annotate etc/TUTORIAL.cn @ 50880:c4ef9b4c327f

(find-file-hook, find-file-not-found-hook): Don't use the old ...-hooks.
author Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
date Wed, 07 May 2003 17:22:28 +0000
parents 173ef569a9e0
children 3b5f7614fdcc
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
50009
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1 您正在阅读 Emacs 快速指南(Emacs tutorial)。请见页尾条件。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
2 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation.
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
3
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
4 Emacs 指令通常包含有 CONTROL 键(有时候以 CTRL 或 CTL 来标示)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
5 或是 META 键(有时候以 EDIT 或 ALT 来标示)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
6 为了避免每一次都要写出其全名,我们将会使用下述的缩写:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
7
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
8 C-<chr> 表示当键入字元 <chr> 时 按住 CONTROL 键。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
9 因此,C-f 就是:按住 CONTROL 键再键入 f。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
10 M-<chr> 表示当键入字元 <chr> 时 按住 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 键。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
11 如果没有 META、EDIT、或 ALT 键时,则可以用
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
12 「按一下 ESC 键然后放开,再键入 <chr> 的步骤」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
13 来作为替代。我们以 <ESC> 来表示 ESC 键。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
14
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
15 重要备忘录:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
16 要离开 Emacs 操作阶段(session),键入 C-x C-c (两个字元)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
17 位在左侧边界的「>>」字元是让您可以试著使用的指令的提示。举例来说:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
18 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
19 >> 现在键入 C-v(View next screen)以移到下个萤幕。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
20 (试试看,键入字元 v 时,按住 CONTROL 键)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
21 从现在开始,您应该在每次阅读完目前的萤幕时做一次这个动作。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
22
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
23 要注意的是,当您从一个萤幕移到另一个时,中间会有两行重复;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
24 这样做是为了提供一些连续性,让您可以接续地阅读文字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
25
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
26 您需要知道的第一件事是如何在文字中移动。您已经知道了可以 C-v
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
27 来向前移动一个萤幕。要向后移动一个萤幕,则键入 M-v
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
28 (按住 META 键,然后键入 v,或是如果您没有 META、EDIT、或 ALT 键
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
29 时键入 <ESC>v)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
30
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
31 >> 试著键入 M-v 然后 C-v,连续个几次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
32
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
33 【现在您可以 C-v 指令移到后面「翻译」一节,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
34 以取得关於本文的翻译相关事项;然后以 M-v 指令回到这里。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
35
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
36
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
37 * 摘要(SUMMARY)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
38 -----------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
39
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
40 以下的指令在检阅萤幕时相当有用:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
41 【我们现在以「萤幕」来表示「显示档案内容的区域」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
42 因为目前是处在 Emacs 中的单窗格(window)显示状态,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
43 如果是在多窗格的状态下,这里所介绍的指令则作用在「工作中的窗格」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
44 有关於窗格的介绍,请见窗格(windows)一节。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
45
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
46 C-v 向前移动一个萤幕/窗格
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
47 M-v 向后移动一个萤幕/窗格
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
48 C-l 清除萤幕/窗格,再重新显示所有文字,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
49 游标所在位置会显示於萤幕/窗格的中央。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
50 (是 CONTROL-L 而不是 CONTROL-1)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
51
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
52 >> 找出游标的位置,并注意其附近的文字为何。然后键入 C-l。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
53 再次找出游标的位置,确认一下相同的文字现在也位在其附近。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
54
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
55
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
56 * 基本的游标控制(BASIC CURSOR CONTROL)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
57 ----------------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
58
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
59 萤幕到萤幕的移动是很有用,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
60 但是您如何移动到位於萤幕内文字中的特定位置呢?
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
61
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
62 有几种方式可以进行。最基本的方法是使用指令 C-p、 C-b、 C-f、和 C-n。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
63 每一个指令都将游标移往某个特定的方向。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
64 下表所示的是这四个指令和它们所移动的方向:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
65
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
66 前一行 C-p
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
67 :
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
68 :
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
69 向后移 C-b .... 目前游标位置 .... 向前移 C-f
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
70 :
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
71 :
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
72 后一行 C-n
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
73
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
74 >> 以 C-n 或 C-p 将游标移到图形的中央。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
75 键入 C-l 会看到整个图形显示在萤幕的中央。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
76
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
77 您应该会发现用字母来想这些很容易:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
78 P 表示 previous、N 表示 next、B 表示 backward、而 F 则表示 forward。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
79 这些就是基本的游标定位(positioning)指令,您将「总是」用到它们,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
80 所以现在就把它们记下来对您会很有用的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
81
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
82 >> 按几次 C-n 把游标往下移动到这行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
83
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
84 >> 按几次 C-f 往前移到这行,然后再以 C-p 往后移动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
85 看看当游标在本行中央时,C-p 的动作是怎样。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
86
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
87 每一个文字行都以一个 Newline 字元作为结束,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
88 它是用来与下一行作为分别。在您档案中的最后一行应该要有一个 Newline
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
89 来作为结束(但是 Emacs 并不一定需要它来编辑档案)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
90
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
91 >> 试著在一行开始的地方键入 C-b 。结果应该会移动到前一行的最后面。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
92 这是因为它往后移动时越过了 Newline 字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
93
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
94 C-f 也可以和 C-b 一样地越过 Newline 字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
95 【Newline 字元是「不可见(invisible)字元」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
96 在编辑器中一般看不到它,这里只是告诉您:在行首再往前走,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
97 那么游标会跑到前一行(如果有前一行的话);在行尾再往后走,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
98 那么游标会跑到后一行(如果有后一行的话)。「越过 Newline 字元」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
99 会让游标跑到另外一行。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
100
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
101 >> 多按几次 C-b,自己感觉一下游标在哪。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
102 然后按几次 C-f 回到这行的尾巴。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
103 再按一次 C-f 就可以移到下一行了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
104
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
105 当您移动游标穿越萤幕的上方或下方时,在边界外的文字会移位进入萤幕内。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
106 这称为「卷动」。它让 Emacs 可以将游标移动到文字中的任意特定位置,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
107 同时(游标)不会跑出萤幕外。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
108
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
109 >> 试著以 C-n 将游标越过萤幕下方,然后看看发生了什么事。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
110
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
111 如果一个字元一个字元地移动太慢的话,您可以一个字一个字地移动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
112 M-f (META-f) 往前移动一个字,M-b 则往后移动一个字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
113 【对中文来说,则是移动到下一个或下一个标点符号的所在。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
114
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
115 >> 键入一些 M-f 和 M-b。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
116
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
117 当您在一个字的中间时,M-f 会移动到这个字的尾巴。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
118 当您在字与字间的空白时,M-f 会移动到下一个字的尾巴。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
119 M-b 的效果相似,只是方向不同。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
120
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
121 >> 按几次 M-f 和 M-b,中间夹杂一些 C-f 和 C-b,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
122 这样子您就可以观察 M-f 和 M-b 在各种「位在字间或字元间」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
123 的不同位置,所表现出来的行为。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
124
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
125 请注意 C-f、C-b 和 M-f、M-b 两对之间的相似性。「经常」的状况是:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
126 META 字元是用来作为与「以语言定义出的单位(字、句子、段落)」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
127 有关的操作,而 CONTROL 字元则是作用在
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
128 「与您所编辑无关的『基本』单位(字元或行等)」上。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
129
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
130 这个相似性在「行与句子」之间也同样适用:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
131 C-a 和 C-e 会将游标移动到「一行」的 开始和结尾处,而
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
132 M-a 和 M-e 则将游标移动到「一句」的 开始和结尾处。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
133
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
134 >> 试著按两次 C-a,再按两次 C-e。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
135 试著按两次 M-a,再按两次 M-e。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
136
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
137 看一下为什么重复的 C-a 指令会没有作用,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
138 而重复的 M-a 指令则继续移动到下一个句子。虽然这并不能说是完全类比,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
139 但是其中每个指令的行为看起来都十分自然。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
140
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
141 游标在文字中的位置也可以称作「点位(point)」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
