annotate man/windows.texi @ 76044:bedbe56c20fc

(widget-default-create): Undo 2007-02-04 change. (editable-field): Document need to put some text before the %v escape in :format string.
author Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
date Thu, 22 Feb 2007 00:32:51 +0000
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top
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6 @chapter Multiple Windows
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7 @cindex windows in Emacs
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8 @cindex multiple windows in Emacs
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9
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10 Emacs can split a frame into two or many windows. Multiple windows
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11 can display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one
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12 buffer. Multiple frames always imply multiple windows, because each
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13 frame has its own set of windows. Each window belongs to one and only
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14 one frame.
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15
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16 @menu
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17 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
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18 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
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19 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
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20 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
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21 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
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22 window rather than in another window.
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23 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
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24 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
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25 @end menu
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26
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27 @node Basic Window
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28 @section Concepts of Emacs Windows
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29
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30 Each Emacs window displays one Emacs buffer at any time. A single
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31 buffer may appear in more than one window; if it does, any changes in
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32 its text are displayed in all the windows where it appears. But these
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33 windows can show different parts of the buffer, because each window
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34 has its own value of point.
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35
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36 @cindex selected window
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37 At any time, one Emacs window is the @dfn{selected window}; the
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38 buffer this window is displaying is the current buffer. The terminal's
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39 cursor shows the location of point in this window. Each other window
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40 has a location of point as well. On text-only terminals, there is no
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41 way to show where those locations are, since the terminal has only one
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42 cursor. On a graphical display, the location of point in a
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43 non-selected window is indicated by a hollow box; the cursor in the
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44 selected window is blinking or solid.
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45
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46 Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs
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47 window only. They do not change the value of point in other Emacs
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48 windows, even those showing the same buffer. The same is true for commands
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49 such as @kbd{C-x b} to switch buffers in the selected window;
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50 they do not affect other windows at all. However, there are other commands
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51 such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in
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52 it. Also, all commands that display information in a window, including
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53 (for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b}
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54 (@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a nonselected window
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55 without affecting the selected window.
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56
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57 When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different
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58 regions, because they can have different values of point. However,
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59 they all have the same value for the mark, because each buffer has
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60 only one mark position.
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61
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62 Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
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63 modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
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64 displayed in the window. The selected window's mode line appears in a
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65 different color. @xref{Mode Line}, for full details on the mode line.
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66
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67 @node Split Window
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68 @section Splitting Windows
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69
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70 @table @kbd
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71 @item C-x 2
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72 Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
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73 (@code{split-window-vertically}).
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74 @item C-x 3
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75 Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side
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76 (@code{split-window-horizontally}).
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77 @item C-Mouse-2
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78 In the mode line or scroll bar of a window, split that window.
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79 @end table
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80
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81 @kindex C-x 2
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82 @findex split-window-vertically
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83 The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the
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84 selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows start
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85 out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point. By default
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86 the two windows each get half the height of the window that was split; a
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87 numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the top window.
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88
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89 @kindex C-x 3
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90 @findex split-window-horizontally
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91 @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected
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92 window into two side-by-side windows. A numeric argument specifies how
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93 many columns to give the one on the left. If you are not using
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94 scrollbars, a vertical line separates the two windows.
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95 You can customize its color with the face @code{vertical-border}.
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96 Windows that are not the full width of the screen have mode lines, but
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97 they are truncated. On terminals where Emacs does not support
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98 highlighting, truncated mode lines sometimes do not appear in inverse
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99 video.
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100
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101 @kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)}
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102 You can split a window horizontally or vertically by clicking
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103 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the mode line or the scroll bar. The line of
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104 splitting goes through the place where you click: if you click on the
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105 mode line, the new scroll bar goes above the spot; if you click in the
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106 scroll bar, the mode line of the split window is side by side with
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107 your click.
