annotate etc/TUTORIAL.cn @ 65251:bd6366e3f520

[!TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON] (GetPixDepth): New define.
author YAMAMOTO Mitsuharu <mituharu@math.s.chiba-u.ac.jp>
date Wed, 31 Aug 2005 08:35:44 +0000
parents f05a048483cc
children e8a3fb527b77 2d92f5c9d6ae
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
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ee24a0da4818 TUTORIAL.pt_BR, TUTORIAL.cn, TUTORIAL.cs, TUTORIAL.de, TUTORIAL.fr, TUTORIAL.it, TUTORIAL.ja, TUTORIAL.ko, TUTORIAL.pl, TUTORIAL.pt_BR, TUTORIAL.ro, TUTORIAL.ru, TUTORIAL.sk, TUTORIAL.sl, TUTORIAL.th, TUTORIAL.zh: Fix title line. TUTORIAL.bg: Fix title line; Applied TUTORIAL changes in revision 1.59, Emacs is not transliterated to cyrillic anymore; fixes; by Ognyan Kulev <ogi@fmi.uni-sofia.bg>, TUTORIAL.sv: Sync some other changes with the TUTORIAL version 1.61 in CVS by Mats Lidell <matsl@contactor.se>. Corrected admin/ChangeLog entry. Updated admin/FOR-RELEASE.
Marcelo Toledo <marcelo@gnu.org>
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1 Emacs 快速指南.
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2
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3 Emacs 指令通常包含有 CONTROL 键(有时候以 CTRL 或 CTL 来标示)或是
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4 META 键(有时候以 EDIT 或 ALT 来标示)。为了避免每一次都要写出其全名,
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5 我们将会使用下述的缩写:
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6
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7 C-<chr> 表示当键入字元 <chr> 时 按住 CONTROL 键。
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8 因此,C-f 就是:按住 CONTROL 键再键入 f 。
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9 M-<chr> 表示当键入字元 <chr> 时 按住 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 键。
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10 如果没有 META 、 EDIT 或 ALT 键时,则可以用
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11 「按一下 ESC 键然后放开,再键入 <chr> 的步骤」
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12 来作为替代。我们以 <ESC> 来表示 ESC 键。
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13
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14 重要备忘录:要离开 Emacs 操作阶段( session ),键入 C-x C-c (两个字
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15 元)。位在左侧边界的「>>」字元是让您可以试著使用的指令的提示。举例来说:
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16 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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17 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
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18 >> 现在键入 C-v ( View next screen )以移到下个萤幕。
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19 (试试看,键入字元 v 时,按住 CONTROL 键)
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20 从现在开始,您应该在每次阅读完目前的萤幕时做一次这个动作。
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21
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22 要注意的是,当您从一个萤幕移到另一个时,中间会有两行重复;这样做是为了
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23 提供一些连续性,让您可以接续地阅读文字。
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24
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25 您需要知道的第一件事是如何在文字中移动。您已经知道了可以 C-v 来向前移
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26 动一个萤幕。要向后移动一个萤幕,则键入 M-v (按住 META 键,然后键入 v
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27 ,或是如果您没有 META 、 EDIT 或 ALT 键时键入 <ESC>v )。
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28
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29 >> 试著键入 M-v 然后 C-v ,连续个几次。
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30
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31 【现在您可以 C-v 指令移到后面「翻译」一节,以取得关於本文的翻译相关事
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32 项;然后以 M-v 指令回到这里。】
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34
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35 * 摘要( SUMMARY )
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36 -------------------
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37
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38 以下的指令在检阅萤幕时相当有用:【我们现在以「萤幕」来表示「显示档案内
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39 容的区域」,因为目前是处在 Emacs 中的单窗格( window )显示状态,如果
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40 是在多窗格的状态下,这里所介绍的指令则作用在「工作中的窗格」。有关於窗
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41 格的介绍,请见窗格( windows )一节。】
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42
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43 C-v 向前移动一个萤幕/窗格
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44 M-v 向后移动一个萤幕/窗格
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45 C-l 清除萤幕/窗格,再重新显示所有文字,
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46 游标所在位置会显示於萤幕/窗格的中央。
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47 (是 CONTROL-L 而不是 CONTROL-1 )
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48
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49 >> 找出游标的位置,并注意其附近的文字为何。然后键入 C-l 。
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50 再次找出游标的位置,确认一下相同的文字现在也位在其附近。
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51
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52 如果您的终端机有 PageUp 与 PageDn 键的话,您也可以使用它们来以萤幕为单
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53 位地移动,但是使用 C-v 和 M-v 会比较有效率。
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54
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55
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56 * 基本的游标控制( BASIC CURSOR CONTROL )
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57 ------------------------------------------
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58
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59 萤幕到萤幕的移动是很有用,但是您如何移动到位於萤幕内文字中的特定位置呢?
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60
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61 有几种方式可以进行。您可以使用方向键,但是将您的手放在标准的〔键盘〕位
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62 置,并且使用指令 C-p 、 C-b 、 C-f 和 C-n 将比较有效率。这些字元和四个
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63 方向键〔的功能〕是同等的,如下所示:
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64
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65 前一行 C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 向后移 C-b .... 目前游标位置 .... 向前移 C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 后一行 C-n
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72
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73 >> 以 C-n 或 C-p 将游标移到图形的中央。
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74 键入 C-l 会看到整个图形显示在萤幕的中央。
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75
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76 您会发现用字母所代表的意义来记忆它们很容易:P 表示 previous 、 N 表示
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77 next 、 B 表示 backward 、而 F 则表示 forward 。您将「总是」用到这些游
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78 标移动指令。
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79
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80 >> 按几次 C-n 把游标往下移动到这行。
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81
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82 >> 按几次 C-f 往前移到这行,然后再以 C-p 往后移动。
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83 看看当游标在本行中央时,C-p 的动作是怎样。
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84
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85 每一个文字行都以一个 Newline 字元作为结束,它是用来与下一行作为分别。
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86 在您档案中的最后一行应该要有一个 Newline 来作为结束(但是 Emacs 并不一
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87 定需要它来编辑档案)。
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88
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89 >> 试著在一行开始的地方键入 C-b 。结果应该会移动到前一行的最后面。
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90 这是因为它往后移动时越过了 Newline 字元。
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91
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92 C-f 也可以和 C-b 一样地越过 Newline 字元。【Newline 字元是「不可见
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93 ( invisible )字元」,在编辑器中一般看不到它,这里只是告诉您:在行首
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94 再往前走,那么游标会跑到前一行(如果有前一行的话);在行尾再往后走,那
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95 么游标会跑到后一行(如果有后一行的话)。「越过 Newline 字元」会让游标
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96 跑到另外一行。】
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97
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98 >> 多按几次 C-b,自己感觉一下游标在哪。
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99 然后按几次 C-f 回到这行的尾巴。
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100 再按一次 C-f 就可以移到下一行了。
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101
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102 当您移动游标穿越萤幕的上方或下方时,在边界外的文字会移位进入萤幕内。这
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103 称为「卷动」。它让 Emacs 可以将游标移动到文字中的任意特定位置,同时
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104 (游标)不会跑出萤幕外。
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105
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106 >> 试著以 C-n 将游标越过萤幕下方,然后看看发生了什么事。
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107
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108 如果一个字元一个字元地移动太慢的话,您可以一个字一个字地移动。M-f
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109 (META-f) 往前移动一个字,M-b 则往后移动一个字。【对中文来说,则是移动
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110 到下一个或下一个标点符号的所在。】
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111
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112 >> 键入一些 M-f 和 M-b。
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113
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114 当您在一个字的中间时,M-f 会移动到这个字的尾巴。当您在字与字间的空白时,
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115 M-f 会移动到下一个字的尾巴。M-b 的效果相似,只是方向不同。
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116
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117 >> 按几次 M-f 和 M-b,中间夹杂一些 C-f 和 C-b,
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118 这样子您就可以观察 M-f 和 M-b 在各种「位在字间或字元间」
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119 的不同位置,所表现出来的行为。
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120
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121 请注意 C-f 、 C-b 和 M-f 、 M-b 两对之间的相似性。「经常」的状况是:
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122 META 字元是用来作为与「以语言定义出的单位(字、句子、段落)」有关的操
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123 作,而 CONTROL 字元则是作用在「与您所编辑无关的『基本』单位(字元或行
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124 等)」上。
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125
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126 这个相似性在「行与句子」之间也同样适用:C-a 和 C-e 会将游标移动到「一
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127 行」的 开始和结尾处,而M-a 和 M-e 则将游标移动到「一句」的 开始和结尾
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128 处。
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129
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130 >> 试著按两次 C-a,再按两次 C-e。
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131 试著按两次 M-a,再按两次 M-e。
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132
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133 看一下为什么重复的 C-a 指令会没有作用,而重复的 M-a 指令则继续移动到下
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134 一个句子。虽然这并不能说是完全类比,但是其中每个指令的行为看起来都十分
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135 自然。
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136
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137 游标在文字中的位置也可以称作「点位( point )」。简单来说就是:游标表
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138 现出萤幕中「点位」所在的文字位置。
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139
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140 这里是一些简单「游标移动( cursor-moving )操作」的整理,其中也包括了
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141 「字和句」的移动指令:
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142
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143 C-f 往前移动一个字元
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144 C-b 往回移动一个字元
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145
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146 M-f 往前移动一个字【中文是移动到下一个标点符号】
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147 M-b 往回移动一个字【中文是移动到上一个标点符号】
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148
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149 C-n 移动到下一行
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150 C-p 移动到上一行
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151
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152 C-a 移动到行首
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153 C-e 移动到行尾
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154
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155 M-a 移回句首
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156 M-e 移到句尾
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157
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158 >> 练习几次这些指令。这些都是最常使用到的指令。
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159
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160 还有两个重要的游标动作( cursor-motion )指令,M-<( META Less-than ),
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161 移动到文字的最开始,以及M->( META Greater-than ),移动到文字的最后。
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162
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163 在大部份的终端机,「<」是在 comma 上方,所以您必须要使用 shift 键来键
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164 入。在这些终端机上,您必须使用 shift 键来键入 M-<;没有使用 shift 键,
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165 您就变成键入 M-comma 了。
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166
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167 >> 现在试一下 M-< ,移到本快速指南的最开始。
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168 然后再重复地使用 C-v 回到这里。
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169
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170 >> 现在试一下 M-> ,移到本快速指南的最后。
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171 然后再重复地使用 M-v 回到这里。
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172
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173 如果您的终端机有方向键的话,您也可以用方向键移动游标。我们有三个理由建
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174 议您学习 C-b 、 C-f 、 C-n 、 和 C-p :(1) 任何的终端机都能使用。(2)
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175 一旦您使用 Emacs 相当熟练了,您会发现键入这些 CONTROL 字元,比起使用方
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176 向键快多了(因为您不需要将手移开打字区)。(3) 一旦您使用这些 CONTROL
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177 字元指令成为习惯,您也可以很容易地学会其他进阶的游标动作指令。
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178
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179 大部份的 Emacs 指令接受数字参数;对大部份的指令而言,它的作用是指定重
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180 复次数。您要指定一个指令的重复次数的作法是:先键入 C-u,然后在您键入指
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181 令前,键入代表重复次数的数位。如果您有一个 META(或 EDIT 或 ALT )键,
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182 那么您还有另外一个替代作法来输入数字参数:按住 META 键时打入这数字。我
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183 们建议您学习 C-u 的方法,因为它在任何终端机都可以使用。此一数字参数也
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184 称作为「字首参数」,因为您在这参数所作用到的指令前键入它。
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185
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186 举例来说, C-u 8 C-f 向前移动 8 个字元。
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187
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188 >> 试著以一个数字参数来使用 C-n 或 C-p,
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189 只一个指令就将游标移动到这行的附近。
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190
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191 大部份的指令使用数字参数来作为其重复次数,但是其中有些指令则是作为其他
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192 用途。有几个指令(目前您尚未学到)将它作为旗标 -- 以一个字首参数的型态
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193 出现,而不管其值为何,它们让这指令做些不一样的事。
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194
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195 C-v 和 M-v 则是另一类的例外。当给定一个参数时,它们卷动「所指定的数量
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196 的行(以行为单位)」,而不是以「萤幕」为单位卷动。举例来说,C-u 8 C-v
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197 将显示萤幕卷动 8 行。
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198
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199 >> 现在试著键入 C-u 8 C-v。
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200
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201 这指令应该已经将萤幕向上移了 8 行。若您想将它再次地向下卷动,您可以在
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202 执行 M-v 时给定一个参数。
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203
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204 如果您正在使用 X 窗口系统,在 Emacs 窗口左手侧应该有一个称为「卷动轴」
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205 的长方型区域。您可以用滑鼠在卷动轴按一下来卷动文字。
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206
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207 >> 试著在「卷动轴内反白区域上」压一下中间钮。这应该会将文字卷动到
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208 「由您所按一下滑鼠的地方」所决定的位置。
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209
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210 >> 当按住中间时,试著将滑鼠上下移动。
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211 您会看到文字随著您移动滑鼠而上下移动。
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212
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213
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214 * 当 EMACS 发呆时( WHEN EMACS IS HUNG )
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215 -----------------------------------------
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216
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217 如果 Emacs 停止回应您的指令,您可以键入 C-g 来安全地停止它。您也可以使
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218 用 C-g 来停止执行过久的指令。
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219
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220 您也可以使用 C-g 来取消数字参数或您不想要完成的指令。
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221
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222 >> 键入 C-u 100 以设定一个 100 的数字参数,然后键入 C-g。
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223 现在键入 C-f。它应该只会移动一个字元,因为您已经以 C-g
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224 取消了参数。
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225
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226 如果您已经不小心地键入一个 <ESC>,您可以 C-g 来取消它。
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227
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228
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229 * 无效化的指令( DISABLED COMMANDS )
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230 -------------------------------------
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231
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232 有一些 Emacs 指令被「无效化」了,因此初学者不会意外地使用到它们。
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233
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234 如果您键入了某一个无效化的指令,Emacs 会显示一个讯息,说明这个指令是什
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235 么,并且询问您是否想要继续,然后执行这指令。
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236
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237 如果您真的想要试一下这个指令,那么在当 Emacs 询问您时,请键入空白。一
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238 般来说,如果您不想要执行这个无效化的指令,请以『n』来回答它。
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239
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240 >> 键入 C-x C-l (这是个无效化的指令)
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241 然后键入 n 来回答问题。
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242
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243
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244 * 窗格( WINDOWS )
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245 -------------------
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246
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247 Emacs 可以有数个窗格,每一个显示它自己的文字。我们在稍后会解释如何使用
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248 多重窗格。现在我们想要解释如何除去多余的窗格,然后回到基本的单窗格编辑。
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249 它很简单:
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250
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251 C-x 1 One window (即,除去其他所有的窗格)。
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252
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253 那是个 CONTROL-x 后面跟著数字 1 。C-x 1 将含有游标的窗格扩大到整个萤幕。
