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annotate lispref/internals.texi @ 68048:c5788f95d2a2
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 05 Jan 2006 17:49:42 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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4 @c 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/internals | |
7 @node GNU Emacs Internals, Standard Errors, Tips, Top | |
8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
9 @appendix GNU Emacs Internals | |
10 | |
11 This chapter describes how the runnable Emacs executable is dumped with | |
12 the preloaded Lisp libraries in it, how storage is allocated, and some | |
13 internal aspects of GNU Emacs that may be of interest to C programmers. | |
14 | |
15 @menu | |
54041 | 16 * Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made. |
6451 | 17 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. |
18 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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19 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
6451 | 20 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
21 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
22 @end menu | |
23 | |
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24 @node Building Emacs |
6451 | 25 @appendixsec Building Emacs |
26 @cindex building Emacs | |
27 @pindex temacs | |
28 | |
29 This section explains the steps involved in building the Emacs | |
30 executable. You don't have to know this material to build and install | |
31 Emacs, since the makefiles do all these things automatically. This | |
32 information is pertinent to Emacs maintenance. | |
33 | |
34 Compilation of the C source files in the @file{src} directory | |
35 produces an executable file called @file{temacs}, also called a | |
36 @dfn{bare impure Emacs}. It contains the Emacs Lisp interpreter and I/O | |
37 routines, but not the editing commands. | |
38 | |
39 @cindex @file{loadup.el} | |
40 The command @w{@samp{temacs -l loadup}} uses @file{temacs} to create | |
41 the real runnable Emacs executable. These arguments direct | |
42 @file{temacs} to evaluate the Lisp files specified in the file | |
43 @file{loadup.el}. These files set up the normal Emacs editing | |
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44 environment, resulting in an Emacs that is still impure but no longer |
6451 | 45 bare. |
46 | |
47 It takes a substantial time to load the standard Lisp files. Luckily, | |
48 you don't have to do this each time you run Emacs; @file{temacs} can | |
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49 dump out an executable program called @file{emacs} that has these files |
6451 | 50 preloaded. @file{emacs} starts more quickly because it does not need to |
51 load the files. This is the Emacs executable that is normally | |
52 installed. | |
53 | |
54 To create @file{emacs}, use the command @samp{temacs -batch -l loadup | |
55 dump}. The purpose of @samp{-batch} here is to prevent @file{temacs} | |
56 from trying to initialize any of its data on the terminal; this ensures | |
57 that the tables of terminal information are empty in the dumped Emacs. | |
58 The argument @samp{dump} tells @file{loadup.el} to dump a new executable | |
59 named @file{emacs}. | |
60 | |
61 Some operating systems don't support dumping. On those systems, you | |
62 must start Emacs with the @samp{temacs -l loadup} command each time you | |
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63 use it. This takes a substantial time, but since you need to start |
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64 Emacs once a day at most---or once a week if you never log out---the |
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65 extra time is not too severe a problem. |
6451 | 66 |
67 @cindex @file{site-load.el} | |
26165 | 68 |
6451 | 69 You can specify additional files to preload by writing a library named |
26165 | 70 @file{site-load.el} that loads them. You may need to add a definition |
71 | |
72 @example | |
73 #define SITELOAD_PURESIZE_EXTRA @var{n} | |
74 @end example | |
75 | |
76 @noindent | |
77 to make @var{n} added bytes of pure space to hold the additional files. | |
78 (Try adding increments of 20000 until it is big enough.) However, the | |
79 advantage of preloading additional files decreases as machines get | |
80 faster. On modern machines, it is usually not advisable. | |
6451 | 81 |
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82 After @file{loadup.el} reads @file{site-load.el}, it finds the |
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83 documentation strings for primitive and preloaded functions (and |
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84 variables) in the file @file{etc/DOC} where they are stored, by |
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85 calling @code{Snarf-documentation} (@pxref{Definition of |
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86 Snarf-documentation,, Accessing Documentation}). |
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87 |
6451 | 88 @cindex @file{site-init.el} |
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89 You can specify other Lisp expressions to execute just before dumping |
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90 by putting them in a library named @file{site-init.el}. This file is |
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91 executed after the documentation strings are found. |
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92 |
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93 If you want to preload function or variable definitions, there are |
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94 three ways you can do this and make their documentation strings |
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95 accessible when you subsequently run Emacs: |
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96 |
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97 @itemize @bullet |
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98 @item |
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99 Arrange to scan these files when producing the @file{etc/DOC} file, |
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100 and load them with @file{site-load.el}. |
6451 | 101 |
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102 @item |
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103 Load the files with @file{site-init.el}, then copy the files into the |
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104 installation directory for Lisp files when you install Emacs. |
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105 |
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106 @item |
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107 Specify a non-@code{nil} value for |
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108 @code{byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings} as a local variable in each of these |
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109 files, and load them with either @file{site-load.el} or |
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110 @file{site-init.el}. (This method has the drawback that the |
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111 documentation strings take up space in Emacs all the time.) |
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112 @end itemize |
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113 |
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114 It is not advisable to put anything in @file{site-load.el} or |
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115 @file{site-init.el} that would alter any of the features that users |
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116 expect in an ordinary unmodified Emacs. If you feel you must override |
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117 normal features for your site, do it with @file{default.el}, so that |
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118 users can override your changes if they wish. @xref{Startup Summary}. |
6451 | 119 |
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120 In a package that can be preloaded, it is sometimes useful to |
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121 specify a computation to be done when Emacs subsequently starts up. |
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122 For this, use @code{eval-at-startup}: |
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123 |
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124 @defmac eval-at-startup body@dots{} |
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125 This evaluates the @var{body} forms, either immediately if running in |
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126 an Emacs that has already started up, or later when Emacs does start |
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127 up. Since the value of the @var{body} forms is not necessarily |
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128 available when the @code{eval-at-startup} form is run, that form |
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129 always returns @code{nil}. |
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130 @end defmac |
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131 |
6451 | 132 @defun dump-emacs to-file from-file |
133 @cindex unexec | |
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134 This function dumps the current state of Emacs into an executable file |
6451 | 135 @var{to-file}. It takes symbols from @var{from-file} (this is normally |
136 the executable file @file{temacs}). | |
137 | |
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138 If you want to use this function in an Emacs that was already dumped, |
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139 you must run Emacs with @samp{-batch}. |
6451 | 140 @end defun |
141 | |
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142 @node Pure Storage |
6451 | 143 @appendixsec Pure Storage |
144 @cindex pure storage | |
145 | |
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146 Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: |
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147 @dfn{normal storage} and @dfn{pure storage}. Normal storage is where |
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148 all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept; see the |
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149 following section for information on normal storage. Pure storage is |
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150 used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files---data that |
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151 should never change during actual use of Emacs. |
6451 | 152 |
153 Pure storage is allocated only while @file{temacs} is loading the | |
154 standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file @file{emacs}, it is | |
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155 marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that |
6451 | 156 the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the |
157 machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is | |
158 allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for the | |
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159 preloaded libraries, @file{temacs} crashes. If that happens, you must |
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160 increase the compilation parameter @code{PURESIZE} in the file |
6451 | 161 @file{src/puresize.h}. This normally won't happen unless you try to |
162 preload additional libraries or add features to the standard ones. | |
163 | |
164 @defun purecopy object | |
