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annotate man/screen.texi @ 68048:c5788f95d2a2
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 05 Jan 2006 17:49:42 +0000 |
parents | 3723093a21fd |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002, |
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3 @c 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top | |
6 @chapter The Organization of the Screen | |
7 @cindex screen | |
8 @cindex parts of the screen | |
9 @c | |
10 | |
11 On a text-only terminal, the Emacs display occupies the whole screen. | |
12 On the X Window System, Emacs creates its own X windows to use. We use | |
13 the term @dfn{frame} to mean an entire text-only screen or an entire X | |
14 window used by Emacs. Emacs uses both kinds of frames in the same way | |
15 to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out with just one frame, | |
16 but you can create additional frames if you wish. @xref{Frames}. | |
17 | |
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18 When you start Emacs, the entire frame except for the top and bottom |
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19 is devoted to the text you are editing. This area is called the |
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20 @dfn{window}. At the top there is normally a @dfn{menu bar} where you |
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21 can access a series of menus; then there may be a @dfn{tool bar}, a |
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22 row of icons that perform editing commands if you click on them. |
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23 Below this, the window begins. The last line is a special @dfn{echo |
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24 area} or @dfn{minibuffer window}, where prompts appear and where you |
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25 enter information when Emacs asks for it. See below for more |
25829 | 26 information about these special lines. |
27 | |
28 You can subdivide the large text window horizontally or vertically | |
29 into multiple text windows, each of which can be used for a different | |
30 file (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word ``window'' always | |
31 refers to the subdivisions of a frame within Emacs. | |
32 | |
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33 At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}. On graphical |
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34 terminals, the selected window normally shows a more prominent cursor |
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35 (solid and blinking) while other windows show a weaker cursor (such as |
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36 a hollow box). On text terminals, which have just one cursor, that cursor |
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37 appears in the selected window. |
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38 |
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39 Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the text in the selected |
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40 window (though mouse commands generally operate on whatever window you |
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41 click them in, whether selected or not). The other windows display |
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42 text for reference only, unless/until you select them. If you use |
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43 multiple frames under the X Window System, then giving the input focus |
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44 to a particular frame selects a window in that frame. |
25829 | 45 |
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46 Each window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what |
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47 is going on in that window. It appears in different color and/or a |
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48 ``3D'' box, if the terminal supports that; its contents normally begin |
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49 with @w{@samp{--:-- @ *scratch*}} when Emacs starts. The mode line |
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50 displays status information such as what buffer is being displayed |
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51 above it in the window, what major and minor modes are in use, and |
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52 whether the buffer contains unsaved changes. |
25829 | 53 |
54 @menu | |
55 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
56 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
57 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
58 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
59 @end menu | |
60 | |
61 @node Point | |
62 @section Point | |
63 @cindex point | |
64 @cindex cursor | |
65 | |
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66 Within Emacs, the active cursor shows the location at which |
25829 | 67 editing commands will take effect. This location is called @dfn{point}. |
68 Many Emacs commands move point through the text, so that you can edit at | |
69 different places in it. You can also place point by clicking mouse | |
70 button 1. | |
71 | |
72 While the cursor appears to point @emph{at} a character, you should | |
73 think of point as @emph{between} two characters; it points @emph{before} | |
74 the character that appears under the cursor. For example, if your text | |
75 looks like @samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is | |
76 between the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character | |
77 @samp{!} at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point | |
78 between the @samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over | |
79 the @samp{b}, as before. | |
80 | |
81 Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or | |
82 speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands. | |
83 | |
84 If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer, | |
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85 each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not |
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86 currently displayed remembers its point location in case you display |