142 简单来说就是:游标表现出萤幕中「点位」所在的文字位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
143
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
144 这里是一些简单「游标移动(cursor-moving)操作」的整理,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
145 其中也包括了「字和句」的移动指令:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
146
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
147 C-f 往前移动一个字元
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
148 C-b 往后移动一个字元
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
149
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
150 M-f 往前移动一个字【中文是移动到上一个标点符号】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
151 M-b 往后移动一个字【中文是移动到下一个标点符号】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
152
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
153 C-n 移动到下一行
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
154 C-p 移动到前一行
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
155
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
156 C-a 移动到行首
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
157 C-e 移动到行尾
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
158
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
159 M-a 移回句首
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
160 M-e 移到句尾
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
161
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
162 >> 练习几次这些指令。这些都是最常使用到的指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
163
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
164 还有两个重要的游标动作(cursor-motion)指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
165 M-<(META Less-than),移动到文字的最开始,以及
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
166 M->(META Greater-than),移动到文字的最后。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
167
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
168 在大部份的终端机,「<」是在 comma 上方,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
169 所以您必须要使用 shift 键来键入。在这些终端机上,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
170 您必须使用 shift 键来键入 M-<;没有使用 shift 键,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
171 您就变成键入 M-comma 了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
172
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
173 >> 现在试一下 M-< ,移到本快速指南的最开始。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
174 然后再重复地使用 C-v 回到这里。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
175
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
176 >> 现在试一下 M-> ,移到本快速指南的最后。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
177 然后再重复地使用 M-v 回到这里。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
178
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
179 如果您的终端机有方向键的话,您也可以用方向键移动游标。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
180 我们有三个理由建议您学习 C-b、C-f、C-n、和 C-p:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
181 (1) 任何的终端机都能使用。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
182 (2) 一旦您使用 Emacs 相当熟练了,您会发现键入这些 CONTROL 字元,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
183 比起使用方向键快多了(因为您不需要将手移开打字区)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
184 (3) 一旦您使用这些 CONTROL 字元指令成为习惯,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
185 您也可以很容易地学会其他进阶的游标动作指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
186
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
187 大部份的 Emacs 指令接受数字参数;对大部份的指令而言,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
188 它的作用是指定重复次数。您要指定一个指令的重复次数的作法是:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
189 先键入 C-u,然后在您键入指令前,键入代表重复次数的数位。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
190 如果您有一个 META(或 EDIT 或 ALT)键,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
191 那么您还有另外一个替代作法来输入数字参数:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
192 按住 META 键时打入这数字。我们建议您学习 C-u 的方法,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
193 因为它在任何终端机都可以使用。此一数字参数也称作为「字首参数」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
194 因为您在这参数所作用到的指令前键入它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
195
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
196 举例来说, C-u 8 C-f 向前移动 8 个字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
197
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
198 >> 试著以一个数字参数来使用 C-n 或 C-p,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
199 只一个指令就将游标移动到这行的附近。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
200
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
201 大部份的指令使用数字参数来作为其重复次数,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
202 但是其中有些指令则是作为其他用途。有几个指令(目前您尚未学到)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
203 将它作为旗标--以一个字首参数的型态出现,而不管其值为何,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
204 它们让这指令做些不一样的事。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
205
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
206 C-v 和 M-v 则是另一类的例外。当给定一个参数时,它们卷动
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
207 「所指定的数量的行(以行为单位)」,而不是以「萤幕」为单位卷动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
208 举例来说,C-u 8 C-v 将显示萤幕卷动 8 行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
209
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
210 >> 现在试著键入 C-u 8 C-v。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
211
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
212 这指令应该已经将萤幕向上移了 8 行。若您想将它再次地向下卷动,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
213 您可以在执行 M-v 时给定一个参数。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
214
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
215 如果您正在使用 X 窗口系统,在 Emacs 窗口左手侧应该有一个称为
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
216 「卷动轴」的长方型区域。您可以用滑鼠在卷动轴按一下来卷动文字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
217
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
218 >> 试著在「卷动轴内反白区域上」压一下中间钮。这应该会将文字卷动到
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
219 「由您所按一下滑鼠的地方」所决定的位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
220
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
221 >> 当按住中间时,试著将滑鼠上下移动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
222 您会看到文字随著您移动滑鼠而上下移动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
223
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
224
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
225 * 当 EMACS 发呆时(WHEN EMACS IS HUNG)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
226 ---------------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
227
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
228 如果 Emacs 停止回应您的指令,您可以键入 C-g 来安全地停止它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
229 您也可以使用 C-g 来停止执行过久的指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
230
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
231 您也可以使用 C-g 来取消数字参数或您不想要完成的指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
232
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
233 >> 键入 C-u 100 以设定一个 100 的数字参数,然后键入 C-g。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
234 现在键入 C-f。它应该只会移动一个字元,因为您已经以 C-g
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
235 取消了参数。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
236
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
237 如果您已经不小心地键入一个 <ESC>,您可以 C-g 来取消它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
238
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
239
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
240 * 无效化的指令(DISABLED COMMANDS)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
241 -----------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
242
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
243 有一些 Emacs 指令被「无效化」了,因此初学者不会意外地使用到它们。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
244
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
245 如果您键入了某一个无效化的指令,Emacs 会显示一个讯息,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
246 说明这个指令是什么,并且询问您是否想要继续,然后执行这指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
247
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
248 如果您真的想要试一下这个指令,那么在当 Emacs 询问您时,请键入空白。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
249 一般来说,如果您不想要执行这个无效化的指令,请以『n』来回答它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
250
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
251 >> 键入 C-x C-l (这是个无效化的指令)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
252 然后键入 n 来回答问题。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
253
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
254
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
255 * 窗格(WINDOWS)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
256 -----------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
257
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
258 Emacs 可以有数个窗格,每一个显示它自己的文字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
259 我们在稍后会解释如何使用多重窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
260 现在我们想要解释如何除去多余的窗格,然后回到基本的单窗格编辑。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
261 它很简单:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
262
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
263 C-x 1 One window (即,除去其他所有的窗格)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
264
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
265 那是个 CONTROL-x 后面跟著数字 1。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
266 C-x 1 将含有游标的窗格扩大到整个萤幕。它将所有其他的窗格除去。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
267
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
268 >> 移动游标到本行并且键入 C-u 0 C-l。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
269 >> 键入 CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
270 看看这个窗格在当一个新的窗格出现
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
271 (以显示有关 CONTROL-f 指令的文档时),它是如何缩小的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
272
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
273 >> 键入 C-x 1 以使文档列表窗格消失。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
274
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
275 这个指令并不像您先前所学过的指令那般,它包括了两个字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
276 它是以字元 CONTROL-x 作为开始。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
277 有一整个系列的指令是以 CONTROL-x 作为开始;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
278 它们之中有许多是与「窗格、档案、暂存区以及相关事物」有关的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
279 这些指令有 2、3 或 4 个字元长。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
280
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
281
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
282 * 插入与删除(INSERTING AND DELETING)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
283 --------------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
284
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
285 如果您想要插入文字,把它键入就是了。您可以看到的字元,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
286 像是 A, 7, *, 等,被 Emacs 视为文字并且可以直接插入。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
287 键入 <Return>(carriage-return 键)以插入一个 Newline 字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
288
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
289 您可以键入 <Delete> 以删除您最后键入的字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
290 <Delete> 是一个标示为「Del」的键盘键。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
291 在某些情形下,「Backspace」键的作用如同 <Delete>,但不总是如此!