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165 This function makes a copy in pure storage of @var{object}, and returns |
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166 it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same |
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167 characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. It |
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168 recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. It does |
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169 not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns |
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170 them unchanged. It signals an error if asked to copy markers. |
6451 | 171 |
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172 This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; |
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173 it is usually called only in the file @file{emacs/lisp/loaddefs.el}, but |
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174 a few packages call it just in case you decide to preload them. |
6451 | 175 @end defun |
176 | |
177 @defvar pure-bytes-used | |
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178 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage |
6451 | 179 allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very |
180 close to the total amount of pure storage available---if it were not, | |
181 we would preallocate less. | |
182 @end defvar | |
183 | |
184 @defvar purify-flag | |
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185 This variable determines whether @code{defun} should make a copy of the |
6451 | 186 function definition in pure storage. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the |
187 function definition is copied into pure storage. | |
188 | |
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189 This flag is @code{t} while loading all of the basic functions for |
6451 | 190 building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be sharable and |
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191 non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes |
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192 @code{nil} in this variable, regardless of the value it actually has |
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193 before and after dumping. |
6451 | 194 |
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195 You should not change this flag in a running Emacs. |
6451 | 196 @end defvar |
197 | |
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198 @node Garbage Collection |
6451 | 199 @appendixsec Garbage Collection |
200 @cindex garbage collector | |
201 | |
202 @cindex memory allocation | |
203 When a program creates a list or the user defines a new function (such | |
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204 as by loading a library), that data is placed in normal storage. If |
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205 normal storage runs low, then Emacs asks the operating system to |
6451 | 206 allocate more memory in blocks of 1k bytes. Each block is used for one |
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207 type of Lisp object, so symbols, cons cells, markers, etc., are |
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208 segregated in distinct blocks in memory. (Vectors, long strings, |
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209 buffers and certain other editing types, which are fairly large, are |
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210 allocated in individual blocks, one per object, while small strings are |
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211 packed into blocks of 8k bytes.) |
6451 | 212 |
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213 It is quite common to use some storage for a while, then release it by |
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214 (for example) killing a buffer or deleting the last pointer to an |
6451 | 215 object. Emacs provides a @dfn{garbage collector} to reclaim this |
216 abandoned storage. (This name is traditional, but ``garbage recycler'' | |
217 might be a more intuitive metaphor for this facility.) | |
218 | |
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219 The garbage collector operates by finding and marking all Lisp objects |
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220 that are still accessible to Lisp programs. To begin with, it assumes |
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221 all the symbols, their values and associated function definitions, and |
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222 any data presently on the stack, are accessible. Any objects that can |
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223 be reached indirectly through other accessible objects are also |
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224 accessible. |
6451 | 225 |
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226 When marking is finished, all objects still unmarked are garbage. No |
6451 | 227 matter what the Lisp program or the user does, it is impossible to refer |
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228 to them, since there is no longer a way to reach them. Their space |
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229 might as well be reused, since no one will miss them. The second |
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230 (``sweep'') phase of the garbage collector arranges to reuse them. |
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232 @c ??? Maybe add something describing weak hash tables here? |
26165 | 233 |
6451 | 234 @cindex free list |
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235 The sweep phase puts unused cons cells onto a @dfn{free list} |
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236 for future allocation; likewise for symbols and markers. It compacts |
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237 the accessible strings so they occupy fewer 8k blocks; then it frees the |
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238 other 8k blocks. Vectors, buffers, windows, and other large objects are |
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239 individually allocated and freed using @code{malloc} and @code{free}. |
6451 | 240 |
241 @cindex CL note---allocate more storage | |
242 @quotation | |
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243 @b{Common Lisp note:} Unlike other Lisps, GNU Emacs Lisp does not |
6451 | 244 call the garbage collector when the free list is empty. Instead, it |
245 simply requests the operating system to allocate more storage, and | |
246 processing continues until @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes have been | |
247 used. | |
248 | |
249 This means that you can make sure that the garbage collector will not | |
250 run during a certain portion of a Lisp program by calling the garbage | |
251 collector explicitly just before it (provided that portion of the | |
252 program does not use so much space as to force a second garbage | |
253 collection). | |
254 @end quotation | |
255 | |
256 @deffn Command garbage-collect | |
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257 This command runs a garbage collection, and returns information on |
6451 | 258 the amount of space in use. (Garbage collection can also occur |
259 spontaneously if you use more than @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes of | |
260 Lisp data since the previous garbage collection.) | |
261 | |
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262 @code{garbage-collect} returns a list containing the following |
6451 | 263 information: |
264 | |
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265 @example |
6451 | 266 @group |
267 ((@var{used-conses} . @var{free-conses}) | |
268 (@var{used-syms} . @var{free-syms}) | |
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269 @end group |
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270 (@var{used-miscs} . @var{free-miscs}) |
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271 @var{used-string-chars} |
6451 | 272 @var{used-vector-slots} |
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273 (@var{used-floats} . @var{free-floats}) |
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274 (@var{used-intervals} . @var{free-intervals}) |
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275 (@var{used-strings} . @var{free-strings})) |
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276 @end example |
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277 |
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278 Here is an example: |
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279 |
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280 @example |
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281 @group |
6451 | 282 (garbage-collect) |
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283 @result{} ((106886 . 13184) (9769 . 0) |
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284 (7731 . 4651) 347543 121628 |
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285 (31 . 94) (1273 . 168) |
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286 (25474 . 3569)) |
6451 | 287 @end group |
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288 @end example |
6451 | 289 |
290 Here is a table explaining each element: | |
291 | |
292 @table @var | |
293 @item used-conses | |
294 The number of cons cells in use. | |
295 | |
296 @item free-conses | |
297 The number of cons cells for which space has been obtained from the | |
298 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
299 | |
300 @item used-syms | |
301 The number of symbols in use. | |
302 | |
303 @item free-syms | |
304 The number of symbols for which space has been obtained from the | |
305 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
306 | |
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307 @item used-miscs |
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308 The number of miscellaneous objects in use. These include markers and |
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309 overlays, plus certain objects not visible to users. |
6451 | 310 |
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311 @item free-miscs |
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312 The number of miscellaneous objects for which space has been obtained |
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313 from the operating system, but that are not currently being used. |
6451 | 314 |
315 @item used-string-chars | |
316 The total size of all strings, in characters. | |
317 | |
318 @item used-vector-slots | |
319 The total number of elements of existing vectors. | |
320 | |
321 @item used-floats | |
322 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
323 The number of floats in use. | |
324 | |
325 @item free-floats | |
326 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
327 The number of floats for which space has been obtained from the | |
328 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
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329 |
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330 @item used-intervals |
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331 The number of intervals in use. Intervals are an internal |
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332 data structure used for representing text properties. |
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333 |
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334 @item free-intervals |
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335 The number of intervals for which space has been obtained |
