms}. More precisely, if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4800 an error is signaled then @code{ignore-errors} immediately
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4801 aborts execution of the @var{forms} and returns @code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4802 If the @var{forms} complete successfully, @code{ignore-errors}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4803 returns the result of the last @var{form}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4804 @end defspec
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4805
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4806 @node Efficiency Concerns, Common Lisp Compatibility, Assertions, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4807 @appendix Efficiency Concerns
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4808
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4809 @appendixsec Macros
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4810
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4811 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4812 Many of the advanced features of this package, such as @code{defun*},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4813 @code{loop}, and @code{setf}, are implemented as Lisp macros. In
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4814 byte-compiled code, these complex notations will be expanded into
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4815 equivalent Lisp code which is simple and efficient. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4816 the forms
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4817
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4818 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4819 (incf i n)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4820 (push x (car p))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4821 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4822
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4823 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4824 are expanded at compile-time to the Lisp forms
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4825
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4826 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4827 (setq i (+ i n))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4828 (setcar p (cons x (car p)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4829 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4830
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4831 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4832 which are the most efficient ways of doing these respective operations
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4833 in Lisp. Thus, there is no performance penalty for using the more
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4834 readable @code{incf} and @code{push} forms in your compiled code.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4835
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4836 @emph{Interpreted} code, on the other hand, must expand these macros
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4837 every time they are executed. For this reason it is strongly
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4838 recommended that code making heavy use of macros be compiled.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4839 (The features labeled ``Special Form'' instead of ``Function'' in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4840 this manual are macros.) A loop using @code{incf} a hundred times
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4841 will execute considerably faster if compiled, and will also
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4842 garbage-collect less because the macro expansion will not have
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4843 to be generated, used, and thrown away a hundred times.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4844
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4845 You can find out how a macro expands by using the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4846 @code{cl-prettyexpand} function.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4847
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4848 @defun cl-prettyexpand form &optional full
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4849 This function takes a single Lisp form as an argument and inserts
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4850 a nicely formatted copy of it in the current buffer (which must be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4851 in Lisp mode so that indentation works properly). It also expands
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4852 all Lisp macros which appear in the form. The easiest way to use
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4853 this function is to go to the @code{*scratch*} buffer and type, say,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4854
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4855 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4856 (cl-prettyexpand '(loop for x below 10 collect x))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4857 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4858
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4859 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4860 and type @kbd{C-x C-e} immediately after the closing parenthesis;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4861 the expansion
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4862
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4863 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4864 (block nil
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4865 (let* ((x 0)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4866 (G1004 nil))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4867 (while (< x 10)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4868 (setq G1004 (cons x G1004))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4869 (setq x (+ x 1)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4870 (nreverse G1004)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4871 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4872
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4873 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4874 will be inserted into the buffer. (The @code{block} macro is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4875 expanded differently in the interpreter and compiler, so
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4876 @code{cl-prettyexpand} just leaves it alone. The temporary
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4877 variable @code{G1004} was created by @code{gensym}.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4878
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4879 If the optional argument @var{full} is true, then @emph{all}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4880 macros are expanded, including @code{block}, @code{eval-when},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4881 and compiler macros. Expansion is done as if @var{form} were
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4882 a top-level form in a file being compiled. For example,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4883
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4884 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4885 (cl-prettyexpand '(pushnew 'x list))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4886 @print{} (setq list (adjoin 'x list))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4887 (cl-prettyexpand '(pushnew 'x list) t)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4888 @print{} (setq list (if (memq 'x list) list (cons 'x list)))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4889 (cl-prettyexpand '(caddr (member* 'a list)) t)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4890 @print{} (car (cdr (cdr (memq 'a list))))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4891 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4892
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4893 Note that @code{adjoin}, @code{caddr}, and @code{member*} all
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4894 have built-in compiler macros to optimize them in common cases.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4895 @end defun
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4896
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4897 @ifinfo
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4898 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4899
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4900 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4901 @end ifinfo
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4902 @appendixsec Error Checking
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4903