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254 它将所有其他的窗格除去。
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255
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256 >> 移动游标到本行并且键入 C-u 0 C-l。
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257 >> 键入 CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f。
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258 看看这个窗格在当一个新的窗格出现
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259 (以显示有关 CONTROL-f 指令的文档时),它是如何缩小的。
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260
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261 >> 键入 C-x 1 以使文档列表窗格消失。
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262
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263 这个指令并不像您先前所学过的指令那般,它包括了两个字元。它是以字元
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264 CONTROL-x 作为开始。有一整个系列的指令是以 CONTROL-x 作为开始;它们之
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265 中有许多是与「窗格、档案、暂存区以及相关事物」有关的。这些指令有 2 、
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266 3 或 4 个字元长。
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267
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268
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269 * 插入与删除( INSERTING AND DELETING )
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270 ----------------------------------------
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271
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272 如果您想要插入文字,把它键入就是了。您可以看到的字元,像是 A 、 7 、 *
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273 等,被 Emacs 视为文字并且可以直接插入。键入 <Return>
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274 ( carriage-return 键)以插入一个 Newline 字元。
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275
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276 您可以键入 <Delback> 以删除您最后键入的字元。<Delback> 是一个的键盘键
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277 -- 就是您通常在 Emacs 外,使用来「删除您最后键入字元」的同一个。一般来
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278 说是个在 <Return> 上方数行的大键,通常标示为『Delete』、『Del』或
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279 『Backspace』。
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280
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281 如果在那里有个标示为『Backspace』的大键,那么那一个就是您使用来作为
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282 <Delback> 的键了。某个地方可能也会有另一个标示为『Delete』的键,但那个
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283 并不是 <Delback> 。
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284
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285 更一般地说, <Delback> 将位於目前游标位置前一个字元加以删除。
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286
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287 >> 现在做 -- 键入一些字元,然后键入几次 <Delback> 来删除它们。
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288 不要担心这个档案会被更动;您不会影响到原来的快速指南。
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289 (您现在看到的)这一个是您的个人拷贝。
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290
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291 当一行文字变得比「在窗格中的一行」长时,这一行文字会「接续」到第二行窗
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292 格行。这时一个反斜线「\」(或如果您使用窗口化的显示,则是一个小小弯弯
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293 的箭头)会位在其右边界以指出此行接续著。
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294
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295 >> 插入文字,一直到您达到右边界,然后再继续插入。
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296 您会看到一个接续行出现。
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297
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298 >> 使用 <Delback> 删除一些文字,直到此行再次成为一个窗格行。
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299 接续行消失了。
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300
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301 您可以像删除其他字元一样地删除 Newline 字元。将位在两行中的 Newline 字
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302 元删除会让它们合并成为一行。如果合并的结果使这一行太长,以致无法符合窗
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303 格的宽度,它会以一个接续行来显示。
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304
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305 >> 移动游标到本行的开头并键入 <Delback>。
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306 这会将本行与其前一行结合为一行。
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307
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308 >> 键入 <Return> 以重新插入您刚才删除的 Newline 字元。
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309
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310 记得大部份的 Emacs 指令都可以给予一个重复计数( repeat count );这也
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311 包括了文字字元。重复一个文字字元会将它插入数次。
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312
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313 >> 现在就试一下 -- 键入 C-u 8 * 以插入 ********。
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314
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315 您现在已经学到了「键入个什么东西进 Emacs 以及修正错误」的大部份基本方
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316 法。您也可以「以字或行为单位」地删除。这里有份关於「删除操作」的摘要:
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317
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318 <Delback> 删除游标所在的 前一个字元
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319 C-d 删除游标所在的 后一个字元
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320
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321 M-<Delback> 删除游标所在的 前一个字
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322 M-d 删除游标所在的 后一个字
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323
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324 C-k 删除从游标所在到「行尾」间的字元
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325 M-k 删除从游标所在到「句尾」间的字元
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326
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327 注意「<Delback> 和 C-d」还有「M-<Delback> 和 M-d」是平行地自 C-f 和
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328 M-f 扩充出来的(嗯,<Delback> 并不是控制字元,但是没什么好担心的)。
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329 C-k 和 M-k 在某种程度上与 C-e 和 M-e 一样,如果把「一行」和「一句」作
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330 为类比的话。
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331
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332 您也可以只以一种方法来删除缓冲区内的任何部份,先移动到您想要删除的部份
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333 的一端,然后键入 C-@ 或 C-SPC (任一个即可)。( SPC 指的是 Space Bar
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334 )再移到那部份的另一端,接著键入 C-w 。这样就会把介於这两个位置间的所
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335 有文字删除。
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336
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337 >> 移动游标到上一段开头的「您」字。
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338 >> 键入 C-SPC 。 Emacs 应该会在萤幕的下方显示一个「Mark set」讯息。
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339 >> 移动游标到第二行中的「端」字。
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340 >> 键入 C-w 。这样会把从「您」开始到刚好「端」之前的文字删除。
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341
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342 要注意的是「杀掉( killing )」和「删除( deleting )」的不同在於被杀
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343 掉的可以拉回,而被删除的则不能。【有点难以理解,您可以这么想:(1)「被
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344 杀掉的」尚存尸骨,而「被删除的」则尸骨无存了!可见得对电脑资料来说,
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345 「删除」比「杀掉」严重多了。(2)实际上,就算被删除了,我们还是有技术可
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346 以把它救回来,尤其是文字资料,前提是删除后不能进行实体记忆体的格式化动
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347 作。但这对於一般使用者而言是不可能的,因此就不考虑这情形了。】重新插入
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348 被杀掉的文字称为「拉回( yanking )」。一般而言,可以移除掉很多文字的
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349 指令会把那些文字储存起来(它们设定成您可以将文字拉回),而那些只是删除
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350 一个字元或者只是除去空白行或空白的指令,则不会储存这些被删除的文字(因
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351 此您不能将那文字拉回)。
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352
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353 >> 移动游标到一非空白行的开始。
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354 然后键入 C-k 杀掉在那一行上的文字。
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355 >> 第二次键入 C-k。您将会看到它杀掉跟在那一行后面的 Newline 字元。
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356
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357 请注意单独的 C-k 会把一行的内容杀掉,而第二个 C-k 则会杀掉那一行本身,
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358 并且使得所有其他的行向上移动。C-k 以很特别的方式来处理数字参数,它会杀
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359 掉很多行以及它们的内容,这不仅仅是重复而已,C-u 2 C-k 会把两行以及它们
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360 的 Newline 字元杀掉;如果只是键入 C-k 两次并不会这样。
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361
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362 将被杀掉的文字回复的动作称为「拉回( yanking )」。(把它想像成您把别
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363 人从您身上夺去的东西猛力地拉回来)您可以在您删除文字的地方拉回,也可以
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364 在文字的其他地方拉回。您可以拉回数次同样的文字,以制作它的数份拷贝。
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365
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366 拉回的指令为 C-y。它会在目前游标的位置重新插入最后杀掉的文字。
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367
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368 >> 试试看;键入 C-y 将文字拉回。
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369
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370 如果您连续地做了数次 C-k,所有被杀掉的文字都会被储存在一起,因此做一次
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371 C-y 就会把所有这些行都拉回来。
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372
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373 >> 现在做一下,键入 C-k 数次。
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374
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375 现在要回复那些杀掉的文字:
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376
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377 >> 键入 C-y。然后把游标往下移动个几行,再一次键入 C-y。
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378 您现在知道如何复制某些文字了。
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379
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380 如果您有一些文字想要拉回来,但是后来您又杀了某些东西,那么该怎么做呢?