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
292
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
293 更一般地说,<Delete> 将位於目前游标位置前一个字元加以删除。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
294
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
295 >> 现在做--键入一些字元,然后键入几次 <Delete> 来删除它们。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
296 不要担心这个档案会被更动;您不会影响到原来的快速指南。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
297 (您现在看到的)这一个是您的个人拷贝。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
298
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
299 当一行文字变得比「在窗格中的一行」长时,这一行文字会「接续」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
300 到第二行窗格行。这时一个反斜线「\」(或如果您使用窗口化的显示,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
301 则是一个小小弯弯的箭头)会位在其右边界以指出此行接续著。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
302
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
303 >> 插入文字,一直到您达到右边界,然后再继续插入。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
304 您会看到一个接续行出现。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
305
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
306 >> 使用 <Delete> 删除一些文字,直到此行再次成为一个窗格行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
307 接续行消失了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
308
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
309 您可以像删除其他字元一样地删除 Newline 字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
310 将位在两行中的 Newline 字元删除会让它们合并成为一行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
311 如果合并的结果使这一行太长,以致无法符合窗格的宽度,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
312 它会以一个接续行来显示。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
313
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
314 >> 移动游标到本行的开头并键入 <Delete>。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
315 这会将本行与其前一行结合为一行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
316
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
317 >> 键入 <Return> 以重新插入您刚才删除的 Newline 字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
318
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
319 记得大部份的 Emacs 指令都可以给予一个重复计数(repeat count);
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
320 这也包括了文字字元。重复一个文字字元会将它插入数次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
321
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
322 >> 现在就试一下--键入 C-u 8 * 以插入 ********。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
323
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
324 您现在已经学到了「键入个什么东西进 Emacs 以及修正错误」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
325 的大部份基本方法。您也可以「以字或行为单位」地删除。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
326 这里有份关於「删除操作」的摘要:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
327
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
328 <Delete> 删除游标所在的 前一个字元
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
329 C-d 删除游标所在的 后一个字元
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
330
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
331 M-<Delete> 删除游标所在的 前一个字
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
332 M-d 删除游标所在的 后一个字
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
333
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
334 C-k 删除从游标所在到「行尾」间的字元
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
335 M-k 删除从游标所在到「句尾」间的字元
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
336
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
337 注意「<Delete> 和 C-d」还有「M-<Delete> 和 M-d」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
338 是平行地自 C-f 和 M-f 扩充出来的
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
339 (嗯,<Delete> 并不是控制字元,但是没什么好担心的)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
340 C-k 和 M-k 在某种程度上与 C-e 和 M-e 一样,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
341 如果把「一行」和「一句」作为类比的话。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
342
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
343 您也可以只以一种方法来删除缓冲区内的任何部份,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
344 先移动到您想要删除的部份的一端,然后键入 C-@ 或 C-SPC
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
345 (任一个即可)。(SPC 指的是 Space Bar。)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
346 再移到那部份的另一端,接著键入 C-w。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
347 这样就会把介於这两个位置间的所有文字删除。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
348
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
349 >> 移动游标到上一段开头的「您」字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
350 >> 键入 C-SPC。 Emacs 应该会在萤幕的下方显示一个「Mark set」讯息。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
351 >> 移动游标到第二行中的「端」字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
352 >> 键入 C-w。这样会把从「您」开始到刚好「端」之前的文字删除。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
353
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
354 要注意的是「杀掉(killing)」和「删除(deleting)」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
355 的不同在於被杀掉的可以拉回,而被删除的则不能。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
356 【有点难以理解,您可以这么想:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
357 (1) 「被杀掉的」尚存尸骨,而「被删除的」则尸骨无存了!
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
358 可见得对电脑资料来说,「删除」比「杀掉」严重多了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
359 (2) 实际上,就算被删除了,我们还是有技术可以把它救回来,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
360 尤其是文字资料,前提是删除后不能进行实体记忆体的格式化动作。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
361 但这对於一般使用者而言是不可能的,因此就不考虑这情形了。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
362 重新插入被杀掉的文字称为「拉回(yanking)」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
363 一般而言,可以移除掉很多文字的指令会把那些文字储存起来
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
364 (它们设定成您可以将文字拉回),
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
365 而那些只是删除一个字元或者空白行或空白的指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
366 则不会储存这些被删除的文字(因此您不能将那文字拉回)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
367
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
368 >> 移动游标到一非空白行的开始。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
369 然后键入 C-k 杀掉在那一行上的文字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
370 >> 第二次键入 C-k。您将会看到它杀掉跟在那一行后面的 Newline 字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
371
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
372 请注意单独的 C-k 会把一行的内容杀掉,而第二个 C-k
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
373 则会杀掉那一行本身,并且使得所有其他的行向上移动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
374 C-k 以很特别的方式来处理数字参数,它会杀掉很多行以及它们的内容,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
375 这不仅仅是重复而已,C-u 2 C-k 会把两行以及它们的 Newline 字元杀掉;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
376 如果只是键入 C-k 两次并不会这样。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
377
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
378 将被杀掉的文字回复的动作称为「拉回(yanking)」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
379 (把它想像成您把别人从您身上夺去的东西猛力地拉回来)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
380 您可以在您删除文字的地方拉回,也可以在文字的其他地方拉回。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
381 您可以拉回数次以制作它的数份拷贝。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
382
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
383 拉回的指令为 C-y。它会在目前游标的位置重新插入最后杀掉的文字。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
384
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
385 >> 试试看;键入 C-y 将文字拉回。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
386
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
387 如果您连续地做了数次 C-k,所有被杀掉的文字都会被储存在一起,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
388 因此做一次 C-y 就会把所有这些行都拉回来。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
389
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
390 >> 现在做一下,键入 C-k 数次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
391
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
392 现在要回复那些杀掉的文字:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
393
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
394 >> 键入 C-y。然后把游标往下移动个几行,再一次键入 C-y。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
395 您现在知道如何复制某些文字了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
396
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
397 如果您有一些文字想要拉回来,但是后来您又杀了某些东西,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
398 那么该怎么做呢?C-y 会把最近杀掉的拉回来,但是先前的文字并没有消失,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
399 您可以用 M-y 来回到它。当您已经使用 C-y 把最近杀掉的拉回来之后,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
400 再键入 M-y 来把这些拉回来的文字替换为先前所杀掉的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
401 一次又一次地键入 M-y 会把先前再先前所杀掉的文字带回来。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
402 当您到了您想找的文字时,您不需要做任何事来保存它,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
403 只要继续您的编辑,把这些已拉回的文字留在那里就好。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
404
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
405 如果您 M-y 做了很多次,您可能会回到起始点,也就是最近杀掉的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
406
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
407 >> 杀掉一行,到处绕绕,再杀掉另一行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
408 然后用 C-y 将第二次杀掉的那行带回来。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
409 然后再用 M-y,它将会被第一次杀掉的那行取代。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
410 再做几次 M-y 看看您会得到什么。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
411 不间断地做,直到第二个杀掉行回来,再做个几次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
412 如果您想的话,您可以试著给 M-y 正的或是负的参数。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
413
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
414
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
415 * 取消动作(UNDO)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
416 ------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
417
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
418 如果您对文字做了一些改变,后来觉得它是个错误,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
419 您可以 Undo 指令取消这一个改变,C-x u。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
420
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
421 通常 C-x u 会把一个指令所造成的改变取消掉;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
422 如果您在一行中重复了许多次 C-x u,每一个重复都会取消额外的指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
423
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
