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annotate man/dired.texi @ 37778:bb2c78e3e068
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author | Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 17 May 2001 12:44:02 +0000 |
parents | b7c260d40c0b |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
28126 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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16 @xref{Dired-X,,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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17 |
25829 | 18 @menu |
19 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
20 * Commands: Dired Commands. Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
21 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. | |
22 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
23 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
24 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
25 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
26 either one file or several files. | |
27 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
28 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
29 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
30 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
31 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
32 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
33 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
34 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
35 @end menu | |
36 | |
37 @node Dired Enter | |
38 @section Entering Dired | |
39 | |
40 @findex dired | |
41 @kindex C-x d | |
42 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
43 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads | |
44 a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument | |
45 to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from | |
46 @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that | |
47 the special commands of Dired are available. | |
48 | |
49 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
50 give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain | |
51 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired} | |
52 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer | |
53 before you enter the directory specification. | |
54 | |
55 @findex dired-other-window | |
56 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
57 @findex dired-other-frame | |
58 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
59 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
60 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
61 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
62 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
63 | |
64 @node Dired Commands | |
65 @section Commands in the Dired Buffer | |
66 | |
67 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not | |
68 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are | |
69 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or | |
70 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current | |
71 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged | |
72 files. | |
73 | |
74 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
75 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
76 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
77 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also | |
78 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the | |
79 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the | |
80 beginning of the line. | |
81 | |
82 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
83 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
84 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
85 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
86 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
87 | |
88 @node Dired Deletion | |
89 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
90 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
91 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
92 | |
93 The primary use of Dired is to @dfn{flag} files for deletion and then | |
94 delete the files previously flagged. | |
95 | |
96 @table @kbd | |
97 @item d | |
98 Flag this file for deletion. | |
99 @item u | |
100 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
101 @item @key{DEL} | |
102 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
103 @item x | |
104 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
105 @end table | |
106 | |
107 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
108 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
109 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the | |
110 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at | |
111 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, | |
112 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric | |
113 argument serves as a repeat count. | |
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114 |
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115 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes |
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116 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} controls whether the |
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117 delete command will delete non-empty directories (including their |
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118 contents). The default is to delete only empty directories. |
25829 | 119 |
120 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
121 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
122 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to | |
123 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct | |
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124 Dired to delete the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using |
25829 | 125 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works |
126 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags. | |
127 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; | |
128 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
129 | |
130 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
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131 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete |
25829 | 132 @cindex expunging (Dired) |
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133 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). |
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134 (This is also known as @dfn{expunging}.) |
25829 | 135 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for |
136 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, | |
137 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text | |
138 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. | |
139 | |
140 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
141 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
142 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
143 | |
144 @node Flagging Many Files | |
145 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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146 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 147 |
148 @table @kbd | |
149 @item # | |
150 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
151 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
152 | |
153 @item ~ | |
154 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
155 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
156 | |
157 @item & | |
158 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that | |
159 suggest you could easily create the files again. | |
160 | |
161 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
162 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
163 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
164 flagged. | |
165 | |
166 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
167 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
168 @var{regexp}. | |
169 @end table | |
170 | |
171 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
172 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
173 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
174 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
175 keep.@refill | |
176 | |
177 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
178 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
179 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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180 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 181 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
182 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
183 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
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184 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and |
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185 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. |
25829 | 186 |
187 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
188 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} | |
189 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
190 @findex dired-flag-backup-files | |
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191 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 192 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
193 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that | |
194 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}. @kbd{~} | |
195 (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files whose | |
196 names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, whose names | |
197 end in @samp{~}. | |
198 | |
199 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
200 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
201 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
202 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
203 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
204 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
205 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
206 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
207 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
208 keep. | |
209 | |
210 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
211 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
212 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
213 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
214 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
215 | |
216 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
217 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
218 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
219 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
220 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
221 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories | |
222 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
223 | |
224 @node Dired Visiting | |
225 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
226 | |
227 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
228 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
229 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
230 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
231 | |
232 @table @kbd | |
233 @item f | |
234 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
235 @findex dired-find-file | |
236 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
237 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
238 | |
239 @item @key{RET} | |
240 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} | |
241 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. | |
242 | |
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243 @item a |
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244 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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245 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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246 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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247 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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248 |
25829 | 249 @item o |
250 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
251 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
252 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
253 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
254 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
255 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
256 | |
257 @item C-o | |
258 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
259 @findex dired-display-file | |
260 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
261 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
262 | |
263 @item Mouse-2 | |
264 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window | |
265 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
266 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
267 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
268 | |
269 @item v | |
270 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
271 @findex dired-view-file | |
272 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} | |
273 (@code{dired-view-file}). | |
274 | |
275 Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around | |
276 in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the file. | |
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277 @xref{Misc File Ops,View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. |
25829 | 278 @end table |
279 | |
280 @node Marks vs Flags | |
281 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
282 | |
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283 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
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284 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the |