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381 C-y 会把最近杀掉的拉回来,但是先前的文字并没有消失,您可以用 M-y 来回
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382 到它。当您已经使用 C-y 把最近杀掉的拉回来之后,再键入 M-y 来把这些拉回
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383 来的文字替换为先前所杀掉的。一次又一次地键入 M-y 会把先前再先前所杀掉
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384 的文字带回来。当您到了您想找的文字时,您不需要做任何事来保存它,只要继
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385 续您的编辑,把这些已拉回的文字留在那里就好。
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386
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387 如果您 M-y 做了很多次,您可能会回到起始点,也就是最近杀掉的。
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388
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389 >> 杀掉一行,到处绕绕,再杀掉另一行。
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390 然后用 C-y 将第二次杀掉的那行带回来。
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391 然后再用 M-y,它将会被第一次杀掉的那行取代。
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392 再做几次 M-y 看看您会得到什么。
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393 不间断地做,直到第二个杀掉行回来,再做个几次。
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394 如果您想的话,您可以试著给 M-y 正的或是负的参数。
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395
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396
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397 * 取消动作( UNDO )
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398 --------------------
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399
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400 如果您对文字做了一些改变,后来觉得它是个错误,您可以 Undo 指令取消这一
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401 个改变,C-x u。
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402
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403 通常 C-x u 会把一个指令所造成的改变取消掉;如果您在一行中重复了许多次
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404 C-x u,每一个重复都会取消额外的指令。
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405
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406 但是有两个例外:
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407 (1) 没有改变文字的指令不算(这包括了游标移动的指令还有卷轴指令);
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408 (2) 自行键入的字元以一群一群 -- 每群最多 20 个 -- 来进行处理。
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409 (这是为了减少您在取消「插入文字动作」所必须键入 C-x u 的次数)
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410
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411 >> 以 C-k 将这一行杀掉,然后键入 C-x u 后它会再次出现。
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412
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413 C-_ 是另一个取消指令;它的作用就和 C-x u 一样,但是在一行中它比较容易
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414 键入许多次。C-_ 的缺点是在某些键盘中不太清楚如何键入它,这也是为什么我
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415 们同时提供 C-x u 的原因。在某些终端机,您可以按住 CONTROL 再键入 / ,
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416 来键入 C-_。
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417
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418 一个数字参数对 C-_ or C-x u 来说,是作为重复的次数。
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419
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420
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421 * 档案( FILE )
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422 ----------------
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423
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424 为了使您编辑的文字永久保存,您必须把它放到一个档案中。不然,当您离开
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425 Emacs 后,它就会随之消失。为了把您的文字放在档案中,您必须在您键入这些
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426 文字前「找( find )」档案。(这也称之为「拜访( visiting )」档案)
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427
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428 找一个档案表示您可以在 Emacs 中看到档案的内容。从许多方面来看,它就像
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429 是您直接编辑那个档案一样。然而,直到您「储存」这个档案之前,您使用
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430 Emacs 编辑所做出的改变并不会保存下来。这就是为什么当您不想要时,您可以
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431 避免留下修改到一半的档案在系统中。即使当您储存了,Emacs 也会把原本的档
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432 案以一个不同的名称保留下来,若您稍后觉得您的改变是一个错误的话,就可以
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433 使用它。
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434
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435 在靠近萤幕的下方,您可以看到由破折号开始与结束的一行 -- 通常是以「--:--
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436 TUTORIAL.cn」或其他类似的东西作为开始。这是萤幕的一部分,通常用来表示
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437 您正在拜访的档案。现在,您正在拜访的档案叫做「TUTORIAL.cn」,它是您个
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438 人的拷贝。当您以 Emacs 找出一个档案时,那个档案的名字就会出现在那个地
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439 方。
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440
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441 关於寻找档案的指令中,有一个很特别的是,您必须说出这个您想要的档案名称。
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442 我们说这个指令「从终端机中读进了一个参数」。(在这个例子中,这参数就是
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443 档案的名称)当您键入这个指令后,
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444
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445 C-x C-f 找一个档案
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446
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447 Emacs 会要您键入档名。您所键入的档名会出现在萤幕的底行。在被用来作为这
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448 种形式的输入时,底行被称为小缓冲区( minibuffer )。您可以使用正常的
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449 Emacs 编辑指令来编辑这个档名。
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450
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451 当您正在键入档名时(或是任何的小缓冲区输入时),您可以用 C-g 这个指令
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452 来取消它。
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453
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454 >> 键入 C-x C-f,然后键入 C-g。这会取消小缓冲区,
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455 并且也会取消使用这个小缓冲区的 C-x C-f 指令。
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456 因此您没有找任何档案。
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457
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458 当您已经键入了这个档名,请键入 <Return> 来结束它。然后 C-x C-f 指令就
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459 会开始运作,并且找到您所选择的档案。小缓冲区在当 C-x C-f 指令结束时就
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460 会消失。
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461
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462 过了一会儿,档案的内容就会出现在萤幕,然后您就可以编辑它的内容。当您想
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463 要您的改变永久保存时,键入这个指令:
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464
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465 C-x C-s 储存这个档案
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466
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467 这会把在 Emacs 中的文字复制到档案中。当您第一次做这个动作时,Emacs 会
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468 将原始的档案重新命名成一个新的名字,这样它才不会消失。新的名字通常会加
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469 入「~」到原始档案的名字后面。
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470
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471 当储存结束时,Emacs 会把写入档案的名字列出来。您应该经常地进行储存,这
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472 样子如果系统当机时,您就不会损失太多工作。
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473
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474 >> 键入 C-x C-s 以储存本快速指南的您的拷贝。
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475 这会把「Wrote ...TUTORIAL.cn」这个讯息显示在萤幕的下方。
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476
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477 注意:在某些系统中,键入 C-x C-s 将会把萤幕冻结,您将看不到从 Emacs 来
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478 的任何输出。这表示操作系统一个称为「流程控制」的「功能」将 C-s 指令拦
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479 截住,并且不让它传到 Emacs。要取消萤幕的冻结,请键入 C-q。然后到 Emacs
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480 使用手册中看看对於「渐进式搜寻的同时进入( Spontaneous Entry to
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481 Incremental Search )」这个主题,以取得处理这个「功能」的建议。
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482
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483 您可以找出一个已经存在的档案,然后观看它或编辑它。您也可以找一个还没有
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484 存在过的档案。这是以 Emacs 建立一个档案的方法:找这个档案,就从零开始,
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485 然后开始插入文字到这个档案中。当您要求「储存」这个档案,Emacs 会真的建
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486 立一个档案,并把您所插入的文字摆到档案中。从那时候开始,您就可以当自己
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487 是在编辑一个已经存在的档案了。
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488
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489
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490 * 缓冲区( BUFFER )
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491 --------------------
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492
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493 如果您以 C-x C-f「找」第二个档案,第一个档案仍然存在 Emacs 内。要切换
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494 回它,您可以 C-x C-f 再找它一次。依此方式,您可以在 Emacs 内开启不少档
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495 案。
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496
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497 >> 以键入 C-x C-f foo <Return> 的方式建立一个名为「foo」的档案。
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498 然后插入一些文字,编辑它,然后再以 C-x C-s 储存「foo」。
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499 最后,键入 C-x C-f TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到本快速指南。
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500
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501 Emacs 储存每个档案的文字在一个称为「缓冲区( buffer )」的物件中。找一
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502 个档案会在 Emacs 内部建立一个缓冲区。想要看目前存在您的 Emacs 的工作中
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503 缓冲区列表,键入
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504
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505 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区
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506
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507 >> 现在就试一下 C-x C-b
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508
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509 看看每一个缓冲区是如何命名的,它也可能同时拥有一个「储存其内容的档案」
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510 的名称。您在一个 Emacs 窗格所见到的「任何」文字都是某个缓冲区的一部份。
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511
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512 >> 键入 C-x 1 以离开缓冲列表
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513
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514 当您有数个缓冲区时,在任何时候其中只有一个是「目前作用的」。而那个就是
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515 您在编辑的缓冲区。如果您想要编辑另一个缓冲区,那么您必须「切换」到它。
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516 如果您想要切换到连接到某个档案的缓冲区,您可以用 C-x C-f 再次拜访那个
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517 档案。但是有个比较简单的方式:使用 C-x b ;在这个指令中,您必须键入缓
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518 冲区的名称。
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519
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520 >> 键入 C-x b foo <Return> 以回到含有档案「foo」的文字的缓冲区。
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521 然后建入 C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> 以回到本快速指南。
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522
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523 就大部份的情况来说,缓冲区的名称与档案的名称是相同的(除去了档名中的目
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524 录部份)。然而并不总是如此。您以 C-x C-b 所制作出的缓冲区列表总是会显
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525 示给您每一个缓冲区的名称。
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526
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527 您在一个 Emacs 窗格中所见到的「任何」文字总是某个缓冲区的一部份。有一
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528 些缓冲区并没有连接到档案。举例来说,命名为「*Buffer List*」的缓冲区并
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529 没有任何档案。它是包含有您以 C-x C-b 指令所制作出来的缓冲区列表的缓冲
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530 区。命名为「*Messages*」的缓冲区也没有连接到任何档案;它在您的 Emacs
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531 操作阶段中包含出现在底行的讯息。
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532
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533 >> 键入 C-x b *Messages* <Return> 来看看讯息的缓冲区。
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534 然后键入 C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> 回到本快速指南。
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535
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536 如果您对档案中的文字做了修改,然后找另一档案,这个动作并不会储存第一个
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537 档案。它的修改仍旧存在 Emacs 中,也就是在那个档案的缓冲区中。对於第二
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538 个档案的建立或编辑并不会影响到第一个档案的缓冲区。这样子非常有用,但这
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539 个情形也表明了您需要「一个方便的方法」来储存第一个档案的缓冲区。只是为
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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540 储存第一个档案就必须以 C-x C-f 切换缓冲区,才能以 C-x C-s 将它储存,总
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541 是个让人讨厌的过程。因此我们有
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542
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543 C-x s 储存一些缓冲区
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544
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545 C-x s 会询问您关於您已做出修改但还没储存的每一个缓冲区。它会问您,对於
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546 每一个这样的缓冲区,是否要储存?