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336 from the operating system, but that are not currently being used. |
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337 |
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338 @item used-strings |
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339 The number of strings in use. |
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340 |
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341 @item free-strings |
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342 The number of string headers for which the space was obtained from the |
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343 operating system, but which are currently not in use. (A string |
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344 object consists of a header and the storage for the string text |
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345 itself; the latter is only allocated when the string is created.) |
6451 | 346 @end table |
347 @end deffn | |
348 | |
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349 @defopt garbage-collection-messages |
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350 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs displays a message at the |
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351 beginning and end of garbage collection. The default value is |
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352 @code{nil}, meaning there are no such messages. |
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353 @end defopt |
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354 |
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355 @defvar post-gc-hook |
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356 This is a normal hook that is run at the end of garbage collection. |
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357 Garbage collection is inhibited while the hook functions run, so be |
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358 careful writing them. |
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359 @end defvar |
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360 |
6451 | 361 @defopt gc-cons-threshold |
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362 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of storage that must |
6451 | 363 be allocated for Lisp objects after one garbage collection in order to |
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364 trigger another garbage collection. A cons cell counts as eight bytes, |
6451 | 365 a string as one byte per character plus a few bytes of overhead, and so |
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366 on; space allocated to the contents of buffers does not count. Note |
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367 that the subsequent garbage collection does not happen immediately when |
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368 the threshold is exhausted, but only the next time the Lisp evaluator is |
6451 | 369 called. |
370 | |
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371 The initial threshold value is 400,000. If you specify a larger |
6451 | 372 value, garbage collection will happen less often. This reduces the |
373 amount of time spent garbage collecting, but increases total memory use. | |
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374 You may want to do this when running a program that creates lots of |
6451 | 375 Lisp data. |
376 | |
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377 You can make collections more frequent by specifying a smaller value, |
6451 | 378 down to 10,000. A value less than 10,000 will remain in effect only |
379 until the subsequent garbage collection, at which time | |
380 @code{garbage-collect} will set the threshold back to 10,000. | |
381 @end defopt | |
382 | |
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383 @defopt gc-cons-percentage |
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384 The value of this variable specifies the amount of consing before a |
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385 garbage collection occurs, as a fraction of the current heap size. |
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386 This criterion and @code{gc-cons-threshold} apply in parallel, and |
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387 garbage collection occurs only when both criteria are satisfied. |
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388 |
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389 As the heap size increases, the time to perform a garbage collection |
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390 increases. Thus, it can be desirable to do them less frequently in |
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391 proportion. |
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392 @end defopt |
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393 |
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394 The value returned by @code{garbage-collect} describes the amount of |
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395 memory used by Lisp data, broken down by data type. By contrast, the |
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396 function @code{memory-limit} provides information on the total amount of |
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397 memory Emacs is currently using. |
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398 |
6451 | 399 @c Emacs 19 feature |
400 @defun memory-limit | |
401 This function returns the address of the last byte Emacs has allocated, | |
402 divided by 1024. We divide the value by 1024 to make sure it fits in a | |
403 Lisp integer. | |
404 | |
405 You can use this to get a general idea of how your actions affect the | |
406 memory usage. | |
407 @end defun | |
408 | |
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409 @defvar memory-full |
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410 This variable is @code{t} if Emacs is close to out of memory for Lisp |
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411 objects, and @code{nil} otherwise. |
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412 @end defvar |
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413 |
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414 @defun memory-use-counts |
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415 This returns a list of numbers that count the number of objects |
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416 created in this Emacs session. Each of these counters increments for |
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417 a certain kind of object. See the documentation string for details. |
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418 @end defun |
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419 |
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420 @defvar gcs-done |
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421 This variable contains the total number of garbage collections |
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422 done so far in this Emacs session. |
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423 @end defvar |
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424 |
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425 @defvar gc-elapsed |
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426 This variable contains the total number of seconds of elapsed time |
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427 during garbage collection so far in this Emacs session, as a floating |
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428 point number. |
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429 @end defvar |
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430 |
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431 @node Memory Usage |
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432 @section Memory Usage |
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433 |
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434 These functions and variables give information about the total amount |
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435 of memory allocation that Emacs has done, broken down by data type. |
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436 Note the difference between these and the values returned by |
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437 @code{(garbage-collect)}; those count objects that currently exist, but |
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438 these count the number or size of all allocations, including those for |
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439 objects that have since been freed. |
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440 |
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441 @defvar cons-cells-consed |
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442 The total number of cons cells that have been allocated so far |
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443 in this Emacs session. |
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444 @end defvar |
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445 |
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446 @defvar floats-consed |
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447 The total number of floats that have been allocated so far |
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448 in this Emacs session. |
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449 @end defvar |
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450 |
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451 @defvar vector-cells-consed |
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452 The total number of vector cells that have been allocated so far |
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453 in this Emacs session. |
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454 @end defvar |
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455 |
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456 @defvar symbols-consed |
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457 The total number of symbols that have been allocated so far |
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458 in this Emacs session. |
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459 @end defvar |
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460 |
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461 @defvar string-chars-consed |
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462 The total number of string characters that have been allocated so far |
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463 in this Emacs session. |
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464 @end defvar |
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465 |
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466 @defvar misc-objects-consed |
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467 The total number of miscellaneous objects that have been allocated so |
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468 far in this Emacs session. These include markers and overlays, plus |
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469 certain objects not visible to users. |
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470 @end defvar |
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471 |
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472 @defvar intervals-consed |
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473 The total number of intervals that have been allocated so far |
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474 in this Emacs session. |