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4904 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4905 Common Lisp compliance has in general not been sacrificed for the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4906 sake of efficiency. A few exceptions have been made for cases
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4907 where substantial gains were possible at the expense of marginal
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4908 incompatibility.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4909
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4910 The Common Lisp standard (as embodied in Steele's book) uses the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4911 phrase ``it is an error if'' to indicate a situation which is not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4912 supposed to arise in complying programs; implementations are strongly
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4913 encouraged but not required to signal an error in these situations.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4914 This package sometimes omits such error checking in the interest of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4915 compactness and efficiency. For example, @code{do} variable
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4916 specifiers are supposed to be lists of one, two, or three forms;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4917 extra forms are ignored by this package rather than signaling a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4918 syntax error. The @code{endp} function is simply a synonym for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4919 @code{null} in this package. Functions taking keyword arguments
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4920 will accept an odd number of arguments, treating the trailing
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4921 keyword as if it were followed by the value @code{nil}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4922
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4923 Argument lists (as processed by @code{defun*} and friends)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4924 @emph{are} checked rigorously except for the minor point just
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4925 mentioned; in particular, keyword arguments are checked for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4926 validity, and @code{&allow-other-keys} and @code{:allow-other-keys}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4927 are fully implemented. Keyword validity checking is slightly
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4928 time consuming (though not too bad in byte-compiled code);
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4929 you can use @code{&allow-other-keys} to omit this check. Functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4930 defined in this package such as @code{find} and @code{member*}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4931 do check their keyword arguments for validity.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4932
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4933 @ifinfo
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4934 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4935
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4936 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4937 @end ifinfo
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4938 @appendixsec Optimizing Compiler
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4939
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4940 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4941 Use of the optimizing Emacs compiler is highly recommended; many of the Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4942 Lisp macros emit
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4943 code which can be improved by optimization. In particular,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4944 @code{block}s (whether explicit or implicit in constructs like
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4945 @code{defun*} and @code{loop}) carry a fair run-time penalty; the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4946 optimizing compiler removes @code{block}s which are not actually
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4947 referenced by @code{return} or @code{return-from} inside the block.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4948
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4949 @node Common Lisp Compatibility, Old CL Compatibility, Efficiency Concerns, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4950 @appendix Common Lisp Compatibility
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4951
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4952 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4953 Following is a list of all known incompatibilities between this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4954 package and Common Lisp as documented in Steele (2nd edition).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4955
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4956 Certain function names, such as @code{member}, @code{assoc}, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4957 @code{floor}, were already taken by (incompatible) Emacs Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4958 functions; this package appends @samp{*} to the names of its
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4959 Common Lisp versions of these functions.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4960
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4961 The word @code{defun*} is required instead of @code{defun} in order
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4962 to use extended Common Lisp argument lists in a function. Likewise,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4963 @code{defmacro*} and @code{function*} are versions of those forms
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4964 which understand full-featured argument lists. The @code{&whole}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4965 keyword does not work in @code{defmacro} argument lists (except
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4966 inside recursive argument lists).
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4967
86275
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
4968 The @code{equal} predicate does not distinguish
84287
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4969 between IEEE floating-point plus and minus zero. The @code{equalp}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4970 predicate has several differences with Common Lisp; @pxref{Predicates}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4971
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4972 The @code{setf} mechanism is entirely compatible, except that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4973 setf-methods return a list of five values rather than five
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4974 values directly. Also, the new ``@code{setf} function'' concept
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4975 (typified by @code{(defun (setf foo) @dots{})}) is not implemented.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4976
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4977 The @code{do-all-symbols} form is the same as @code{do-symbols}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4978 with no @var{obarray} argument. In Common Lisp, this form would
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4979 iterate over all symbols in all packages. Since Emacs obarrays
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4980 are not a first-class package mechanism, there is no way for
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4981 @code{do-all-symbols} to locate any but the default obarray.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4982
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4983 The @code{loop} macro is complete except that @code{loop-finish}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4984 and type specifiers are unimplemented.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4985
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4986 The multiple-value return facility treats lists as multiple
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4987 values, since Emacs Lisp cannot support multiple return values
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4988 directly. The macros will be compatible with Common Lisp if
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4989 @code{values} or @code{values-list} is always used to return to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4990 a @code{multiple-value-bind} or other multiple-value receiver;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4991 if @code{values} is used without @code{multiple-value-@dots{}}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4992 or vice-versa the effect will be different from Common Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4993
