annotate man/emacs.texi @ 44801:b986daa6d686

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author Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
date Wed, 24 Apr 2002 00:58:45 +0000
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1 \input texinfo
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2
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3 @setchapternewpage odd
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4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
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5 @setfilename ../info/emacs
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6 @defcodeindex op
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7 @synindex pg cp
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8
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9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
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10 @set EDITION Fourteenth
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11 @set EMACSVER 21.2.50
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12
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13 @ifnottex
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14 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
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15 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
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16
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17 @dircategory Emacs
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18 @direntry
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19 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
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20 @end direntry
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21
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22 Published by the Free Software Foundation
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23 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
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24 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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25
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26 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986,1987,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001
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27 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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28
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29 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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30 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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31 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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32 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
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33 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
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34 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
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35 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
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36 License.''
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37
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38 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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39 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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40 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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41 @end ifnottex
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42
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43 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
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44 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go
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45 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
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46
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47 @c @smallbook
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48
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49 @iftex
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50 @kbdinputstyle code
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51
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52 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
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53 @end iftex
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54 @titlepage
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55 @sp 6
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56 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
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57 @sp 4
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58 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
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59 @sp 5
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60 @center Richard Stallman
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61 @page
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62 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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63 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
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64 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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65 @sp 2
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66 @value{EDITION} Edition @*
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67 Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}, @*
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68 August 2000
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69
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70 ISBN 1-882114-06-X
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71 @sp 1
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72 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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73 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
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74 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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75 @sp 1
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76 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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77 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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78 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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79 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
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80 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
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81 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
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82 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
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83 License.''
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84
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85 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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86 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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87 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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88
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89 @sp 2
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90 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
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91
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92 @end titlepage
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93 @page
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94 @ifnottex
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95 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
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96 @top The Emacs Editor
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97
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98 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
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99 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
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100 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
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101 @value{EMACSVER}.
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102 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
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103 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
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104 @end ifnottex
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105
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106 @ignore
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107 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity
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108 and to avoid conflicts.
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109 Completion
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110 Backup Files
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111 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
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112 Snapshots
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113 Text Mode
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114 Outline Mode
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115 @TeX{} Mode
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116 Formatted Text
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117 Fortran Mode
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118 Fortran Indentation
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119 Shell Command History
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120
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121 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
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122 to avoid conflicts.
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123 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs
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124 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer.
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125 @end ignore
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126
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127 @menu
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128 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
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129 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
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130 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
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131 it also explains that there is no warranty.
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132 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
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133 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
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134 * Glossary:: The glossary.
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135 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20.
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136 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac.
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137 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
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138 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
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139 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
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140
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141 Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
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142 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
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143 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
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144 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
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145 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
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146 @c This is last because @ifnottex leaves an empty line.
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147 @ifnottex
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148 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
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149 @end ifnottex
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150
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151 Important General Concepts
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152 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
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153 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
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154 function keys).
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155 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
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156 editing action.
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157 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
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158 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers
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159 and strings).
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160 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
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161 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
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162 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options.
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163
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164 Fundamental Editing Commands
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165 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
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166 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
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167 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
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168 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
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169
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170 Important Text-Changing Commands
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171 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
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172 * Killing:: Killing text.
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173 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
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174 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
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175 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
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176 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
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177 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
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178 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
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179 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
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180
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181 Major Structures of Emacs
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182 * Files:: All about handling files.
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183 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
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184 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
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185 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
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186 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).
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187
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188 Advanced Features
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189 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
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190 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
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191 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
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192 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
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193 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
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194 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
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195 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
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196 the number of characters you must type.
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197 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters
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198 using the quarter-plane screen model.
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199 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
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200 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
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201 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
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202 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities.
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203 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
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204 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
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205 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
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206 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions.
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207 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
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208 * PostScript Variables::
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209 Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
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210 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
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211 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
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212 of the buffer.
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213 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
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214 in side-by-side windows.
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215 * Editing Binary Files::
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216 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
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217 * Saving Emacs Sessions::
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218 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
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219 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
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220 "within the command". This is called a
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221 "recursive editing level".
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222 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
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223 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
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224 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
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225 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
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226 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
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227 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs.