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108
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109 @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows
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110 When a window is less than the full width, text lines too long to
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111 fit are frequent. Continuing all those lines might be confusing, so
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112 if the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is
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113 non-@code{nil}, that forces truncation in all windows less than the
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114 full width of the screen, independent of the buffer being displayed
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115 and its value for @code{truncate-lines}. @xref{Line Truncation}.
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116
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117 Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows.
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118 @xref{Horizontal Scrolling}.
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119
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120 @vindex split-window-keep-point
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121 If @code{split-window-keep-point} is non-@code{nil}, the default,
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122 both of the windows resulting from @kbd{C-x 2} inherit the value of
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123 point from the window that was split. This means that scrolling is
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124 inevitable. If this variable is @code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x 2} tries to
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125 avoid scrolling the text currently visible on the screen, by putting
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126 point in each window at a position already visible in the window. It
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127 also selects whichever window contains the screen line that the cursor
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128 was previously on. Some users prefer that mode on slow terminals.
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129
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130 @node Other Window
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131 @section Using Other Windows
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132
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133 @table @kbd
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134 @item C-x o
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135 Select another window (@code{other-window}). That is @kbd{o}, not zero.
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136 @item C-M-v
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137 Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).
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138 @item M-x compare-windows
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139 Find next place where the text in the selected window does not match
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140 the text in the next window.
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141 @item Mouse-1
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142 @kbd{Mouse-1}, in a window's mode line, selects that window
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143 but does not move point in it (@code{mouse-select-window}).
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144 @end table
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145
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146 @kindex C-x o
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147 @findex other-window
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148 To select a different window, click with @kbd{Mouse-1} on its mode
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149 line. With the keyboard, you can switch windows by typing @kbd{C-x o}
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150 (@code{other-window}). That is an @kbd{o}, for ``other,'' not a zero.
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151 When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the
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152 windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right.
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153 After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at
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154 the upper left corner. A numeric argument means to move several steps
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155 in the cyclic order of windows. A negative argument moves around the
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156 cycle in the opposite order. When the minibuffer is active, the
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157 minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the
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158 minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and
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159 finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested.
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160 @xref{Minibuffer Edit}.
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161
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162 @kindex C-M-v
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163 @findex scroll-other-window
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164 The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected
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165 window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window.
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166 @kbd{C-M-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the window that
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167 @kbd{C-x o} would select. It takes arguments, positive and negative,
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168 like @kbd{C-v}. (In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-M-v} scrolls the window
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169 that contains the minibuffer help display, if any, rather than the
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170 next window in the standard cyclic order.)
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171
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172 The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} lets you compare two files or
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173 buffers visible in two windows, by moving through them to the next
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174 mismatch. @xref{Comparing Files}, for details.
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175
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176 @vindex mouse-autoselect-window
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177 If you set @code{mouse-autoselect-window} to a non-@code{nil} value,
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178 moving the mouse into a different window selects that window. This
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179 feature is off by default.
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180
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181 @node Pop Up Window
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182 @section Displaying in Another Window
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183
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184 @cindex selecting buffers in other windows
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185 @kindex C-x 4
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186 @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window
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187 (splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that
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188 window. Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the
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189 buffer to select.
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190
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191 @table @kbd
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192 @item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
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193 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This runs
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194 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}.
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195 @item C-x 4 C-o @var{bufname} @key{RET}
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196 Display buffer @var{bufname} in another window, but
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197 don't select that buffer or that window. This runs
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198 @code{display-buffer}.
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199 @item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
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200 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This
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201 runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting}.
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202 @item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
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203 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window.
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204 This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired}.
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205 @item C-x 4 m
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206 Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs
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207 @code{mail-other-window}; its same-window analogue is @kbd{C-x m}
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208 (@pxref{Sending Mail}).
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209 @item C-x 4 .
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210 Find a tag in the current tags table, in another window. This runs
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211 @code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.}
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212 (@pxref{Tags}).