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87 it again later. When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has |
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88 its own point location. If the same buffer appears in more than one |
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89 window, each window has its own position for point in that buffer, and |
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90 (when possible) its own cursor. |
25829 | 91 |
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92 A text-only terminal has just one cursor, so Emacs puts it |
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93 in the selected window. The other windows do not show a cursor, even |
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94 though they do have a location of point. When Emacs updates the |
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95 screen on a text-only terminal, it has to put the cursor temporarily |
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96 at the place the output goes. This doesn't mean point is there, |
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97 though. Once display updating finishes, Emacs puts the cursor where |
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98 point is. |
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99 |
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100 On graphical terminals, Emacs shows a cursor in each window; the |
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101 selected window's cursor is solid and blinking, and the other cursors |
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102 are just hollow. Thus, the most prominent cursor always shows you the |
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103 selected window, on all kinds of terminals. |
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104 |
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105 @xref{Cursor Display}, for customizable variables that control display |
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106 of the cursor or cursors. |
25829 | 107 |
36185 | 108 The term ``point'' comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the |
25829 | 109 command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written) |
36185 | 110 for accessing the value now called ``point.'' |
25829 | 111 |
112 @node Echo Area | |
113 @section The Echo Area | |
114 @cindex echo area | |
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115 @c |
25829 | 116 |
117 The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the | |
118 @dfn{echo area}. It is used to display small amounts of text for | |
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119 various purposes. |
25829 | 120 |
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121 @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. At the |
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122 command line, the operating system normally echoes all your input. |
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123 Emacs handles echoing differently. |
25829 | 124 |
125 Single-character commands do not echo in Emacs, and multi-character | |
126 commands echo only if you pause while typing them. As soon as you pause | |
127 for more than a second in the middle of a command, Emacs echoes all the | |
128 characters of the command so far. This is to @dfn{prompt} you for the | |
129 rest of the command. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command | |
130 echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give | |
131 confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum | |
132 feedback. You can change this behavior by setting a variable | |
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133 (@pxref{Display Custom}). |
25829 | 134 |
135 @cindex error message in the echo area | |
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136 If a command cannot be executed, it may display an @dfn{error message} |
38128 | 137 in the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by beeping or by |
138 flashing the screen. The error also discards any input you have typed | |
139 ahead. | |
25829 | 140 |
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141 Some commands display informative messages in the echo area. These |
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142 messages look much like error messages, but they are not announced |
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143 with a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes the message tells |
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144 you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking |
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145 at the text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is |
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146 to show you a message giving you specific information---for example, |
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147 @kbd{C-x =} (hold down @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{x}, then let go of |
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148 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{=}) displays a message describing the |
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149 character position of point in the text and its current column in the |
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150 window. Commands that take a long time often display messages ending |
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151 in @samp{...} while they are working, and add @samp{done} at the end |
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152 when they are finished. |
25829 | 153 |
154 @cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer | |
155 @cindex saved echo area messages | |
156 @cindex messages saved from echo area | |
157 Echo-area informative messages are saved in an editor buffer named | |
158 @samp{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see | |
159 @ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a message | |
160 that appears briefly on the screen, you can switch to the | |
161 @samp{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. (Successive progress messages | |