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285 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired |
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286 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}, the |
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287 exception being @kbd{x} which deletes the flagged files. |
25829 | 288 |
289 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or | |
290 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and | |
291 unflag files.) | |
292 | |
293 @table @kbd | |
294 @item m | |
295 @itemx * m | |
296 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
297 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
298 @findex dired-mark | |
299 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
300 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
301 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
302 files.) | |
303 | |
304 @item * * | |
305 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
306 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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307 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 308 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
309 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
310 those files. | |
311 | |
312 @item * @@ | |
313 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
314 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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315 @cindex marking symlinks (in Dired) |
25829 | 316 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
317 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
318 | |
319 @item * / | |
320 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
321 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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322 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
25829 | 323 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for |
324 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric | |
325 argument, unmark all those files. | |
326 | |
327 @item * s | |
328 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
329 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
330 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
331 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
332 | |
333 @item u | |
334 @itemx * u | |
335 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
336 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
337 @findex dired-unmark | |
338 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
339 | |
340 @item @key{DEL} | |
341 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
342 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
343 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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344 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 345 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
346 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
347 | |
348 @item * ! | |
349 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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350 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks |
25829 | 351 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer |
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352 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). |
25829 | 353 |
354 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
355 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} | |
356 @findex dired-unmark-all-files | |
357 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
358 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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359 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 360 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
361 character with another. | |
25829 | 362 |
363 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
364 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
365 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
366 files without asking about them. | |
367 | |
368 @item * C-n | |
369 @findex dired-next-marked-file | |
370 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
371 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) | |
372 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
373 | |
374 @item * C-p | |
375 @findex dired-prev-marked-file | |
376 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
377 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) | |
378 | |
379 @item * t | |
380 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} | |
381 @findex dired-do-toggle | |
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382 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
25829 | 383 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-do-toggle}): files marked with @samp{*} |
384 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files | |
385 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
386 | |
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387 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 388 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
389 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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390 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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391 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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392 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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393 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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394 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 395 |
396 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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397 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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398 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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399 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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400 acts on. |
25829 | 401 |
402 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
403 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
404 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
405 | |
406 @example | |
407 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
408 @end example | |
409 | |
36507 | 410 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 411 |
412 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
413 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
414 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
415 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
416 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
417 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
418 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
419 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
420 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}. | |
421 | |
422 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
423 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by | |
424 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
425 | |
426 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
427 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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428 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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429 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 430 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
431 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
432 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
433 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
434 name. | |
435 | |
436 @item C-_ | |
437 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} | |
438 @findex dired-undo | |
439 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
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440 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the |
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441 actual file operations, nor recovers lost files!} It just undoes |
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442 changes in the buffer itself. For example, if used after renaming one |
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443 or more files, @code{dired-undo} restores the original names, which |
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444 will get the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of the |
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445 directory. |
25829 | 446 @end table |
447 | |
448 @node Operating on Files | |
449 @section Operating on Files | |
450 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
451 | |
452 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
453 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
454 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
455 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to | |
456 specify which files to manipulate: | |
457 | |
458 @itemize @bullet | |
459 @item | |
460 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
461 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
462 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
463 the current line.) | |
464 | |
465 @item | |
466 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
467 on all those files. | |
468 | |
469 @item | |
470 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
471 @end itemize | |
472 | |
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473 @vindex dired-dwim-target |
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474 @cindex two directories (in Dired) |
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475 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which |
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476 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default |
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477 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired |
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478 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} |
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479 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the |
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480 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. |
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481 |
25829 | 482 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this |
483 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
484 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.) | |
485 | |
486 @table @kbd | |
487 @findex dired-do-copy | |
488 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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489 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 490 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
491 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
492 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
493 name. | |
494 | |
495 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
496 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with | |
497 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same | |
498 as that of the old file. | |
499 | |
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500 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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501 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether |
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502 directories are copied recursively. The default is to not copy |
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503 recursively, which means that directories cannot be copied. |
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504 |
25829 | 505 @item D |
506 @findex dired-do-delete | |
507 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
508 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
509 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
510 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
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511 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. |
25829 | 512 |
513 @findex dired-do-rename | |
514 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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515 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
25829 | 516 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
517 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
518 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
519 file) the new name. | |
520 | |
521 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
522 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
523 | |
524 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
525 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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526 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 527 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
528 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
529 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
530 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
531 | |
532 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
533 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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534 @cindex symlinks (in Dired) |
25829 | 535 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
536 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
537 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
538 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
539 | |