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547
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548 >> 插入一行文字,然后键入 C-x s。
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549 它应该会问您是否要储存名为 TUTORIAL.cn 的缓冲区。
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550 键入『y』以回答要储存。
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551
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552
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553 * 扩充指令集( EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET )
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554 -------------------------------------------
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555
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556 由於 Emacs 拥有太多指令,即便使用上所有的 CONTROL 和 META 字元,也没办
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557 法完全摆上。Emacs 以 X(扩充『eXtend』)指令来解决这个问题。扩充指令有
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558 两种型式:
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559
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560 C-x 字元扩充。后面跟著一个字元。
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561 M-x 有名称的指令扩充。后面跟著一个长的名称。
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562
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563 还有一些指令通常来说是很有用的,但是比您已经学到的指令较少使用。您已经
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564 看过其中两个:档案指令中的 C-x C-f 去寻找,以及 C-x C-s 去储存。其他的
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565 例子则有结束 Emacs 阶段的指令 -- 这个指令是 C-x C-c。(不要担心您会失
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566 去已经做出的改变,C-x C-c 在它杀掉 Emacs 之前会提供储存每一个变动的档
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567 案的机会。)
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568
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569 C-z 是 *暂时* 离开 Emacs 的指令 -- 因此您稍后可以回到同样的 Emacs 阶段。
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570
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571 在某些允许它的作用的系统中, C-z 会「暂停住( suspends )」Emacs,也就
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572 是说,它会回到 shell 但不会把 Emacs 毁掉。在最常用的 shell 中,您可以
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573 用『fg』或『%emacs』两种指令恢复 Emacs。
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574
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575 在没有提供暂停功能的系统中,C-z 会在 Emacs 底下建立一个 subshell 以让
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576 您有机会执行其他的程式,并且在稍后回到 Emacs,它并没有真的离开 Emacs。
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577 在这个例子中,shell 指令『exit』是从subshell 回到 Emacs 的通常方式。
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578
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579 使用 C-x C-c 的时机是当您打算要登出时。它也非常适合用来离开被其他邮件
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580 处理程式,以及许多不同的应用程式所启动的 Emacs。然而在一般的状况下,如
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581 果您不打算登出,最好是把 Emacs 暂停而不是离开它。
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582
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583 有许多 C-x 的指令。这里是一份您已经学过的列表:
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584
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585 C-x C-f 找档案。
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586 C-x C-s 储存档案。
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587 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区。
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588 C-x C-c 离开 Emacs。
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589 C-x 1 除了一个外,删去其他所有的窗格。
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590 C-x u 取消动作。
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591
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592 以扩充来命名的指令通常是不太常使用的指令,或是只在特定的模式下才会使用
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593 的指令。一个例子是取代字串指令,它会全域地将一个字串以另一个来取代。当
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594 您键入 M-x 时,Emacs 会在萤幕的底端询问您,然后您也应该键入这个指令的
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595 名称。在这个例子中是『replace-string』只要键入『repl s<TAB>』,然后
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596 Emacs 将会补齐这个名称。以 <Return> 来结束这个指令名称。
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597
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598 取代字串指令需要两个参数 -- 被取代的字串以及用来取代它的字串。您必须以
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599 Newline 字元来结束每一个参数。
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600
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601 >> 将游标移到本行的下两行空白,然后键入
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602 M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>。
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603
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604 【为了说明的目的,於下保留一行原文。
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605 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced... 】
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606
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607 请注意这一行是怎么改变的:在游标的起始位置之后,您已经将 c-h-a-n-g-e-d
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608 这个字 -- 不管它在哪里出现 -- 以「altered」这个字来取代了。
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609
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610
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611 * 自动存档( AUTO SAVE )
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612 -------------------------
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613
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614 当您在一个档案中做了修改,但是还没有将它们储存起来,那么如果您的电脑当
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615 机,它们将有可能遗失。为了避免这种情形发生在您的身上,Emacs 会定期地将
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616 您正在编辑的档案写入「自动储存」档案中。自动储存档案在档名的前后会各有
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617 一个 # 符号;举例来说,如果您的档案名为「hello.c」,那么它的自动储存档
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618 案的档名就是「#hello.c#」。当您以平常的方式储存档案时,Emacs 就会把它
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619 的自动储存档删除。
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620
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621 如果当机,您可以经由正常地寻找档案,(指的是您在编辑的档案而不是自动储
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622 存档)然后键入 M-x recover file<Return> 来回复您的自动储存档。当它要求
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623 确认时,键入 yes<Return> 以继续并回复自动储存的资料。
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624
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625
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626 * 回应区( ECHO AREA )
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627 -----------------------
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628
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629 如果 Emacs 见到您很慢地键入多字元指令,它会将它们显示在位於窗格下方,
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630 称为「回应区」的区域给您参阅。回应区位在窗格的最后一行。
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631
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632
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633 * 状态行( MODE LINE )
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634 -----------------------
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635
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636 位在回应区的正上面是称为「状态行」的一行。状态行显示出一些信息,如:
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637
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638 --:** TUTORIAL.cn (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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639
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640 本行提供一些关於「Emacs 的状态」以及「您正在编辑的文字」的有用信息。
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641
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642 您已经知道档名的意义是什么了 -- 就是您找的档案。-NN%-- 指出目前您在文
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643 字档中的位置;它的意思是说:有 NN 百分比的文字位在窗格的上面。如果档案
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644 的顶端就位在窗格中,那么它就会显示 --Top-- 而不是 --00%--。如果档案的
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645 底部就位在窗格中,那么它是显示 --Bot--。如果您正在看的文字档很小,在窗
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646 格中就足以看到全部的内容,那么状态行就会显示 --All--。
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647
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648 L 和数字以另一种方式来表示出位置:它们给出了目前所在的行数( Line )。
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649
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650 在靠近前面的星号表示您已经对这些文字做了改变。在您刚拜访或储存一个档案
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651 之后,状态行的那个部分会没有星号,只有破折号。
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652
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653 状态行中位於小括弧里面的部分,是用来告诉您正在使用什么编辑模式。预设的
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654 模式是 Fundamental,也就是您现在使用的。它是「主模式」的一个例子。
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655
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656 Emacs 有许多不同的主模式。它们之中有一些是用来编辑不同的语言以及/或不
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657 同种类的文字,像是 Lisp 模式、 Text 模式等等。在任何的时间只有一个主模
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658 式可以作用,并且它的名称总可以在状态行中被找到,就在现在的
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659 「Fundamental」中的位置。
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660
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661 每一个主模式都使得一些指令的行为表现得不太一样。举例来说,在一个程式中
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662 有一些指令用来制作出注解,而由於每一种程式语言对於一个注解应该长得像什
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663 么,都有著不同的想法,因此每一个主模式都必须以不同的方式来插入注解。每
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664 一个主模式是一个延伸指令的名称,使得您可以用来切换至那个模式。举例来说,
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665 M-x fundamental-mode 就是切换到 Fundamental 模式的一个指令。
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666
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667 如果您想要编辑人类语言的文字档案 -- 像是现在的这一个,您应该使用 Text
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668 模式。
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669
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670 >> 键入 M-x text mode<Return>。
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671
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672 不要担心,没有任何一个您已经学过的 Emacs 指令,会被改变成任何非常不同
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673 的形式。但是您可以发现到 M-f 和 M-b 现在把撇号(')视为字的一部分。先
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674 前,在 Fundamental 模式中,M-f 和 M-b 将撇号视为字的分隔符号。
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675
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676 主模式通常会像上述那个例子一样,做出一些精巧的改变:大部分的指令在每一
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677 个主模式中「做同样的事」,但是它们以一点点不同的方式来工作。【再举个例
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678 子,接续上面所开的头,以程式语言的注解来说。同样一个插入注解的动作,因
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679 为您使用的程式语言/主模式的不同而不同。若您使用 C 语言,Emacs 插入
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680 『/* 介於中间的为注解区块 */』;若您使用的是 Fortran 语言,Emacs 插入
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681 『c 以字元 c 为首的为注解行』;若您使用的是 Basic 语言,Emacs 则插入『'
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682 撇号以后的为注解文字』。编辑器的弹性如此,实在没有必要为了不同的语言、
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683 目的或外观,设计特殊化的编辑器。「求大同,存小异」在这里也是成立的。】
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684
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685 要浏览您现在所处的主模式的文档,键入 C-h m。
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686
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687 >> 使用 C-u C-v 一或数次,将本行带到靠近萤幕的上方。
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688 >> 键入 C-h m,看看 Text 模式与 Fundamental 模式是哪里不同。
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689 >> 键入 C-x 1 将文档从萤幕移除掉。
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690
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691 主模式之所以称为「主要( major )」的原因是因为它们也有次模式( minor
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692 mode )。次要的模式并不是主模式的其他选择,而只是次要的更改。每一个次
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693 模式可以被它本身启用或停止,和所有其他的次模式无关,并且也和您的主模式
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694 无关。所以您可以不使用次模式,或一个,或任何数量的次模式的组合。
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695
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696 有一个叫做 Auto Fill 模式的次模式非常有用,特别是在编辑人类语言的文字