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213 @item C-x 4 r @var{filename} @key{RET}
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214 Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another
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215 window. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-window}.
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216 @xref{Visiting}.
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217 @end table
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218
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219 @node Force Same Window
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220 @section Forcing Display in the Same Window
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221
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222 Certain Emacs commands switch to a specific buffer with special
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223 contents. For example, @kbd{M-x shell} switches to a buffer named
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224 @samp{*shell*}. By convention, all these commands are written to pop up
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225 the buffer in a separate window. But you can specify that certain of
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226 these buffers should appear in the selected window.
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227
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228 @vindex same-window-buffer-names
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229 If you add a buffer name to the list @code{same-window-buffer-names},
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230 the effect is that such commands display that particular buffer by
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231 switching to it in the selected window. For example, if you add the
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232 element @code{"*grep*"} to the list, the @code{grep} command will
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233 display its output buffer in the selected window.
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234
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235 The default value of @code{same-window-buffer-names} is not
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236 @code{nil}: it specifies buffer names @samp{*info*}, @samp{*mail*} and
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237 @samp{*shell*} (as well as others used by more obscure Emacs packages).
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238 This is why @kbd{M-x shell} normally switches to the @samp{*shell*}
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239 buffer in the selected window. If you delete this element from the
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240 value of @code{same-window-buffer-names}, the behavior of @kbd{M-x
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241 shell} will change---it will pop up the buffer in another window
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242 instead.
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243
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244 @vindex same-window-regexps
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245 You can specify these buffers more generally with the variable
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246 @code{same-window-regexps}. Set it to a list of regular expressions;
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247 then any buffer whose name matches one of those regular expressions is
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248 displayed by switching to it in the selected window. (Once again, this
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249 applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a
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250 separate window.) The default value of this variable specifies Telnet
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251 and rlogin buffers.
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252
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253 An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be
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254 displayed in their own individual frames. @xref{Special Buffer Frames}.
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255
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256 @node Change Window
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257 @section Deleting and Rearranging Windows
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258
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259 @table @kbd
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260 @item C-x 0
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261 Delete the selected window (@code{delete-window}). The last character
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262 in this key sequence is a zero.
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263 @item C-x 1
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264 Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window
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265 (@code{delete-other-windows}).
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266 @item C-x 4 0
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267 Delete the selected window and kill the buffer that was showing in it
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268 (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}). The last character in this key
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269 sequence is a zero.
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270 @item C-x ^
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271 Make selected window taller (@code{enlarge-window}).
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272 @item C-x @}
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273 Make selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}).
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274 @item C-x @{
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275 Make selected window narrower (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}).
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276 @item C-x -
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277 Shrink this window if its buffer doesn't need so many lines
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278 (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}).
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279 @item C-x +
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280 Make all windows the same height (@code{balance-windows}).
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281 @end table
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282
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283 @kindex C-x 0
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284 @findex delete-window
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285 To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}). (That is
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286 a zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an
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287 adjacent window (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active
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288 at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten;
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289 only restoring a window configuration can bring it back. Deleting the
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290 window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer
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291 continues to exist, and you can select it in any window with @kbd{C-x
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292 b}.
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293
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294 @findex kill-buffer-and-window
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295 @kindex C-x 4 0
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296 @kbd{C-x 4 0} (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}) is a stronger command
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297 than @kbd{C-x 0}; it kills the current buffer and then deletes the
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298 selected window.
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299
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300 @kindex C-x 1
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301 @findex delete-other-windows
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302 @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful in a
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303 different way; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and
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304 the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame
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305 except for the echo area.
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306
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307 @kindex C-x ^
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308 @findex enlarge-window
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309 @kindex C-x @}
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310 @findex enlarge-window-horizontally
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311 @vindex window-min-height
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312 @vindex window-min-width
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313 To readjust the division of space among vertically adjacent windows,
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314 use @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}). It makes the currently
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315 selected window one line bigger, or as many lines as is specified
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316 with a numeric argument. With a negative argument, it makes the
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317 selected window smaller. @kbd{C-x @}}
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318 (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window wider by
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319 the specified number of columns. @kbd{C-x @{}
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320 (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window narrower
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321 by the specified number of columns.