540 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
541 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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542 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 543 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
544 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
545 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
546 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
547 | |
548 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
549 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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550 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 551 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
552 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
553 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
554 | |
555 @findex dired-do-chown | |
556 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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557 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 558 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
559 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
560 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
561 this.) | |
562 | |
563 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
564 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
565 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
566 different places). | |
567 | |
568 @findex dired-do-print | |
569 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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570 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 571 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
572 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
573 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
574 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
575 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
576 @pxref{Hardcopy}). | |
577 | |
578 @findex dired-do-compress | |
579 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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580 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 581 @item Z |
582 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
583 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead. | |
584 | |
585 @findex dired-do-load | |
586 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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587 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 588 @item L |
589 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
590 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
591 | |
592 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
593 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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594 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 595 @item B |
596 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
597 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
598 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
599 | |
600 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
601 @findex dired-do-search | |
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602 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 603 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
604 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
605 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
606 | |
607 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
608 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
609 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
610 | |
611 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
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612 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp |
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613 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
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614 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
25829 | 615 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, |
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616 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string |
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617 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). |
25829 | 618 |
619 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
620 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
621 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
622 @end table | |
623 | |
624 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} | |
625 @findex dired-create-directory | |
626 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
627 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and | |
628 creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
629 | |
630 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
631 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
632 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
633 | |
634 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
635 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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636 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
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637 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell |
25829 | 638 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the |
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639 specified files. @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}. You can specify the |
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640 files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands |
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641 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two ways of applying a shell |
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642 command to multiple files: |
25829 | 643 |
644 @itemize @bullet | |
645 @item | |
646 If you use @samp{*} in the shell command, then it runs just once, with | |
647 the list of file names substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file | |
648 names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer. | |
649 | |
650 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
651 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
652 | |
653 @item | |
654 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*}, then it runs once | |
655 @emph{for each file}, with the file name added at the end. | |
656 | |
657 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
658 file. | |
659 @end itemize | |
660 | |
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661 What if you want to run the shell command once for each file, with the |
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662 file name inserted in the middle? You can use @samp{?} in the command |
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663 instead of @samp{*}. The current file name is substituted for |
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664 @samp{?}. You can use @samp{?} more than once. For instance, here is |
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665 how to uuencode each file, making the output file name by appending |
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666 @samp{.uu} to the input file name: |
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667 |
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668 @example |
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669 uuencode ? ? > ?.uu |
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670 @end example |
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671 |
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672 To use the file names in a more complicated fashion, you can use a |
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673 shell loop. For example, this shell command is another way to |
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674 uuencode each file: |
25829 | 675 |
676 @example | |
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677 for file in *; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done |
25829 | 678 @end example |
679 | |
680 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
681 of the Dired buffer. | |
682 | |
683 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show | |
684 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell | |
685 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use | |
686 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
687 Updating}). | |
688 | |
689 @node Transforming File Names | |
690 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
691 | |
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692 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a |
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693 systematic way. |
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694 |
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695 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on |
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696 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next |
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697 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current |
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698 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs |
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699 Flags}.) |
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700 |
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701 All of the commands described in this section work |
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702 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each |
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703 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually |
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704 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and |
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705 then refine the selection by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the |
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706 command prompts for confirmation. |
25829 | 707 |
708 @table @kbd | |
709 @findex dired-upcase | |
710 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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711 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 712 @item % u |
713 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
714 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
715 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
716 | |
717 @item % l | |
718 @findex dired-downcase | |
719 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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720 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 721 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
722 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
723 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
724 | |
725 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
726 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
727 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
728 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
729 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
730 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
731 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
732 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
733 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
734 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
735 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
736 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
737 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
738 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
739 from the name of the old file. | |
740 @end table | |
741 | |
742 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform | |
743 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. | |
744 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a | |
745 substitution pattern @var{to}. | |
746 | |
747 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular | |
748 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. | |
749 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to | |
750 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
751 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression | |
752 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced. | |
753 | |
754 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
755 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
756 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
757 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
758 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
759 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
760 | |
761 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
762 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
763 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
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764 entire absolute file name including directory name. (Non-zero |
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765 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) |
25829 | 766 |
767 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the | |
768 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
769 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
770 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make | |
771 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last | |
772 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default. | |
773 | |
774 @node Comparison in Dired | |
775 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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776 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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777 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 778 |