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475 @end defvar |
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476 |
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477 @defvar strings-consed |
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478 The total number of strings that have been allocated so far in this |
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479 Emacs session. |
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480 @end defvar |
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481 |
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482 @node Writing Emacs Primitives |
6451 | 483 @appendixsec Writing Emacs Primitives |
484 @cindex primitive function internals | |
485 | |
486 Lisp primitives are Lisp functions implemented in C. The details of | |
487 interfacing the C function so that Lisp can call it are handled by a few | |
488 C macros. The only way to really understand how to write new C code is | |
489 to read the source, but we can explain some things here. | |
490 | |
491 An example of a special form is the definition of @code{or}, from | |
492 @file{eval.c}. (An ordinary function would have the same general | |
493 appearance.) | |
494 | |
495 @cindex garbage collection protection | |
496 @smallexample | |
497 @group | |
498 DEFUN ("or", For, Sor, 0, UNEVALLED, 0, | |
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499 doc: /* Eval args until one of them yields non-nil, then return that value. |
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500 The remaining args are not evalled at all. |
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501 If all args return nil, return nil. |
6451 | 502 @end group |
503 @group | |
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504 usage: (or CONDITIONS ...) */) |
6451 | 505 (args) |
506 Lisp_Object args; | |
507 @{ | |
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508 register Lisp_Object val = Qnil; |
6451 | 509 struct gcpro gcpro1; |
510 @end group | |
511 | |
512 @group | |
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513 GCPRO1 (args); |
6451 | 514 @end group |
515 | |
516 @group | |
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517 while (CONSP (args)) |
6451 | 518 @{ |
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519 val = Feval (XCAR (args)); |
26165 | 520 if (!NILP (val)) |
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521 break; |
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522 args = XCDR (args); |
6451 | 523 @} |
524 @end group | |
525 | |
526 @group | |
527 UNGCPRO; | |
528 return val; | |
529 @} | |
530 @end group | |
531 @end smallexample | |
532 | |
533 Let's start with a precise explanation of the arguments to the | |
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534 @code{DEFUN} macro. Here is a template for them: |
6451 | 535 |
536 @example | |
537 DEFUN (@var{lname}, @var{fname}, @var{sname}, @var{min}, @var{max}, @var{interactive}, @var{doc}) | |
538 @end example | |
539 | |
540 @table @var | |
541 @item lname | |
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542 This is the name of the Lisp symbol to define as the function name; in |
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543 the example above, it is @code{or}. |
6451 | 544 |
545 @item fname | |
546 This is the C function name for this function. This is | |
547 the name that is used in C code for calling the function. The name is, | |
548 by convention, @samp{F} prepended to the Lisp name, with all dashes | |
549 (@samp{-}) in the Lisp name changed to underscores. Thus, to call this | |
550 function from C code, call @code{For}. Remember that the arguments must | |
551 be of type @code{Lisp_Object}; various macros and functions for creating | |
552 values of type @code{Lisp_Object} are declared in the file | |
553 @file{lisp.h}. | |
554 | |
555 @item sname | |
556 This is a C variable name to use for a structure that holds the data for | |
557 the subr object that represents the function in Lisp. This structure | |
558 conveys the Lisp symbol name to the initialization routine that will | |
559 create the symbol and store the subr object as its definition. By | |
560 convention, this name is always @var{fname} with @samp{F} replaced with | |
561 @samp{S}. | |
562 | |
563 @item min | |
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564 This is the minimum number of arguments that the function requires. The |
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565 function @code{or} allows a minimum of zero arguments. |
6451 | 566 |
567 @item max | |
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568 This is the maximum number of arguments that the function accepts, if |
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569 there is a fixed maximum. Alternatively, it can be @code{UNEVALLED}, |
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570 indicating a special form that receives unevaluated arguments, or |
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571 @code{MANY}, indicating an unlimited number of evaluated arguments (the |
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572 equivalent of @code{&rest}). Both @code{UNEVALLED} and @code{MANY} are |
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573 macros. If @var{max} is a number, it may not be less than @var{min} and |
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574 it may not be greater than eight. |
6451 | 575 |
576 @item interactive | |
577 This is an interactive specification, a string such as might be used as | |
578 the argument of @code{interactive} in a Lisp function. In the case of | |
579 @code{or}, it is 0 (a null pointer), indicating that @code{or} cannot be | |
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580 called interactively. A value of @code{""} indicates a function that |
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581 should receive no arguments when called interactively. |
6451 | 582 |
583 @item doc | |
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584 This is the documentation string. It uses C comment syntax rather |
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585 than C string syntax because comment syntax requires nothing special |
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586 to include multiple lines. The @samp{doc:} identifies the comment |
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587 that follows as the documentation string. The @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} |
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588 delimiters that begin and end the comment are not part of the |
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589 documentation string. |
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590 |
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591 If the last line of the documentation string begins with the keyword |
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592 @samp{usage:}, the rest of the line is treated as the argument list |
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593 for documentation purposes. This way, you can use different argument |
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594 names in the documentation string from the ones used in the C code. |
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595 @samp{usage:} is required if the function has an unlimited number of |
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596 arguments. |
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597 |
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598 All the usual rules for documentation strings in Lisp code |
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599 (@pxref{Documentation Tips}) apply to C code documentation strings |
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600 too. |
6451 | 601 @end table |
602 | |
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603 After the call to the @code{DEFUN} macro, you must write the argument |
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604 name list that every C function must have, followed by ordinary C |
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605 declarations for the arguments. For a function with a fixed maximum |
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606 number of arguments, declare a C argument for each Lisp argument, and |
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607 give them all type @code{Lisp_Object}. When a Lisp function has no |
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608 upper limit on the number of arguments, its implementation in C actually |
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609 receives exactly two arguments: the first is the number of Lisp |
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610 arguments, and the second is the address of a block containing their |
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611 values. They have types @code{int} and @w{@code{Lisp_Object *}}. |
6451 | 612 |
613 Within the function @code{For} itself, note the use of the macros | |
614 @code{GCPRO1} and @code{UNGCPRO}. @code{GCPRO1} is used to ``protect'' | |
615 a variable from garbage collection---to inform the garbage collector that | |
616 it must look in that variable and regard its contents as an accessible | |
617 object. This is necessary whenever you call @code{Feval} or anything | |
618 that can directly or indirectly call @code{Feval}. At such a time, any | |
619 Lisp object that you intend to refer to again must be protected somehow. | |
620 @code{UNGCPRO} cancels the protection of the variables that are | |
621 protected in the current function. It is necessary to do this explicitly. | |
622 | |
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623 It suffices to ensure that at least one pointer to each object is |
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624 GC-protected; as long as the object is not recycled, all pointers to |
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625 it remain valid. So if you are sure that a local variable points to |
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626 an object that will be preserved by some other pointer, that local |
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627 variable does not need a @code{GCPRO}. (Formerly, strings were an |
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628 exception to this rule; in older Emacs versions, every pointer to a |
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629 string needed to be marked by GC.) |
6451 | 630 |
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631 The macro @code{GCPRO1} protects just one local variable. If you |
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632 want to protect two, use @code{GCPRO2} instead; repeating |
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633 @code{GCPRO1} will not work. Macros, @code{GCPRO3}, @code{GCPRO4}, |
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634 @code{GCPRO5}, and @code{GCPRO6} also exist. These macros implicitly |
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635 use local variables such as @code{gcpro1}; you must declare these |
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636 explicitly, with type @code{struct gcpro}. Thus, if you use |
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637 @code{GCPRO2}, you must declare @code{gcpro1} and @code{gcpro2}. |
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638 Alas, we can't explain all the tricky details here. |
6451 | 639 |
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640 Built-in functions that take a variable number of arguments actually |