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228
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229 Recovery from Problems
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230 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
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231 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
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232 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
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233 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
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234 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
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235
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236 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
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237 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
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238
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239 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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240
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241 The Organization of the Screen
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242
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243 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
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244 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
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245 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
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246 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
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247
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248 Basic Editing Commands
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249
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250 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
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251 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
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252 change something.
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253 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
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254 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
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255 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
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256 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
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257 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
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258 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
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259 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
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260 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
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261
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262 The Minibuffer
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263
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264 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
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265 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
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266 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
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267 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
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268 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
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269
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270 Help
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271
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272 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
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273 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
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274 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
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275 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
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276 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
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277 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
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278 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
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279
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280 The Mark and the Region
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281
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282 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
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283 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region--
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284 when there is one.
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285 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
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286 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
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287 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
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288 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
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289
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290 Deletion and Killing
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291
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292 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
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293 blank areas.
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294 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
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295 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
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296 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
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297
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298 Yanking
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299
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300 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
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301 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
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302 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
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303
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304 Registers
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305
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306 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
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307 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
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308 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
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309 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
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310 * RegFiles:: File names in registers.
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311 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
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312
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313 Controlling the Display
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314
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315 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
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316 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
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317 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
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318 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
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319 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
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320 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed.
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321 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
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322
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323 Searching and Replacement
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324
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325 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
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326 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
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327 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
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328 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
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329 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
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330 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
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331 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
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332 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
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333
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334 Replacement Commands
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335
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336 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
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337 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
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338 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
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339 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
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340
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341 Commands for Fixing Typos
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342
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343 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
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344 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
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345 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
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346 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
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347
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348 File Handling
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349
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350 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
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351 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
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352 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
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353 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
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354 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
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355 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
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356 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
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357 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
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358 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
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359 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
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360 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
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361 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
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362 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
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363
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364 Saving Files
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365
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366 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
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367 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
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368 of one file by two users.
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369
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370 Version Control
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371
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372 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
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373 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
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374 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
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375 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
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376 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
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377 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
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378 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
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379 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
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380 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
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381
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382 Using Multiple Buffers
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383
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384 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
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385 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
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386 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
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387 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
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388 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
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389 and operate variously on several of them.
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390 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
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391
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392 Multiple Windows
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393
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394 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
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395 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
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396 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
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397 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
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398 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
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399 window rather than in another window.
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400 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
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401
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402 Frames and X Windows
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403
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404 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
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405 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
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406 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections.
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407 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
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408 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
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409 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
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410 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
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411 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
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412 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.
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413 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
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414 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
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415 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
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416 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
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417 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
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418 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
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419 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
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420 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.
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421 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
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422 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
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423 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
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424 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
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425 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
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426 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text.
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427 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
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428 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
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429 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.
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430
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431 International Character Set Support
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432
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433 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
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434 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
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435 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
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436 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
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437 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
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438 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
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439 write files, and so on.
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440 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
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441 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
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442 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
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443 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
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444 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
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445 * Single-Byte Character Support::
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446 You can pick one European character set
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447 to use without multibyte characters.
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448
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449 Major Modes
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450
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451 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
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452
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453 Indentation
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454
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455 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
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456 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
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457 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
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458 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
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459
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460 Commands for Human Languages
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461
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462 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
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463 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
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464 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
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465 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
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466 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
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467 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
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468 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
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469 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
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470 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
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471 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
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472 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
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473
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474 Filling Text
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475
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476 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
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477 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
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478 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
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479 or in a comment, etc.
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480 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
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481
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482 Editing Programs
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483
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484 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
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485 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
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486 of a program.
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487 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
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488 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
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489 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
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490 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
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491 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
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492 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
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493 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
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494 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
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495 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
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496 Java, and Pike modes.
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497 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
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498 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
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499
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500 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
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501
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502 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
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503 starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
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504 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
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505 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus.
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506 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
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507
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508 Indentation for Programs
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509
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parents:
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510 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
38199
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511 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
24093
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512 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
38199
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513 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
514 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
24093
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515
38199
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516 Commands for Editing with Parentheses
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517
38199
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518 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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519 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
520 in the structure of parentheses.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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521 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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522
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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523 Manipulating Comments
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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524
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
525 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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526 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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527 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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528
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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529 Documentation Lookup
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parents:
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530
38199
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diff changeset
531 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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532 in Info files.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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533 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
534 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
535
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
536 C and Related Modes
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parents:
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537
38199
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538 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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539 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
540 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
541 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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542 and other neat features.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
543 * Comments in C:: Options for customizing comment style.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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544
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
545 Fortran Mode
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546
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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547 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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548 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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549 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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550 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
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551 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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552 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
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553
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554 Compiling and Testing Programs
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555
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556 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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557 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
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parents:
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558 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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559 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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560 for use in the compilation buffer.