779 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
780 @code{diff}. | |
781 | |
782 @table @kbd | |
783 @item = | |
784 @findex dired-diff | |
785 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
786 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file | |
787 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The | |
788 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at | |
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789 point is the second argument. Use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} |
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790 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line |
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791 (@pxref{Setting Mark}), since @code{dired-diff} ignores the files marked |
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792 with the Dired's @kbd{m} command. |
25829 | 793 |
794 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
795 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
796 @item M-= | |
797 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
798 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
799 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
800 a file with any backup version of your choice. | |
801 | |
802 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
803 @end table | |
804 | |
805 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
806 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
807 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
808 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
809 | |
810 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
811 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
812 | |
813 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
814 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
815 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
816 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
817 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
818 | |
819 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will | |
820 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with | |
821 the @kbd{i} command: | |
822 | |
823 @table @kbd | |
824 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
825 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
826 @item i | |
827 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
828 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
829 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
830 @end table | |
831 | |
832 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
833 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
834 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
835 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
836 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
837 | |
838 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
839 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
840 | |
841 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
842 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
843 describing that subdirectory). | |
844 | |
845 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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846 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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847 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 848 |
849 @node Subdirectory Motion | |
850 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
851 | |
852 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
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853 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories |
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854 (@pxref{Pages}). |
25829 | 855 |
856 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
857 @cindex directory header lines | |
858 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
859 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
860 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
861 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
862 | |
863 @table @kbd | |
864 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
865 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
866 @item C-M-n | |
867 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
868 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
869 | |
870 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
871 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
872 @item C-M-p | |
873 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
874 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
875 | |
876 @findex dired-tree-up | |
877 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
878 @item C-M-u | |
879 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
880 | |
881 @findex dired-tree-down | |
882 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
883 @item C-M-d | |
884 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
885 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
886 | |
887 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
888 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
889 @item < | |
890 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
891 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
892 parent directory. | |
893 | |
894 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
895 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
896 @item > | |
897 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
898 @end table | |
899 | |
900 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
901 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
902 | |
903 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
904 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
905 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}). | |
906 | |
907 @table @kbd | |
908 @item $ | |
909 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
910 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
911 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
912 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
913 as a repeat count. | |
914 | |
915 @item M-$ | |
916 @findex dired-hide-all | |
917 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
918 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
919 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
920 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
921 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
922 subdirectories far away. | |
923 @end table | |
924 | |
925 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
926 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
927 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
928 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
929 without having to remove the markers. | |
930 | |
931 The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was | |
932 visible, and show what was hidden. | |
933 | |
934 @node Dired Updating | |
935 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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936 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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937 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 938 |
939 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
940 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
941 part of the Dired buffer. | |
942 | |
943 @table @kbd | |
944 @item g | |
945 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
946 | |
947 @item l | |
948 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). | |
949 | |
950 @item k | |
951 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
952 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
953 | |
954 @item s | |
955 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
956 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
957 | |
958 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
959 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
960 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
961 @end table | |
962 | |
963 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
964 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
965 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
966 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
967 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
968 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
969 | |
970 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
971 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
972 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
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973 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, |
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974 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous |
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975 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the |
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976 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, |
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977 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. |
25829 | 978 |
979 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
980 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
981 | |
982 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
983 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
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984 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not |
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985 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like |
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986 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} |
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987 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the |
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988 current file as a last resort. |
25829 | 989 |
990 If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's | |
991 contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the | |
992 header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory | |
993 from the Dired buffer. | |
994 | |
995 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
996 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
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997 reinsert a subdirectory. |
25829 | 998 |
999 @cindex Dired sorting | |
1000 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
1001 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
1002 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
1003 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
1004 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
1005 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
1006 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
1007 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
1008 | |
1009 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
1010 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1011 | |
1012 @node Dired and Find | |
1013 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
1014 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
1015 | |
1016 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
1017 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
1018 | |
1019 @findex find-name-dired | |
1020 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
1021 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
1022 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
1023 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
1024 | |
1025 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the | |
1026 ordinary Dired commands are available. | |
1027 | |
1028 @findex find-grep-dired | |
1029 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
1030 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
1031 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
1032 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
1033 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
1034 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}. | |
1035 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. | |
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1036 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1037 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1038 |
1039 @findex find-dired | |
1040 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1041 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1042 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1043 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1044 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1045 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1046 | |
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1047 @findex locate |
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1048 @findex locate-with-filter |
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1049 @cindex file database (locate) |
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1050 @vindex locate-command |
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1051 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate}. |
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1052 @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines matching |
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1053 a given regular expression. |
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1054 |
25829 | 1055 @vindex find-ls-option |
1056 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the | |
1057 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using | |
1058 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you | |
1059 may need to change the value of this variable. |