424 但是有两个例外:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
425 (1) 没有改变文字的指令不算(这包括了游标移动的指令还有卷轴指令);
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
426 (2) 自行键入的字元以一群一群--每群最多 20 个--来进行处理。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
427 (这是为了减少您在取消「插入文字动作」所必须键入 C-x u 的次数)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
428
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
429 >> 以 C-k 将这一行杀掉,然后键入 C-x u 后它会再次出现。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
430
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
431 C-_ 是另一个取消指令;它的作用就和 C-x u 一样,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
432 但是在一行中它比较容易键入许多次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
433 C-_ 的缺点是在某些键盘中不太清楚如何键入它,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
434 这也是为什么我们同时提供 C-x u 的原因。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
435 在某些终端机,您可以按住 CONTROL 再键入 / ,来键入 C-_。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
436
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
437 一个数字参数对 C-_ or C-x u 来说,是作为重复的次数。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
438
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
439
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
440 * 档案(FILE)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
441 --------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
442
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
443 为了使您编辑的文字永久保存,您必须把它放到一个档案中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
444 不然,当您离开 Emacs 后,它就会随之消失。为了把您的文字放在档案中,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
445 您必须在您键入这些文字前「找(find)」档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
446 (这也称之为「拜访(visiting)」档案)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
447
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
448 找一个档案表示您可以在 Emacs 中看到档案的内容。从许多方面来看,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
449 它就像是您直接编辑那个档案一样。然而,直到您「储存」这个档案之前,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
450 您使用 Emacs 编辑所做出的改变并不会保存下来。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
451 这就是为什么当您不想要时,您可以避免留下修改到一半的档案在系统中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
452 即使当您储存了,Emacs 也会把原本的档案以一个不同的名称保留下来,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
453 若您稍后觉得您的改变是一个错误的话,就可以使用它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
454
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
455 在靠近萤幕的下方,您可以看到由破折号开始与结束的一行--
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
456 通常是以「--:-- TUTORIAL.cn」或其他类似的东西作为开始。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
457 这是萤幕的一部分,通常用来表示您正在拜访的档案。现在,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
458 您正在拜访的档案叫做「TUTORIAL.cn」,它是您个人的拷贝。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
459 当您以 Emacs 找出一个档案时,那个档案的名字就会出现在那个地方。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
460
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
461 关於寻找档案的指令中,有一个很特别的是,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
462 您必须说出这个您想要的档案名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
463 我们说这个指令「从终端机中读进了一个参数」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
464 (在这个例子中,这参数就是档案的名称)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
465 当您键入这个指令后,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
466
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
467 C-x C-f 找一个档案
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
468
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
469 Emacs 会要您键入档名。您所键入的档名会出现在萤幕的底行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
470 在被用来作为这种形式的输入时,底行被称为小缓冲区(minibuffer)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
471 您可以使用正常的 Emacs 编辑指令来编辑这个档名。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
472
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
473 当您正在键入档名时(或是任何的小缓冲区输入时),
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
474 您可以用 C-g 这个指令来取消它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
475
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
476 >> 键入 C-x C-f,然后键入 C-g。这会取消小缓冲区,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
477 并且也会取消使用这个小缓冲区的 C-x C-f 指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
478 因此您没有找任何档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
479
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
480 当您已经键入了这个档名,请键入 <Return> 来结束它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
481 然后 C-x C-f 指令就会开始运作,并且找到您所选择的档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
482 小缓冲区在当 C-x C-f 指令结束时就会消失。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
483
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
484 过了一会儿,档案的内容就会出现在萤幕,然后您就可以编辑它的内容。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
485 当您想要您的改变永久保存时,键入这个指令:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
486
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
487 C-x C-s 储存这个档案
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
488
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
489 这会把在 Emacs 中的文字复制到档案中。当您第一次做这个动作时,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
490 Emacs 会将原始的档案重新命名成一个新的名字,这样它才不会消失。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
491 新的名字通常会加入「~」到原始档案的名字后面。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
492
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
493 当储存结束时,Emacs 会把写入档案的名字列出来。您应该经常地进行储存,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
494 这样子如果系统当机时,您就不会损失太多工作。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
495
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
496 >> 键入 C-x C-s 以储存本快速指南的您的拷贝。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
497 这会把「Wrote ...TUTORIAL.cn」这个讯息显示在萤幕的下方。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
498
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
499 注意:在某些系统中,键入 C-x C-s 将会把萤幕冻结,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
500 您将看不到从 Emacs 来的任何输出。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
501 这表示操作系统一个称为「流程控制」的「功能」将 C-s 指令拦截住,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
502 并且不让它传到 Emacs。要取消萤幕的冻结,请键入 C-q。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
503 然后到 Emacs 使用手册中看看对於「渐进式搜寻的同时进入
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
504 (Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search)」这个主题,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
505 以取得处理这个「功能」的建议。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
506
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
507 您可以找出一个已经存在的档案,然后观看它或编辑它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
508 您也可以找一个还没有存在过的档案。这是以 Emacs 建立一个档案的方法:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
509 找这个档案,就从零开始,然后开始插入文字到这个档案中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
510 当您要求「储存」这个档案,Emacs 会真的建立一个档案,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
511 并把您所插入的文字摆到档案中。从那时候开始,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
512 您就可以当自己是在编辑一个已经存在的档案了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
513
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
514
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
515 * 缓冲区(BUFFER)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
516 ------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
517
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
518 如果您以 C-x C-f「找」第二个档案,第一个档案仍然存在 Emacs 内。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
519 要切换回它,您可以 C-x C-f 再找它一次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
520 依此方式,您可以在 Emacs 内开启不少档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
521
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
522 >> 以键入 C-x C-f foo <Return> 的方式建立一个名为「foo」的档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
523 然后插入一些文字,编辑它,然后再以 C-x C-s 储存「foo」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
524 最后,键入 C-x C-f TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到本快速指南。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
525
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
526 Emacs 储存每个档案的文字在一个称为「缓冲区(buffer)」的物件中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
527 找一个档案会在 Emacs 内部建立一个缓冲区。想要看目前存在您的 Emacs
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
528 的工作中缓冲区列表,键入
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
529
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
530 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
531
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
532 >> 现在就试一下 C-x C-b
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
533
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
534 看看每一个缓冲区是如何命名的,它也可能同时拥有一个
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
535 「储存其内容的档案」的名称。有一些缓冲区则没有其对应的档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
536 举例来说,命名为「*Buffer List*」的缓冲区并没有任何档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
537 它是 C-x C-b 这个指令所建立出来的包含「缓冲区列表内容」的缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
538 您在一个 Emacs 窗格所见到的「任何」文字都是某个缓冲区的一部份。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
539
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
540 >> 键入 C-x 1 以离开缓冲列表
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
541
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
542 如果您对档案中的文字做了修改,然后找另一档案,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
543 这个动作并不会储存第一个档案。它的修改仍旧存在 Emacs 中,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
544 也就是在那个档案的缓冲区中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
545 对於第二个档案的建立或编辑并不会影响到第一个档案的缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
546 这样子非常有用,但这个情形也表明了您需要「一个方便的方法」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
547 来储存第一个档案的缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
548 只是为储存第一个档案就必须以 C-x C-f 切换缓冲区,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
549 才能以 C-x C-s 将它储存,总是个让人讨厌的过程。因此我们有
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
550
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
551 C-x s 储存一些缓冲区
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
552
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
553 C-x s 会询问您关於您已做出修改但还没储存的每一个缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
554 它会问您,对於每一个这样的缓冲区,是否要储存?