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parents:
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561 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
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parents:
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562 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
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parents:
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563 with different facilities for running
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parents:
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564 the Lisp programs.
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parents:
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565 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
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parents:
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566 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
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parents:
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567 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
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parents:
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568 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
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parents:
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569
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570 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
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parents:
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571
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parents:
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572 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
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parents:
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573 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
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parents:
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574 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
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parents:
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575 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
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parents:
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576
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577 Maintaining Programs
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578
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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579 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
40792
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40525
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580 @ignore
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b2693c0914e4 Fix the AUTHORS menu item. Suggested by Eric Hanchrow <offby1@blarg.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39059
diff changeset
581 * Authors:: Maintaining the Emacs @file{AUTHORS} file.
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7ea12eee7004 Comment out the Authors node.
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parents: 40525
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582 @end ignore
38199
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583 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
584 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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585 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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586
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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587 Tags Tables
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588
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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589 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
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590 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
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591 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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592 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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593 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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594 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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595
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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596 Merging Files with Emerge
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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597
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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598 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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599 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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600 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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601 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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602 for each difference.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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603 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
604 changing states of differences, etc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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605 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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606 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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607 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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diff changeset
608
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609 Abbrevs
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parents:
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610
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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611 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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612 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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613 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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614 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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615 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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616 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
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parents:
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617
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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618 Editing Pictures
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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619
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parents:
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620 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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621 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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622 after "self-inserting" characters.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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623 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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624 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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625
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parents:
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626 Sending Mail
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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627
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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628 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
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parents:
diff changeset
629 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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631 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
36212
339b9d45f288 Distracting NSA => Mail Amusements.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36211
diff changeset
632 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
24093
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633 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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634
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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635 Reading Mail with Rmail
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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636
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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637 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
639 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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642 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 Dired, the Directory Editor
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
37993
1ff0891cec4c Change "Dired Commands" to "Dired Navigation". Move the general
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37844
diff changeset
659 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer.
24093
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 either one file or several files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 The Calendar and the Diary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 Movement in the Calendar
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 specific date.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 (aside from Gregorian).
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 The Diary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 @sc{Gnus}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 Customization
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 independently of any others.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 you can control their functioning.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 * Keyboard Translations::
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 If your keyboard passes an undesired code
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 for a key, you can tell Emacs to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 substitute another code.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 expressions are parsed.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @file{.emacs} file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 Variables
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 * Easy Customization::
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 Convenient and easy customization of variables.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 Keyboard Macros
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 Customizing Key Bindings
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 beginners from surprises.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787
38767
5889c45fd6ad Change the name of the "DEL Doesn't Delete" node to "DEL Does Not Delete",
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38400
diff changeset
788 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 What to do if Emacs stops responding.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 Reporting Bugs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug?
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 Command Line Options and Arguments
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 and call functions.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
43015
e4c362348aae Fix typo.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 42751
diff changeset
815 * Colors:: Choosing display colors.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
41370
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
820
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
821 X Resources
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
822
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
823 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
824 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
825 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
36501
8a046a8e91dc Give LessTif precedence over Motif.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36212
diff changeset
827 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 Environment Variables
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833
24094
1a575df191bb (Top): Include Windows 98 in the MS-DOS section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24093
diff changeset
834 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
845
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846 @iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
847 @unnumbered Preface
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
848
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
849 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 see.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 chapters when you need them.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 (@pxref{Bugs}).
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 @end iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @unnumbered Distribution
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 appears following this section.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 information, write to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @display
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 Free Software Foundation
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 USA
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
951 @end display
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 existing programs including GNU Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 @iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
24882
3a17c21ea615 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24571
diff changeset
977 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa,
24093
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diff changeset
978 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann,
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 @end iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008
31309
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1009 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top
24093
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parents:
diff changeset
1010 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 @center Version 2, June 1991
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012
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parents:
diff changeset
1013 @display
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @end display
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parents:
diff changeset
1020
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parents:
diff changeset
1021 @unnumberedsec Preamble
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parents:
diff changeset
1022
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 your programs, too.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 rights.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 distribute and/or modify the software.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 authors' reputations.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 modification follow.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 @iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 @end iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 @enumerate 0
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 This License applies to any program or other work which contains
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
36168
df827c1def99 Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36153
diff changeset
1082 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below,
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
36168
df827c1def99 Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36153
diff changeset
1088 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.''