162 are often collapsed into one in that buffer.) | |
163 | |
164 @vindex message-log-max | |
165 The size of @samp{*Messages*} is limited to a certain number of lines. | |
166 The variable @code{message-log-max} specifies how many lines. Once the | |
167 buffer has that many lines, each line added at the end deletes one line | |
168 from the beginning. @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as | |
169 @code{message-log-max}. | |
170 | |
171 The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a window that | |
172 is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name of a file to be | |
173 edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the echo area begins with a prompt | |
174 string that usually ends with a colon; also, the cursor appears in that line | |
175 because it is the selected window. You can always get out of the | |
176 minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Minibuffer}. | |
177 | |
178 @node Mode Line | |
179 @section The Mode Line | |
180 @cindex mode line | |
181 @cindex top level | |
182 @c | |
183 | |
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184 Each text window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes |
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185 what is going on in that window. When there is only one text window, |
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186 the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the |
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187 next-to-last line in the frame. The mode line starts and ends with |
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188 dashes. On a text-mode display, the mode line is in inverse video if |
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189 the terminal supports that; on a graphics display, the mode line has a |
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190 3D box appearance to help it stand out. The mode line of the |
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191 selected window has a slightly different appearance than those of |
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192 other windows; see @ref{Optional Mode Line}, for more about this. |
25829 | 193 |
194 Normally, the mode line looks like this: | |
195 | |
196 @example | |
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197 -@var{cs}:@var{ch} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})------ |
25829 | 198 @end example |
199 | |
200 @noindent | |
201 This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window: the | |
202 buffer's name, what major and minor modes are in use, whether the buffer's | |
203 text has been changed, and how far down the buffer you are currently | |
204 looking. | |
205 | |
206 @var{ch} contains two stars @samp{**} if the text in the buffer has | |
207 been edited (the buffer is ``modified''), or @samp{--} if the buffer has | |
208 not been edited. For a read-only buffer, it is @samp{%*} if the buffer | |
209 is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise. | |
210 | |
211 @var{buf} is the name of the window's @dfn{buffer}. In most cases | |
212 this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. @xref{Buffers}. | |
213 | |
214 The buffer displayed in the selected window (the window that the | |
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215 cursor is in) is also Emacs's current buffer, the one that editing |
25829 | 216 takes place in. When we speak of what some command does to ``the |
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217 buffer,'' we are talking about the current buffer. |
25829 | 218 |
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219 @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of |
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220 the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all |
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221 visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is |
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222 @samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot} |
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223 if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where |
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224 @var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window. |
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225 With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as |
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226 well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}. |
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227 |
25829 | 228 @var{line} is @samp{L} followed by the current line number of point. |
229 This is present when Line Number mode is enabled (which it normally is). | |
230 You can optionally display the current column number too, by turning on | |
231 Column Number mode (which is not enabled by default because it is | |
232 somewhat slower). @xref{Optional Mode Line}. | |
233 | |
234 @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} in effect in the | |
235 buffer. At any time, each buffer is in one and only one of the possible | |
236 major modes. The major modes available include Fundamental mode (the | |
237 least specialized), Text mode, Lisp mode, C mode, Texinfo mode, and many | |
238 others. @xref{Major Modes}, for details of how the modes differ and how | |
239 to select one.@refill | |
240 | |
241 Some major modes display additional information after the major mode | |
242 name. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and | |
243 the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell buffers | |
244 display the status of the subprocess. | |
245 | |
246 @var{minor} is a list of some of the @dfn{minor modes} that are turned | |
247 on at the moment in the window's chosen buffer. For example, | |
248 @samp{Fill} means that Auto Fill mode is on. @samp{Abbrev} means that | |
249 Word Abbrev mode is on. @samp{Ovwrt} means that Overwrite mode is on. | |
250 @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information. @samp{Narrow} means that the | |
251 buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of its | |
252 text. This is not really a minor mode, but is like one. | |
253 @xref{Narrowing}. @samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is being | |