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
555
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
556 >> 插入一行文字,然后键入 C-x s。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
557 它应该会问您是否要储存名为 TUTORIAL.cn 的缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
558 键入『y』以回答要储存。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
559
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
560
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
561 * 扩充指令集(EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
562 -----------------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
563
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
564 由於 Emacs 拥有太多指令,即便使用上所有的 CONTROL 和 META 字元,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
565 也没办法完全摆上。Emacs 以 X(扩充『eXtend』)指令来解决这个问题。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
566 扩充指令有两种型式:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
567
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
568 C-x 字元扩充。后面跟著一个字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
569 M-x 有名称的指令扩充。后面跟著一个长的名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
570
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
571 还有一些指令通常来说是很有用的,但是比您已经学到的指令较少使用。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
572 您已经看过其中两个:档案指令中的 C-x C-f 去寻找,以及 C-x C-s 去储存。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
573 其他的例子则有结束 Emacs 阶段的指令--这个指令是 C-x C-c。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
574 (不要担心您会失去已经做出的改变,C-x C-c 在它杀掉 Emacs
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
575 之前会提供储存每一个变动的档案的机会。)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
576
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
577 C-z 是 *暂时* 离开 Emacs 的指令--
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
578 因此您稍后可以回到同样的 Emacs 阶段。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
579
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
580 在某些允许它的作用的系统中, C-z 会「暂停住(suspends)」Emacs,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
581 也就是说,它会回到 shell 但不会把 Emacs 毁掉。在最常用的 shell 中,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
582 您可以用『fg』或『%emacs』两种指令恢复 Emacs。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
583
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
584 在没有提供暂停功能的系统中,C-z 会在 Emacs 底下建立一个 subshell
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
585 以让您有机会执行其他的程式,并且在稍后回到 Emacs,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
586 它并没有真的离开 Emacs。在这个例子中,shell 指令『exit』是从
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
587 subshell 回到 Emacs 的通常方式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
588
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
589 使用 C-x C-c 的时机是当您打算要登出时。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
590 它也非常适合用来离开被其他邮件处理程式,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
591 以及许多不同的应用程式所启动的 Emacs。然而在一般的状况下,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
592 如果您不打算登出,最好是把 Emacs 暂停而不是离开它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
593
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
594 有许多 C-x 的指令。这里是一份您已经学过的列表:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
595
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
596 C-x C-f 找档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
597 C-x C-s 储存档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
598 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
599 C-x C-c 离开 Emacs。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
600 C-x 1 除了一个外,删去其他所有的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
601 C-x u 取消动作。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
602
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
603 以扩充来命名的指令通常是不太常使用的指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
604 或是只在特定的模式下才会使用的指令。一个例子是取代字串指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
605 它会全域地将一个字串以另一个来取代。当您键入 M-x 时,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
606 Emacs 会在萤幕的底端询问您,然后您也应该键入这个指令的名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
607 在这个例子中是『replace-string』只要键入『repl s<TAB>』,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
608 然后 Emacs 将会补齐这个名称。以 <Return> 来结束这个指令名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
609
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
610 取代字串指令需要两个参数--被取代的字串以及用来取代它的字串。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
611 您必须以 Newline 字元来结束每一个参数。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
612
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
613 >> 将游标移到本行的下两行空白,然后键入
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
614 M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
615
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
616 【为了说明的目的,於下保留一行原文。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
617 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced... 】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
618
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
619 请注意这一行是怎么改变的:在游标的起始位置之后,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
620 您已经将 c-h-a-n-g-e-d 这个字--不管它在哪里出现--
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
621 以「altered」这个字来取代了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
622
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
623
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
624 * 自动存档(AUTO SAVE)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
625 -----------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
626
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
627 当您在一个档案中做了修改,但是还没有将它们储存起来,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
628 那么如果您的电脑当机,它们将有可能遗失。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
629 为了避免这种情形发生在您的身上,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
630 Emacs 会定期地将您正在编辑的档案写入「自动储存」档案中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
631 自动储存档案在档名的前后会各有一个 # 符号;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
632 举例来说,如果您的档案名为「hello.c」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
633 那么它的自动储存档案的档名就是「#hello.c#」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
634 当您以平常的方式储存档案时,Emacs 就会把它的自动储存档删除。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
635
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
636 如果当机,您可以经由正常地寻找档案,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
637 (指的是您在编辑的档案而不是自动储存档)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
638 然后键入 M-x recover file<Return> 来回复您的自动储存档。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
639 当它要求确认时,键入 yes<Return> 以继续并回复自动储存的资料。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
640
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
641
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
642 * 回应区(ECHO AREA)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
643 ---------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
644
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
645 如果 Emacs 见到您很慢地键入多字元指令,它会将它们显示在位於窗格下方,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
646 称为「回应区」的区域给您参阅。回应区位在窗格的最后一行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
647
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
648
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
649 * 状态行(MODE LINE)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
650 ---------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
651
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
652 位在回应区的正上面是称为「状态行」的一行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
653 状态行显示出一些信息,如:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
654
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
655 --:** TUTORIAL.cn (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
656
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
657 本行提供一些关於「Emacs 的状态」以及「您正在编辑的文字」的有用信息。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
658
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
659 您已经知道档名的意义是什么了--就是您找的档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
660 -NN%-- 指出目前您在文字档中的位置;它的意思是说:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
661 有 NN 百分比的文字位在窗格的上面。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
662 如果档案的顶端就位在窗格中,那么它就会显示 --Top-- 而不是 --00%--。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
663 如果档案的底部就位在窗格中,那么它是显示 --Bot--。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
664 如果您正在看的文字档很小,在窗格中就足以看到全部的内容,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
665 那么状态行就会显示 --All--。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
666
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
667 L 和数字以另一种方式来表示出位置:它们给出了目前所在的行数(Line)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
668
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
669 在靠近前面的星号表示您已经对这些文字做了改变。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
670 在您刚拜访或储存一个档案之后,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
671 状态行的那个部分会没有星号,只有破折号。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
672
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
673 状态行中位於小括弧里面的部分,是用来告诉您正在使用什么编辑模式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
674 预设的模式是 Fundamental,也就是您现在使用的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
675 它是「主模式」的一个例子。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
676
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
677 Emacs 有许多不同的主模式。它们之中有一些是用来编辑不同的语言
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
678 以及/或不同种类的文字,像是 Lisp 模式、Text 模式等等。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
679 在任何的时间只有一个主模式可以作用,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
680 并且它的名称总可以在状态行中被找到,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
681 就在现在的「Fundamental」中的位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
682
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
683 每一个主模式都使得一些指令的行为表现得不太一样。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
684 举例来说,在一个程式中有一些指令用来制作出注解,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
685 而由於每一种程式语言对於一个注解应该长得像什么,都有著不同的想法,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
686 因此每一个主模式都必须以不同的方式来插入注解。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
687 每一个主模式是一个延伸指令的名称,使得您可以用来切换至那个模式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
688 举例来说,M-x fundamental-mode 就是切换到 Fundamental
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
689 模式的一个指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
690
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
691 如果您想要编辑中文或英文等文字类型的档案--像是现在的这一个,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
692 您应该使用 Text 模式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
693
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
694 >> 键入 M-x text mode<Return>。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
695
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
696 不要担心,没有任何一个您已经学过的 Emacs 指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
697 会被改变成任何非常不同的形式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
698 但是您可以发现到 M-f 和 M-b 现在把撇号(')视为字的一部分。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