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697 时。当这个模式启用时, Emacs 在当您插入文字并且使一行太宽时,会将那一
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698 行,在字与字之间自动地分隔开。
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699
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700 您可以 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 来将 Auto Fill 模式启用。当这个模式
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701 启用时,您可以使用 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 来将它取消。当这个模式不
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702 用时,则这个指令会将它启动,而当这个模式启用时,这个指令会将它关闭。我
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703 们说这个指令用来「切换( toggle )」模式。
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704
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705 >> 现在键入 M-x auto fill mode<Return>。然后一再地插入字串
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706 「 asdf 」,直到您看到它分成两行。您必须在它们之间摆上空白,
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707 因为 Auto Fill 只在空白处断行。
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708
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709 边界通常被设定为 70 个字元,但是您可以用 C-x f 指令来改变它。您应该以
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710 一个数字参数的方式来给定您所希望的边界设定。
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711
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712 >> 键入 C-x f 并附上引数 20:『C-u 2 0 C-x f』。
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713 然后键入一些文字,看看 Emacs 以 20 个字元,
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714 在行与行之间进行 fill 动作。然后再用一次 C-x f 将边界设回 70。
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715
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716 如果您在一个段落的中间做出改变,Auto Fill 模式并不会为您重新进行 fill
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717 的动作( re-fill )。要 re-fill 这个段落,键入 M-q (META-q),而游标必
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718 须处在其中。
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719
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720 >> 移动游标到前一段中,然后键入 M-q。
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721
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722
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723 * 搜寻( SEARCHING )
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724 ---------------------
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725
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726 Emacs 可以搜寻字串(字串可以是一群连续的字元或字)【就中文来说,字元和
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727 字基本上意义相同;此处所指的『字』,是英文中没有被空白隔开的字元集
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728 合。】,往前或往后搜寻都可以。搜寻一个字串是一种游标移动指令,它会将游
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729 标移动到字串出现的下一个地方。
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730
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
731 Emacs 搜寻指令与大部分编辑器的搜寻指令不同的地方在於,它是「渐进的
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
732 ( incremental )」。这表示搜寻发生在您键入想要搜寻的文字串后。
50009
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
733
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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734 要开始搜寻的指令是:C-s 往前搜寻,C-r 往后搜寻。但先等一下!现在先不要
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
735 试。
50009
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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diff changeset
736
51138
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
737 当您键入 C-s 时,会发现到有一个字串「I-search」出现在回应区中作为提示。
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
738 它告诉您 Emacs 现在正处於称为「渐进式搜寻」的状态中,等待您键入您想要
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
739 搜寻的字串。<Return> 会结束一个搜寻。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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740
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parents: 49994
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741 >> 现在键入 C-s 开始一个搜寻。慢一点,一次键入一个字元,
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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742 键入『cursor』这个字,每键入一个字元时,稍微停一下,
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
743 注意看看游标发生了什么事。现在您已曾经搜寻过「cursor」这个字了。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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744 >> 再次键入 C-s 来搜寻「cursor」的下一个出现位置。
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3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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745 >> 现在键入 <Delback> 四次,看看游标是如何移动的。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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746 >> 键入 <Return> 结束搜寻。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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747
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
748 您有没有看到发生了什么?在一个渐进式搜寻中,Emacs 试著要走到您键入的字
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
749 串的下一个出现位置。要移动到游标所在的下一个出现位置,只要再键入 C-s
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
750 一次。如果并没有这样的出现位置存在,Emacs 会哔一声,并告诉您目前的搜寻
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
751 「失败」。另外 C-g 也可以用来结束搜寻。
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173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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752
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
753 注意:在某些系统中,键入 C-s 将会把萤幕冻结,您将看不到从 Emacs 来的任
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
754 何输出。这表示操作系统一个称为「流程控制」的「功能」将 C-s 指令拦截住,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
755 并且不让它传到 Emacs。要取消萤幕的冻结,请键入 C-q。然后到 Emacs 使用
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
756 手册中看看对於「渐进式搜寻的同时进入( Spontaneous Entry to
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
757 Incremental Search )」这个主题,以取得处理这个「功能」的建议。
50009
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
758
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
759 如果您在一个渐进式搜寻的中间,并且键入 <Delback>,您可以发现在搜寻字串
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
760 中的最后一个字元被消除了,并且搜寻会回到这个搜寻的最后一个地方。举例来
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
761 说,假设您已经键入了『c』,用来寻找「c」的第一次出现。现在如果您键入
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
762 『u』,游标会移动到「cu」的第一次出现位置。现在键入 <Delback> ,这会将
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
763 「u」从搜寻字串中消除,并且游标会移回到「c」的第一次出现位置。
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parents: 49994
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764
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
765 如果您在一个搜寻的中间,并且键入一个 CONTROL 或 META 字元的话,(但有
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
766 一些例外 -- 对搜寻而言特别的字元,像是 C-s 和 C-r ),搜寻会被结束。
50009
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 49994
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767
51138
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
768 C-s 会开始一个搜寻,它会寻找搜寻字串在目前游标位置「之后」,的任何出现
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
769 位置。如果您想要在先前文字中搜寻,键入 C-r 作为替代。除了搜寻的方向相
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
770 反之外,我们所说的有关 C-s 的所有事情,同样地可以应用到 C-r 上。
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parents: 49994
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771
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
772
51138
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
773 * 多重窗格( MULTIPLE WINDOWS )
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
774 --------------------------------
50009
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parents: 49994
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775
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
776 Emacs 许多好功能的其中之一是,您可以在萤幕中同时展示超过一个窗格。
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parents: 49994
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777
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parents: 49994
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778 >> 移动游标到这一行并且键入 C-u 0 C-l。
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parents: 49994
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779
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780 >> 现在键入 C-x 2,它会将萤幕平分成两个窗格。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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781 这两个窗格都显示著这个快速指南。游标则停留在上方的窗格。
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parents: 49994
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782
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783 >> 键入 C-M-v 以卷动下方的窗格。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
784 (如果您并没有一个真的 META 键,则键入 ESC C-v 亦可。)
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parents: 49994
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785
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parents: 49994
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786 >> 键入 C-x o(『o』指的是其他『other』的意思),
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
787 将游标移动到下方的窗格。
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parents: 49994
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788
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parents: 49994
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789 >> 在下方的窗格中,使用 C-v 和 M-v 来卷动它。
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parents: 49994
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790 继续维持在上方的窗格中阅读这些指引。
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parents: 49994
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791
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parents: 49994
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792 >> 再一次键入 C-x o 将游标移回到上方的窗格。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
793 游标会回到它在上方窗格中,原本所在的位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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794
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
795 您可以持续使用 C-x o 在窗格之间切换。每一个窗格有它自己的游标位置,但
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
796 是只有一个窗格会真的显示出游标。所有通常的编辑指令只会应用到那个游标所
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
797 在的窗格。我们称这个为「被选择的窗格」。
50009
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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798
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
799 指令 C-M-v 在当您於一个窗格中编辑文字,并使用其他的窗格作为参考之用时,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
800 是非常有用的。您可以将游标一直保持在您正在编辑的窗格中,并以 C-M-v 指
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
801 令在其他的窗格循序地前进。【验证工作特别适合以这种方式来进行,如 GNU
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
802 中译小组:找一个原始英文档案;再找它翻译好的中文档案,编辑这个「被选择
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
803 的窗格」,以 C-M-v 指令跟上验证中的段落……。】
50009
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
804
51138
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
805 C-M-v 是 CONTROL-META 字元的一个例子。如果您有一个真的 META 键,您可以
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
806 同时按住 CONTROL 和 META 再键入 v 来键入 C-M-v。CONTROL 或 META 「谁先
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
807 被按住」并没有影响,因为这两个键都是用来修饰您所键入的字元。
50009
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
808
51138
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
809 如果您并没有一个真的 META 键,您可以使用 ESC 来作为替代,这样子顺序就
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
810 有关系了:您必须键入 ESC ,跟著键入 CONTROL-v,CONTROL-ESC v 并不会作
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
811 用。这是因为 ESC 是一个具有本身作用的字元,而不是一个修饰键。
50009
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parents: 49994
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812
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parents: 49994
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813 >> (在上方窗格)键入 C-x 1 以除去下方窗格。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
814
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
815 (如果您已经在底端的窗格键入 C-x 1,那么将会把上面的窗格隐藏住。将这个
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
816 指令想像成「只保留一个窗格 -- 我正在编辑的这个。」)
50009
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
817
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
818 您不需要在两个不同的窗格中显示相同的缓冲区。如果您使用 C-x C-f 在一个
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
819 窗格中找档案,另一个窗格并不因而改变。您可以在独立的任一个窗格中找〔它
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
820 自己的〕一个档案。
50009