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641 accept two arguments at the C level: the number of Lisp arguments, and |
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642 a @code{Lisp_Object *} pointer to a C vector containing those Lisp |
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643 arguments. This C vector may be part of a Lisp vector, but it need |
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644 not be. The responsibility for using @code{GCPRO} to protect the Lisp |
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645 arguments from GC if necessary rests with the caller in this case, |
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646 since the caller allocated or found the storage for them. |
6451 | 647 |
10487 | 648 You must not use C initializers for static or global variables unless |
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649 the variables are never written once Emacs is dumped. These variables |
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650 with initializers are allocated in an area of memory that becomes |
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651 read-only (on certain operating systems) as a result of dumping Emacs. |
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652 @xref{Pure Storage}. |
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653 |
10487 | 654 Do not use static variables within functions---place all static |
655 variables at top level in the file. This is necessary because Emacs on | |
656 some operating systems defines the keyword @code{static} as a null | |
657 macro. (This definition is used because those systems put all variables | |
658 declared static in a place that becomes read-only after dumping, whether | |
659 they have initializers or not.) | |
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660 |
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661 Defining the C function is not enough to make a Lisp primitive |
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662 available; you must also create the Lisp symbol for the primitive and |
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663 store a suitable subr object in its function cell. The code looks like |
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664 this: |
6451 | 665 |
666 @example | |
667 defsubr (&@var{subr-structure-name}); | |
668 @end example | |
669 | |
670 @noindent | |
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671 Here @var{subr-structure-name} is the name you used as the third |
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672 argument to @code{DEFUN}. |
6451 | 673 |
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674 If you add a new primitive to a file that already has Lisp primitives |
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675 defined in it, find the function (near the end of the file) named |
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676 @code{syms_of_@var{something}}, and add the call to @code{defsubr} |
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677 there. If the file doesn't have this function, or if you create a new |
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678 file, add to it a @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} (e.g., |
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679 @code{syms_of_myfile}). Then find the spot in @file{emacs.c} where all |
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680 of these functions are called, and add a call to |
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681 @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} there. |
6451 | 682 |
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683 @anchor{Defining Lisp variables in C} |
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684 @vindex byte-boolean-vars |
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685 The function @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} is also the place to define |
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686 any C variables that are to be visible as Lisp variables. |
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687 @code{DEFVAR_LISP} makes a C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object} visible |
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688 in Lisp. @code{DEFVAR_INT} makes a C variable of type @code{int} |
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689 visible in Lisp with a value that is always an integer. |
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690 @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} makes a C variable of type @code{int} visible in Lisp |
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691 with a value that is either @code{t} or @code{nil}. Note that variables |
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692 defined with @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} are automatically added to the list |
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693 @code{byte-boolean-vars} used by the byte compiler. |
6451 | 694 |
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695 If you define a file-scope C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object}, |
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696 you must protect it from garbage-collection by calling @code{staticpro} |
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697 in @code{syms_of_@var{filename}}, like this: |
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698 |
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699 @example |
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700 staticpro (&@var{variable}); |
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701 @end example |
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702 |
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703 Here is another example function, with more complicated arguments. |
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704 This comes from the code in @file{window.c}, and it demonstrates the use |
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705 of macros and functions to manipulate Lisp objects. |
6451 | 706 |
707 @smallexample | |
708 @group | |
709 DEFUN ("coordinates-in-window-p", Fcoordinates_in_window_p, | |
710 Scoordinates_in_window_p, 2, 2, | |
711 "xSpecify coordinate pair: \nXExpression which evals to window: ", | |
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712 "Return non-nil if COORDINATES is in WINDOW.\n\ |
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713 COORDINATES is a cons of the form (X . Y), X and Y being distances\n\ |
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714 ... |
6451 | 715 @end group |
716 @group | |
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717 If they are on the border between WINDOW and its right sibling,\n\ |
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718 `vertical-line' is returned.") |
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719 (coordinates, window) |
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720 register Lisp_Object coordinates, window; |
6451 | 721 @{ |
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722 int x, y; |
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723 @end group |
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724 |
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725 @group |
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726 CHECK_LIVE_WINDOW (window, 0); |
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727 CHECK_CONS (coordinates, 1); |
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728 x = XINT (Fcar (coordinates)); |
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729 y = XINT (Fcdr (coordinates)); |
6451 | 730 @end group |
731 | |
732 @group | |
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733 switch (coordinates_in_window (XWINDOW (window), &x, &y)) |
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734 @{ |
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735 case 0: /* NOT in window at all. */ |
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736 return Qnil; |
6451 | 737 @end group |
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738 |
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739 @group |
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740 case 1: /* In text part of window. */ |
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741 return Fcons (make_number (x), make_number (y)); |
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742 @end group |
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743 |
6451 | 744 @group |
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745 case 2: /* In mode line of window. */ |
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746 return Qmode_line; |
6451 | 747 @end group |
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748 |
6451 | 749 @group |
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750 case 3: /* On right border of window. */ |
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751 return Qvertical_line; |
6451 | 752 @end group |
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753 |
6451 | 754 @group |
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755 default: |
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756 abort (); |
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757 @} |
6451 | 758 @} |
759 @end group | |
760 @end smallexample | |
761 | |
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762 Note that C code cannot call functions by name unless they are defined |
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763 in C. The way to call a function written in Lisp is to use |
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764 @code{Ffuncall}, which embodies the Lisp function @code{funcall}. Since |
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765 the Lisp function @code{funcall} accepts an unlimited number of |
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766 arguments, in C it takes two: the number of Lisp-level arguments, and a |
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767 one-dimensional array containing their values. The first Lisp-level |
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768 argument is the Lisp function to call, and the rest are the arguments to |
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769 pass to it. Since @code{Ffuncall} can call the evaluator, you must |
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770 protect pointers from garbage collection around the call to |
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771 @code{Ffuncall}. |
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772 |
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773 The C functions @code{call0}, @code{call1}, @code{call2}, and so on, |
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774 provide handy ways to call a Lisp function conveniently with a fixed |
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775 number of arguments. They work by calling @code{Ffuncall}. |
6451 | 776 |
777 @file{eval.c} is a very good file to look through for examples; | |
778 @file{lisp.h} contains the definitions for some important macros and | |
779 functions. | |
780 | |
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781 If you define a function which is side-effect free, update the code |
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782 in @file{byte-opt.el} which binds @code{side-effect-free-fns} and |
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783 @code{side-effect-and-error-free-fns} so that the compiler optimizer |
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784 knows about it. |
25751
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785 |