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4994 Many Common Lisp declarations are ignored, and others match
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4995 the Common Lisp standard in concept but not in detail. For
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4996 example, local @code{special} declarations, which are purely
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4997 advisory in Emacs Lisp, do not rigorously obey the scoping rules
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4998 set down in Steele's book.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4999
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5000 The variable @code{*gensym-counter*} starts out with a pseudo-random
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5001 value rather than with zero. This is to cope with the fact that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5002 generated symbols become interned when they are written to and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5003 loaded back from a file.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5004
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5005 The @code{defstruct} facility is compatible, except that structures
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5006 are of type @code{:type vector :named} by default rather than some
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5007 special, distinct type. Also, the @code{:type} slot option is ignored.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5008
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5009 The second argument of @code{check-type} is treated differently.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5010
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5011 @node Old CL Compatibility, Porting Common Lisp, Common Lisp Compatibility, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5012 @appendix Old CL Compatibility
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5013
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5014 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5015 Following is a list of all known incompatibilities between this package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5016 and the older Quiroz @file{cl.el} package.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5017
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5018 This package's emulation of multiple return values in functions is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5019 incompatible with that of the older package. That package attempted
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5020 to come as close as possible to true Common Lisp multiple return
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5021 values; unfortunately, it could not be 100% reliable and so was prone
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5022 to occasional surprises if used freely. This package uses a simpler
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5023 method, namely replacing multiple values with lists of values, which
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5024 is more predictable though more noticeably different from Common Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5025
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5026 The @code{defkeyword} form and @code{keywordp} function are not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5027 implemented in this package.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5028
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5029 The @code{member}, @code{floor}, @code{ceiling}, @code{truncate},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5030 @code{round}, @code{mod}, and @code{rem} functions are suffixed
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5031 by @samp{*} in this package to avoid collision with existing
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5032 functions in Emacs. The older package simply
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5033 redefined these functions, overwriting the built-in meanings and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5034 causing serious portability problems. (Some more
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5035 recent versions of the Quiroz package changed the names to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5036 @code{cl-member}, etc.; this package defines the latter names as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5037 aliases for @code{member*}, etc.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5038
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5039 Certain functions in the old package which were buggy or inconsistent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5040 with the Common Lisp standard are incompatible with the conforming
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5041 versions in this package. For example, @code{eql} and @code{member}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5042 were synonyms for @code{eq} and @code{memq} in that package, @code{setf}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5043 failed to preserve correct order of evaluation of its arguments, etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5044
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5045 Finally, unlike the older package, this package is careful to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5046 prefix all of its internal names with @code{cl-}. Except for a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5047 few functions which are explicitly defined as additional features
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5048 (such as @code{floatp-safe} and @code{letf}), this package does not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5049 export any non-@samp{cl-} symbols which are not also part of Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5050 Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5051
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5052 @ifinfo
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5053 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5054
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5055 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5056 @end ifinfo
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5057 @appendixsec The @code{cl-compat} package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5058
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5059 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5060 The @dfn{CL} package includes emulations of some features of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5061 old @file{cl.el}, in the form of a compatibility package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5062 @code{cl-compat}. To use it, put @code{(require 'cl-compat)} in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5063 your program.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5064
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5065 The old package defined a number of internal routines without
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5066 @code{cl-} prefixes or other annotations. Call to these routines
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5067 may have crept into existing Lisp code. @code{cl-compat}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5068 provides emulations of the following internal routines:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5069 @code{pair-with-newsyms}, @code{zip-lists}, @code{unzip-lists},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5070 @code{reassemble-arglists}, @code{duplicate-symbols-p},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5071 @code{safe-idiv}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5072
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5073 Some @code{setf} forms translated into calls to internal
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5074 functions that user code might call directly. The functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5075 @code{setnth}, @code{setnthcdr}, and @code{setelt} fall in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5076 this category; they are defined by @code{cl-compat}, but the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5077 best fix is to change to use @code{setf} properly.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5078
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5079 The @code{cl-compat} file defines the keyword functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5080 @code{keywordp}, @code{keyword-of}, and @code{defkeyword},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5081 which are not defined by the new @dfn{CL} package because the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5082 use of keywords as data is discouraged.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5083
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5084 The @code{build-klist} mechanism for parsing keyword arguments