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
821
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
822 这里有另外一个方式可以用来,使用两个窗格显示两个不同的东西:
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parents: 49994
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823
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parents: 49994
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824 >> 键入 C-x 4 C-f,后面跟著您的其中一个档案的名称。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
825 以 <Return> 作为结束。看看指定的档案出现在下方的窗格。
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
826 游标也跑到那里。
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parents: 49994
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827
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parents: 49994
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828 >> 键入 C-x o 以回到上方的窗格,然后以 C-x 1 删除掉下方窗格。
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
829
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
830
51138
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
831 * 递归编辑阶层( RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS )
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
832 --------------------------------------------
50009
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
833
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
834 有时候您会进入所谓的「递归编辑阶层」。它是由位在状态行的方括弧所指明,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
835 并且包含住以小括弧来指明的模式名称。举例来说,您可能会看到
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
836 [(Fundamental)],而不是 (Fundamental)。
50009
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
837
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
838 要离开递归编辑阶层,请键入 ESC ESC ESC。这是个全功能的「离开」指令。您
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
839 也可以使用它来除去多余的窗格,并且离开小缓冲区。
50009
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
840
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
841 >> 键入 M-x 以进入小缓冲区;然后键入 ESC ESC ESC 离开。
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parents: 49994
diff changeset
842
51138
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
843 您无法使用 C-g 来离开递归编辑阶层。这是因为 C-g 是用来取消指令以及「位
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
844 於」递归编辑阶层中的「引数( arguments )」之故。
50009
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diff changeset
845
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parents: 49994
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846
51138
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
847 * 取得更多的帮助( GETTING MORE HELP )
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
848 ---------------------------------------
50009
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849
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850 在本快速指南中,我们试著仅提供刚刚好的信息让您可以开始使用 Emacs。在
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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851 Emacs 中有太多可取得的信息,想要在这里全部解释是不可能的。然而,您也许
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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852 会想要学习更多 Emacs 相关的信息,因为它有许多其他有用的功能。Emacs 提
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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853 供了「阅读有关 Emacs 指令」的指令。这些「help」指令都以 CONTROL-h 这个
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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854 字元作为开头,称作为「Help 字元」。
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855
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856 要使用 Help 功能,键入 C-h 字元,然后再键入一个说明您所需要的帮助的字
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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857 元。如果您真的不知道要问什么,那么请键入『C-h ?』,此时 Emacs 将会告诉
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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858 您它能够提供的帮助。如果您已经键入 C-h,但发现您并不需要任何帮助,键入
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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859 C-g 来取消掉它就是了。
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860
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861 (有些网站将 C-h 这个字元的意义改变了。他们真的不应该把它设为对所有使
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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862 用者全部都适用的方法,所以您现在就有了个理由来抱怨系统管理者了。在此同
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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863 时,如果 C-h 并没有在窗格的底部显示任何有关帮助的讯息,试著键入 F1 键,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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864 或是 M-x help <Return>。)
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865
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866 最基本的 HELP 功能是 C-h c。键入 C-h,字元 c,以及一个或一串字元;然后
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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867 Emacs 会显示一个非常简短的有关这个指令的解释。
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868
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869 >> 键入 C-h c C-p。
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parents: 50009
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870
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diff changeset
871 讯息应该会像是这样:
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872
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873 C-p runs the command previous-line
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874
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875 这告诉了您「函数的名称」。函数名称主要是用来自订以及扩充 Emacs。但是由
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
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876 於函数名称是由「用来指出这指令在做些什么」而被选定,它们因此也可以作为
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
877 非常简短的文档 -- 足够提醒您已经学过的指令。
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878
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879 多字元指令像是 C-x C-s 和 (如果您没有 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 键)<ESC>v
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
880 也可以在 C-h c 后面出现。
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881
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882 要取得更多有关一个指令的信息,用 C-h k 来取代使用 C-h c 。
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883
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884 >> 键入 C-h k C-p。
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885
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886 这会在一个 Emacs 窗格显示这个函数的说明文档以及它的名称。当您阅读完后,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
887 键入 C-x 1 以跳离这些帮助文字。您并不需要马上跟著做。您可以做些编辑,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
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888 当参考到帮助文字时再键入 C-x 1。
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889
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890 这里有一些其他有用的 C-h 选项:
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891
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892 C-h f 解释一个函数。您要键入此函数的名称。
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893
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894 >> 试著键入 C-h f previous-line<Return>。
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895 这会印出 Emacs 所有的有关「实作出 C-p 这个指令的函数」的信息
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896
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
897 C-h v 这个类似的指令会显示出「您可以用来自订 Emacs 行为的变数」的文档。
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
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898 当 Emacs 要求时,您需要键入这变数的名称。
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899
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900 C-h a 指令相关查找( Command Apropos )。
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901 键入一个关键字然后 Emacs 会列出所有
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parents: 49994
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902 「在其名称中含有此关键字」的全部指令。
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903 这些指令全部都可以经由 META-x 来启动。
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904 对於一些指令而言,指令相关查找也会列出
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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905 「可以执行相同指令」的一个或两个字元的串列。
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906
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907 >> 键入 C-h a file<Return>。
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908
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909 这会在另一个窗格显示一个「在其名称中含有『file』的全部 M-x 指令」的列
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
910 表。您将会看到像是 C-x C-f 的「字元-指令」列在其相对应指令名称(如:
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
911 find-file )的旁边。
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912
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913 >> 键入 C-M-v 上下移动 help 窗格。试个几次。
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914
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915 >> 键入 C-x 1 来删除 help 窗格。
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916
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917 C-h i 阅读线上使用手册( a.k.a. Info )。
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918 这个指令将您带到了称为「*info*」的特殊缓冲区,在那,
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919 您可以阅读安装在您的系统里的软件包的线上使用手册。
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920 键入 m emacs <Return> 以阅读 Emacs 使用手册。
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921 如果您在此之前未曾使用过 Info 系统,请键入『?』。
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parents: 49994
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922 Emacs 将会带您进入 Info 模式功能的导览指南。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
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923 一旦完成了本快速指南的研读,您应该查阅 Emacs Info
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924 使用手册,以作为主要的参考文档。
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925
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926
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927 * 更多功能特色( MORE FEATURES )
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
928 ---------------------------------
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
929
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930 您可以经由阅读 Emacs 使用手册〈不论是一本书或是在 Info 中的线上版本
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
931 (使用 Help 选单或是键入 F10 h r )〉来学到更多有关它的知识。有两个您
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
932 可能会特别喜欢的功能特色是可以节省打字量的 completion 还有简化档案处理
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
933 的 dired 。
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
934
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diff changeset
935 Completion 是一种避免不必要的打字的方式。举例来说,如果您想要切换
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
936 *Messages* 缓冲区,您可以键入 C-x b *M<Tab> ,只要可以从您已经键入的文
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
937 字中确定, Emacs 就会将剩下的缓冲区名称补齐。 Completion 是在 Emacs 使
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
938 用手册的 Info 中,称为「Completion」的节点中所解释的。
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939
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940 Dired 使您可以在一个目录中列出档案(次目录则是可选的)、在列表中到处移
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
941 动、拜访、重新命名、删除以及对档案作操作。 Dired 是在 Emacs 使用手册的
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
942 Info 中,称为「Dired」的节点中所解释的。
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
943
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944 使用手册也解释了许多其它 Emacs 的功能特色。
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diff changeset
945
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946
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947 * 结论( CONCLUSION )
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
948 ----------------------
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
949
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950 记住,要完全离开 Emacs 请使用 C-x C-c 。要暂时离开到 shell,稍后再回到
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parents: 50009
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951 Emacs,请使用 C-z 。
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
952
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diff changeset
953 本快速指南对於所有的新手应该都是易於理解的,所以如果您发现了什么地方不
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
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954 清楚,不要只是坐著怪自己 -- (向本文作者和翻译)发点牢骚吧!