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786 @node Object Internals |
6451 | 787 @appendixsec Object Internals |
788 @cindex object internals | |
789 | |
790 GNU Emacs Lisp manipulates many different types of data. The actual | |
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791 data are stored in a heap and the only access that programs have to it |
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792 is through pointers. Pointers are thirty-two bits wide in most |
6451 | 793 implementations. Depending on the operating system and type of machine |
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794 for which you compile Emacs, twenty-nine bits are used to address the |
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795 object, and the remaining three bits are used for the tag that |
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796 identifies the object's type. |
6451 | 797 |
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798 Because Lisp objects are represented as tagged pointers, it is always |
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799 possible to determine the Lisp data type of any object. The C data type |
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800 @code{Lisp_Object} can hold any Lisp object of any data type. Ordinary |
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801 variables have type @code{Lisp_Object}, which means they can hold any |
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802 type of Lisp value; you can determine the actual data type only at run |
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803 time. The same is true for function arguments; if you want a function |
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804 to accept only a certain type of argument, you must check the type |
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805 explicitly using a suitable predicate (@pxref{Type Predicates}). |
6451 | 806 @cindex type checking internals |
807 | |
808 @menu | |
809 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
810 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
811 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
812 @end menu | |
813 | |
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814 @node Buffer Internals |
6451 | 815 @appendixsubsec Buffer Internals |
816 @cindex internals, of buffer | |
817 @cindex buffer internals | |
818 | |
819 Buffers contain fields not directly accessible by the Lisp programmer. | |
820 We describe them here, naming them by the names used in the C code. | |
821 Many are accessible indirectly in Lisp programs via Lisp primitives. | |
822 | |
26165 | 823 Two structures are used to represent buffers in C. The |
824 @code{buffer_text} structure contains fields describing the text of a | |
825 buffer; the @code{buffer} structure holds other fields. In the case | |
826 of indirect buffers, two or more @code{buffer} structures reference | |
827 the same @code{buffer_text} structure. | |
828 | |
829 Here is a list of the @code{struct buffer_text} fields: | |
830 | |
6451 | 831 @table @code |
26165 | 832 @item beg |
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833 This field contains the actual address of the buffer contents. |
26165 | 834 |
33340 | 835 @item gpt |
26165 | 836 This holds the character position of the gap in the buffer. |
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837 @xref{Buffer Gap}. |
26165 | 838 |
839 @item z | |
840 This field contains the character position of the end of the buffer | |
841 text. | |
842 | |
843 @item gpt_byte | |
844 Contains the byte position of the gap. | |
845 | |
846 @item z_byte | |
847 Holds the byte position of the end of the buffer text. | |
848 | |
849 @item gap_size | |
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850 Contains the size of buffer's gap. @xref{Buffer Gap}. |
26165 | 851 |
852 @item modiff | |
853 This field counts buffer-modification events for this buffer. It is | |
854 incremented for each such event, and never otherwise changed. | |
855 | |
856 @item save_modiff | |
857 Contains the previous value of @code{modiff}, as of the last time a | |
858 buffer was visited or saved in a file. | |
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859 |
26165 | 860 @item overlay_modiff |
861 Counts modifications to overlays analogous to @code{modiff}. | |
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862 |
26165 | 863 @item beg_unchanged |
864 Holds the number of characters at the start of the text that are known | |
865 to be unchanged since the last redisplay that finished. | |
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866 |
26165 | 867 @item end_unchanged |
868 Holds the number of characters at the end of the text that are known to | |
869 be unchanged since the last redisplay that finished. | |
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870 |
26165 | 871 @item unchanged_modified |
872 Contains the value of @code{modiff} at the time of the last redisplay | |
873 that finished. If this value matches @code{modiff}, | |
874 @code{beg_unchanged} and @code{end_unchanged} contain no useful | |
875 information. | |
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876 |
26165 | 877 @item overlay_unchanged_modified |
878 Contains the value of @code{overlay_modiff} at the time of the last | |
879 redisplay that finished. If this value matches @code{overlay_modiff}, | |
880 @code{beg_unchanged} and @code{end_unchanged} contain no useful | |
881 information. | |
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882 |
26165 | 883 @item markers |
884 The markers that refer to this buffer. This is actually a single | |
885 marker, and successive elements in its marker @code{chain} are the other | |
886 markers referring to this buffer text. | |
6451 | 887 |
26165 | 888 @item intervals |
889 Contains the interval tree which records the text properties of this | |
890 buffer. | |
891 @end table | |
892 | |
893 The fields of @code{struct buffer} are: | |
894 | |
895 @table @code | |
896 @item next | |
897 Points to the next buffer, in the chain of all buffers including killed | |
898 buffers. This chain is used only for garbage collection, in order to | |
899 collect killed buffers properly. Note that vectors, and most kinds of | |
900 objects allocated as vectors, are all on one chain, but buffers are on a | |
901 separate chain of their own. | |
902 | |
903 @item own_text | |
904 This is a @code{struct buffer_text} structure. In an ordinary buffer, | |
905 it holds the buffer contents. In indirect buffers, this field is not | |
906 used. | |
907 | |
908 @item text | |
909 This points to the @code{buffer_text} structure that is used for this | |
910 buffer. In an ordinary buffer, this is the @code{own_text} field above. | |
911 In an indirect buffer, this is the @code{own_text} field of the base | |
912 buffer. | |
913 | |
914 @item pt | |
915 Contains the character position of point in a buffer. | |
916 | |
917 @item pt_byte | |
918 Contains the byte position of point in a buffer. | |
919 | |
920 @item begv | |
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921 This field contains the character position of the beginning of the |
26165 | 922 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
923 | |
924 @item begv_byte | |
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925 This field contains the byte position of the beginning of the |
26165 | 926 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
927 | |
928 @item zv | |
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929 This field contains the character position of the end of the |
26165 | 930 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
931 | |
932 @item zv_byte | |
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933 This field contains the byte position of the end of the |
26165 | 934 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
935 | |
936 @item base_buffer | |
937 In an indirect buffer, this points to the base buffer. In an ordinary | |
938 buffer, it is null. | |
939 | |
940 @item local_var_flags | |
941 This field contains flags indicating that certain variables are local in | |
942 this buffer. Such variables are declared in the C code using | |
943 @code{DEFVAR_PER_BUFFER}, and their buffer-local bindings are stored in | |
944 fields in the buffer structure itself. (Some of these fields are | |
945 described in this table.) | |
6451 | 946 |
947 @item modtime | |
948 This field contains the modification time of the visited file. It is | |
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949 set when the file is written or read. Before writing the buffer into a |
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950 file, this field is compared to the modification time of the file to see |
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951 if the file has changed on disk. @xref{Buffer Modification}. |
6451 | 952 |
953 @item auto_save_modified | |
954 This field contains the time when the buffer was last auto-saved. | |
955 | |
26165 | 956 @item auto_save_failure_time |
957 The time at which we detected a failure to auto-save, or -1 if we didn't | |
958 have a failure. | |
959 | |
6451 | 960 @item last_window_start |
961 This field contains the @code{window-start} position in the buffer as of | |
962 the last time the buffer was displayed in a window. | |
963 | |
26165 | 964 @item clip_changed |
965 This flag is set when narrowing changes in a buffer. | |
966 | |
967 @item prevent_redisplay_optimizations_p | |
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968 this flag indicates that redisplay optimizations should not be used |
26165 | 969 to display this buffer. |
970 | |
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971 @item undo_list |
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972 This field points to the buffer's undo list. @xref{Undo}. |
6451 | 973 |
26165 | 974 @item name |
975 The buffer name is a string that names the buffer. It is guaranteed to | |
976 be unique. @xref{Buffer Names}. | |
977 | |
978 @item filename | |
979 The name of the file visited in this buffer, or @code{nil}. | |
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980 |
26165 | 981 @item directory |
982 The directory for expanding relative file names. | |
983 | |
984 @item save_length | |
985 Length of the file this buffer is visiting, when last read or saved. | |
986 This and other fields concerned with saving are not kept in the | |
987 @code{buffer_text} structure because indirect buffers are never saved. | |
988 | |
989 @item auto_save_file_name | |
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990 File name used for auto-saving this buffer. This is not in the |
26165 | 991 @code{buffer_text} because it's not used in indirect buffers at all. |
992 | |
993 @item read_only | |
994 Non-@code{nil} means this buffer is read-only. | |
995 | |
996 @item mark | |
997 This field contains the mark for the buffer. The mark is a marker, | |
998 hence it is also included on the list @code{markers}. @xref{The Mark}. | |
999 | |
1000 @item local_var_alist | |
1001 This field contains the association list describing the buffer-local | |
1002 variable bindings of this buffer, not including the built-in | |
1003 buffer-local bindings that have special slots in the buffer object. | |
1004 (Those slots are omitted from this table.) @xref{Buffer-Local | |
1005 Variables}. | |
1006 | |
1007 @item major_mode | |
1008 Symbol naming the major mode of this buffer, e.g., @code{lisp-mode}. | |
1009 | |
1010 @item mode_name | |
1011 Pretty name of major mode, e.g., @code{"Lisp"}. | |
1012 | |
1013 @item mode_line_format | |
1014 Mode line element that controls the format of the mode line. If this | |