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5085 is emulated by @code{cl-compat}; the @code{with-keyword-args}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5086 macro is not, however, and in any case it's best to change to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5087 use the more natural keyword argument processing offered by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5088 @code{defun*}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5089
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5090 Multiple return values are treated differently by the two
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5091 Common Lisp packages. The old package's method was more
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5092 compatible with true Common Lisp, though it used heuristics
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5093 that caused it to report spurious multiple return values in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5094 certain cases. The @code{cl-compat} package defines a set
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5095 of multiple-value macros that are compatible with the old
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5096 CL package; again, they are heuristic in nature, but they
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5097 are guaranteed to work in any case where the old package's
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5098 macros worked. To avoid name collision with the ``official''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5099 multiple-value facilities, the ones in @code{cl-compat} have
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5100 capitalized names: @code{Values}, @code{Values-list},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5101 @code{Multiple-value-bind}, etc.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5102
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5103 The functions @code{cl-floor}, @code{cl-ceiling}, @code{cl-truncate},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5104 and @code{cl-round} are defined by @code{cl-compat} to use the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5105 old-style multiple-value mechanism, just as they did in the old
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5106 package. The newer @code{floor*} and friends return their two
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5107 results in a list rather than as multiple values. Note that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5108 older versions of the old package used the unadorned names
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5109 @code{floor}, @code{ceiling}, etc.; @code{cl-compat} cannot use
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5110 these names because they conflict with Emacs built-ins.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5111
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5112 @node Porting Common Lisp, GNU Free Documentation License, Old CL Compatibility, Top
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5113 @appendix Porting Common Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5114
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5115 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5116 This package is meant to be used as an extension to Emacs Lisp,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5117 not as an Emacs implementation of true Common Lisp. Some of the
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5118 remaining differences between Emacs Lisp and Common Lisp make it
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5119 difficult to port large Common Lisp applications to Emacs. For
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5120 one, some of the features in this package are not fully compliant
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5121 with ANSI or Steele; @pxref{Common Lisp Compatibility}. But there
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5122 are also quite a few features that this package does not provide
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5123 at all. Here are some major omissions that you will want to watch out
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5124 for when bringing Common Lisp code into Emacs.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5125
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5126 @itemize @bullet
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5127 @item
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5128 Case-insensitivity. Symbols in Common Lisp are case-insensitive
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5129 by default. Some programs refer to a function or variable as
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5130 @code{foo} in one place and @code{Foo} or @code{FOO} in another.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5131 Emacs Lisp will treat these as three distinct symbols.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5132
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5133 Some Common Lisp code is written entirely in upper case. While Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5134 is happy to let the program's own functions and variables use
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5135 this convention, calls to Lisp builtins like @code{if} and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5136 @code{defun} will have to be changed to lower case.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5137
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5138 @item
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5139 Lexical scoping. In Common Lisp, function arguments and @code{let}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5140 bindings apply only to references physically within their bodies
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5141 (or within macro expansions in their bodies). Emacs Lisp, by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5142 contrast, uses @dfn{dynamic scoping} wherein a binding to a
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5143 variable is visible even inside functions called from the body.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5144
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5145 Variables in Common Lisp can be made dynamically scoped by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5146 declaring them @code{special} or using @code{defvar}. In Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5147 Lisp it is as if all variables were declared @code{special}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5148
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5149 Often you can use code that was written for lexical scoping
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5150 even in a dynamically scoped Lisp, but not always. Here is
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5151 an example of a Common Lisp code fragment that would fail in
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5152 Emacs Lisp:
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5153
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5154 @example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5155 (defun map-odd-elements (func list)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5156 (loop for x in list
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5157 for flag = t then (not flag)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5158 collect (if flag x (funcall func x))))
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5159
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5160 (defun add-odd-elements (list x)
98415
c3d8410a0701 cl.texi (Porting Common Lisp): Fix parenthesis order in example.
Magnus Henoch <mange@freemail.hu>
parents: 95937
diff changeset
5161 (map-odd-elements (lambda (a) (+ a x)) list))
84287
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5162 @end example
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5163
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5164 @noindent
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5165 In Common Lisp, the two functions' usages of @code{x} are completely
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5166 independent. In Emacs Lisp, the binding to @code{x} made by
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5167 @code{add-odd-elements} will have been hidden by the binding
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5168 in @code{map-odd-elements} by the time the @code{(+ a x)} function
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5169 is called.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5170
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5171 (This package avoids such problems in its own mapping functions
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5172 by using names like @code{cl-x} instead of @code{x} internally;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5173 as long as you don't use the @code{cl-} prefix for your own
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5174 variables no collision can occur.)