50009
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955
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956
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957 * 翻译( TRANSLATION )
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958 -----------------------
50009
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959
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diff changeset
960 本快速指南的翻译人员列表如下,如果您在阅读本文之前,「完全」对 Emacs
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
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961 没有概念,请告诉我们您的意见以作为本文后续的改进依据。翻译也提供了一份
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
962 《GNU Emacs 中文处理说明》在
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
963 http://www.gnu.org/software/chinese/guide/emacs-chinese.cn.html 〈部份
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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diff changeset
964 内容已经整理到本快速指南〉,也请您自行参阅。
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965
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966 编辑器是电脑使用者最常接触到的应用程式,因此不应该让初学者感到过於困难,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
967 就一般的评论来说, Emacs 是不难学会使用的编辑器,但您的意见可以使它更
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
968 为贴近一般的使用者,并使电脑作为工具的角色得以充分发挥。如果您愿意提供
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
969 改进的意见,请寄 email 到<chinese-translators@gnu.org> 。请不要害羞,
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 50009
diff changeset
970 我们欢迎任何有关的讨论;如果您不想寄到邮件清单,请直接 email 给本文翻
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
971 译 <chliu@gnu.org> 。请在 Title 行中包含此字串「Emacs TUTORIAL: <your
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diff changeset
972 issue here>」。
50009
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973
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974 如果您是 Emacs 老手,GNU Chinese Translators Team (GNU/CTT)
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975 <http://www.gnu.org/software/chinese/> 欢迎您的加入,我们现在正需要愿
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976 意投入翻译 Emacs 使用手册的人员。
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977
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978 本快速指南并没有采用习惯上编辑器所使用的翻译术语,一方面因为它的实际意
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979 义与一般的编辑器不同,原文本就不同;另一方面也因为 Emacs 所采用的视觉
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980 设计概念,早在窗口化系统之前就已经存在,本质也不相同。总之,翻译以为这
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981 样可以帮助对於 Emacs 整个设计哲学的理解。如果收到的回覆中,大部份要求
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982 提出修改,我们还是从善如流。
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983
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984 (0) 为了避免「游标移动指令」论述上的混淆,本文采用的术语为:
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985 往「前」移( move Forward );往「后」移( move Backware )
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986 〔或是往「回」移〕;
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987 往「上」移( Previous line );往「下」移( Next line )。
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988 (1) 在本文中,「行」指的是 row,这是采用一般的习惯用法。
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989 为了避免误导中文读者,特别在此说明。在正式的用法中:
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990 「column」翻译为「行」,以「纵」为行(直行),也译为「栏」;
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991 「row」翻译为「列」,以「横」为列(横列)。
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992 读者思索一下「合纵连横」应该可以理解。
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993 大约是因为中文原本是直书的,我们说「一行字」是没问题;
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994 但现在大部份的情形中文是横书的,由於习惯使然也称为一行字了。
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995 (2) 有关於「文字」及其集合的相关译文,翻译所采用的有:
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996 编辑的「文字」:「然后键入一些文字」;
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997 用来作为说明功能的「文档」:「这个函数的说明文档」;
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parents: 50009
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998 特指其所说明的内容的「文本」:「实际效力以英文本为准」。
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999 即使只是「一行字」,只要它是用来作为说明之用,
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1000 翻译还是将它视为「文档」。
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1001 (3) 「cut」的动作在 Emacs 中分为「杀掉」和「删除」,之间的差异如下:
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1002 一般编辑器中的「cut」:只有最近被 cut 的文字摆到 clipboard 中;
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parents: 50009
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1003 「杀掉( killing )」:被杀掉的文字,全部被加入到 kill ring 中;
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1004 「删除( deleting )」:被删除的文字,就是被删除了。
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1005 因此在一般编辑器中,您只能 paste「最近」被 cut 的文字;
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1006 而在 Emacs 中,您可以「拉回」任何先前被杀掉的文字,同时,
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1007 它的作法很容易。至於被删除的,因为用来作为「删除」功能的指令,
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1008 所能移去的文字数量都很少,因此也没什么好拉回的;
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1009 如果真的想回复这些文字,undo 您的动作就是了。
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1010 (4) 「window」同时翻译为「窗口」和「窗格」,
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1011 前者表示现在一般概念中的窗口系统,如「X 窗口」;
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1012 后者表示 Emacs 中的窗口,翻译在此通称为「窗格」。
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1013 Emacs 的「窗格」即使在命令列提示下也可以正常工作,
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1014 此一基本特性显然值得我们以另一个专用术语来描述它。
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1015 (5) 关於档案的术语,「找」一个档案在 Emacs 中有两种作用:
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1016 找一个「并不存在」的档案,读者应认知为「开新档案」;
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1017 找一个「已经存在」的档案,则是「开启旧档」。
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1018 Emacs 只以一个「找」的动作来解决,主要的原因是「实际上」
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1019 的软件工作如此。黑客们应该会发现这样比较自然,
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1020 因为它反应了电脑的工作方式,同时操作起来也较少废话。
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1021 (6) 在【】中的文字为翻译的注解。
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1022 (7) 关於使中文文档结构化的议题,问题已经获得解决。
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1023 (8) 本翻译文本所采用的简繁用语差异列表如下:
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1024 zh cn
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1025 文件 文档
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parents: 50009
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1026 软体 软件
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parents: 50009
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1027 作业 操作
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parents: 50009
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1028 套件 包
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1029 视窗 窗口
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1030 递回 递归
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1031 骇客 黑客
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1032 资讯 信息
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1033
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1034 另外,我们也十分欢迎读者可以直接修改本快速指南,做出自己的版本,以自己
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1035 认为最为合适的方式来介绍 Emacs 。如果您做出了这样个人化的版本,并且认
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1036 为足供大家参考使用,请寄给 <chinese-coordinators@gnu.org> ,我们会将您
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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1037 的版本公开在 GNU/CTT 的网页中提供给中文使用者下载。
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1038
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1039 翻译:刘 昭宏 <chliu@gnu.org>
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1040 验证:马 雪萍
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1041
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1042
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1043 * 复制( COPYING )
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1044 -------------------
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1045
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1046 本快速指南沿袭自具有悠久历史的 Emacs 快速指南,由 Stuart Cracraft 为了
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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1047 原始的 Emacs 所撰写的版本开始。
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1048
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1049 这个版本的快速指南和 GNU Emacs 一样都是版权化的,并且允许在某些条件下
3b5f7614fdcc Updated.
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1050 散布其拷贝:
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1051
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Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 61227
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1052 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 61227
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1053 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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1054 Chinese Translation by Chao-Hong Liu (2002, 2003)
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1055
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1056 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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1057 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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1058 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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parents: 49994
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1059 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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parents: 49994
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1060 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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1061
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1062 本文允许在不变更文档内容的前提下刊登在任何形式的媒体中,
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1063 但需保留版权声明以及许可声明,
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1064 散布者也必须给予接受者如同此声明所允许的,进一步散布的许可。
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1065 【本段译文提供读者作为参考以帮助理解,实际效力以英文本为准。】
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1066
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1067 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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parents: 49994
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1068 of this document, or of portions of it,
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1069 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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1070 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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1071
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1072 本文允许在与上述相同的条件下,散布修改后的版本,或是其中的一部份,
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1073 但它们也必须带有显著的,说明由谁最后更动了它的声明。
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1074 【Copyleft 版权除了提供使用者自由外,也维护原始作者,
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1075 以及后来的修改作者的名誉权( credit )。
50009
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1076 本段译文提供读者作为参考以帮助理解,实际效力以英文本为准。】
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1077
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1078 复制 Emacs 本身的条件较为复杂,但是具有相同的精神。请阅读 COPYING 这个
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1079 档案,并且确实给予您的朋友 GNU Emacs 的拷贝。请经由「使用、撰写、以及
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parents: 50009
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1080 分享自由软件」来帮助消除软件障碍主义(拥有权)!
50009
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1081
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1082 ;;; DO NOT PUT THIS ON ZHS OR ZHT FILE...
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1083 ;;; Local Variables:
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1084 ;;; coding: chinese-iso-8bit
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1085 ;;; End:
52401
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1086
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1087 ;;; arch-tag: 46a53d82-a85a-46b6-bdc7-583aca063578