699 先前,在 Fundamental 模式中,M-f 和 M-b 将撇号视为字的分隔符号。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
700
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
701 主模式通常会像上述那个例子一样,做出一些精巧的改变:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
702 大部分的指令在每一个主模式中「做同样的事」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
703 但是它们以一点点不同的方式来工作。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
704 【再举个例子,接续上面所开的头,以程式语言的注解来说。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
705 同样一个插入注解的动作,因为您使用的程式语言/主模式的不同而不同。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
706 若您使用 C 语言,Emacs 插入『/* 介於中间的为注解区块 */』;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
707 若您使用的是 Fortran 语言,Emacs 插入『c 以字元 c 为首的为注解行』;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
708 若您使用的是 Basic 语言,Emacs 则插入『' 撇号以后的为注解文字』。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
709 编辑器的弹性如此,实在没有必要为了不同的语言、目的或外观,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
710 设计特殊化的编辑器。「求大同,存小异」在这里也是成立的。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
711
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
712 要浏览您现在所处的主模式的文档,键入 C-h m。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
713
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
714 >> 使用 C-u C-v 一或数次,将本行带到靠近萤幕的上方。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
715 >> 键入 C-h m,看看 Text 模式与 Fundamental 模式是哪里不同。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
716 >> 键入 C-x 1 将文档从萤幕移除掉。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
717
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
718 主模式之所以称为「主要(major)」的原因是因为它们也有次模式
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
719 (minor mode)。次要的模式并不是主模式的其他选择,而只是次要的更改。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
720 每一个次模式可以被它本身启用或停止,和所有其他的次模式无关,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
721 并且也和您的主模式无关。所以您可以不使用次模式,或一个,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
722 或任何数量的次模式的组合。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
723
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
724 有一个次模式非常有用,特别是在编辑英文文字时,叫做 Auto Fill 模式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
725 当这个模式启用时,Emacs 在当您插入文字并且使一行太宽时,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
726 会将那一行,在字与字之间自动地分隔开。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
727
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
728 您可以 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 来将 Auto Fill 模式启用。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
729 当这个模式启用时,您可以使用 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 来将它取消。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
730 当这个模式不用时,则这个指令会将它启动,而当这个模式启用时,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
731 这个指令会将它关闭。我们说这个指令用来「切换(toggle)」模式。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
732
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
733 >> 现在键入 M-x auto fill mode<Return>。然后一再地插入字串
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
734 「 asdf 」,直到您看到它分成两行。您必须在它们之间摆上空白,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
735 因为 Auto Fill 只在空白处断行。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
736
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
737 边界通常被设定为 70 个字元,但是您可以用 C-x f 指令来改变它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
738 您应该以一个数字参数的方式来给定您所希望的边界设定。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
739
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
740 >> 键入 C-x f 并附上引数 20:『C-u 2 0 C-x f』。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
741 然后键入一些文字,看看 Emacs 以 20 个字元,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
742 在行与行之间进行 fill 动作。然后再用一次 C-x f 将边界设回 70。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
743
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
744 如果您在一个段落的中间做出改变,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
745 Auto Fill 模式并不会为您重新进行 fill 的动作(re-fill)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
746 要 re-fill 这个段落,键入 M-q (META-q),而游标必须处在其中。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
747
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
748 >> 移动游标到前一段中,然后键入 M-q。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
749
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
750
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
751 * 搜寻(SEARCHING)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
752 -------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
753
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
754 Emacs 可以搜寻字串(字串可以是一群连续的字元或字)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
755 【就中文来说,字元和字基本上意义相同;此处所指的『字』,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
756 是英文中没有被空白隔开的字元集合。】,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
757 往前或往后搜寻都可以。搜寻一个字串是一种游标移动指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
758 它会将游标移动到字串出现的下一个地方。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
759
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
760 Emacs 搜寻指令与大部分编辑器的搜寻指令不同的地方在於,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
761 它是「渐进的(incremental)」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
762 这表示搜寻发生在您键入想要搜寻的文字串后。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
763
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
764 要开始搜寻的指令是:C-s 往前搜寻,C-r 往后搜寻。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
765 但先等一下!现在先不要试。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
766
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
767 当您键入 C-s 时,会发现到有一个字串「I-search」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
768 出现在回应区中作为提示。它告诉您 Emacs 现在正处於称为「渐进式搜寻」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
769 的状态中,等待您键入您想要搜寻的字串。<Return> 会结束一个搜寻。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
770
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
771 >> 现在键入 C-s 开始一个搜寻。慢一点,一次键入一个字元,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
772 键入『cursor』这个字,每键入一个字元时,稍微停一下,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
773 注意看看游标发生了什么事。现在您已曾经搜寻过「cursor」这个字了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
774 >> 再次键入 C-s 来搜寻「cursor」的下一个出现位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
775 >> 现在键入 <Delete> 四次,看看游标是如何移动的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
776 >> 键入 <Return> 结束搜寻。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
777
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
778 您有没有看到发生了什么?在一个渐进式搜寻中,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
779 Emacs 试著要走到您键入的字串的下一个出现位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
780 要移动到游标所在的下一个出现位置,只要再键入 C-s 一次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
781 如果并没有这样的出现位置存在,Emacs 会哔一声,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
782 并告诉您目前的搜寻「失败」。另外 C-g 也可以用来结束搜寻。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
783
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
784 注意:在某些系统中,键入 C-s 将会把萤幕冻结,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
785 您将看不到从 Emacs 来的任何输出。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
786 这表示操作系统一个称为「流程控制」的「功能」将 C-s 指令拦截住,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
787 并且不让它传到 Emacs。要取消萤幕的冻结,请键入 C-q。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
788 然后到 Emacs 使用手册中看看对於「渐进式搜寻的同时进入
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
789 (Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search)」这个主题,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
790 以取得处理这个「功能」的建议。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
791
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
792 如果您在一个渐进式搜寻的中间,并且键入 <Delete>,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
793 您可以发现在搜寻字串中的最后一个字元被消除了,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
794 并且搜寻会回到这个搜寻的最后一个地方。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
795 举例来说,假设您已经键入了『c』,用来寻找「c」的第一次出现。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
796 现在如果您键入『u』,游标会移动到「cu」的第一次出现位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
797 现在键入 <Delete> ,这会将「u」从搜寻字串中消除,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
798 并且游标会移回到「c」的第一次出现位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
799
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
800 如果您在一个搜寻的中间,并且键入一个 CONTROL 或 META 字元的话,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
801 (但有一些例外--对搜寻而言特别的字元,像是 C-s 和 C-r),
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
802 搜寻会被结束。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
803
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
804 C-s 会开始一个搜寻,它会寻找搜寻字串在目前游标位置「之后」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
805 的任何出现位置。如果您想要在先前文字中搜寻,键入 C-r 作为替代。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
806 除了搜寻的方向相反之外,我们所说的有关 C-s 的所有事情,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
807 同样地可以应用到 C-r 上。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
808
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
809
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
810 * 多重窗格(MULTIPLE WINDOWS)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
811 ------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
812
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
813 Emacs 许多好功能的其中之一是,您可以在萤幕中同时展示超过一个窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
814
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
815 >> 移动游标到这一行并且键入 C-u 0 C-l。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
816
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
817 >> 现在键入 C-x 2,它会将萤幕平分成两个窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
818 这两个窗格都显示著这个快速指南。游标则停留在上方的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
819
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
820 >> 键入 C-M-v 以卷动下方的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
821 (如果您并没有一个真的 META 键,则键入 ESC C-v 亦可。)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
822
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
823 >> 键入 C-x o(『o』指的是其他『other』的意思),
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
824 将游标移动到下方的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
825
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
826 >> 在下方的窗格中,使用 C-v 和 M-v 来卷动它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
827 继续维持在上方的窗格中阅读这些指引。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
828
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
829 >> 再一次键入 C-x o 将游标移回到上方的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
830 游标会回到它在上方窗格中,原本所在的位置。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
831
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
832 您可以持续使用 C-x o 在窗格之间切换。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
833 每一个窗格有它自己的游标位置,但是只有一个窗格会真的显示出游标。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
834 所有通常的编辑指令只会应用到那个游标所在的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
835 我们称这个为「被选择的窗格」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
836
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
837 指令 C-M-v 在当您於一个窗格中编辑文字,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