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5175
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5176 @xref{Lexical Bindings}, for a description of the @code{lexical-let}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5177 form which establishes a Common Lisp-style lexical binding, and some
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5178 examples of how it differs from Emacs' regular @code{let}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5179
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5180 @item
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5181 Reader macros. Common Lisp includes a second type of macro that
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5182 works at the level of individual characters. For example, Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5183 Lisp implements the quote notation by a reader macro called @code{'},
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5184 whereas Emacs Lisp's parser just treats quote as a special case.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5185 Some Lisp packages use reader macros to create special syntaxes
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5186 for themselves, which the Emacs parser is incapable of reading.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5187
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5188 @item
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5189 Other syntactic features. Common Lisp provides a number of
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5190 notations beginning with @code{#} that the Emacs Lisp parser
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5191 won't understand. For example, @samp{#| ... |#} is an
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5192 alternate comment notation, and @samp{#+lucid (foo)} tells
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5193 the parser to ignore the @code{(foo)} except in Lucid Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5194 Lisp.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5195
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5196 @item
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5197 Packages. In Common Lisp, symbols are divided into @dfn{packages}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5198 Symbols that are Lisp built-ins are typically stored in one package;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5199 symbols that are vendor extensions are put in another, and each
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5200 application program would have a package for its own symbols.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5201 Certain symbols are ``exported'' by a package and others are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5202 internal; certain packages ``use'' or import the exported symbols
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5203 of other packages. To access symbols that would not normally be
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5204 visible due to this importing and exporting, Common Lisp provides
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5205 a syntax like @code{package:symbol} or @code{package::symbol}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5206
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5207 Emacs Lisp has a single namespace for all interned symbols, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5208 then uses a naming convention of putting a prefix like @code{cl-}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5209 in front of the name. Some Emacs packages adopt the Common Lisp-like
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5210 convention of using @code{cl:} or @code{cl::} as the prefix.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5211 However, the Emacs parser does not understand colons and just
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5212 treats them as part of the symbol name. Thus, while @code{mapcar}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5213 and @code{lisp:mapcar} may refer to the same symbol in Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5214 Lisp, they are totally distinct in Emacs Lisp. Common Lisp
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5215 programs which refer to a symbol by the full name sometimes
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5216 and the short name other times will not port cleanly to Emacs.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5217
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parents:
diff changeset
5218 Emacs Lisp does have a concept of ``obarrays,'' which are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
5219 package-like collections of symbols, but this feature is not
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5220 strong enough to be used as a true package mechanism.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5221
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5222 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
5223 The @code{format} function is quite different between Common
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5224 Lisp and Emacs Lisp. It takes an additional ``destination''
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5225 argument before the format string. A destination of @code{nil}
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5226 means to format to a string as in Emacs Lisp; a destination
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5227 of @code{t} means to write to the terminal (similar to
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5228 @code{message} in Emacs). Also, format control strings are
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5229 utterly different; @code{~} is used instead of @code{%} to
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5230 introduce format codes, and the set of available codes is
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5231 much richer. There are no notations like @code{\n} for
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5232 string literals; instead, @code{format} is used with the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5233 ``newline'' format code, @code{~%}. More advanced formatting
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5234 codes provide such features as paragraph filling, case
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5235 conversion, and even loops and conditionals.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5236
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parents:
diff changeset
5237 While it would have been possible to implement most of Common
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5238 Lisp @code{format} in this package (under the name @code{format*},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5239 of course), it was not deemed worthwhile. It would have required
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5240 a huge amount of code to implement even a decent subset of
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5241 @code{format*}, yet the functionality it would provide over
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5242 Emacs Lisp's @code{format} would rarely be useful.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5243
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5244 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
5245 Vector constants use square brackets in Emacs Lisp, but
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5246 @code{#(a b c)} notation in Common Lisp. To further complicate
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5247 matters, Emacs has its own @code{#(} notation for
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5248 something entirely different---strings with properties.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5249
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parents:
diff changeset
5250 @item
86275
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Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
5251 Characters are distinct from integers in Common Lisp. The notation
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
5252 for character constants is also different: @code{#\A} in Common Lisp
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
5253 where Emacs Lisp uses @code{?A}. Also, @code{string=} and
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
5254 @code{string-equal} are synonyms in Emacs Lisp, whereas the latter is
2cce56fd7361 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 84329
diff changeset
5255 case-insensitive in Common Lisp.