1015 is @code{nil}, no mode line will be displayed. | |
1016 | |
1017 @item header_line_format | |
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1018 This field is analoguous to @code{mode_line_format} for the mode |
26165 | 1019 line displayed at the top of windows. |
1020 | |
1021 @item keymap | |
1022 This field holds the buffer's local keymap. @xref{Keymaps}. | |
1023 | |
1024 @item abbrev_table | |
1025 This buffer's local abbrevs. | |
1026 | |
1027 @item syntax_table | |
6451 | 1028 This field contains the syntax table for the buffer. @xref{Syntax Tables}. |
1029 | |
26165 | 1030 @item category_table |
1031 This field contains the category table for the buffer. | |
1032 | |
1033 @item case_fold_search | |
1034 The value of @code{case-fold-search} in this buffer. | |
1035 | |
1036 @item tab_width | |
1037 The value of @code{tab-width} in this buffer. | |
1038 | |
1039 @item fill_column | |
1040 The value of @code{fill-column} in this buffer. | |
1041 | |
1042 @item left_margin | |
1043 The value of @code{left-margin} in this buffer. | |
1044 | |
1045 @item auto_fill_function | |
1046 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} in this buffer. | |
1047 | |
6451 | 1048 @item downcase_table |
1049 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to lower case. | |
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1050 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1051 |
1052 @item upcase_table | |
1053 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to upper case. | |
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1054 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1055 |
1056 @item case_canon_table | |
1057 This field contains the conversion table for canonicalizing text for | |
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1058 case-folding search. @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1059 |
1060 @item case_eqv_table | |
1061 This field contains the equivalence table for case-folding search. | |
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1062 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1063 |
26165 | 1064 @item truncate_lines |
1065 The value of @code{truncate-lines} in this buffer. | |
1066 | |
1067 @item ctl_arrow | |
1068 The value of @code{ctl-arrow} in this buffer. | |
1069 | |
1070 @item selective_display | |
1071 The value of @code{selective-display} in this buffer. | |
1072 | |
1073 @item selective_display_ellipsis | |
1074 The value of @code{selective-display-ellipsis} in this buffer. | |
1075 | |
1076 @item minor_modes | |
1077 An alist of the minor modes of this buffer. | |
1078 | |
1079 @item overwrite_mode | |
1080 The value of @code{overwrite_mode} in this buffer. | |
1081 | |
1082 @item abbrev_mode | |
1083 The value of @code{abbrev-mode} in this buffer. | |
1084 | |
6451 | 1085 @item display_table |
1086 This field contains the buffer's display table, or @code{nil} if it doesn't | |
1087 have one. @xref{Display Tables}. | |
1088 | |
26165 | 1089 @item save_modified |
1090 This field contains the time when the buffer was last saved, as an integer. | |
1091 @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
6451 | 1092 |
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1093 @item mark_active |
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1094 This field is non-@code{nil} if the buffer's mark is active. |
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1095 |
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1096 @item overlays_before |
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1097 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end at or |
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1098 before the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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1099 decreasing end position. |
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1100 |
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1101 @item overlays_after |
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1102 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end after |
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1103 the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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1104 increasing beginning position. |
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1105 |
26165 | 1106 @item overlay_center |
1107 This field holds the current overlay center position. @xref{Overlays}. | |
1108 | |
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1109 @item enable_multibyte_characters |
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1110 This field holds the buffer's local value of |
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1111 @code{enable-multibyte-characters}---either @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
26165 | 1112 |
1113 @item buffer_file_coding_system | |
1114 The value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} in this buffer. | |
1115 | |
1116 @item file_format | |
1117 The value of @code{buffer-file-format} in this buffer. | |
1118 | |
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1119 @item auto_save_file_format |
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1120 The value of @code{buffer-auto-save-file-format} in this buffer. |
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1121 |
26165 | 1122 @item pt_marker |
1123 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1124 buffer, this holds a marker that records point for this buffer when the | |
1125 buffer is not current. | |
1126 | |
1127 @item begv_marker | |
1128 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1129 buffer, this holds a marker that records @code{begv} for this buffer | |
1130 when the buffer is not current. | |
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1131 |
26165 | 1132 @item zv_marker |
1133 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1134 buffer, this holds a marker that records @code{zv} for this buffer when | |
1135 the buffer is not current. | |
1136 | |
1137 @item file_truename | |
1138 The truename of the visited file, or @code{nil}. | |
1139 | |
1140 @item invisibility_spec | |
1141 The value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} in this buffer. | |
1142 | |
1143 @item last_selected_window | |
1144 This is the last window that was selected with this buffer in it, or @code{nil} | |
1145 if that window no longer displays this buffer. | |
1146 | |
1147 @item display_count | |
1148 This field is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. | |
1149 | |
1150 @item left_margin_width | |
1151 The value of @code{left-margin-width} in this buffer. | |
1152 | |
1153 @item right_margin_width | |
1154 The value of @code{right-margin-width} in this buffer. | |
1155 | |
1156 @item indicate_empty_lines | |
1157 Non-@code{nil} means indicate empty lines (lines with no text) with a | |
1158 small bitmap in the fringe, when using a window system that can do it. | |
1159 | |
1160 @item display_time | |
1161 This holds a time stamp that is updated each time this buffer is | |
1162 displayed in a window. | |
1163 | |
1164 @item scroll_up_aggressively | |
1165 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} in this buffer. | |
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1166 |
26165 | 1167 @item scroll_down_aggressively |
1168 The value of @code{scroll-down-aggressively} in this buffer. | |
6451 | 1169 @end table |
1170 | |
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1171 @node Window Internals |
6451 | 1172 @appendixsubsec Window Internals |
1173 @cindex internals, of window | |
1174 @cindex window internals | |
1175 | |
1176 Windows have the following accessible fields: | |
1177 | |
1178 @table @code | |
1179 @item frame | |
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1180 The frame that this window is on. |
6451 | 1181 |
1182 @item mini_p | |
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1183 Non-@code{nil} if this window is a minibuffer window. |
6451 | 1184 |
26165 | 1185 @item parent |
1186 Internally, Emacs arranges windows in a tree; each group of siblings has | |
1187 a parent window whose area includes all the siblings. This field points | |
1188 to a window's parent. | |
6451 | 1189 |
26165 | 1190 Parent windows do not display buffers, and play little role in display |
1191 except to shape their child windows. Emacs Lisp programs usually have | |
1192 no access to the parent windows; they operate on the windows at the | |
1193 leaves of the tree, which actually display buffers. | |
6451 | 1194 |
26165 | 1195 The following four fields also describe the window tree structure. |
6451 | 1196 |
26165 | 1197 @item hchild |
1198 In a window subdivided horizontally by child windows, the leftmost child. | |
1199 Otherwise, @code{nil}. | |
1200 | |
1201 @item vchild | |
1202 In a window subdivided vertically by child windows, the topmost child. | |
1203 Otherwise, @code{nil}. | |
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1204 |
26165 | 1205 @item next |
1206 The next sibling of this window. It is @code{nil} in a window that is | |
1207 the rightmost or bottommost of a group of siblings. | |
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1208 |
26165 | 1209 @item prev |
1210 The previous sibling of this window. It is @code{nil} in a window that | |
1211 is the leftmost or topmost of a group of siblings. | |
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1212 |
6451 | 1213 @item left |
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1214 This is the left-hand edge of the window, measured in columns. (The |
6451 | 1215 leftmost column on the screen is @w{column 0}.) |
1216 | |
1217 @item top | |
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1218 This is the top edge of the window, measured in lines. (The top line on |
6451 | 1219 the screen is @w{line 0}.) |
1220 | |
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1221 @item height |
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1222 The height of the window, measured in lines. |
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1223 |
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1224 @item width |
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1225 The width of the window, measured in columns. This width includes the |
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1226 scroll bar and fringes, and/or the separator line on the right of the |
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1227 window (if any). |
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1228 |
26165 | 1229 @item buffer |
1230 The buffer that the window is displaying. This may change often during | |
1231 the life of the window. | |
1232 | |
1233 @item start | |
1234 The position in the buffer that is the first character to be displayed | |
1235 in the window. | |
1236 | |
1237 @item pointm | |
1238 @cindex window point internals | |
1239 This is the value of point in the current buffer when this window is | |
1240 selected; when it is not selected, it retains its previous value. | |
1241 | |
1242 @item force_start | |
1243 If this flag is non-@code{nil}, it says that the window has been | |
1244 scrolled explicitly by the Lisp program. This affects what the next | |
1245 redisplay does if point is off the screen: instead of scrolling the | |
1246 window to show the text around point, it moves point to a location that | |
1247 is on the screen. | |
1248 | |
1249 @item frozen_window_start_p | |
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1250 This field is set temporarily to 1 to indicate to redisplay that |
26165 | 1251 @code{start} of this window should not be changed, even if point |
1252 gets invisible. | |
6451 | 1253 |
26165 | 1254 @item start_at_line_beg |