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 along with the Program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 @enumerate a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124 parties under the terms of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1128 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1131 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1132 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 @end enumerate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 collective works based on the Program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 the scope of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1161 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 @enumerate a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1176 customarily used for software interchange; or,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 received the program in object code or executable form with such
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184 @end enumerate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1195 itself accompanies the executable.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1200 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 parties remain in full compliance.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1218 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1219 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1220 the Program or works based on it.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1221
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1222 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1223 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1224 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229 this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1230
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1231 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1234 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1235 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1241 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1244
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1245 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 circumstances.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259 impose that choice.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1270 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 address new problems or concerns.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
36168
df827c1def99 Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36153
diff changeset
1281 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 Foundation.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 @iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 @heading NO WARRANTY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 @end iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 @center NO WARRANTY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324 @end enumerate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 @iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1328 @end iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1329 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1332
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1333 @page
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1334 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1335
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1336 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1337 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1338 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1339
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345 @smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1354 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 GNU General Public License for more details.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1359 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1361 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1362 @end smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 when it starts in an interactive mode:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1369 @smallexample
32113
a0915106b092 (Top): Update version in `Antinews' menu entry.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 31356
diff changeset
1370 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author}
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1372 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1373 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 for details.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 @end smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1378 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 suits your program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1384 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1385 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1386
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387 @smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1388 @group
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1389 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1390 interest in the program `Gnomovision'
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 (which makes passes at compilers) written
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1392 by James Hacker.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1393
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1394 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1395 Ty Coon, President of Vice
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1396 @end group
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1397 @end smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1401 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403 Public License instead of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404
31309
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1405 @include doclicense.texi
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1406
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1407 @node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408 @unnumbered Introduction
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428 several different programming languages.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1430 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1431 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
38131
a678d1512bf0 Minor wording change.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37993
diff changeset
1451 are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 Foundation.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 edit files while running shell commands.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 @include screen.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 @include commands.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 @include entering.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 @include basic.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 @include mini.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469 @include m-x.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @include help.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 @include mark.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 @include killing.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 @include regs.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1474 @include display.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1475 @include search.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1476 @include fixit.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1477 @include files.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1478 @include buffers.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1479 @include windows.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1480 @include frames.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1481 @include mule.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1482 @include major.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1483 @include indent.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1484 @include text.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1485 @include programs.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486 @include building.texi
38199
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
1487 @include maintaining.texi
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488 @include abbrevs.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 @include picture.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1490 @include sending.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491 @include rmail.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 @include dired.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493 @include calendar.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494 @include misc.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495 @include custom.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 @include trouble.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497 @include cmdargs.texi
40525
b8d0024c4e37 @include xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40520
diff changeset
1498 @include xresources.texi
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1499
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1500 @include anti.texi
34199
1a56ec70af8c @include macos.texi.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 33973
diff changeset
1501 @include macos.texi
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1502 @include msdog.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1503 @include gnu.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1504 @include glossary.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1505 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1506 @include ack.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1507 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1508
37452
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1509 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version,
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1510 @c because the index entries related to command-line options
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1511 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1512 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1513 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1514 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1515 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1516 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1517
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1518 @iftex
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1519 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top
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1520 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
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1521 @printindex ky
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1522 @end iftex
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1523
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1524 @ifnottex
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1525 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top
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1526 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
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1527 @printindex ky
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1528
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1529 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
1530 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index
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1531 @printindex op
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1532
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1533 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top
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1534 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
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1535 @printindex fn
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1536 @end ifnottex
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1537
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1538 @iftex
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1539 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
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diff changeset
1540 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
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1541 @printindex fn
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1542 @end iftex
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1543
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1544 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
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1545 @unnumbered Variable Index
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parents:
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1546 @printindex vr
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1547
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1548 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top
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parents:
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1549 @unnumbered Concept Index
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1550 @printindex cp
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1551
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1552 @summarycontents
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1553 @contents
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1554 @bye
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1555