254 defined. @xref{Keyboard Macros}. | |
255 | |
256 In addition, if Emacs is currently inside a recursive editing level, | |
257 square brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that | |
258 surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within | |
259 another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive | |
260 editing levels affect Emacs globally, not just one buffer, the square | |
261 brackets appear in every window's mode line or not in any of them. | |
262 @xref{Recursive Edit}.@refill | |
263 | |
264 Non-windowing terminals can only show a single Emacs frame at a time | |
265 (@pxref{Frames}). On such terminals, the mode line displays the name of | |
266 the selected frame, after @var{ch}. The initial frame's name is | |
267 @samp{F1}. | |
268 | |
269 @var{cs} states the coding system used for the file you are editing. | |
270 A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion, | |
271 except for end-of-line translation if the file contents call for that. | |
272 @samp{=} means no conversion whatsoever. Nontrivial code conversions | |
273 are represented by various letters---for example, @samp{1} refers to ISO | |
274 Latin-1. @xref{Coding Systems}, for more information. If you are using | |
275 an input method, a string of the form @samp{@var{i}>} is added to the | |
276 beginning of @var{cs}; @var{i} identifies the input method. (Some input | |
277 methods show @samp{+} or @samp{@@} instead of @samp{>}.) @xref{Input | |
278 Methods}. | |
279 | |
280 When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system), | |
281 @var{cs} uses three characters to describe, respectively, the coding | |
282 system for keyboard input, the coding system for terminal output, and | |
283 the coding system used for the file you are editing. | |
284 | |
285 When multibyte characters are not enabled, @var{cs} does not appear at | |
286 all. @xref{Enabling Multibyte}. | |
287 | |
288 @cindex end-of-line conversion, mode-line indication | |
289 The colon after @var{cs} can change to another string in certain | |
30866 | 290 circumstances. Emacs uses newline characters to separate lines in the buffer. |
25829 | 291 Some files use different conventions for separating lines: either |
292 carriage-return linefeed (the MS-DOS convention) or just carriage-return | |
293 (the Macintosh convention). If the buffer's file uses carriage-return | |
294 linefeed, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or | |
295 @samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. If the file uses just | |
296 carriage-return, the colon indicator changes to either a forward slash | |
297 (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some systems, Emacs displays | |
298 @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon even for files that use newline to | |
299 separate lines. | |
300 | |
301 @vindex eol-mnemonic-unix | |
302 @vindex eol-mnemonic-dos | |
303 @vindex eol-mnemonic-mac | |
304 @vindex eol-mnemonic-undecided | |
305 You can customize the mode line display for each of the end-of-line | |
306 formats by setting each of the variables @code{eol-mnemonic-unix}, | |
307 @code{eol-mnemonic-dos}, @code{eol-mnemonic-mac}, and | |
308 @code{eol-mnemonic-undecided} to any string you find appropriate. | |
38128 | 309 @xref{Variables}, for an explanation of how to set variables. |
25829 | 310 |
311 @xref{Optional Mode Line}, for features that add other handy | |
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312 information to the mode line, such as the size of the buffer, the |
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313 current column number of point, the current time, and whether new mail |
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314 for you has arrived. |
25829 | 315 |
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316 The mode line is mouse-sensitive; when you move the mouse across |
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317 various parts of it, Emacs displays help text to say what a click in |
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318 that place will do. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}. |
30866 | 319 |
25829 | 320 @node Menu Bar |
321 @section The Menu Bar | |
322 @cindex menu bar | |
323 | |
324 Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you | |
325 can use to perform certain common operations. There's no need to list | |
326 them here, as you can more easily see for yourself. | |
327 | |
328 @kindex M-` | |
329 @kindex F10 | |
330 @findex tmm-menubar | |
331 When you are using a window system, you can use the mouse to choose a | |
332 command from the menu bar. An arrow pointing right, after the menu | |
333 item, indicates that the item leads to a subsidiary menu; @samp{...} at | |
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334 the end means that the command will read arguments (further input from you) |
25829 | 335 before it actually does anything. |
336 | |
337 To view the full command name and documentation for a menu item, type | |
338 @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in the usual | |
339 way (@pxref{Key Help}). | |
340 | |
341 On text-only terminals with no mouse, you can use the menu bar by | |
342 typing @kbd{M-`} or @key{F10} (these run the command | |
343 @code{tmm-menubar}). This command enters a mode in which you can select | |
344 a menu item from the keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo | |
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345 area. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move through the |
25829 | 346 menu to different choices. When you have found the choice you want, |
347 type @key{RET} to select it. | |
348 | |
349 Each menu item also has an assigned letter or digit which designates | |
350 that item; it is usually the initial of some word in the item's name. | |
351 This letter or digit is separated from the item name by @samp{=>}. You | |
352 can type the item's letter or digit to select the item. | |
353 | |
354 Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as | |
355 well; if so, the menu lists one equivalent key binding in parentheses | |
356 after the item itself. | |
52401 | 357 |
358 @ignore | |
359 arch-tag: 104ba40e-d972-4866-a542-a98be94bdf2f | |
360 @end ignore |