1255 Non-@code{nil} means current value of @code{start} was the beginning of a line | |
1256 when it was chosen. | |
1257 | |
1258 @item too_small_ok | |
1259 Non-@code{nil} means don't delete this window for becoming ``too small''. | |
1260 | |
1261 @item height_fixed_p | |
1262 This field is temporarily set to 1 to fix the height of the selected | |
1263 window when the echo area is resized. | |
1264 | |
1265 @item use_time | |
1266 This is the last time that the window was selected. The function | |
1267 @code{get-lru-window} uses this field. | |
1268 | |
1269 @item sequence_number | |
1270 A unique number assigned to this window when it was created. | |
1271 | |
1272 @item last_modified | |
1273 The @code{modiff} field of the window's buffer, as of the last time | |
1274 a redisplay completed in this window. | |
1275 | |
1276 @item last_overlay_modified | |
1277 The @code{overlay_modiff} field of the window's buffer, as of the last | |
1278 time a redisplay completed in this window. | |
1279 | |
1280 @item last_point | |
1281 The buffer's value of point, as of the last time a redisplay completed | |
1282 in this window. | |
1283 | |
1284 @item last_had_star | |
1285 A non-@code{nil} value means the window's buffer was ``modified'' when the | |
1286 window was last updated. | |
1287 | |
1288 @item vertical_scroll_bar | |
1289 This window's vertical scroll bar. | |
6451 | 1290 |
26165 | 1291 @item left_margin_width |
1292 The width of the left margin in this window, or @code{nil} not to | |
1293 specify it (in which case the buffer's value of @code{left-margin-width} | |
1294 is used. | |
1295 | |
1296 @item right_margin_width | |
1297 Likewise for the right margin. | |
1298 | |
26783 | 1299 @ignore |
26165 | 1300 @item last_mark_x |
1301 @item last_mark_y | |
1302 ???Not used. | |
1303 @end ignore | |
1304 | |
1305 @item window_end_pos | |
1306 This is computed as @code{z} minus the buffer position of the last glyph | |
1307 in the current matrix of the window. The value is only valid if | |
1308 @code{window_end_valid} is not @code{nil}. | |
1309 | |
1310 @item window_end_bytepos | |
1311 The byte position corresponding to @code{window_end_pos}. | |
1312 | |
1313 @item window_end_vpos | |
1314 The window-relative vertical position of the line containing | |
1315 @code{window_end_pos}. | |
1316 | |
1317 @item window_end_valid | |
1318 This field is set to a non-@code{nil} value if @code{window_end_pos} is truly | |
1319 valid. This is @code{nil} if nontrivial redisplay is preempted since in that | |
1320 case the display that @code{window_end_pos} was computed for did not get | |
1321 onto the screen. | |
1322 | |
1323 @item redisplay_end_trigger | |
1324 If redisplay in this window goes beyond this buffer position, it runs | |
54041 | 1325 the @code{redisplay-end-trigger-hook}. |
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1326 |
26783 | 1327 @ignore |
26165 | 1328 @item orig_height |
1329 @item orig_top | |
1330 ??? Are temporary storage areas. | |
1331 @end ignore | |
1332 | |
1333 @item cursor | |
1334 A structure describing where the cursor is in this window. | |
1335 | |
1336 @item last_cursor | |
1337 The value of @code{cursor} as of the last redisplay that finished. | |
1338 | |
1339 @item phys_cursor | |
1340 A structure describing where the cursor of this window physically is. | |
1341 | |
1342 @item phys_cursor_type | |
1343 The type of cursor that was last displayed on this window. | |
6451 | 1344 |
26165 | 1345 @item phys_cursor_on_p |
1346 This field is non-zero if the cursor is physically on. | |
1347 | |
1348 @item cursor_off_p | |
1349 Non-zero means the cursor in this window is logically on. | |
1350 | |
1351 @item last_cursor_off_p | |
1352 This field contains the value of @code{cursor_off_p} as of the time of | |
1353 the last redisplay. | |
1354 | |
1355 @item must_be_updated_p | |
1356 This is set to 1 during redisplay when this window must be updated. | |
1357 | |
6451 | 1358 @item hscroll |
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1359 This is the number of columns that the display in the window is scrolled |
6451 | 1360 horizontally to the left. Normally, this is 0. |
1361 | |
26165 | 1362 @item vscroll |
1363 Vertical scroll amount, in pixels. Normally, this is 0. | |
1364 | |
1365 @item dedicated | |
1366 Non-@code{nil} if this window is dedicated to its buffer. | |
6451 | 1367 |
1368 @item display_table | |
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1369 The window's display table, or @code{nil} if none is specified for it. |
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1370 |
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1371 @item update_mode_line |
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1372 Non-@code{nil} means this window's mode line needs to be updated. |
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1373 |
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1374 @item base_line_number |
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1375 The line number of a certain position in the buffer, or @code{nil}. |
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1376 This is used for displaying the line number of point in the mode line. |
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1377 |
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1378 @item base_line_pos |
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1379 The position in the buffer for which the line number is known, or |
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1380 @code{nil} meaning none is known. |
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1381 |
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1382 @item region_showing |
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1383 If the region (or part of it) is highlighted in this window, this field |
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1384 holds the mark position that made one end of that region. Otherwise, |
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1385 this field is @code{nil}. |
26165 | 1386 |
1387 @item column_number_displayed | |
1388 The column number currently displayed in this window's mode line, or @code{nil} | |
1389 if column numbers are not being displayed. | |
1390 | |
1391 @item current_matrix | |
1392 A glyph matrix describing the current display of this window. | |
1393 | |
1394 @item desired_matrix | |
1395 A glyph matrix describing the desired display of this window. | |
6451 | 1396 @end table |
1397 | |
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1398 @node Process Internals |
6451 | 1399 @appendixsubsec Process Internals |
1400 @cindex internals, of process | |
1401 @cindex process internals | |
1402 | |
1403 The fields of a process are: | |
1404 | |
1405 @table @code | |
1406 @item name | |
1407 A string, the name of the process. | |
1408 | |
1409 @item command | |
1410 A list containing the command arguments that were used to start this | |
1411 process. | |
1412 | |
1413 @item filter | |
1414 A function used to accept output from the process instead of a buffer, | |
1415 or @code{nil}. | |
1416 | |
1417 @item sentinel | |
1418 A function called whenever the process receives a signal, or @code{nil}. | |
1419 | |
1420 @item buffer | |
1421 The associated buffer of the process. | |
1422 | |
1423 @item pid | |
54041 | 1424 An integer, the operating system's process @acronym{ID}. |
6451 | 1425 |
1426 @item childp | |
1427 A flag, non-@code{nil} if this is really a child process. | |
1428 It is @code{nil} for a network connection. | |
1429 | |
1430 @item mark | |
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1431 A marker indicating the position of the end of the last output from this |
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1432 process inserted into the buffer. This is often but not always the end |
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1433 of the buffer. |
6451 | 1434 |
1435 @item kill_without_query | |
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1436 If this is non-@code{nil}, killing Emacs while this process is still |
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1437 running does not ask for confirmation about killing the process. |
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1438 |
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1439 @item raw_status_low |
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1440 @itemx raw_status_high |
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1441 These two fields record 16 bits each of the process status returned by |
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1442 the @code{wait} system call. |
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1443 |
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1444 @item status |
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1445 The process status, as @code{process-status} should return it. |
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1446 |
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1447 @item tick |
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1448 @itemx update_tick |
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1449 If these two fields are not equal, a change in the status of the process |
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1450 needs to be reported, either by running the sentinel or by inserting a |
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1451 message in the process buffer. |
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1452 |
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1453 @item pty_flag |
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1454 Non-@code{nil} if communication with the subprocess uses a @acronym{PTY}; |
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1455 @code{nil} if it uses a pipe. |
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1456 |
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1457 @item infd |
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1458 The file descriptor for input from the process. |
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1459 |
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1460 @item outfd |
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1461 The file descriptor for output to the process. |
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1462 |
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1463 @item subtty |
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1464 The file descriptor for the terminal that the subprocess is using. (On |
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1465 some systems, there is no need to record this, so the value is |
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1466 @code{nil}.) |
12098 | 1467 |
1468 @item tty_name | |
1469 The name of the terminal that the subprocess is using, | |
1470 or @code{nil} if it is using pipes. | |
26165 | 1471 |
1472 @item decode_coding_system | |
1473 Coding-system for decoding the input from this process. | |
1474 | |
1475 @item decoding_buf | |
1476 A working buffer for decoding. | |
1477 | |
1478 @item decoding_carryover | |
1479 Size of carryover in decoding. | |
1480 | |
1481 @item encode_coding_system | |
1482 Coding-system for encoding the output to this process. | |
1483 | |
1484 @item encoding_buf | |
48701 | 1485 A working buffer for encoding. |
26165 | 1486 |
1487 @item encoding_carryover | |
1488 Size of carryover in encoding. | |
1489 | |
1490 @item inherit_coding_system_flag | |
1491 Flag to set @code{coding-system} of the process buffer from the | |
1492 coding system used to decode process output. | |
6451 | 1493 @end table |
52401 | 1494 |
1495 @ignore | |
1496 arch-tag: 4b2c33bc-d7e4-43f5-bc20-27c0db52a53e | |
1497 @end ignore |