84287
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5256
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5257 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
5258 Data types. Some Common Lisp data types do not exist in Emacs
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parents:
diff changeset
5259 Lisp. Rational numbers and complex numbers are not present,
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parents:
diff changeset
5260 nor are large integers (all integers are ``fixnums''). All
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parents:
diff changeset
5261 arrays are one-dimensional. There are no readtables or pathnames;
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
5262 streams are a set of existing data types rather than a new data
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5263 type of their own. Hash tables, random-states, structures, and
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5264 packages (obarrays) are built from Lisp vectors or lists rather
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5265 than being distinct types.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5266
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5267 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
5268 The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) is not implemented,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5269 nor is the Common Lisp Condition System. However, the EIEIO package
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5270 from @uref{ftp://ftp.ultranet.com/pub/zappo} does implement some
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5271 CLOS functionality.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5272
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5273 @item
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5274 Common Lisp features that are completely redundant with Emacs
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5275 Lisp features of a different name generally have not been
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5276 implemented. For example, Common Lisp writes @code{defconstant}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5277 where Emacs Lisp uses @code{defconst}. Similarly, @code{make-list}
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5278 takes its arguments in different ways in the two Lisps but does
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5279 exactly the same thing, so this package has not bothered to
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5280 implement a Common Lisp-style @code{make-list}.
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5281
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5282 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
5283 A few more notable Common Lisp features not included in this
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5284 package: @code{compiler-let}, @code{tagbody}, @code{prog},
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5285 @code{ldb/dpb}, @code{parse-integer}, @code{cerror}.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5286
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5287 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
5288 Recursion. While recursion works in Emacs Lisp just like it
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
5289 does in Common Lisp, various details of the Emacs Lisp system
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5290 and compiler make recursion much less efficient than it is in
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5291 most Lisps. Some schools of thought prefer to use recursion
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parents:
diff changeset
5292 in Lisp over other techniques; they would sum a list of
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parents:
diff changeset
5293 numbers using something like
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parents:
diff changeset
5294
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parents:
diff changeset
5295 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
5296 (defun sum-list (list)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5297 (if list
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parents:
diff changeset
5298 (+ (car list) (sum-list (cdr list)))
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parents:
diff changeset
5299 0))
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parents:
diff changeset
5300 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
5301
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parents:
diff changeset
5302 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
5303 where a more iteratively-minded programmer might write one of
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5304 these forms:
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5305
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parents:
diff changeset
5306 @example
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5307 (let ((total 0)) (dolist (x my-list) (incf total x)) total)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5308 (loop for x in my-list sum x)
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5309 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
5310
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parents:
diff changeset
5311 While this would be mainly a stylistic choice in most Common Lisps,
19c13888b631 Move here from ../../man
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parents:
diff changeset
5312 in Emacs Lisp you should be aware that the iterative forms are
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parents:
diff changeset
5313 much faster than recursion. Also, Lisp programmers will want to
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parents:
diff changeset
5314 note that the current Emacs Lisp compiler does not optimize tail
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parents:
diff changeset
5315 recursion.
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parents:
diff changeset
5316 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
5317
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parents:
diff changeset
5318 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Function Index, Porting Common Lisp, Top
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parents:
diff changeset
5319 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
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parents:
diff changeset
5320 @include doclicense.texi
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parents:
diff changeset
5321
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parents:
diff changeset
5322 @node Function Index, Variable Index, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5323 @unnumbered Function Index
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parents:
diff changeset
5324
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parents:
diff changeset
5325 @printindex fn
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parents:
diff changeset
5326
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parents:
diff changeset
5327 @node Variable Index, , Function Index, Top
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5328 @unnumbered Variable Index
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parents:
diff changeset
5329
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parents:
diff changeset
5330 @printindex vr
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parents:
diff changeset
5331
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parents:
diff changeset
5332 @setchapternewpage odd
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parents:
diff changeset
5333 @contents
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5334 @bye
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5335
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parents:
diff changeset
5336 @ignore
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5337 arch-tag: b61e7200-3bfa-4a70-a9d3-095e152696f8
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5338 @end ignore