838 并使用其他的窗格作为参考之用时,是非常有用的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
839 您可以将游标一直保持在您正在编辑的窗格中,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
840 并以 C-M-v 指令在其他的窗格循序地前进。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
841 【验证工作特别适合以这种方式来进行,如 GNU 中译小组:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
842 找一个原始英文档案;再找它翻译好的中文档案,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
843 编辑这个「被选择的窗格」,以 C-M-v 指令跟上验证中的段落……。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
844
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
845 C-M-v 是 CONTROL-META 字元的一个例子。如果您有一个真的 META 键,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
846 您可以同时按住 CONTROL 和 META 再键入 v 来键入 C-M-v。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
847 CONTROL 或 META 「谁先被按住」并没有影响,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
848 因为这两个键都是用来修饰您所键入的字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
849
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
850 如果您并没有一个真的 META 键,您可以使用 ESC 来作为替代,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
851 这样子顺序就有关系了:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
852 您必须键入 ESC ,跟著键入 CONTROL-v,CONTROL-ESC v 并不会作用。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
853 这是因为 ESC 是一个具有本身作用的字元,而不是一个修饰键。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
854
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
855 >> (在上方窗格)键入 C-x 1 以除去下方窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
856
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
857 (如果您已经在底端的窗格键入 C-x 1,那么将会把上面的窗格隐藏住。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
858 将这个指令想像成「只保留一个窗格--我正在编辑的这个。」)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
859
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
860 您不需要在两个不同的窗格中显示相同的缓冲区。如果您使用 C-x C-f
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
861 在一个窗格中找档案,另一个窗格并不因而改变。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
862 您可以在独立的任一个窗格中找〔它自己的〕一个档案。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
863
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
864 这里有另外一个方式可以用来,使用两个窗格显示两个不同的东西:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
865
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
866 >> 键入 C-x 4 C-f,后面跟著您的其中一个档案的名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
867 以 <Return> 作为结束。看看指定的档案出现在下方的窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
868 游标也跑到那里。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
869
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
870 >> 键入 C-x o 以回到上方的窗格,然后以 C-x 1 删除掉下方窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
871
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
872
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
873 * 递归编辑阶层(RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
874 ------------------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
875
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
876 有时候您会进入所谓的「递归编辑阶层」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
877 它是由位在状态行的方括弧所指明,并且包含住以小括弧来指明的模式名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
878 举例来说,您可能会看到 [(Fundamental)],而不是 (Fundamental)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
879
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
880 要离开递归编辑阶层,请键入 ESC ESC ESC。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
881 这是个全功能的「离开」指令。您也可以使用它来除去多余的窗格,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
882 并且离开小缓冲区。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
883
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
884 >> 键入 M-x 以进入小缓冲区;然后键入 ESC ESC ESC 离开。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
885
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
886 您无法使用 C-g 来离开递归编辑阶层。这是因为 C-g 是用来取消指令以及
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
887 「位於」递归编辑阶层中的「引数(arguments)」之故。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
888
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
889
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
890 * 取得更多的帮助(GETTING MORE HELP)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
891 -------------------------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
892
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
893 在本快速指南中,我们试著仅提供刚刚好的信息让您可以开始使用 Emacs。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
894 在 Emacs 中有太多可取得的信息,想要在这里全部解释是不可能的。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
895 然而,您也许会想要学习更多 Emacs 相关的信息,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
896 因为它有许多其他有用的功能。Emacs 提供了「阅读有关 Emacs 指令」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
897 的指令。这些「help」指令都以 CONTROL-h 这个字元作为开头,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
898 称作为「Help 字元」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
899
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
900 要使用 Help 功能,键入 C-h 字元,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
901 然后再键入一个说明您所需要的帮助的字元。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
902 如果您真的不知道要问什么,那么请键入『C-h ?』,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
903 此时 Emacs 将会告诉您它能够提供的帮助。如果您已经键入 C-h,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
904 但发现您并不需要任何帮助,键入 C-g 来取消掉它就是了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
905
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
906 (有些网站将 C-h 这个字元的意义改变了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
907 他们真的不应该把它设为对所有使用者全部都适用的方法,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
908 所以您现在就有了个理由来抱怨系统管理者了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
909 在此同时,如果 C-h 并没有在窗格的底部显示任何有关帮助的讯息,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
910 试著键入 F1 键,或是 M-x help <Return>。)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
911
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
912 最基本的 HELP 功能是 C-h c。键入 C-h,字元 c,以及一个或一串字元;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
913 然后 Emacs 会显示一个非常简短的有关这个指令的解释。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
914
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
915 >> 键入 C-h c C-p。讯息应该会像是:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
916
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
917 C-p runs the command previous-line
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
918
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
919 这告诉了您「函数的名称」。函数名称主要是用来自订以及扩充 Emacs。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
920 但是由於函数名称是由「用来指出这指令在做些什么」而被选定,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
921 它们因此也可以作为非常简短的文档--足够提醒您已经学过的指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
922
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
923 多字元指令像是 C-x C-s 和 (如果您没有 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 键)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
924 <ESC>v 也可以在 C-h c 后面出现。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
925
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
926 要取得更多有关一个指令的信息,用 C-h k 来取代使用 C-h c。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
927
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
928 >> 键入 C-h k C-p。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
929
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
930 这会在一个 Emacs 窗格显示这个函数的说明文档以及它的名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
931 当您阅读完后,键入 C-x 1 以跳离这些帮助文字。您并不需要马上跟著做。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
932 您可以做些编辑,当参考到帮助文字时再键入 C-x 1。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
933
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
934 这里有一些其他有用的 C-h 选项:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
935
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
936 C-h f 解释一个函数。您要键入此函数的名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
937
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
938 >> 试著键入 C-h f previous-line<Return>。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
939 这会印出 Emacs 所有的有关「实作出 C-p 这个指令的函数」的信息
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
940
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
941 C-h v 这个类似的指令会显示出「您可以用来自订 Emacs 行为的变数」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
942 的文档。当 Emacs 要求时,您需要键入这变数的名称。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
943
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
944 C-h a 指令相关查找(Command Apropos)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
945 键入一个关键字然后 Emacs 会列出所有
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
946 「在其名称中含有此关键字」的全部指令。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
947 这些指令全部都可以经由 META-x 来启动。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
948 对於一些指令而言,指令相关查找也会列出
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
949 「可以执行相同指令」的一个或两个字元的串列。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
950
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
951 >> 键入 C-h a file<Return>。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
952
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
953 这会在另一个窗格显示一个「在其名称中含有『file』的全部 M-x 指令」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
954 的列表。您将会看到像是 C-x C-f 的「字元-指令」列在其相对应指令名称
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
955 (如:find-file)的旁边。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
956
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
957 >> 键入 C-M-v 上下移动 help 窗格。试个几次。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
958
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
959 >> 键入 C-x 1 来删除 help 窗格。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
960
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
961 C-h i 阅读线上使用手册(a.k.a. Info)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
962 这个指令将您带到了称为「*info*」的特殊缓冲区,在那,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
963 您可以阅读安装在您的系统里的软件包的线上使用手册。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
964 键入 m emacs <Return> 以阅读 Emacs 使用手册。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
965 如果您在此之前未曾使用过 Info 系统,请键入『?』。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
966 Emacs 将会带您进入 Info 模式功能的导览指南。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
967 一旦完成了本快速指南的研读,您应该查阅 Emacs Info
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
968 使用手册,以作为主要的参考文档。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
969
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
970
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
971 * 结论(CONCLUSION)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
972 --------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
973
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
974 记住,要完全离开 Emacs 请使用 C-x C-c。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
975 要暂时离开到 shell,稍后再回到 Emacs,请使用 C-z。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
976
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
977 本快速指南对於所有的新手应该都是易於理解的,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
978 所以如果您发现了什么地方不清楚,不要只是坐著怪自己--
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
979 (向本文作者和翻译)发点牢骚吧!