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322
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323 When you make a window bigger, the space comes from its peers. If
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324 this makes any window too small, it is deleted and its space is given
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325 to an adjacent window. The minimum size is specified by the variables
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326 @code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}.
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327
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328 @kindex C-x -
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329 @findex shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer
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330 The command @kbd{C-x -} (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer})
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331 reduces the height of the selected window, if it is taller than
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332 necessary to show the whole text of the buffer it is displaying. It
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333 gives the extra lines to other windows in the frame.
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334
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335 @kindex C-x +
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336 @findex balance-windows
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337 You can also use @kbd{C-x +} (@code{balance-windows}) to even out the
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338 heights of all the windows in the selected frame.
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339
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340 Mouse clicks on the mode line provide another way to change window
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341 heights and to delete windows. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
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342
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343 @node Window Convenience
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344 @section Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization
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345
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346 @findex winner-mode
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347 @cindex Winner mode
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348 @cindex mode, Winner
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349 @cindex undoing window configuration changes
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350 @cindex window configuration changes, undoing
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351 @kbd{M-x winner-mode} is a global minor mode that records the
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diff changeset
352 changes in the window configuration (i.e. how the frames are
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diff changeset
353 partitioned into windows), so that you can ``undo'' them. To undo,
56821
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Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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354 use @kbd{C-c left} (@code{winner-undo}). If you change your mind
a6b7cffd2a54 (Basic Window): When using a window system, the value of point in a
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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355 while undoing, you can redo the changes you had undone using @kbd{C-c
36182
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diff changeset
356 right} (@code{M-x winner-redo}). Another way to enable Winner mode is
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357 by customizing the variable @code{winner-mode}.
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358
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359 @cindex Windmove package
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360 @cindex directional window selection
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361 @findex windmove-right
e86dbf76e699 mainly indexing
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diff changeset
362 @findex windmove-default-keybindings
39268
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parents: 37986
diff changeset
363 The Windmove commands move directionally between neighboring windows in
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diff changeset
364 a frame. @kbd{M-x windmove-right} selects the window immediately to the
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diff changeset
365 right of the currently selected one, and similarly for the ``left,'' ``up,''
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diff changeset
366 and ``down'' counterparts. @kbd{M-x windmove-default-keybindings} binds
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diff changeset
367 these commands to @kbd{S-right} etc. (Not all terminals support shifted
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diff changeset
368 arrow keys, however.)
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369
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370 Follow minor mode (@kbd{M-x follow-mode}) synchronizes several
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diff changeset
371 windows on the same buffer so that they always display adjacent
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
372 sections of that buffer. @xref{Follow Mode}.
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373
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diff changeset
374 @vindex scroll-all-mode
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diff changeset
375 @cindex scrolling windows together
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diff changeset
376 @cindex Scroll-all mode
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diff changeset
377 @cindex mode, Scroll-all
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diff changeset
378 @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} provides commands to scroll all visible
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diff changeset
379 windows together. You can also turn it on by customizing the variable
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diff changeset
380 @code{scroll-all-mode}. The commands provided are @kbd{M-x
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diff changeset
381 scroll-all-scroll-down-all}, @kbd{M-x scroll-all-page-down-all} and
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diff changeset
382 their corresponding ``up'' equivalents. To make this mode useful,
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diff changeset
383 you should bind these commands to appropriate keys.
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 46208
diff changeset
384
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
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parents: 46208
diff changeset
385 @ignore
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parents: 46208
diff changeset
386 arch-tag: 8bea7453-d4b1-49b1-9bf4-cfe4383e1113
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
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387 @end ignore