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
980
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
981
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
982 * 翻译(TRANSLATION)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
983 ---------------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
984
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
985 本快速指南的翻译人员列表如下,如果您在阅读本文之前,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
986 「完全」对 Emacs 没有概念,我们非常需要您的意见以作为改进的依据。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
987 我们也打算提供一份 Emacs 的导读(或整理到本快速指南),
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
988 主要将会根据初学者阅读本使用指南所面临到的问题,撰写而成。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
989
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
990 一个编辑器不应该让初学者感到十足的困难,您的意见可以使 Emacs
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
991 更为贴近一般的使用者,并使电脑作为工具的角色得以充分发挥。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
992 如果您愿意提供改进的意见,请寄 email 到
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
993 <chinese-translators@gnu.org> 。请不要害羞,我们欢迎任何有关的讨论;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
994 如果您不想寄到邮件清单,请直接 email 给本文翻译 <chliu@gnu.org> 。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
995 请在 Title 行中包含此字串「Emacs TUTORIAL: <your issue here>」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
996
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
997 如果您是 Emacs 老手,GNU Chinese Translators Team (GNU/CTT)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
998 <http://www.gnu.org/software/chinese/> 欢迎您的加入,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
999 我们现在正需要愿意投入翻译 Emacs 使用手册的人员。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1000
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1001 本快速指南并没有采用习惯上编辑器所使用的翻译术语,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1002 一方面因为它的实际意义与一般的编辑器不同,原文本就不同;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1003 另一方面也因为 Emacs 所采用的视觉设计概念,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1004 早在窗口化系统之前就已经存在,本质也不相同。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1005 总之,翻译以为这样可以帮助对於 Emacs 整个设计哲学的理解。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1006 如果收到的回覆中,大部份要求提出修改,我们还是从善如流。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1007
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1008 (1) 在本文中,「行」指的是 row,这是采用一般的习惯用法。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1009 为了避免误导中文读者,特别在此说明。在正式的用法中:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1010 「column」翻译为「行」,以「纵」为行(直行),也译为「栏」;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1011 「row」翻译为「列」,以「横」为列(横列)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1012 读者思索一下「合纵连横」应该可以理解。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1013 大约是因为中文原本是直书的,我们说「一行字」是没问题;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1014 但现在大部份的情形中文是横书的,由於习惯使然也称为一行字了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1015 (2) 有关於「文字」及其集合的相关译文,翻译所采用的有:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1016 编辑的「文字」:「然后键入一些文字」、
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1017 用来作为说明功能的「文档」:「这个函数的说明文档」、
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1018 特指其所说明内容的「文本」:「实际效力以英文本为准」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1019 另外,即使只是「一行字」,只要它是用来作为说明之用,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1020 翻译还是将它视为「文档」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1021 (3) 「cut」的动作在 Emacs 中分为「杀掉」和「删除」,之间的差异如下:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1022 一般编辑器中的「cut」:只有最近被 cut 的文字摆到 clipboard 中、
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1023 「杀掉(killing)」:被杀掉的文字,全部被加入到 kill ring 中、
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1024 「删除(deleting)」:被删除的文字,就是被删除了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1025 因此在一般编辑器中,您只能 paste「最近」被 cut 的文字;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1026 而在 Emacs 中,您可以「拉回」任何先前被杀掉的文字,同时,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1027 它的作法很容易。至於被删除的,因为用来作为「删除」功能的指令,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1028 所能移去的文字数量都很少,因此也没什么好拉回的;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1029 如果真的想回复这些文字,undo 您的动作就是了。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1030 (4) 「window」同时翻译为「窗口」和「窗格」,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1031 前者表示现在一般概念中的窗口系统,如「X 窗口」;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1032 后者表示 Emacs 中的窗口,翻译在此通称为「窗格」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1033 Emacs 的「窗格」即使在命令列提示下也可以正常工作,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1034 此一基本特性显然值得我们以另一个专用术语来描述它。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1035 (5) 关於档案的术语,「找」一个档案在 Emacs 中有两种作用:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1036 找一个「并不存在」的档案,读者应认知为「开新档案」;
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1037 找一个「已经存在」的档案,则是「开启旧档」。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1038 Emacs 只以一个「找」的动作来解决,主要的原因是「实际上」
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1039 的软件工作如此。黑客们应该会发现这样比较自然,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1040 因为它反应了电脑的工作方式,同时操作起来也较少废话。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1041 (6) 在【】中的文字为翻译的注解。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1042 (7) 关於使中文文档结构化的议题,问题已经获得解决。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1043
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1044 另外,我们也十分欢迎读者可以直接修改本快速指南,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1045 做出自己的版本,以自己认为最为合适的方式来介绍 Emacs。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1046 如果您做出了这样个人化的版本,并且认为足供大家参考使用,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1047 请寄给 <chinese-coordinators@gnu.org> ,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1048 我们会将您的版本公开在 GNU/CTT 的网页中提供给中文使用者下载。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1049
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1050 翻译:刘 昭宏 <chliu@gnu.org>
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1051 验证:马 雪萍
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1052
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1053
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1054 * 复制(COPYING)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1055 -----------------
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1056
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1057 本快速指南沿袭自具有悠久历史的 Emacs 快速指南,由 Stuart Cracraft
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1058 为了原始的 Emacs 所撰写的版本开始。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1059
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1060 这个版本的快速指南和 GNU Emacs 一样都是版权化的,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1061 并且允许在某些条件下散布其拷贝:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1062
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1063 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 2002 Free Software Foundation
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1064 Chinese Translation by Chao-Hong Liu (2002)
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1065
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1066 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1067 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1068 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1069 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1070 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1071
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1072 本文允许在不变更文档内容的前提下刊登在任何形式的媒体中,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1073 但需保留版权声明以及许可声明,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1074 散布者也必须给予接受者如同此声明所允许的,进一步散布的许可。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1075 【本段译文提供读者作为参考以帮助理解,实际效力以英文本为准。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1076
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1077 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1078 of this document, or of portions of it,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1079 under the above conditions, provided also that they
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1080 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1081
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1082 本文允许在与上述相同的条件下,散布修改后的版本,或是其中的一部份,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1083 但它们也必须带有显著的,说明由谁最后更动了它的声明。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1084 【Copyleft 版权除了提供使用者自由外,也维护原始作者,
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1085 以及后来的修改作者的名誉权(credit)。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1086 本段译文提供读者作为参考以帮助理解,实际效力以英文本为准。】
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1087
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1088 复制 Emacs 本身的条件较为复杂,但是具有相同的精神。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1089 请阅读 COPYING 这个档案,并且确实给予您的朋友 GNU Emacs 的拷贝。
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1090 请经由「使用、撰写、以及分享自由软件」来帮助消除软件障碍主义
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1091 (拥有权)!
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1092
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1093 ;;; Local Variables:
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1094 ;;; coding: chinese-iso-8bit
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 49994
diff changeset
1095 ;;; End: