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annotate man/misc.texi @ 38177:c6545dffc123
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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 25 Jun 2001 10:04:27 +0000 |
parents | 24fa5ae5fd91 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000, 2001 |
28125 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @iftex | |
6 @chapter Miscellaneous Commands | |
7 | |
8 This chapter contains several brief topics that do not fit anywhere | |
9 else: reading netnews, running shell commands and shell subprocesses, | |
10 using a single shared Emacs for utilities that expect to run an editor | |
11 as a subprocess, printing hardcopy, sorting text, narrowing display to | |
12 part of the buffer, editing double-column files and binary files, saving | |
13 an Emacs session for later resumption, emulating other editors, and | |
14 various diversions and amusements. | |
15 | |
16 @end iftex | |
17 @node Gnus, Shell, Calendar/Diary, Top | |
18 @section Gnus | |
19 @cindex Gnus | |
20 @cindex reading netnews | |
21 | |
22 Gnus is an Emacs package primarily designed for reading and posting | |
23 Usenet news. It can also be used to read and respond to messages from a | |
24 number of other sources---mail, remote directories, digests, and so on. | |
25 | |
26 Here we introduce Gnus and describe several basic features. | |
27 @ifinfo | |
28 For full details, see @ref{Top, Gnus,, gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
29 @end ifinfo | |
30 @iftex | |
31 For full details on Gnus, type @kbd{M-x info} and then select the Gnus | |
32 manual. | |
33 @end iftex | |
34 | |
35 @findex gnus | |
36 To start Gnus, type @kbd{M-x gnus @key{RET}}. | |
37 | |
38 @menu | |
39 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
40 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
41 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
42 @end menu | |
43 | |
44 @node Buffers of Gnus | |
45 @subsection Gnus Buffers | |
46 | |
47 As opposed to most normal Emacs packages, Gnus uses a number of | |
48 different buffers to display information and to receive commands. The | |
49 three buffers users spend most of their time in are the @dfn{group | |
50 buffer}, the @dfn{summary buffer} and the @dfn{article buffer}. | |
51 | |
52 The @dfn{group buffer} contains a list of groups. This is the first | |
53 buffer Gnus displays when it starts up. It normally displays only the | |
54 groups to which you subscribe and that contain unread articles. Use | |
55 this buffer to select a specific group. | |
56 | |
57 The @dfn{summary buffer} lists one line for each article in a single | |
58 group. By default, the author, the subject and the line number are | |
59 displayed for each article, but this is customizable, like most aspects | |
60 of Gnus display. The summary buffer is created when you select a group | |
61 in the group buffer, and is killed when you exit the group. Use this | |
62 buffer to select an article. | |
63 | |
64 The @dfn{article buffer} displays the article. In normal Gnus usage, | |
65 you don't select this buffer---all useful article-oriented commands work | |
66 in the summary buffer. But you can select the article buffer, and | |
67 execute all Gnus commands from that buffer, if you want to. | |
68 | |
69 @node Gnus Startup | |
70 @subsection When Gnus Starts Up | |
71 | |
72 At startup, Gnus reads your @file{.newsrc} news initialization file | |
73 and attempts to communicate with the local news server, which is a | |
74 repository of news articles. The news server need not be the same | |
75 computer you are logged in on. | |
76 | |
77 If you start Gnus and connect to the server, but do not see any | |
78 newsgroups listed in the group buffer, type @kbd{L} or @kbd{A k} to get | |
79 a listing of all the groups. Then type @kbd{u} to toggle | |
80 subscription to groups. | |
81 | |
82 The first time you start Gnus, Gnus subscribes you to a few selected | |
83 groups. All other groups start out as @dfn{killed groups} for you; you | |
84 can list them with @kbd{A k}. All new groups that subsequently come to | |
85 exist at the news server become @dfn{zombie groups} for you; type @kbd{A | |
86 z} to list them. You can subscribe to a group shown in these lists | |
87 using the @kbd{u} command. | |
88 | |
89 When you quit Gnus with @kbd{q}, it automatically records in your | |
90 @file{.newsrc} and @file{.newsrc.eld} initialization files the | |
91 subscribed or unsubscribed status of all groups. You should normally | |
92 not edit these files manually, but you may if you know how. | |
93 | |
94 @node Summary of Gnus | |
95 @subsection Summary of Gnus Commands | |
96 | |
97 Reading news is a two step process: | |
98 | |
99 @enumerate | |
100 @item | |
101 Choose a group in the group buffer. | |
102 | |
103 @item | |
104 Select articles from the summary buffer. Each article selected is | |
105 displayed in the article buffer in a large window, below the summary | |
106 buffer in its small window. | |
107 @end enumerate | |
108 | |
109 Each Gnus buffer has its own special commands; however, the meanings | |
110 of any given key in the various Gnus buffers are usually analogous, even | |
111 if not identical. Here are commands for the group and summary buffers: | |
112 | |
113 @table @kbd | |
114 @kindex q @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
115 @findex gnus-group-exit | |
116 @item q | |
117 In the group buffer, update your @file{.newsrc} initialization file | |
118 and quit Gnus. | |
119 | |
120 In the summary buffer, exit the current group and return to the | |
121 group buffer. Thus, typing @kbd{q} twice quits Gnus. | |
122 | |
123 @kindex L @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
124 @findex gnus-group-list-all-groups | |
125 @item L | |
126 In the group buffer, list all the groups available on your news | |
127 server (except those you have killed). This may be a long list! | |
128 | |
129 @kindex l @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
130 @findex gnus-group-list-groups | |
131 @item l | |
132 In the group buffer, list only the groups to which you subscribe and | |
133 which contain unread articles. | |
134 | |
135 @kindex u @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
136 @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group | |
137 @cindex subscribe groups | |
138 @cindex unsubscribe groups | |
139 @item u | |
140 In the group buffer, unsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the group listed | |
141 in the line that point is on. When you quit Gnus by typing @kbd{q}, | |
142 Gnus lists in your @file{.newsrc} file which groups you have subscribed | |
143 to. The next time you start Gnus, you won't see this group, | |
144 because Gnus normally displays only subscribed-to groups. | |
145 | |
146 @kindex C-k @r{(Gnus)} | |
147 @findex gnus-group-kill-group | |
148 @item C-k | |
149 In the group buffer, ``kill'' the current line's group---don't | |
150 even list it in @file{.newsrc} from now on. This affects future | |
151 Gnus sessions as well as the present session. | |
152 | |
153 When you quit Gnus by typing @kbd{q}, Gnus writes information | |
154 in the file @file{.newsrc} describing all newsgroups except those you | |
155 have ``killed.'' | |
156 | |
157 @kindex SPC @r{(Gnus)} | |
158 @findex gnus-group-read-group | |
159 @item @key{SPC} | |
160 In the group buffer, select the group on the line under the cursor | |
161 and display the first unread article in that group. | |
162 | |
163 @need 1000 | |
164 In the summary buffer, | |
165 | |
166 @itemize @bullet | |
167 @item | |
168 Select the article on the line under the cursor if none is selected. | |
169 | |
170 @item | |
171 Scroll the text of the selected article (if there is one). | |
172 | |
173 @item | |
174 Select the next unread article if at the end of the current article. | |
175 @end itemize | |
176 | |
177 Thus, you can move through all the articles by repeatedly typing @key{SPC}. | |
178 | |
179 @kindex DEL @r{(Gnus)} | |
180 @item @key{DEL} | |
181 In the group buffer, move point to the previous group containing | |
182 unread articles. | |
183 | |
184 @findex gnus-summary-prev-page | |
185 In the summary buffer, scroll the text of the article backwards. | |
186 | |
187 @kindex n @r{(Gnus)} | |
188 @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group | |
189 @findex gnus-summary-next-unread-article | |
190 @item n | |
191 Move point to the next unread group, or select the next unread article. | |
192 | |
193 @kindex p @r{(Gnus)} | |
194 @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group | |
195 @findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-article | |
196 @item p | |
197 Move point to the previous unread group, or select the previous | |
198 unread article. | |
199 | |
200 @kindex C-n @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
201 @findex gnus-group-next-group | |
202 @kindex C-p @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
203 @findex gnus-group-prev-group | |
204 @kindex C-n @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
205 @findex gnus-summary-next-subject | |
206 @kindex C-p @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
207 @findex gnus-summary-prev-subject | |
208 @item C-n | |
209 @itemx C-p | |
210 Move point to the next or previous item, even if it is marked as read. | |
211 This does not select the article or group on that line. | |
212 | |
213 @kindex s @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
214 @findex gnus-summary-isearch-article | |
215 @item s | |
216 In the summary buffer, do an incremental search of the current text in | |
217 the article buffer, just as if you switched to the article buffer and | |
218 typed @kbd{C-s}. | |
219 | |
220 @kindex M-s @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
221 @findex gnus-summary-search-article-forward | |
222 @item M-s @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
223 In the summary buffer, search forward for articles containing a match | |
224 for @var{regexp}. | |
225 | |
226 @end table | |
227 | |
228 @ignore | |
229 @node Where to Look | |
230 @subsection Where to Look Further | |
231 | |
232 @c Too many references to the name of the manual if done with xref in TeX! | |
233 Gnus is powerful and customizable. Here are references to a few | |
234 @ifinfo | |
235 additional topics: | |
236 | |
237 @end ifinfo | |
238 @iftex | |
239 additional topics in @cite{The Gnus Manual}: | |
240 | |
241 @itemize @bullet | |
242 @item | |
243 Follow discussions on specific topics.@* | |
244 See section ``Threading.'' | |
245 | |
246 @item | |
247 Read digests. See section ``Document Groups.'' | |
248 | |
249 @item | |
250 Refer to and jump to the parent of the current article.@* | |
251 See section ``Finding the Parent.'' | |
252 | |
253 @item | |
254 Refer to articles by using Message-IDs included in the messages.@* | |
255 See section ``Article Keymap.'' | |
256 | |
257 @item | |
258 Save articles. See section ``Saving Articles.'' | |
259 | |
260 @item | |
261 Have Gnus score articles according to various criteria, like author | |
262 name, subject, or string in the body of the articles.@* | |
263 See section ``Scoring.'' | |
264 | |
265 @item | |
266 Send an article to a newsgroup.@* | |
267 See section ``Composing Messages.'' | |
268 @end itemize | |
269 @end iftex | |
270 @ifinfo | |
271 @itemize @bullet | |
272 @item | |
273 Follow discussions on specific topics.@* | |
274 @xref{Threading, , Reading Based on Conversation Threads, | |
275 gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
276 | |
277 @item | |
278 Read digests. @xref{Document Groups, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
279 | |
280 @item | |
281 Refer to and jump to the parent of the current article.@* | |
282 @xref{Finding the Parent, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
283 | |
284 @item | |
285 Refer to articles by using Message-IDs included in the messages.@* | |
286 @xref{Article Keymap, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
287 | |
288 @item | |
289 Save articles. @xref{Saving Articles, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
290 | |
291 @item | |
292 Have Gnus score articles according to various criteria, like author | |
293 name, subject, or string in the body of the articles.@* | |
294 @xref{Scoring, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
295 | |
296 @item | |
297 Send an article to a newsgroup.@* | |
298 @xref{Composing Messages, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
299 @end itemize | |
300 @end ifinfo | |
301 @end ignore | |
302 | |
303 @node Shell, Emacs Server, Gnus, Top | |
304 @section Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
305 @cindex subshell | |
306 @cindex shell commands | |
307 | |
308 Emacs has commands for passing single command lines to inferior shell | |
33382 | 309 processes; it can also run a shell interactively with input and output |
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310 to an Emacs buffer named @samp{*shell*} or run a shell inside a terminal |
33382 | 311 emulator window. |
312 | |
313 There is a shell implemented entirely in Emacs, documented in a separate | |
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314 manual. @xref{Top,Eshell,Eshell, eshell, Eshell: The Emacs Shell}. |
25829 | 315 |
316 @table @kbd | |
317 @item M-! @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
318 Run the shell command line @var{cmd} and display the output | |
319 (@code{shell-command}). | |
320 @item M-| @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
321 Run the shell command line @var{cmd} with region contents as input; | |
322 optionally replace the region with the output | |
323 (@code{shell-command-on-region}). | |
324 @item M-x shell | |
325 Run a subshell with input and output through an Emacs buffer. | |
326 You can then give commands interactively. | |
27210 | 327 @item M-x term |
328 Run a subshell with input and output through an Emacs buffer. | |
329 You can then give commands interactively. | |
330 Full terminal emulation is available. | |
33382 | 331 @item M-x eshell |
332 @findex eshell | |
333 Start the Emacs shell. | |
25829 | 334 @end table |
335 | |
336 @menu | |
337 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
338 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
339 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
340 * History: Shell History. Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
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341 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
25829 | 342 * Options: Shell Options. Options for customizing Shell mode. |
27210 | 343 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
344 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. | |
345 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. | |
25829 | 346 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
347 @end menu | |
348 | |
349 @node Single Shell | |
350 @subsection Single Shell Commands | |
351 | |
352 @kindex M-! | |
353 @findex shell-command | |
354 @kbd{M-!} (@code{shell-command}) reads a line of text using the | |
355 minibuffer and executes it as a shell command in a subshell made just | |
356 for that command. Standard input for the command comes from the null | |
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357 device. If the shell command produces any output, the output appears |
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358 either in the echo area (if it is short), or in an Emacs buffer named |
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359 @samp{*Shell Command Output*}, which is displayed in another window |
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360 but not selected (if the output is long). |
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361 |
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362 For instance, one way to decompress a file @file{foo.gz} from Emacs |
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363 is to type @kbd{M-! gunzip foo.gz @key{RET}}. That shell command |
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364 normally creates the file @file{foo} and produces no terminal output. |
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365 |
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366 A numeric argument, as in @kbd{M-1 M-!}, says to insert terminal |
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367 output into the current buffer instead of a separate buffer. It puts |
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368 point before the output, and sets the mark after the output. For |
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369 instance, @kbd{M-1 M-! gunzip < foo.gz @key{RET}} would insert the |
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370 uncompressed equivalent of @file{foo.gz} into the current buffer. |
25829 | 371 |
372 If the shell command line ends in @samp{&}, it runs asynchronously. | |
373 For a synchronous shell command, @code{shell-command} returns the | |
374 command's exit status (0 means success), when it is called from a Lisp | |
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375 program. You do not get any status information for an asynchronous |
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376 command, since it hasn't finished yet. |
25829 | 377 |
378 @kindex M-| | |
379 @findex shell-command-on-region | |
380 @kbd{M-|} (@code{shell-command-on-region}) is like @kbd{M-!} but | |
381 passes the contents of the region as the standard input to the shell | |
382 command, instead of no input. If a numeric argument is used, meaning | |
383 insert the output in the current buffer, then the old region is deleted | |
384 first and the output replaces it as the contents of the region. It | |
385 returns the command's exit status when it is called from a Lisp program. | |
386 | |
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387 One use for @kbd{M-|} is to run @code{uudecode}. For instance, if |
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388 the buffer contains uuencoded text, type @kbd{C-x h M-| uudecode |
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389 @key{RET}} to feed the entire buffer contents to the @code{uudecode} |
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390 program. That program will ignore everything except the encoded text, |
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391 and will store the decoded output into the file whose name is |
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392 specified in the encoded text. |
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393 |
25829 | 394 @vindex shell-file-name |
395 @cindex environment | |
396 Both @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} use @code{shell-file-name} to specify the | |
29107 | 397 shell to use. This variable is initialized based on your @env{SHELL} |
25829 | 398 environment variable when Emacs is started. If the file name does not |
399 specify a directory, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are | |
400 searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable | |
29107 | 401 @env{PATH} when Emacs is started. Your @file{.emacs} file can override |
25829 | 402 either or both of these default initializations.@refill |
403 | |
404 Both @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} wait for the shell command to complete. | |
405 To stop waiting, type @kbd{C-g} to quit; that terminates the shell | |
406 command with the signal @code{SIGINT}---the same signal that @kbd{C-c} | |
407 normally generates in the shell. Emacs waits until the command actually | |
408 terminates. If the shell command doesn't stop (because it ignores the | |
409 @code{SIGINT} signal), type @kbd{C-g} again; this sends the command a | |
410 @code{SIGKILL} signal which is impossible to ignore. | |
411 | |
412 To specify a coding system for @kbd{M-!} or @kbd{M-|}, use the command | |
413 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately beforehand. @xref{Specify Coding}. | |
414 | |
415 @vindex shell-command-default-error-buffer | |
416 Error output from the command is normally intermixed with the regular | |
417 output. If you set the variable | |
418 @code{shell-command-default-error-buffer} to a string, which is a buffer | |
419 name, error output is inserted before point in the buffer of that name. | |
420 | |
421 @node Interactive Shell | |
422 @subsection Interactive Inferior Shell | |
423 | |
424 @findex shell | |
425 To run a subshell interactively, putting its typescript in an Emacs | |
426 buffer, use @kbd{M-x shell}. This creates (or reuses) a buffer named | |
427 @samp{*shell*} and runs a subshell with input coming from and output going | |
428 to that buffer. That is to say, any ``terminal output'' from the subshell | |
429 goes into the buffer, advancing point, and any ``terminal input'' for | |
430 the subshell comes from text in the buffer. To give input to the subshell, | |
431 go to the end of the buffer and type the input, terminated by @key{RET}. | |
432 | |
433 Emacs does not wait for the subshell to do anything. You can switch | |
434 windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while it is | |
435 running a command. Output from the subshell waits until Emacs has time to | |
436 process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for keyboard input or | |
437 for time to elapse. | |
438 | |
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439 @cindex @code{comint-highlight-input} face |
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440 @cindex @code{comint-highlight-prompt} face |
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441 Input lines, once you submit them, are displayed using the face |
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442 @code{comint-highlight-input}, and prompts are displayed using the |
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443 face @code{comint-highlight-prompt}. This makes it easier to see |
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444 previous input lines in the buffer. @xref{Faces}. |
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445 |
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446 To make multiple subshells invoke @kbd{M-x shell} with a prefix |
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447 argument (e.g. @kbd{C-u M-x shell}), which will cause it to prompt for |
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448 a buffer name, and create (or reuse) a subshell in that buffer. All |
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449 subshells in different buffers run independently and in parallel. |
25829 | 450 |
451 @vindex explicit-shell-file-name | |
29107 | 452 @cindex @env{ESHELL} environment variable |
453 @cindex @env{SHELL} environment variable | |
25829 | 454 The file name used to load the subshell is the value of the variable |
455 @code{explicit-shell-file-name}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
29107 | 456 the environment variable @env{ESHELL} is used, or the environment |
457 variable @env{SHELL} if there is no @env{ESHELL}. If the file name | |
25829 | 458 specified is relative, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are |
459 searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable | |
29107 | 460 @env{PATH} when Emacs is started. Your @file{.emacs} file can override |
25829 | 461 either or both of these default initializations. |
462 | |
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463 Emacs sends the new shell the contents of the file |
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464 @file{~/.emacs_@var{shellname}} as input, if it exists, where |
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465 @var{shellname} is the name of the file that the shell was loaded |
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466 from. For example, if you use bash, the file sent to it is |
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467 @file{~/.emacs_bash}. |
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468 |
25829 | 469 To specify a coding system for the shell, you can use the command |
470 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately before @kbd{M-x shell}. You can also | |
471 specify a coding system after starting the shell by using @kbd{C-x | |
472 @key{RET} p} in the shell buffer. @xref{Specify Coding}. | |
473 | |
29107 | 474 Emacs defines the environment variable @env{EMACS} in the subshell, |
25829 | 475 with value @code{t}. A shell script can check this variable to |
476 determine whether it has been run from an Emacs subshell. | |
477 | |
478 @node Shell Mode | |
479 @subsection Shell Mode | |
480 @cindex Shell mode | |
481 @cindex mode, Shell | |
482 | |
483 Shell buffers use Shell mode, which defines several special keys | |
484 attached to the @kbd{C-c} prefix. They are chosen to resemble the usual | |
485 editing and job control characters present in shells that are not under | |
486 Emacs, except that you must type @kbd{C-c} first. Here is a complete list | |
487 of the special key bindings of Shell mode: | |
488 | |
489 @table @kbd | |
490 @item @key{RET} | |
491 @kindex RET @r{(Shell mode)} | |
492 @findex comint-send-input | |
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493 At end of buffer send line as input; otherwise, copy current line to |
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494 end of buffer and send it (@code{comint-send-input}). When a line is |
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495 copied, any prompt at the beginning of the line (text output by |
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496 programs preceding your input) is omitted. (See also the variable |
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497 @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields}.) |
25829 | 498 |
499 @item @key{TAB} | |
500 @kindex TAB @r{(Shell mode)} | |
501 @findex comint-dynamic-complete | |
502 Complete the command name or file name before point in the shell buffer | |
503 (@code{comint-dynamic-complete}). @key{TAB} also completes history | |
504 references (@pxref{History References}) and environment variable names. | |
505 | |
506 @vindex shell-completion-fignore | |
507 @vindex comint-completion-fignore | |
508 The variable @code{shell-completion-fignore} specifies a list of file | |
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509 name extensions to ignore in Shell mode completion. The default |
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510 setting is @code{nil}, but some users prefer @code{("~" "#" "%")} to |
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511 ignore file names ending in @samp{~}, @samp{#} or @samp{%}. Other |
25829 | 512 related Comint modes use the variable @code{comint-completion-fignore} |
513 instead. | |
514 | |
515 @item M-? | |
516 @kindex M-? @r{(Shell mode)} | |
517 @findex comint-dynamic-list-filename@dots{} | |
518 Display temporarily a list of the possible completions of the file name | |
519 before point in the shell buffer | |
520 (@code{comint-dynamic-list-filename-completions}). | |
521 | |
522 @item C-d | |
523 @kindex C-d @r{(Shell mode)} | |
524 @findex comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof | |
26290 | 525 Either delete a character or send @sc{eof} |
25829 | 526 (@code{comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof}). Typed at the end of the shell |
26290 | 527 buffer, @kbd{C-d} sends @sc{eof} to the subshell. Typed at any other |
25829 | 528 position in the buffer, @kbd{C-d} deletes a character as usual. |
529 | |
530 @item C-c C-a | |
531 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Shell mode)} | |
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532 @findex comint-bol-or-process-mark |
25829 | 533 Move to the beginning of the line, but after the prompt if any |
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534 (@code{comint-bol-or-process-mark}). If you repeat this command twice |
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535 in a row, the second time it moves back to the process mark, which is |
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536 the beginning of the input that you have not yet sent to the subshell. |
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537 (Normally that is the same place---the end of the prompt on this |
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538 line---but after @kbd{C-c @key{SPC}} the process mark may be in a |
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539 previous line.) |
25829 | 540 |
541 @item C-c @key{SPC} | |
542 Accumulate multiple lines of input, then send them together. This | |
543 command inserts a newline before point, but does not send the preceding | |
544 text as input to the subshell---at least, not yet. Both lines, the one | |
545 before this newline and the one after, will be sent together (along with | |
546 the newline that separates them), when you type @key{RET}. | |
547 | |
548 @item C-c C-u | |
549 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Shell mode)} | |
550 @findex comint-kill-input | |
551 Kill all text pending at end of buffer to be sent as input | |
552 (@code{comint-kill-input}). | |
553 | |
554 @item C-c C-w | |
555 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Shell mode)} | |
556 Kill a word before point (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
557 | |
558 @item C-c C-c | |
559 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Shell mode)} | |
560 @findex comint-interrupt-subjob | |
561 Interrupt the shell or its current subjob if any | |
562 (@code{comint-interrupt-subjob}). This command also kills | |
563 any shell input pending in the shell buffer and not yet sent. | |
564 | |
565 @item C-c C-z | |
566 @kindex C-c C-z @r{(Shell mode)} | |
567 @findex comint-stop-subjob | |
568 Stop the shell or its current subjob if any (@code{comint-stop-subjob}). | |
569 This command also kills any shell input pending in the shell buffer and | |
570 not yet sent. | |
571 | |
572 @item C-c C-\ | |
573 @findex comint-quit-subjob | |
574 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(Shell mode)} | |
575 Send quit signal to the shell or its current subjob if any | |
576 (@code{comint-quit-subjob}). This command also kills any shell input | |
577 pending in the shell buffer and not yet sent. | |
578 | |
579 @item C-c C-o | |
580 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Shell mode)} | |
32637 | 581 @findex comint-delete-output |
582 Delete the last batch of output from a shell command | |
583 (@code{comint-delete-output}). This is useful if a shell command spews | |
584 out lots of output that just gets in the way. This command used to be | |
585 called @code{comint-kill-output}. | |
586 | |
587 @item C-c C-s | |
588 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Shell mode)} | |
589 @findex comint-write-output | |
590 Write the last batch of output from a shell command to a file | |
591 (@code{comint-write-output}). With a prefix argument, the file is | |
592 appended to instead. Any prompt at the end of the output is not | |
593 written. | |
25829 | 594 |
595 @item C-c C-r | |
596 @itemx C-M-l | |
597 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Shell mode)} | |
598 @kindex C-M-l @r{(Shell mode)} | |
599 @findex comint-show-output | |
600 Scroll to display the beginning of the last batch of output at the top | |
601 of the window; also move the cursor there (@code{comint-show-output}). | |
602 | |
603 @item C-c C-e | |
604 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Shell mode)} | |
605 @findex comint-show-maximum-output | |
606 Scroll to put the end of the buffer at the bottom of the window | |
607 (@code{comint-show-maximum-output}). | |
608 | |
609 @item C-c C-f | |
610 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Shell mode)} | |
611 @findex shell-forward-command | |
612 @vindex shell-command-regexp | |
613 Move forward across one shell command, but not beyond the current line | |
614 (@code{shell-forward-command}). The variable @code{shell-command-regexp} | |
615 specifies how to recognize the end of a command. | |
616 | |
617 @item C-c C-b | |
618 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Shell mode)} | |
619 @findex shell-backward-command | |
620 Move backward across one shell command, but not beyond the current line | |
621 (@code{shell-backward-command}). | |
622 | |
623 @item C-c C-l | |
624 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Shell mode)} | |
625 @findex comint-dynamic-list-input-ring | |
626 Display the buffer's history of shell commands in another window | |
627 (@code{comint-dynamic-list-input-ring}). | |
628 | |
629 @item M-x dirs | |
630 Ask the shell what its current directory is, so that Emacs can agree | |
631 with the shell. | |
632 | |
633 @item M-x send-invisible @key{RET} @var{text} @key{RET} | |
634 @findex send-invisible | |
635 Send @var{text} as input to the shell, after reading it without | |
636 echoing. This is useful when a shell command runs a program that asks | |
637 for a password. | |
638 | |
639 Alternatively, you can arrange for Emacs to notice password prompts | |
640 and turn off echoing for them, as follows: | |
641 | |
642 @example | |
643 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
644 'comint-watch-for-password-prompt) | |
645 @end example | |
646 | |
647 @item M-x comint-continue-subjob | |
648 @findex comint-continue-subjob | |
649 Continue the shell process. This is useful if you accidentally suspend | |
650 the shell process.@footnote{You should not suspend the shell process. | |
651 Suspending a subjob of the shell is a completely different matter---that | |
652 is normal practice, but you must use the shell to continue the subjob; | |
653 this command won't do it.} | |
654 | |
655 @item M-x comint-strip-ctrl-m | |
656 @findex comint-strip-ctrl-m | |
657 Discard all control-M characters from the current group of shell output. | |
658 The most convenient way to use this command is to make it run | |
659 automatically when you get output from the subshell. To do that, | |
660 evaluate this Lisp expression: | |
661 | |
662 @example | |
663 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
664 'comint-strip-ctrl-m) | |
665 @end example | |
666 | |
667 @item M-x comint-truncate-buffer | |
668 @findex comint-truncate-buffer | |
669 This command truncates the shell buffer to a certain maximum number of | |
670 lines, specified by the variable @code{comint-buffer-maximum-size}. | |
671 Here's how to do this automatically each time you get output from the | |
672 subshell: | |
673 | |
674 @example | |
675 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
676 'comint-truncate-buffer) | |
677 @end example | |
678 @end table | |
679 | |
680 Shell mode also customizes the paragraph commands so that only shell | |
681 prompts start new paragraphs. Thus, a paragraph consists of an input | |
682 command plus the output that follows it in the buffer. | |
683 | |
684 @cindex Comint mode | |
685 @cindex mode, Comint | |
686 Shell mode is a derivative of Comint mode, a general-purpose mode for | |
687 communicating with interactive subprocesses. Most of the features of | |
688 Shell mode actually come from Comint mode, as you can see from the | |
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689 command names listed above. The special features of Shell mode include |
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690 the directory tracking feature, and a few user commands. |
25829 | 691 |
692 Other Emacs features that use variants of Comint mode include GUD | |
693 (@pxref{Debuggers}) and @kbd{M-x run-lisp} (@pxref{External Lisp}). | |
694 | |
695 @findex comint-run | |
696 You can use @kbd{M-x comint-run} to execute any program of your choice | |
697 in a subprocess using unmodified Comint mode---without the | |
698 specializations of Shell mode. | |
699 | |
700 @node Shell History | |
701 @subsection Shell Command History | |
702 | |
703 Shell buffers support three ways of repeating earlier commands. You | |
704 can use the same keys used in the minibuffer; these work much as they do | |
705 in the minibuffer, inserting text from prior commands while point | |
706 remains always at the end of the buffer. You can move through the | |
707 buffer to previous inputs in their original place, then resubmit them or | |
708 copy them to the end. Or you can use a @samp{!}-style history | |
709 reference. | |
710 | |
711 @menu | |
712 * Ring: Shell Ring. Fetching commands from the history list. | |
713 * Copy: Shell History Copying. Moving to a command and then copying it. | |
714 * History References:: Expanding @samp{!}-style history references. | |
715 @end menu | |
716 | |
717 @node Shell Ring | |
718 @subsubsection Shell History Ring | |
719 | |
720 @table @kbd | |
721 @findex comint-previous-input | |
722 @kindex M-p @r{(Shell mode)} | |
723 @item M-p | |
724 Fetch the next earlier old shell command. | |
725 | |
726 @kindex M-n @r{(Shell mode)} | |
727 @findex comint-next-input | |
728 @item M-n | |
729 Fetch the next later old shell command. | |
730 | |
731 @kindex M-r @r{(Shell mode)} | |
732 @kindex M-s @r{(Shell mode)} | |
733 @findex comint-previous-matching-input | |
734 @findex comint-next-matching-input | |
735 @item M-r @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
736 @itemx M-s @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
737 Search backwards or forwards for old shell commands that match @var{regexp}. | |
738 | |
739 @item C-c C-x @r{(Shell mode)} | |
740 @findex comint-get-next-from-history | |
741 Fetch the next subsequent command from the history. | |
742 @end table | |
743 | |
744 Shell buffers provide a history of previously entered shell commands. To | |
745 reuse shell commands from the history, use the editing commands @kbd{M-p}, | |
746 @kbd{M-n}, @kbd{M-r} and @kbd{M-s}. These work just like the minibuffer | |
747 history commands except that they operate on the text at the end of the | |
748 shell buffer, where you would normally insert text to send to the shell. | |
749 | |
750 @kbd{M-p} fetches an earlier shell command to the end of the shell buffer. | |
751 Successive use of @kbd{M-p} fetches successively earlier shell commands, | |
752 each replacing any text that was already present as potential shell input. | |
753 @kbd{M-n} does likewise except that it finds successively more recent shell | |
754 commands from the buffer. | |
755 | |
756 The history search commands @kbd{M-r} and @kbd{M-s} read a regular | |
757 expression and search through the history for a matching command. Aside | |
758 from the choice of which command to fetch, they work just like @kbd{M-p} | |
759 and @kbd{M-r}. If you enter an empty regexp, these commands reuse the | |
760 same regexp used last time. | |
761 | |
762 When you find the previous input you want, you can resubmit it by | |
763 typing @key{RET}, or you can edit it first and then resubmit it if you | |
764 wish. | |
765 | |
766 Often it is useful to reexecute several successive shell commands that | |
767 were previously executed in sequence. To do this, first find and | |
768 reexecute the first command of the sequence. Then type @kbd{C-c C-x}; | |
769 that will fetch the following command---the one that follows the command | |
770 you just repeated. Then type @key{RET} to reexecute this command. You | |
771 can reexecute several successive commands by typing @kbd{C-c C-x | |
772 @key{RET}} over and over. | |
773 | |
774 These commands get the text of previous shell commands from a special | |
775 history list, not from the shell buffer itself. Thus, editing the shell | |
776 buffer, or even killing large parts of it, does not affect the history | |
777 that these commands access. | |
778 | |
779 @vindex shell-input-ring-file-name | |
780 Some shells store their command histories in files so that you can | |
781 refer to previous commands from previous shell sessions. Emacs reads | |
782 the command history file for your chosen shell, to initialize its own | |
783 command history. The file name is @file{~/.bash_history} for bash, | |
784 @file{~/.sh_history} for ksh, and @file{~/.history} for other shells. | |
785 | |
786 @node Shell History Copying | |
787 @subsubsection Shell History Copying | |
788 | |
789 @table @kbd | |
790 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Shell mode)} | |
791 @findex comint-previous-prompt | |
792 @item C-c C-p | |
793 Move point to the previous prompt (@code{comint-previous-prompt}). | |
794 | |
795 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Shell mode)} | |
796 @findex comint-next-prompt | |
797 @item C-c C-n | |
798 Move point to the following prompt (@code{comint-next-prompt}). | |
799 | |
800 @kindex C-c RET @r{(Shell mode)} | |
801 @findex comint-copy-old-input | |
802 @item C-c @key{RET} | |
803 Copy the input command which point is in, inserting the copy at the end | |
804 of the buffer (@code{comint-copy-old-input}). This is useful if you | |
805 move point back to a previous command. After you copy the command, you | |
806 can submit the copy as input with @key{RET}. If you wish, you can | |
807 edit the copy before resubmitting it. | |
808 @end table | |
809 | |
810 Moving to a previous input and then copying it with @kbd{C-c | |
811 @key{RET}} produces the same results---the same buffer contents---that | |
812 you would get by using @kbd{M-p} enough times to fetch that previous | |
813 input from the history list. However, @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} copies the | |
814 text from the buffer, which can be different from what is in the history | |
815 list if you edit the input text in the buffer after it has been sent. | |
816 | |
817 @node History References | |
818 @subsubsection Shell History References | |
819 @cindex history reference | |
820 | |
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821 Various shells including csh and bash support @dfn{history |
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822 references} that begin with @samp{!} and @samp{^}. Shell mode |
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823 recognizes these constructs, and can perform the history substitution |
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824 for you. |
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825 |
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826 If you insert a history reference and type @key{TAB}, this searches |
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827 the input history for a matching command, performs substitution if |
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|
828 necessary, and places the result in the buffer in place of the history |
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829 reference. For example, you can fetch the most recent command |
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830 beginning with @samp{mv} with @kbd{! m v @key{TAB}}. You can edit the |
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|
831 command if you wish, and then resubmit the command to the shell by |
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832 typing @key{RET}. |
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833 |
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|
834 @vindex comint-input-autoexpand |
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|
835 @findex comint-magic-space |
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836 Shell mode can optionally expand history references in the buffer |
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837 when you send them to the shell. To request this, set the variable |
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838 @code{comint-input-autoexpand} to @code{input}. You can make |
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839 @key{SPC} perform history expansion by binding @key{SPC} to the |
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840 command @code{comint-magic-space}. |
25829 | 841 |
842 @vindex shell-prompt-pattern | |
843 @vindex comint-prompt-regexp | |
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844 @vindex comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields |
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845 @cindex prompt, shell |
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846 Shell mode recognizes history references when they follow a prompt. |
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847 Normally, any text output by a program at the beginning of an input |
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848 line is considered a prompt. However, if the variable |
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849 @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields} is non-@code{nil}, |
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850 then Comint mode uses a regular expression to recognize prompts. In |
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851 general, the variable @code{comint-prompt-regexp} specifies the |
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852 regular expression; Shell mode uses the variable |
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853 @code{shell-prompt-pattern} to set up @code{comint-prompt-regexp} in |
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854 the shell buffer. |
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855 |
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856 @node Directory Tracking |
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857 @subsection Directory Tracking |
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858 @cindex directory tracking |
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859 |
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860 @vindex shell-pushd-regexp |
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861 @vindex shell-popd-regexp |
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862 @vindex shell-cd-regexp |
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863 Shell mode keeps track of @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} and @samp{popd} |
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864 commands given to the inferior shell, so it can keep the |
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865 @samp{*shell*} buffer's default directory the same as the shell's |
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866 working directory. It recognizes these commands syntactically, by |
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867 examining lines of input that are sent. |
25829 | 868 |
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869 If you use aliases for these commands, you can tell Emacs to |
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870 recognize them also. For example, if the value of the variable |
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871 @code{shell-pushd-regexp} matches the beginning of a shell command |
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872 line, that line is regarded as a @code{pushd} command. Change this |
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873 variable when you add aliases for @samp{pushd}. Likewise, |
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874 @code{shell-popd-regexp} and @code{shell-cd-regexp} are used to |
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875 recognize commands with the meaning of @samp{popd} and @samp{cd}. |
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876 These commands are recognized only at the beginning of a shell command |
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|
877 line. |
25829 | 878 |
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879 @ignore @c This seems to have been deleted long ago. |
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880 @vindex shell-set-directory-error-hook |
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881 If Emacs gets an error while trying to handle what it believes is a |
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882 @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} or @samp{popd} command, it runs the hook |
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883 @code{shell-set-directory-error-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). |
37846
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884 @end ignore |
36168
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|
885 |
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|
886 @findex dirs |
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|
887 If Emacs gets confused about changes in the current directory of the |
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|
888 subshell, use the command @kbd{M-x dirs} to ask the shell what its |
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889 current directory is. This command works for shells that support the |
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|
890 most common command syntax; it may not work for unusual shells. |
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|
891 |
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|
892 @findex dirtrack-mode |
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|
893 You can also use @kbd{M-x dirtrack-mode} to enable (or disable) an |
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|
894 alternative and more aggressive method of tracking changes in the |
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|
895 current directory. |
25829 | 896 |
897 @node Shell Options | |
898 @subsection Shell Mode Options | |
899 | |
900 @vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input | |
901 If the variable @code{comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input} is | |
902 non-@code{nil}, insertion and yank commands scroll the selected window | |
903 to the bottom before inserting. | |
904 | |
905 @vindex comint-scroll-show-maximum-output | |
906 If @code{comint-scroll-show-maximum-output} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
907 scrolling due to arrival of output tries to place the last line of text | |
908 at the bottom line of the window, so as to show as much useful text as | |
909 possible. (This mimics the scrolling behavior of many terminals.) | |
910 The default is @code{nil}. | |
911 | |
912 @vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output | |
913 By setting @code{comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output}, you can opt for | |
914 having point jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives---no | |
915 matter where in the buffer point was before. If the value is | |
916 @code{this}, point jumps in the selected window. If the value is | |
917 @code{all}, point jumps in each window that shows the comint buffer. If | |
918 the value is @code{other}, point jumps in all nonselected windows that | |
919 show the current buffer. The default value is @code{nil}, which means | |
920 point does not jump to the end. | |
921 | |
922 @vindex comint-input-ignoredups | |
923 The variable @code{comint-input-ignoredups} controls whether successive | |
924 identical inputs are stored in the input history. A non-@code{nil} | |
925 value means to omit an input that is the same as the previous input. | |
926 The default is @code{nil}, which means to store each input even if it is | |
927 equal to the previous input. | |
928 | |
929 @vindex comint-completion-addsuffix | |
930 @vindex comint-completion-recexact | |
931 @vindex comint-completion-autolist | |
932 Three variables customize file name completion. The variable | |
933 @code{comint-completion-addsuffix} controls whether completion inserts a | |
934 space or a slash to indicate a fully completed file or directory name | |
935 (non-@code{nil} means do insert a space or slash). | |
936 @code{comint-completion-recexact}, if non-@code{nil}, directs @key{TAB} | |
937 to choose the shortest possible completion if the usual Emacs completion | |
938 algorithm cannot add even a single character. | |
939 @code{comint-completion-autolist}, if non-@code{nil}, says to list all | |
940 the possible completions whenever completion is not exact. | |
941 | |
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|
942 @vindex shell-completion-execonly |
25829 | 943 Command completion normally considers only executable files. |
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|
944 If you set @code{shell-completion-execonly} to @code{nil}, |
25829 | 945 it considers nonexecutable files as well. |
946 | |
947 @findex shell-pushd-tohome | |
948 @findex shell-pushd-dextract | |
949 @findex shell-pushd-dunique | |
950 You can configure the behavior of @samp{pushd}. Variables control | |
951 whether @samp{pushd} behaves like @samp{cd} if no argument is given | |
952 (@code{shell-pushd-tohome}), pop rather than rotate with a numeric | |
953 argument (@code{shell-pushd-dextract}), and only add directories to the | |
954 directory stack if they are not already on it | |
955 (@code{shell-pushd-dunique}). The values you choose should match the | |
956 underlying shell, of course. | |
957 | |
27210 | 958 @node Terminal emulator |
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959 @subsection Emacs Terminal Emulator |
27210 | 960 @findex term |
961 | |
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962 To run a subshell in a terminal emulator, putting its typescript in |
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963 an Emacs buffer, use @kbd{M-x term}. This creates (or reuses) a |
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964 buffer named @samp{*terminal*}, and runs a subshell with input coming |
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965 from your keyboard, and output going to that buffer. |
27210 | 966 |
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967 The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes. In |
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968 line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}. |
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969 |
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970 In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior |
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971 subshell, as ``terminal input.'' Any ``echoing'' of your input is the |
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972 responsibility of the subshell. The sole exception is the terminal |
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973 escape character, which by default is @kbd{C-c} (@pxref{Term Mode}). |
27210 | 974 Any ``terminal output'' from the subshell goes into the buffer, |
975 advancing point. | |
976 | |
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977 Some programs (such as Emacs itself) need to control the appearance |
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978 on the terminal screen in detail. They do this by sending special |
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979 control codes. The exact control codes needed vary from terminal to |
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980 terminal, but nowadays most terminals and terminal emulators |
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981 (including @code{xterm}) understand the ANSI-standard (VT100-style) |
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982 escape sequences. Term mode recognizes these escape sequences, and |
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983 handles each one appropriately, changing the buffer so that the |
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984 appearance of the window matches what it would be on a real terminal. |
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985 You can actually run Emacs inside an Emacs Term window. |
27210 | 986 |
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987 The file name used to load the subshell is determined the same way |
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988 as for Shell mode. To make multiple terminal emulators, rename the |
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989 buffer @samp{*terminal*} to something different using @kbd{M-x |
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990 rename-uniquely}, just as with Shell mode. |
27210 | 991 |
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992 Unlike Shell mode, Term mode does not track the current directory by |
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993 examining your input. But some shells can tell Term what the current |
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994 directory is. This is done automatically by @code{bash} version 1.15 |
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995 and later. |
27210 | 996 |
997 @node Term Mode | |
998 @subsection Term Mode | |
999 @cindex Term mode | |
1000 @cindex mode, Term | |
1001 | |
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1002 The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes. In |
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1003 line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}. |
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1004 In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior |
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1005 subshell, except for the Term escape character, normally @kbd{C-c}. |
27210 | 1006 |
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1007 To switch between line and char mode, use these commands: |
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1008 |
27210 | 1009 @table @kbd |
1010 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Term mode)} | |
1011 @findex term-char-mode | |
1012 @item C-c C-k | |
1013 Switch to line mode. Do nothing if already in line mode. | |
1014 | |
1015 @kindex C-c C-j @r{(Term mode)} | |
1016 @findex term-line-mode | |
1017 @item C-c C-j | |
1018 Switch to char mode. Do nothing if already in char mode. | |
1019 @end table | |
1020 | |
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1021 The following commands are only available in char mode: |
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1022 |
27210 | 1023 @table @kbd |
1024 @item C-c C-c | |
1025 Send a literal @key{C-c} to the sub-shell. | |
1026 | |
1027 @item C-c C-x | |
1028 A prefix command to access the global @key{C-x} commands conveniently. | |
1029 For example, @kbd{C-c C-x o} invokes the global binding of | |
1030 @kbd{C-x o}, which is normally @samp{other-window}. | |
1031 @end table | |
1032 | |
1033 @node Paging in Term | |
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1034 @subsection Page-At-A-Time Output |
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1035 @cindex page-at-a-time |
27210 | 1036 |
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1037 Term mode has a page-at-a-time feature. When enabled it makes |
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1038 output pause at the end of each screenful. |
27210 | 1039 |
1040 @table @kbd | |
1041 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Term mode)} | |
1042 @findex term-pager-toggle | |
1043 @item C-c C-q | |
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1044 Toggle the page-at-a-time feature. This command works in both line |
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1045 and char modes. When page-at-a-time is enabled, the mode-line |
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1046 displays the word @samp{page}. |
27210 | 1047 @end table |
1048 | |
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1049 With page-at-a-time enabled, whenever Term receives more than a |
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1050 screenful of output since your last input, it pauses, displaying |
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1051 @samp{**MORE**} in the mode-line. Type @key{SPC} to display the next |
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1052 screenful of output. Type @kbd{?} to see your other options. The |
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1053 interface is similar to the Unix @code{more} program. |
27210 | 1054 |
25829 | 1055 @node Remote Host |
1056 @subsection Remote Host Shell | |
1057 @cindex remote host | |
1058 @cindex connecting to remote host | |
1059 @cindex Telnet | |
1060 @cindex Rlogin | |
1061 | |
27210 | 1062 You can login to a remote computer, using whatever commands you |
1063 would from a regular terminal (e.g.@: using the @code{telnet} or | |
1064 @code{rlogin} commands), from a Term window. | |
1065 | |
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1066 A program that asks you for a password will normally suppress |
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1067 echoing of the password, so the password will not show up in the |
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1068 buffer. This will happen just as if you were using a real terminal, |
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1069 if the buffer is in char mode. If it is in line mode, the password is |
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1070 temporarily visible, but will be erased when you hit return. (This |
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1071 happens automatically; there is no special password processing.) |
27210 | 1072 |
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1073 When you log in to a different machine, you need to specify the type |
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1074 of terminal your using. Terminal types @samp{ansi} or @samp{vt100} |
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1075 will work on most systems. |
27210 | 1076 |
1077 @c If you are talking to a Bourne-compatible | |
29107 | 1078 @c shell, and your system understands the @env{TERMCAP} variable, |
27210 | 1079 @c you can use the command @kbd{M-x shell-send-termcap}, which |
1080 @c sends a string specifying the terminal type and size. | |
1081 @c (This command is also useful after the window has changed size.) | |
1082 | |
1083 @c You can of course run @samp{gdb} on that remote computer. One useful | |
1084 @c trick: If you invoke gdb with the @code{--fullname} option, | |
1085 @c it will send special commands to Emacs that will cause Emacs to | |
1086 @c pop up the source files you're debugging. This will work | |
1087 @c whether or not gdb is running on a different computer than Emacs, | |
1088 @c as long as Emacs can access the source files specified by gdb. | |
1089 | |
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1090 @ignore |
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1091 You cannot log into to a remote computer using the Shell mode. |
27210 | 1092 @c (This will change when Shell is re-written to use Term.) |
1093 Instead, Emacs provides two commands for logging in to another computer | |
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1094 and communicating with it through an Emacs buffer using Comint mode: |
25829 | 1095 |
1096 @table @kbd | |
1097 @item M-x telnet @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET} | |
1098 Set up a Telnet connection to the computer named @var{hostname}. | |
1099 @item M-x rlogin @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET} | |
1100 Set up an Rlogin connection to the computer named @var{hostname}. | |
1101 @end table | |
1102 | |
1103 @findex telnet | |
1104 Use @kbd{M-x telnet} to set up a Telnet connection to another | |
1105 computer. (Telnet is the standard Internet protocol for remote login.) | |
1106 It reads the host name of the other computer as an argument with the | |
1107 minibuffer. Once the connection is established, talking to the other | |
1108 computer works like talking to a subshell: you can edit input with the | |
1109 usual Emacs commands, and send it a line at a time by typing @key{RET}. | |
1110 The output is inserted in the Telnet buffer interspersed with the input. | |
1111 | |
1112 @findex rlogin | |
1113 @vindex rlogin-explicit-args | |
1114 Use @kbd{M-x rlogin} to set up an Rlogin connection. Rlogin is | |
1115 another remote login communication protocol, essentially much like the | |
1116 Telnet protocol but incompatible with it, and supported only by certain | |
1117 systems. Rlogin's advantages are that you can arrange not to have to | |
1118 give your user name and password when communicating between two machines | |
1119 you frequently use, and that you can make an 8-bit-clean connection. | |
1120 (To do that in Emacs, set @code{rlogin-explicit-args} to @code{("-8")} | |
1121 before you run Rlogin.) | |
1122 | |
1123 @kbd{M-x rlogin} sets up the default file directory of the Emacs | |
1124 buffer to access the remote host via FTP (@pxref{File Names}), and it | |
1125 tracks the shell commands that change the current directory, just like | |
1126 Shell mode. | |
1127 | |
1128 @findex rlogin-directory-tracking-mode | |
1129 There are two ways of doing directory tracking in an Rlogin | |
1130 buffer---either with remote directory names | |
1131 @file{/@var{host}:@var{dir}/} or with local names (that works if the | |
1132 ``remote'' machine shares file systems with your machine of origin). | |
1133 You can use the command @code{rlogin-directory-tracking-mode} to switch | |
1134 modes. No argument means use remote directory names, a positive | |
1135 argument means use local names, and a negative argument means turn | |
1136 off directory tracking. | |
1137 | |
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1138 @end ignore |
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1139 |
25829 | 1140 @node Emacs Server, Hardcopy, Shell, Top |
1141 @section Using Emacs as a Server | |
1142 @pindex emacsclient | |
1143 @cindex Emacs as a server | |
1144 @cindex server, using Emacs as | |
29107 | 1145 @cindex @env{EDITOR} environment variable |
25829 | 1146 |
1147 Various programs such as @code{mail} can invoke your choice of editor | |
1148 to edit a particular piece of text, such as a message that you are | |
1149 sending. By convention, most of these programs use the environment | |
29107 | 1150 variable @env{EDITOR} to specify which editor to run. If you set |
1151 @env{EDITOR} to @samp{emacs}, they invoke Emacs---but in an | |
25829 | 1152 inconvenient fashion, by starting a new, separate Emacs process. This |
1153 is inconvenient because it takes time and because the new Emacs process | |
1154 doesn't share the buffers in the existing Emacs process. | |
1155 | |
1156 You can arrange to use your existing Emacs process as the editor for | |
1157 programs like @code{mail} by using the Emacs client and Emacs server | |
1158 programs. Here is how. | |
1159 | |
29107 | 1160 @cindex @env{TEXEDIT} environment variable |
25829 | 1161 First, the preparation. Within Emacs, call the function |
1162 @code{server-start}. (Your @file{.emacs} file can do this automatically | |
1163 if you add the expression @code{(server-start)} to it.) Then, outside | |
29107 | 1164 Emacs, set the @env{EDITOR} environment variable to @samp{emacsclient}. |
25829 | 1165 (Note that some programs use a different environment variable; for |
1166 example, to make @TeX{} use @samp{emacsclient}, you should set the | |
29107 | 1167 @env{TEXEDIT} environment variable to @samp{emacsclient +%d %s}.) |
25829 | 1168 |
1169 @kindex C-x # | |
1170 @findex server-edit | |
29107 | 1171 Then, whenever any program invokes your specified @env{EDITOR} |
25829 | 1172 program, the effect is to send a message to your principal Emacs telling |
1173 it to visit a file. (That's what the program @code{emacsclient} does.) | |
1174 Emacs displays the buffer immediately and you can immediately begin | |
1175 editing it. | |
1176 | |
1177 When you've finished editing that buffer, type @kbd{C-x #} | |
1178 (@code{server-edit}). This saves the file and sends a message back to | |
1179 the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to exit. The programs that | |
29107 | 1180 use @env{EDITOR} wait for the ``editor'' (actually, @code{emacsclient}) |
25829 | 1181 to exit. @kbd{C-x #} also checks for other pending external requests |
1182 to edit various files, and selects the next such file. | |
1183 | |
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1184 You can switch to a server buffer manually if you wish; you don't |
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1185 have to arrive at it with @kbd{C-x #}. But @kbd{C-x #} is the way to |
25829 | 1186 say that you are ``finished'' with one. |
1187 | |
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1188 @vindex server-kill-new-buffers |
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1189 @vindex server-temp-file-regexp |
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1190 Finishing with a server buffer also kills the buffer, unless it |
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1191 already existed in the Emacs session before the server asked to create |
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1192 it. However, if you set @code{server-kill-new-buffers} to @code{nil}, |
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1193 then a different criterion is used: finishing with a server buffer |
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1194 kills it if the file name matches the regular expression |
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1195 @code{server-temp-file-regexp}. This is set up to distinguish certain |
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1196 ``temporary'' files. |
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1197 |
25829 | 1198 @vindex server-window |
1199 If you set the variable @code{server-window} to a window or a frame, | |
1200 @kbd{C-x #} displays the server buffer in that window or in that frame. | |
1201 | |
1202 While @code{mail} or another application is waiting for | |
1203 @code{emacsclient} to finish, @code{emacsclient} does not read terminal | |
1204 input. So the terminal that @code{mail} was using is effectively | |
1205 blocked for the duration. In order to edit with your principal Emacs, | |
1206 you need to be able to use it without using that terminal. There are | |
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1207 three ways to do this: |
25829 | 1208 |
1209 @itemize @bullet | |
1210 @item | |
1211 Using a window system, run @code{mail} and the principal Emacs in two | |
1212 separate windows. While @code{mail} is waiting for @code{emacsclient}, | |
1213 the window where it was running is blocked, but you can use Emacs by | |
1214 switching windows. | |
1215 | |
1216 @item | |
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1217 Using virtual terminals, run @code{mail} in one virtual terminal |
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1218 and run Emacs in another. |
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1219 |
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1220 @item |
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1221 Use Shell mode or Term mode in Emacs to run the other program such as |
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1222 @code{mail}; then, @code{emacsclient} blocks only the subshell under |
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1223 Emacs, and you can still use Emacs to edit the file. |
25829 | 1224 @end itemize |
1225 | |
1226 If you run @code{emacsclient} with the option @samp{--no-wait}, it | |
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1227 returns immediately without waiting for you to ``finish'' the buffer |
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1228 in Emacs. Note that server buffers created in this way are not killed |
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1229 automatically when you finish with them. |
30856 | 1230 |
25829 | 1231 @menu |
1232 * Invoking emacsclient:: | |
1233 @end menu | |
1234 | |
1235 @node Invoking emacsclient,, Emacs Server, Emacs Server | |
1236 @section Invoking @code{emacsclient} | |
1237 | |
1238 To run the @code{emacsclient} program, specify file names as arguments, | |
1239 and optionally line numbers as well. Do it like this: | |
1240 | |
1241 @example | |
1242 emacsclient @r{@{}@r{[}+@var{line}@r{]} @var{filename}@r{@}}@dots{} | |
1243 @end example | |
1244 | |
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1245 @noindent |
25829 | 1246 This tells Emacs to visit each of the specified files; if you specify a |
1247 line number for a certain file, Emacs moves to that line in the file. | |
1248 | |
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1249 Ordinarily, @code{emacsclient} does not return until you use the |
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1250 @kbd{C-x #} command on each of these buffers. When that happens, |
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1251 Emacs sends a message to the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to |
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1252 return. |
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1253 |
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1254 But if you use the option @samp{-n} or @samp{--no-wait} when running |
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1255 @code{emacsclient}, then it returns immediately. (You can take as |
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1256 long as you like to edit the files in Emacs.) |
25829 | 1257 |
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1258 The option @samp{--alternate-editor=@var{command}} is useful when |
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1259 running @code{emacsclient} in a script. It specifies a command to run |
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1260 if @code{emacsclient} fails to contact Emacs. For example, the |
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1261 following setting for the @var{EDITOR} environment variable will |
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1262 always give an editor, even if Emacs is not running: |
25829 | 1263 |
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1264 @example |
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1265 EDITOR="emacsclient --alternate-editor vi +%d %s" |
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1266 @end example |
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1267 |
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1268 @noindent |
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1269 The environment variable @var{ALTERNATE_EDITOR} has the same effect, but |
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1270 the value of the @samp{--alternate-editor} takes precedence. |
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1271 |
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1272 @pindex emacs.bash |
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1273 Alternatively, the file @file{etc/emacs.bash} defines a bash |
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1274 function which will communicate with a running Emacs server, or start |
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1275 one if none exists. |
25829 | 1276 |
27210 | 1277 @node Hardcopy, PostScript, Emacs Server, Top |
25829 | 1278 @section Hardcopy Output |
1279 @cindex hardcopy | |
1280 | |
1281 The Emacs commands for making hardcopy let you print either an entire | |
1282 buffer or just part of one, either with or without page headers. | |
1283 See also the hardcopy commands of Dired (@pxref{Misc File Ops}) | |
1284 and the diary (@pxref{Diary Commands}). | |
1285 | |
1286 @table @kbd | |
1287 @item M-x print-buffer | |
1288 Print hardcopy of current buffer with page headings containing the file | |
1289 name and page number. | |
1290 @item M-x lpr-buffer | |
1291 Print hardcopy of current buffer without page headings. | |
1292 @item M-x print-region | |
1293 Like @code{print-buffer} but print only the current region. | |
1294 @item M-x lpr-region | |
1295 Like @code{lpr-buffer} but print only the current region. | |
1296 @end table | |
1297 | |
1298 @findex print-buffer | |
1299 @findex print-region | |
1300 @findex lpr-buffer | |
1301 @findex lpr-region | |
1302 @vindex lpr-switches | |
1303 The hardcopy commands (aside from the Postscript commands) pass extra | |
1304 switches to the @code{lpr} program based on the value of the variable | |
1305 @code{lpr-switches}. Its value should be a list of strings, each string | |
1306 an option starting with @samp{-}. For example, to specify a line width | |
1307 of 80 columns for all the printing you do in Emacs, set | |
1308 @code{lpr-switches} like this: | |
1309 | |
1310 @example | |
1311 (setq lpr-switches '("-w80")) | |
1312 @end example | |
1313 | |
1314 @vindex printer-name | |
1315 You can specify the printer to use by setting the variable | |
1316 @code{printer-name}. | |
1317 | |
1318 @vindex lpr-headers-switches | |
1319 @vindex lpr-commands | |
1320 @vindex lpr-add-switches | |
1321 The variable @code{lpr-command} specifies the name of the printer | |
1322 program to run; the default value depends on your operating system type. | |
1323 On most systems, the default is @code{"lpr"}. The variable | |
1324 @code{lpr-headers-switches} similarly specifies the extra switches to | |
1325 use to make page headers. The variable @code{lpr-add-switches} controls | |
1326 whether to supply @samp{-T} and @samp{-J} options (suitable for | |
1327 @code{lpr}) to the printer program: @code{nil} means don't add them. | |
1328 @code{lpr-add-switches} should be @code{nil} if your printer program is | |
1329 not compatible with @code{lpr}. | |
1330 | |
27210 | 1331 @node PostScript, PostScript Variables, Hardcopy, Top |
1332 @section PostScript Hardcopy | |
25829 | 1333 |
27210 | 1334 These commands convert buffer contents to PostScript, |
25829 | 1335 either printing it or leaving it in another Emacs buffer. |
1336 | |
1337 @table @kbd | |
1338 @item M-x ps-print-buffer | |
27210 | 1339 Print hardcopy of the current buffer in PostScript form. |
25829 | 1340 @item M-x ps-print-region |
27210 | 1341 Print hardcopy of the current region in PostScript form. |
25829 | 1342 @item M-x ps-print-buffer-with-faces |
27210 | 1343 Print hardcopy of the current buffer in PostScript form, showing the |
1344 faces used in the text by means of PostScript features. | |
25829 | 1345 @item M-x ps-print-region-with-faces |
27210 | 1346 Print hardcopy of the current region in PostScript form, showing the |
25829 | 1347 faces used in the text. |
1348 @item M-x ps-spool-buffer | |
27210 | 1349 Generate PostScript for the current buffer text. |
25829 | 1350 @item M-x ps-spool-region |
27210 | 1351 Generate PostScript for the current region. |
25829 | 1352 @item M-x ps-spool-buffer-with-faces |
27210 | 1353 Generate PostScript for the current buffer, showing the faces used. |
25829 | 1354 @item M-x ps-spool-region-with-faces |
27210 | 1355 Generate PostScript for the current region, showing the faces used. |
1356 @item M-x handwrite | |
1357 Generates/prints PostScript for the current buffer as if handwritten. | |
25829 | 1358 @end table |
1359 | |
1360 @findex ps-print-region | |
1361 @findex ps-print-buffer | |
1362 @findex ps-print-region-with-faces | |
1363 @findex ps-print-buffer-with-faces | |
27210 | 1364 The PostScript commands, @code{ps-print-buffer} and |
1365 @code{ps-print-region}, print buffer contents in PostScript form. One | |
25829 | 1366 command prints the entire buffer; the other, just the region. The |
1367 corresponding @samp{-with-faces} commands, | |
1368 @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} and @code{ps-print-region-with-faces}, | |
27210 | 1369 use PostScript features to show the faces (fonts and colors) in the text |
25829 | 1370 properties of the text being printed. |
1371 | |
1372 If you are using a color display, you can print a buffer of program | |
1373 code with color highlighting by turning on Font-Lock mode in that | |
1374 buffer, and using @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. | |
1375 | |
1376 @findex ps-spool-region | |
1377 @findex ps-spool-buffer | |
1378 @findex ps-spool-region-with-faces | |
1379 @findex ps-spool-buffer-with-faces | |
1380 The commands whose names have @samp{spool} instead of @samp{print} | |
27210 | 1381 generate the PostScript output in an Emacs buffer instead of sending |
25829 | 1382 it to the printer. |
1383 | |
27210 | 1384 @findex handwrite |
1385 @cindex handwriting | |
1386 @kbd{M-x handwrite} is more frivolous. It generates a PostScript | |
1387 rendition of the current buffer as a cursive handwritten document. It | |
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1388 can be customized in group @code{handwrite}. This function only |
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1389 supports ISO 8859-1 characters. |
27210 | 1390 |
25829 | 1391 @ifinfo |
1392 The following section describes variables for customizing these commands. | |
1393 @end ifinfo | |
1394 | |
27210 | 1395 @node PostScript Variables, Sorting, PostScript, Top |
1396 @section Variables for PostScript Hardcopy | |
25829 | 1397 |
1398 @vindex ps-lpr-command | |
1399 @vindex ps-lpr-switches | |
1400 @vindex ps-printer-name | |
27210 | 1401 All the PostScript hardcopy commands use the variables |
25829 | 1402 @code{ps-lpr-command} and @code{ps-lpr-switches} to specify how to print |
1403 the output. @code{ps-lpr-command} specifies the command name to run, | |
1404 @code{ps-lpr-switches} specifies command line options to use, and | |
1405 @code{ps-printer-name} specifies the printer. If you don't set the | |
1406 first two variables yourself, they take their initial values from | |
1407 @code{lpr-command} and @code{lpr-switches}. If @code{ps-printer-name} | |
1408 is @code{nil}, @code{printer-name} is used. | |
1409 | |
1410 @vindex ps-print-header | |
1411 The variable @code{ps-print-header} controls whether these commands | |
1412 add header lines to each page---set it to @code{nil} to turn headers | |
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1413 off. |
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1414 |
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1415 @cindex color emulation on black-and-white printers |
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1416 @vindex ps-print-color-p |
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1417 If your printer doesn't support colors, you should turn off color |
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1418 processing by setting @code{ps-print-color-p} to @code{nil}. By |
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1419 default, if the display supports colors, Emacs produces hardcopy output |
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1420 with color information; on black-and-white printers, colors are emulated |
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1421 with shades of gray. This might produce illegible output, even if your |
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1422 screen colors only use shades of gray. |
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1423 |
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1424 @vindex ps-use-face-background |
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1425 By default, PostScript printing ignores the background colors of the |
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1426 faces, unless the variable @code{ps-use-face-background} is |
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1427 non-@code{nil}. This is to avoid unwanted interference with the zebra |
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1428 stripes and background image/text. |
25829 | 1429 |
1430 @vindex ps-paper-type | |
1431 @vindex ps-page-dimensions-database | |
1432 The variable @code{ps-paper-type} specifies which size of paper to | |
1433 format for; legitimate values include @code{a4}, @code{a3}, | |
1434 @code{a4small}, @code{b4}, @code{b5}, @code{executive}, @code{ledger}, | |
1435 @code{legal}, @code{letter}, @code{letter-small}, @code{statement}, | |
1436 @code{tabloid}. The default is @code{letter}. You can define | |
1437 additional paper sizes by changing the variable | |
1438 @code{ps-page-dimensions-database}. | |
1439 | |
1440 @vindex ps-landscape-mode | |
1441 The variable @code{ps-landscape-mode} specifies the orientation of | |
1442 printing on the page. The default is @code{nil}, which stands for | |
1443 ``portrait'' mode. Any non-@code{nil} value specifies ``landscape'' | |
1444 mode. | |
1445 | |
1446 @vindex ps-number-of-columns | |
1447 The variable @code{ps-number-of-columns} specifies the number of | |
1448 columns; it takes effect in both landscape and portrait mode. The | |
1449 default is 1. | |
1450 | |
1451 @vindex ps-font-family | |
1452 @vindex ps-font-size | |
1453 @vindex ps-font-info-database | |
1454 The variable @code{ps-font-family} specifies which font family to use | |
1455 for printing ordinary text. Legitimate values include @code{Courier}, | |
1456 @code{Helvetica}, @code{NewCenturySchlbk}, @code{Palatino} and | |
1457 @code{Times}. The variable @code{ps-font-size} specifies the size of | |
1458 the font for ordinary text. It defaults to 8.5 points. | |
1459 | |
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1460 @vindex ps-multibyte-buffer |
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1461 @cindex Intlfonts for PostScript printing |
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1462 @cindex fonts for PostScript printing |
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1463 Emacs supports more scripts and characters than a typical PostScript |
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1464 printer. Thus, some of the characters in your buffer might not be |
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1465 printable using the fonts built into your printer. You can augment |
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1466 the fonts supplied with the printer with those from the GNU Intlfonts |
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1467 package, or you can instruct Emacs to use Intlfonts exclusively. The |
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1468 variable @code{ps-multibyte-buffer} controls this: the default value, |
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1469 @code{nil}, is appropriate for printing @sc{ascii} and Latin-1 |
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1470 characters; a value of @code{non-latin-printer} is for printers which |
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1471 have the fonts for @sc{ascii}, Latin-1, Japanese, and Korean |
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1472 characters built into them. A value of @code{bdf-font} arranges for |
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1473 the BDF fonts from the Intlfonts package to be used for @emph{all} |
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1474 characters. Finally, a value of @code{bdf-font-except-latin} |
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1475 instructs the printer to use built-in fonts for @sc{ascii} and Latin-1 |
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1476 characters, and Intlfonts BDF fonts for the rest. |
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1477 |
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1478 @vindex bdf-directory-list |
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1479 To be able to use the BDF fonts, Emacs should know where to find |
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1480 them. The variable @code{bdf-directory-list} holds the list of |
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1481 directories where Emacs should look for the fonts; the default value |
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1482 includes a single directory @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/fonts/bdf}. |
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1483 |
25829 | 1484 Many other customization variables for these commands are defined and |
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1485 described in the Lisp files @file{ps-print.el} and @file{ps-mule.el}. |
25829 | 1486 |
27210 | 1487 @node Sorting, Narrowing, PostScript Variables, Top |
25829 | 1488 @section Sorting Text |
1489 @cindex sorting | |
1490 | |
1491 Emacs provides several commands for sorting text in the buffer. All | |
1492 operate on the contents of the region (the text between point and the | |
1493 mark). They divide the text of the region into many @dfn{sort records}, | |
1494 identify a @dfn{sort key} for each record, and then reorder the records | |
1495 into the order determined by the sort keys. The records are ordered so | |
1496 that their keys are in alphabetical order, or, for numeric sorting, in | |
1497 numeric order. In alphabetic sorting, all upper-case letters `A' through | |
1498 `Z' come before lower-case `a', in accord with the ASCII character | |
1499 sequence. | |
1500 | |
1501 The various sort commands differ in how they divide the text into sort | |
1502 records and in which part of each record is used as the sort key. Most of | |
1503 the commands make each line a separate sort record, but some commands use | |
1504 paragraphs or pages as sort records. Most of the sort commands use each | |
1505 entire sort record as its own sort key, but some use only a portion of the | |
1506 record as the sort key. | |
1507 | |
1508 @findex sort-lines | |
1509 @findex sort-paragraphs | |
1510 @findex sort-pages | |
1511 @findex sort-fields | |
1512 @findex sort-numeric-fields | |
27469 | 1513 @vindex sort-numeric-base |
25829 | 1514 @table @kbd |
1515 @item M-x sort-lines | |
1516 Divide the region into lines, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1517 text of a line. A numeric argument means sort into descending order. | |
1518 | |
1519 @item M-x sort-paragraphs | |
1520 Divide the region into paragraphs, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1521 text of a paragraph (except for leading blank lines). A numeric | |
1522 argument means sort into descending order. | |
1523 | |
1524 @item M-x sort-pages | |
1525 Divide the region into pages, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1526 text of a page (except for leading blank lines). A numeric | |
1527 argument means sort into descending order. | |
1528 | |
1529 @item M-x sort-fields | |
1530 Divide the region into lines, and sort by comparing the contents of | |
1531 one field in each line. Fields are defined as separated by | |
1532 whitespace, so the first run of consecutive non-whitespace characters | |
1533 in a line constitutes field 1, the second such run constitutes field | |
1534 2, etc. | |
1535 | |
1536 Specify which field to sort by with a numeric argument: 1 to sort by | |
1537 field 1, etc. A negative argument means count fields from the right | |
1538 instead of from the left; thus, minus 1 means sort by the last field. | |
1539 If several lines have identical contents in the field being sorted, they | |
1540 keep same relative order that they had in the original buffer. | |
1541 | |
1542 @item M-x sort-numeric-fields | |
1543 Like @kbd{M-x sort-fields} except the specified field is converted | |
1544 to an integer for each line, and the numbers are compared. @samp{10} | |
1545 comes before @samp{2} when considered as text, but after it when | |
27469 | 1546 considered as a number. By default, numbers are interpreted according |
1547 to @code{sort-numeric-base}, but numbers beginning with @samp{0x} or | |
1548 @samp{0} are interpreted as hexadecimal and octal, respectively. | |
25829 | 1549 |
1550 @item M-x sort-columns | |
1551 Like @kbd{M-x sort-fields} except that the text within each line | |
1552 used for comparison comes from a fixed range of columns. See below | |
1553 for an explanation. | |
1554 | |
1555 @item M-x reverse-region | |
1556 Reverse the order of the lines in the region. This is useful for | |
1557 sorting into descending order by fields or columns, since those sort | |
1558 commands do not have a feature for doing that. | |
1559 @end table | |
1560 | |
1561 For example, if the buffer contains this: | |
1562 | |
1563 @smallexample | |
1564 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1565 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1566 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1567 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1568 the buffer. | |
1569 @end smallexample | |
1570 | |
1571 @noindent | |
1572 applying @kbd{M-x sort-lines} to the entire buffer produces this: | |
1573 | |
1574 @smallexample | |
1575 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1576 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1577 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1578 the buffer. | |
1579 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1580 @end smallexample | |
1581 | |
1582 @noindent | |
1583 where the upper-case @samp{O} sorts before all lower-case letters. If | |
1584 you use @kbd{C-u 2 M-x sort-fields} instead, you get this: | |
1585 | |
1586 @smallexample | |
1587 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1588 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1589 the buffer. | |
1590 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1591 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1592 @end smallexample | |
1593 | |
1594 @noindent | |
1595 where the sort keys were @samp{Emacs}, @samp{If}, @samp{buffer}, | |
1596 @samp{systems} and @samp{the}. | |
1597 | |
1598 @findex sort-columns | |
1599 @kbd{M-x sort-columns} requires more explanation. You specify the | |
1600 columns by putting point at one of the columns and the mark at the other | |
1601 column. Because this means you cannot put point or the mark at the | |
1602 beginning of the first line of the text you want to sort, this command | |
36185 | 1603 uses an unusual definition of ``region'': all of the line point is in is |
25829 | 1604 considered part of the region, and so is all of the line the mark is in, |
1605 as well as all the lines in between. | |
1606 | |
1607 For example, to sort a table by information found in columns 10 to 15, | |
1608 you could put the mark on column 10 in the first line of the table, and | |
1609 point on column 15 in the last line of the table, and then run | |
1610 @code{sort-columns}. Equivalently, you could run it with the mark on | |
1611 column 15 in the first line and point on column 10 in the last line. | |
1612 | |
1613 This can be thought of as sorting the rectangle specified by point and | |
1614 the mark, except that the text on each line to the left or right of the | |
1615 rectangle moves along with the text inside the rectangle. | |
1616 @xref{Rectangles}. | |
1617 | |
1618 @vindex sort-fold-case | |
1619 Many of the sort commands ignore case differences when comparing, if | |
1620 @code{sort-fold-case} is non-@code{nil}. | |
1621 | |
1622 @node Narrowing, Two-Column, Sorting, Top | |
1623 @section Narrowing | |
1624 @cindex widening | |
1625 @cindex restriction | |
1626 @cindex narrowing | |
1627 @cindex accessible portion | |
1628 | |
1629 @dfn{Narrowing} means focusing in on some portion of the buffer, | |
1630 making the rest temporarily inaccessible. The portion which you can | |
1631 still get to is called the @dfn{accessible portion}. Canceling the | |
1632 narrowing, which makes the entire buffer once again accessible, is | |
1633 called @dfn{widening}. The amount of narrowing in effect in a buffer at | |
1634 any time is called the buffer's @dfn{restriction}. | |
1635 | |
1636 Narrowing can make it easier to concentrate on a single subroutine or | |
1637 paragraph by eliminating clutter. It can also be used to restrict the | |
1638 range of operation of a replace command or repeating keyboard macro. | |
1639 | |
1640 @c WideCommands | |
1641 @table @kbd | |
1642 @item C-x n n | |
1643 Narrow down to between point and mark (@code{narrow-to-region}). | |
1644 @item C-x n w | |
1645 Widen to make the entire buffer accessible again (@code{widen}). | |
1646 @item C-x n p | |
1647 Narrow down to the current page (@code{narrow-to-page}). | |
1648 @item C-x n d | |
1649 Narrow down to the current defun (@code{narrow-to-defun}). | |
1650 @end table | |
1651 | |
1652 When you have narrowed down to a part of the buffer, that part appears | |
1653 to be all there is. You can't see the rest, you can't move into it | |
1654 (motion commands won't go outside the accessible part), you can't change | |
1655 it in any way. However, it is not gone, and if you save the file all | |
1656 the inaccessible text will be saved. The word @samp{Narrow} appears in | |
1657 the mode line whenever narrowing is in effect. | |
1658 | |
1659 @kindex C-x n n | |
1660 @findex narrow-to-region | |
1661 The primary narrowing command is @kbd{C-x n n} (@code{narrow-to-region}). | |
1662 It sets the current buffer's restrictions so that the text in the current | |
1663 region remains accessible but all text before the region or after the region | |
1664 is inaccessible. Point and mark do not change. | |
1665 | |
1666 @kindex C-x n p | |
1667 @findex narrow-to-page | |
1668 @kindex C-x n d | |
1669 @findex narrow-to-defun | |
1670 Alternatively, use @kbd{C-x n p} (@code{narrow-to-page}) to narrow | |
1671 down to the current page. @xref{Pages}, for the definition of a page. | |
1672 @kbd{C-x n d} (@code{narrow-to-defun}) narrows down to the defun | |
1673 containing point (@pxref{Defuns}). | |
1674 | |
1675 @kindex C-x n w | |
1676 @findex widen | |
1677 The way to cancel narrowing is to widen with @kbd{C-x n w} | |
1678 (@code{widen}). This makes all text in the buffer accessible again. | |
1679 | |
1680 You can get information on what part of the buffer you are narrowed down | |
1681 to using the @kbd{C-x =} command. @xref{Position Info}. | |
1682 | |
1683 Because narrowing can easily confuse users who do not understand it, | |
1684 @code{narrow-to-region} is normally a disabled command. Attempting to use | |
1685 this command asks for confirmation and gives you the option of enabling it; | |
1686 if you enable the command, confirmation will no longer be required for | |
1687 it. @xref{Disabling}. | |
1688 | |
1689 @node Two-Column, Editing Binary Files, Narrowing, Top | |
1690 @section Two-Column Editing | |
1691 @cindex two-column editing | |
1692 @cindex splitting columns | |
1693 @cindex columns, splitting | |
1694 | |
1695 Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columns of | |
1696 text. It uses two side-by-side windows, each showing its own | |
1697 buffer. | |
1698 | |
1699 There are three ways to enter two-column mode: | |
1700 | |
1701 @table @asis | |
1702 @item @kbd{@key{F2} 2} or @kbd{C-x 6 2} | |
1703 @kindex F2 2 | |
1704 @kindex C-x 6 2 | |
1705 @findex 2C-two-columns | |
1706 Enter two-column mode with the current buffer on the left, and on the | |
1707 right, a buffer whose name is based on the current buffer's name | |
1708 (@code{2C-two-columns}). If the right-hand buffer doesn't already | |
1709 exist, it starts out empty; the current buffer's contents are not | |
1710 changed. | |
1711 | |
1712 This command is appropriate when the current buffer is empty or contains | |
1713 just one column and you want to add another column. | |
1714 | |
1715 @item @kbd{@key{F2} s} or @kbd{C-x 6 s} | |
1716 @kindex F2 s | |
1717 @kindex C-x 6 s | |
1718 @findex 2C-split | |
1719 Split the current buffer, which contains two-column text, into two | |
1720 buffers, and display them side by side (@code{2C-split}). The current | |
1721 buffer becomes the left-hand buffer, but the text in the right-hand | |
1722 column is moved into the right-hand buffer. The current column | |
1723 specifies the split point. Splitting starts with the current line and | |
1724 continues to the end of the buffer. | |
1725 | |
1726 This command is appropriate when you have a buffer that already contains | |
1727 two-column text, and you wish to separate the columns temporarily. | |
1728 | |
1729 @item @kbd{@key{F2} b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} | |
1730 @itemx @kbd{C-x 6 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} | |
1731 @kindex F2 b | |
1732 @kindex C-x 6 b | |
1733 @findex 2C-associate-buffer | |
1734 Enter two-column mode using the current buffer as the left-hand buffer, | |
1735 and using buffer @var{buffer} as the right-hand buffer | |
1736 (@code{2C-associate-buffer}). | |
1737 @end table | |
1738 | |
1739 @kbd{@key{F2} s} or @kbd{C-x 6 s} looks for a column separator, which | |
1740 is a string that appears on each line between the two columns. You can | |
1741 specify the width of the separator with a numeric argument to | |
1742 @kbd{@key{F2} s}; that many characters, before point, constitute the | |
1743 separator string. By default, the width is 1, so the column separator | |
1744 is the character before point. | |
1745 | |
1746 When a line has the separator at the proper place, @kbd{@key{F2} s} | |
1747 puts the text after the separator into the right-hand buffer, and | |
1748 deletes the separator. Lines that don't have the column separator at | |
1749 the proper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, and | |
1750 the right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond. (This is the | |
1751 way to write a line that ``spans both columns while in two-column | |
1752 mode'': write it in the left-hand buffer, and put an empty line in the | |
1753 right-hand buffer.) | |
1754 | |
1755 @kindex F2 RET | |
1756 @kindex C-x 6 RET | |
1757 @findex 2C-newline | |
1758 The command @kbd{C-x 6 @key{RET}} or @kbd{@key{F2} @key{RET}} | |
1759 (@code{2C-newline}) inserts a newline in each of the two buffers at | |
1760 corresponding positions. This is the easiest way to add a new line to | |
1761 the two-column text while editing it in split buffers. | |
1762 | |
1763 @kindex F2 1 | |
1764 @kindex C-x 6 1 | |
1765 @findex 2C-merge | |
1766 When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with | |
1767 @kbd{@key{F2} 1} or @kbd{C-x 6 1} (@code{2C-merge}). This copies the | |
1768 text from the right-hand buffer as a second column in the other buffer. | |
1769 To go back to two-column editing, use @kbd{@key{F2} s}. | |
1770 | |
1771 @kindex F2 d | |
1772 @kindex C-x 6 d | |
1773 @findex 2C-dissociate | |
1774 Use @kbd{@key{F2} d} or @kbd{C-x 6 d} to dissociate the two buffers, | |
1775 leaving each as it stands (@code{2C-dissociate}). If the other buffer, | |
1776 the one not current when you type @kbd{@key{F2} d}, is empty, | |
1777 @kbd{@key{F2} d} kills it. | |
1778 | |
1779 @node Editing Binary Files, Saving Emacs Sessions, Two-Column, Top | |
1780 @section Editing Binary Files | |
1781 | |
1782 @cindex Hexl mode | |
1783 @cindex mode, Hexl | |
1784 @cindex editing binary files | |
31029 | 1785 @cindex hex editing |
25829 | 1786 There is a special major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode. To |
1787 use it, use @kbd{M-x hexl-find-file} instead of @kbd{C-x C-f} to visit | |
1788 the file. This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and | |
1789 lets you edit the translation. When you save the file, it is converted | |
1790 automatically back to binary. | |
1791 | |
1792 You can also use @kbd{M-x hexl-mode} to translate an existing buffer | |
1793 into hex. This is useful if you visit a file normally and then discover | |
1794 it is a binary file. | |
1795 | |
1796 Ordinary text characters overwrite in Hexl mode. This is to reduce | |
1797 the risk of accidentally spoiling the alignment of data in the file. | |
1798 There are special commands for insertion. Here is a list of the | |
1799 commands of Hexl mode: | |
1800 | |
1801 @c I don't think individual index entries for these commands are useful--RMS. | |
1802 @table @kbd | |
1803 @item C-M-d | |
1804 Insert a byte with a code typed in decimal. | |
1805 | |
1806 @item C-M-o | |
1807 Insert a byte with a code typed in octal. | |
1808 | |
1809 @item C-M-x | |
1810 Insert a byte with a code typed in hex. | |
1811 | |
1812 @item C-x [ | |
1813 Move to the beginning of a 1k-byte ``page.'' | |
1814 | |
1815 @item C-x ] | |
1816 Move to the end of a 1k-byte ``page.'' | |
1817 | |
1818 @item M-g | |
1819 Move to an address specified in hex. | |
1820 | |
1821 @item M-j | |
1822 Move to an address specified in decimal. | |
1823 | |
1824 @item C-c C-c | |
1825 Leave Hexl mode, going back to the major mode this buffer had before you | |
1826 invoked @code{hexl-mode}. | |
1827 @end table | |
1828 | |
31029 | 1829 @noindent |
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1830 Other Hexl commands let you insert strings (sequences) of binary |
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1831 bytes, move by short's or int's, etc.; type @kbd{C-h a hexl- |
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1832 @key{RET}} for details. |
31029 | 1833 |
1834 | |
25829 | 1835 @node Saving Emacs Sessions, Recursive Edit, Editing Binary Files, Top |
1836 @section Saving Emacs Sessions | |
1837 @cindex saving sessions | |
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1838 @cindex restore session |
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1839 @cindex remember editing session |
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1840 @cindex reload files |
25829 | 1841 @cindex desktop |
1842 | |
1843 You can use the Desktop library to save the state of Emacs from one | |
1844 session to another. Saving the state means that Emacs starts up with | |
1845 the same set of buffers, major modes, buffer positions, and so on that | |
1846 the previous Emacs session had. | |
1847 | |
1848 @vindex desktop-enable | |
1849 To use Desktop, you should use the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy | |
1850 Customization}) to set @code{desktop-enable} to a non-@code{nil} value, | |
1851 or add these lines at the end of your @file{.emacs} file: | |
1852 | |
1853 @example | |
1854 (desktop-load-default) | |
1855 (desktop-read) | |
1856 @end example | |
1857 | |
1858 @noindent | |
1859 @findex desktop-save | |
1860 The first time you save the state of the Emacs session, you must do it | |
1861 manually, with the command @kbd{M-x desktop-save}. Once you have done | |
1862 that, exiting Emacs will save the state again---not only the present | |
1863 Emacs session, but also subsequent sessions. You can also save the | |
1864 state at any time, without exiting Emacs, by typing @kbd{M-x | |
1865 desktop-save} again. | |
1866 | |
1867 In order for Emacs to recover the state from a previous session, you | |
1868 must start it with the same current directory as you used when you | |
1869 started the previous session. This is because @code{desktop-read} looks | |
1870 in the current directory for the file to read. This means that you can | |
1871 have separate saved sessions in different directories; the directory in | |
1872 which you start Emacs will control which saved session to use. | |
1873 | |
1874 @vindex desktop-files-not-to-save | |
1875 The variable @code{desktop-files-not-to-save} controls which files are | |
1876 excluded from state saving. Its value is a regular expression that | |
1877 matches the files to exclude. By default, remote (ftp-accessed) files | |
1878 are excluded; this is because visiting them again in the subsequent | |
1879 session would be slow. If you want to include these files in state | |
1880 saving, set @code{desktop-files-not-to-save} to @code{"^$"}. | |
1881 @xref{Remote Files}. | |
1882 | |
29083 | 1883 @vindex save-place |
1884 @cindex Saveplace | |
1885 @findex toggle-save-place | |
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1886 The Saveplace library provides a simpler feature that records your |
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1887 position in each file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and |
29083 | 1888 jumps to the same position when you visit the file again (even in |
31310 | 1889 another Emacs session). Use @kbd{M-x toggle-save-place} to turn on |
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1890 place-saving in a given file. Customize the option @code{save-place} |
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1891 to turn it on for all files in each session. |
29083 | 1892 |
25829 | 1893 @node Recursive Edit, Emulation, Saving Emacs Sessions, Top |
1894 @section Recursive Editing Levels | |
1895 @cindex recursive editing level | |
1896 @cindex editing level, recursive | |
1897 | |
1898 A @dfn{recursive edit} is a situation in which you are using Emacs | |
1899 commands to perform arbitrary editing while in the middle of another | |
1900 Emacs command. For example, when you type @kbd{C-r} inside of a | |
1901 @code{query-replace}, you enter a recursive edit in which you can change | |
1902 the current buffer. On exiting from the recursive edit, you go back to | |
1903 the @code{query-replace}. | |
1904 | |
1905 @kindex C-M-c | |
1906 @findex exit-recursive-edit | |
1907 @cindex exiting recursive edit | |
1908 @dfn{Exiting} the recursive edit means returning to the unfinished | |
1909 command, which continues execution. The command to exit is @kbd{C-M-c} | |
1910 (@code{exit-recursive-edit}). | |
1911 | |
1912 You can also @dfn{abort} the recursive edit. This is like exiting, | |
1913 but also quits the unfinished command immediately. Use the command | |
1914 @kbd{C-]} (@code{abort-recursive-edit}) to do this. @xref{Quitting}. | |
1915 | |
1916 The mode line shows you when you are in a recursive edit by displaying | |
1917 square brackets around the parentheses that always surround the major and | |
1918 minor mode names. Every window's mode line shows this, in the same way, | |
1919 since being in a recursive edit is true of Emacs as a whole rather than | |
1920 any particular window or buffer. | |
1921 | |
1922 It is possible to be in recursive edits within recursive edits. For | |
1923 example, after typing @kbd{C-r} in a @code{query-replace}, you may type a | |
1924 command that enters the debugger. This begins a recursive editing level | |
1925 for the debugger, within the recursive editing level for @kbd{C-r}. | |
1926 Mode lines display a pair of square brackets for each recursive editing | |
1927 level currently in progress. | |
1928 | |
1929 Exiting the inner recursive edit (such as, with the debugger @kbd{c} | |
1930 command) resumes the command running in the next level up. When that | |
1931 command finishes, you can then use @kbd{C-M-c} to exit another recursive | |
1932 editing level, and so on. Exiting applies to the innermost level only. | |
1933 Aborting also gets out of only one level of recursive edit; it returns | |
1934 immediately to the command level of the previous recursive edit. If you | |
1935 wish, you can then abort the next recursive editing level. | |
1936 | |
1937 Alternatively, the command @kbd{M-x top-level} aborts all levels of | |
1938 recursive edits, returning immediately to the top-level command reader. | |
1939 | |
1940 The text being edited inside the recursive edit need not be the same text | |
1941 that you were editing at top level. It depends on what the recursive edit | |
1942 is for. If the command that invokes the recursive edit selects a different | |
1943 buffer first, that is the buffer you will edit recursively. In any case, | |
1944 you can switch buffers within the recursive edit in the normal manner (as | |
1945 long as the buffer-switching keys have not been rebound). You could | |
1946 probably do all the rest of your editing inside the recursive edit, | |
1947 visiting files and all. But this could have surprising effects (such as | |
1948 stack overflow) from time to time. So remember to exit or abort the | |
1949 recursive edit when you no longer need it. | |
1950 | |
1951 In general, we try to minimize the use of recursive editing levels in | |
1952 GNU Emacs. This is because they constrain you to ``go back'' in a | |
1953 particular order---from the innermost level toward the top level. When | |
1954 possible, we present different activities in separate buffers so that | |
1955 you can switch between them as you please. Some commands switch to a | |
1956 new major mode which provides a command to switch back. These | |
1957 approaches give you more flexibility to go back to unfinished tasks in | |
1958 the order you choose. | |
1959 | |
28448 | 1960 @node Emulation, Hyperlinking, Recursive Edit, Top |
25829 | 1961 @section Emulation |
1962 @cindex emulating other editors | |
1963 @cindex other editors | |
1964 @cindex EDT | |
1965 @cindex vi | |
27210 | 1966 @cindex PC keybindings |
1967 @cindex scrolling all windows | |
1968 @cindex PC selecion | |
1969 @cindex Motif keybindings | |
1970 @cindex Macintosh keybindings | |
1971 @cindex WordStar | |
25829 | 1972 |
1973 GNU Emacs can be programmed to emulate (more or less) most other | |
1974 editors. Standard facilities can emulate these: | |
1975 | |
1976 @table @asis | |
27210 | 1977 @item CRiSP/Brief (PC editor) |
1978 @findex crisp-mode | |
1979 @vindex crisp-override-meta-x | |
1980 @findex scroll-all-mode | |
30856 | 1981 @cindex CRiSP mode |
1982 @cindex Brief emulation | |
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1983 @cindex emulation of Brief |
30856 | 1984 @cindex mode, CRiSP |
1985 You can turn on keybindings to emulate the CRiSP/Brief editor with | |
1986 @kbd{M-x crisp-mode}. Note that this rebinds @kbd{M-x} to exit Emacs | |
1987 unless you change the user option @code{crisp-override-meta-x}. You can | |
1988 also use the command @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} or set the user option | |
1989 @code{crisp-load-scroll-all} to emulate CRiSP's scroll-all feature | |
1990 (scrolling all windows together). | |
27210 | 1991 |
25829 | 1992 @item EDT (DEC VMS editor) |
1993 @findex edt-emulation-on | |
1994 @findex edt-emulation-off | |
1995 Turn on EDT emulation with @kbd{M-x edt-emulation-on}. @kbd{M-x | |
1996 edt-emulation-off} restores normal Emacs command bindings. | |
1997 | |
1998 Most of the EDT emulation commands are keypad keys, and most standard | |
1999 Emacs key bindings are still available. The EDT emulation rebindings | |
2000 are done in the global keymap, so there is no problem switching | |
2001 buffers or major modes while in EDT emulation. | |
2002 | |
36185 | 2003 @item ``PC'' bindings |
27210 | 2004 @findex pc-bindings-mode |
36185 | 2005 @cindex ``PC'' key bindings |
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2006 The command @kbd{M-x pc-bindings-mode} sets up certain key bindings |
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2007 for ``PC compatibility''---what people are often used to on PCs---as |
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2008 follows: @kbd{Delete} and its variants delete forward instead of |
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2009 backward, @kbd{C-Backspace} kills backward a word (as @kbd{C-Delete} |
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2010 normally would), @kbd{M-Backspace} does undo, @kbd{Home} and @kbd{End} |
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2011 move to beginning and end of line, @kbd{C-Home} and @kbd{C-End} move |
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2012 to beginning and end of buffer and @kbd{C-Escape} does |
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|
2013 @code{list-buffers}. |
27210 | 2014 |
30856 | 2015 @item PC Selection mode |
27210 | 2016 @findex pc-selection-mode |
30856 | 2017 @cindex PC Selection minor mode |
2018 @cindex mode, PC selection | |
36185 | 2019 @cindex selection, PC |
36168
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2020 The command @kbd{M-x pc-selection-mode} enables a global minor mode |
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2021 that emulates the mark, copy, cut and paste commands of various other |
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2022 systems---an interface known as CUA. It establishes the keybindings |
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|
2023 of PC mode, and also modifies the bindings of the cursor keys and the |
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2024 @kbd{next}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{home} and @kbd{end} keys. It does not |
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|
2025 provide the full set of CUA keybindings---the fundamental Emacs keys |
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2026 @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{C-x} are not changed. |
27210 | 2027 |
36168
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2028 The standard keys for moving around (@kbd{right}, @kbd{left}, |
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2029 @kbd{up}, @kbd{down}, @kbd{home}, @kbd{end}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{next}, |
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2030 called ``move-keys'') deactivate the mark in PC selection mode. |
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2031 However, using @kbd{Shift} together with the ``move keys'' activates |
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2032 the region over which they move. The copy, cut and paste functions |
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2033 are available on @kbd{C-insert}, @kbd{S-delete} and @kbd{S-insert} |
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|
2034 respectively. |
27210 | 2035 |
31310 | 2036 @cindex s-region package |
27210 | 2037 The @code{s-region} package provides similar, but less complete, |
2038 facilities. | |
2039 | |
28448 | 2040 @item TPU (DEC VMS editor) |
2041 @findex tpu-edt-on | |
2042 @cindex TPU | |
2043 @kbd{M-x tpu-edt-on} turns on emulation of the TPU editor emulating EDT. | |
2044 | |
25829 | 2045 @item vi (Berkeley editor) |
2046 @findex viper-mode | |
2047 Viper is the newest emulator for vi. It implements several levels of | |
2048 emulation; level 1 is closest to vi itself, while level 5 departs | |
2049 somewhat from strict emulation to take advantage of the capabilities of | |
2050 Emacs. To invoke Viper, type @kbd{M-x viper-mode}; it will guide you | |
2051 the rest of the way and ask for the emulation level. @inforef{Top, | |
2052 Viper, viper}. | |
2053 | |
2054 @item vi (another emulator) | |
2055 @findex vi-mode | |
2056 @kbd{M-x vi-mode} enters a major mode that replaces the previously | |
2057 established major mode. All of the vi commands that, in real vi, enter | |
2058 ``input'' mode are programmed instead to return to the previous major | |
2059 mode. Thus, ordinary Emacs serves as vi's ``input'' mode. | |
2060 | |
2061 Because vi emulation works through major modes, it does not work | |
2062 to switch buffers during emulation. Return to normal Emacs first. | |
2063 | |
2064 If you plan to use vi emulation much, you probably want to bind a key | |
2065 to the @code{vi-mode} command. | |
2066 | |
2067 @item vi (alternate emulator) | |
2068 @findex vip-mode | |
2069 @kbd{M-x vip-mode} invokes another vi emulator, said to resemble real vi | |
2070 more thoroughly than @kbd{M-x vi-mode}. ``Input'' mode in this emulator | |
2071 is changed from ordinary Emacs so you can use @key{ESC} to go back to | |
2072 emulated vi command mode. To get from emulated vi command mode back to | |
2073 ordinary Emacs, type @kbd{C-z}. | |
2074 | |
2075 This emulation does not work through major modes, and it is possible | |
2076 to switch buffers in various ways within the emulator. It is not | |
2077 so necessary to assign a key to the command @code{vip-mode} as | |
2078 it is with @code{vi-mode} because terminating insert mode does | |
2079 not use it. | |
2080 | |
2081 @inforef{Top, VIP, vip}, for full information. | |
27210 | 2082 |
2083 @item WordStar (old wordprocessor) | |
2084 @findex wordstar-mode | |
2085 @kbd{M-x wordstar-mode} provides a major mode with WordStar-like | |
2086 keybindings. | |
25829 | 2087 @end table |
2088 | |
28448 | 2089 @node Hyperlinking, Dissociated Press, Emulation, Top |
2090 @section Hyperlinking and Navigation Features | |
2091 | |
2092 @cindex hyperlinking | |
2093 @cindex navigation | |
36168
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|
2094 Various modes documented elsewhere have hypertext features so that |
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2095 you can follow links, usually by clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on the link or |
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2096 typing @key{RET} while point is on the link. Info mode, Help mode and |
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2097 the Dired-like modes are examples. The Tags facility links between |
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2098 uses and definitions in source files, see @ref{Tags}. Imenu provides |
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|
2099 navigation amongst items indexed in the current buffer, see |
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2100 @ref{Imenu}. Info-lookup provides mode-specific lookup of definitions |
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|
2101 in Info indexes, see @ref{Documentation}. Speedbar maintains a frame |
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2102 in which links to files, and locations in files are displayed, see |
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2103 @ref{Speedbar}. |
30856 | 2104 |
36168
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2105 Other non-mode-specific facilities described in this section enable |
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2106 following links from the current buffer in a context-sensitive |
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2107 fashion. |
28448 | 2108 |
30856 | 2109 @menu |
2110 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. | |
2111 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. | |
2112 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. | |
2113 * Find-func:: Finding function and variable definitions. | |
2114 @end menu | |
28448 | 2115 |
30856 | 2116 @node Browse-URL |
2117 @subsection Following URLs | |
28448 | 2118 @cindex World Wide Web |
30856 | 2119 @cindex Web |
28448 | 2120 @findex browse-url |
2121 @findex browse-url-at-point | |
2122 @findex browse-url-at-mouse | |
2123 @cindex Browse-URL | |
2124 @cindex URLs | |
30856 | 2125 |
2126 @table @kbd | |
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2127 @item M-x browse-url @key{RET} @var{url} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2128 Load a URL into a Web browser. |
2129 @end table | |
2130 | |
28448 | 2131 The Browse-URL package provides facilities for following URLs specifying |
2132 links on the World Wide Web. Usually this works by invoking a web | |
36168
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2133 browser, but you can, for instance, arrange to invoke @code{compose-mail} |
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2134 from @samp{mailto:} URLs. |
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|
2135 |
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|
2136 The general way to use this feature is to type @kbd{M-x browse-url}, |
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2137 which displays a specified URL. If point is located near a plausible |
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2138 URL, that URL is used as the default. Other commands are available |
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|
2139 which you might like to bind to keys, such as |
30856 | 2140 @code{browse-url-at-point} and @code{browse-url-at-mouse}. |
28448 | 2141 |
30856 | 2142 @vindex browse-url-browser-function |
38017
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
2143 You can customize Browse-URL's behavior via various options in the |
30856 | 2144 @code{browse-url} Customize group, particularly |
36168
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|
2145 @code{browse-url-browser-function}. You can invoke actions dependent |
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|
2146 on the type of URL by defining @code{browse-url-browser-function} as |
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2147 an association list. The package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h |
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|
2148 p} provides more information. Packages with facilities for following |
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2149 URLs should always go through Browse-URL, so that the customization |
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|
2150 options for Browse-URL will affect all browsing in Emacs. |
28448 | 2151 |
30856 | 2152 @node Goto-address |
2153 @subsection Activating URLs | |
28448 | 2154 @findex goto-address |
2155 @cindex Goto-address | |
2156 @cindex URLs, activating | |
30856 | 2157 |
2158 @table @kbd | |
2159 @item M-x goto-address | |
2160 Activate URLs and e-mail addresses in the current buffer. | |
2161 @end table | |
2162 | |
36168
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|
2163 You can make URLs in the current buffer active with @kbd{M-x |
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|
2164 goto-address}. This finds all the URLs in the buffer, and establishes |
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|
2165 bindings for @kbd{Mouse-2} and @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} on them. After |
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|
2166 activation, if you click on a URL with @kbd{Mouse-2}, or move to a URL |
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2167 and type @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}, that will display the web page that the URL |
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2168 specifies. For a @samp{mailto} URL, it sends mail instead, using your |
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|
2169 selected mail-composition method (@pxref{Mail Methods}). |
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|
2170 |
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|
2171 It can be useful to add @code{goto-address} to mode hooks and the |
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2172 hooks used to display an incoming message. |
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|
2173 @code{rmail-show-message-hook} is the appropriate hook for Rmail, and |
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|
2174 @code{mh-show-mode-hook} for MH-E. This is not needed for Gnus, |
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|
2175 which has a similar feature of its own. |
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|
2176 |
28448 | 2177 |
30856 | 2178 @node FFAP |
2179 @subsection Finding Files and URLs at Point | |
28448 | 2180 @findex find-file-at-point |
2181 @findex ffap | |
30856 | 2182 @findex ffap-dired-at-point |
2183 @findex ffap-next | |
2184 @findex ffap-menu | |
2185 @cindex finding file at point | |
2186 | |
36168
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|
2187 FFAP mode replaces certain key bindings for finding files, including |
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|
2188 @kbd{C-x C-f}, with commands that provide more sensitive defaults. |
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2189 These commands behave like the ordinary ones when given a prefix |
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2190 argument. Otherwise, they get the default file name or URL from the |
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|
2191 text around point. If what is found in the buffer has the form of a |
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2192 URL rather than a file name, the commands use @code{browse-url} to |
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2193 view it. |
30856 | 2194 |
36168
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2195 This feature is useful for following references in mail or news |
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2196 buffers, @file{README} files, @file{MANIFEST} files, and so on. The |
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2197 @samp{ffap} package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h p} and the |
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|
2198 @code{ffap} Custom group provide details. |
28448 | 2199 |
30856 | 2200 @cindex FFAP minor mode |
2201 @findex ffap-mode | |
36168
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2202 You can turn on FFAP minor mode to make the following key bindings |
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|
2203 and to install hooks for using @code{ffap} in Rmail, Gnus and VM |
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|
2204 article buffers. |
30856 | 2205 |
2206 @table @kbd | |
36168
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2207 @item C-x C-f @var{filename} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2208 @kindex C-x C-f @r{(FFAP)} |
36168
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2209 Find @var{filename}, guessing a default from text around point |
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2210 (@code{find-file-at-point}). |
30856 | 2211 @item C-x 4 f |
2212 @kindex C-x 4 f @r{(FFAP)} | |
36168
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2213 @code{ffap-other-window}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-window}. |
30856 | 2214 @item C-x 5 f |
2215 @kindex C-x 5 f @r{(FFAP)} | |
36168
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2216 @code{ffap-other-frame}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-frame}. |
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2217 @item M-x ffap-next |
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2218 Search buffer for next file name or URL, then find that file or URL. |
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2219 @item C-x d @var{directory} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2220 @kindex C-x d @r{(FFAP)} |
36168
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2221 Start Dired on @var{directory}, defaulting to the directory name at |
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2222 point (@code{ffap-dired-at-point}). |
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2223 @item S-Mouse-3 |
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2224 @kindex S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)} |
30856 | 2225 @code{ffap-at-mouse} finds the file guessed from text around the position |
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2226 of a mouse click. |
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2227 @item C-S-Mouse-3 |
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2228 @kindex C-S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)} |
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2229 Display a menu of files and URLs mentioned in current buffer, then |
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2230 find the one you select (@code{ffap-menu}). |
30856 | 2231 @end table |
2232 | |
2233 @node Find-func | |
2234 @subsection Finding Function and Variable Definitions | |
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2235 @cindex definitions, finding in Lisp sources |
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2236 @cindex Lisp definitions, finding in sources |
30856 | 2237 |
2238 @table @kbd | |
2239 @item M-x find-function @key{RET} @var{function} @key{RET} | |
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2240 Find the definition of @var{function} in its source file. |
30856 | 2241 @item M-x find-variable @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET} |
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2242 Find the definition of @var{variable} in its source file. |
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2243 @item M-x find-function-on-key @key{RET} @var{key} |
30856 | 2244 Find the definition of the function that @var{key} invokes. |
2245 @end table | |
2246 | |
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2247 These commands provide an easy way to find the definitions of Emacs |
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2248 Lisp functions and variables. They are similar in purpose to the Tags |
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2249 facility (@pxref{Tags}), but don't require a tags table; on the other |
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2250 hand, they only works for function and variable definitions that are |
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2251 already loaded in the Emacs session. |
28448 | 2252 |
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2253 @findex find-function |
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2254 @findex find-function-on-key |
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2255 @findex find-variable |
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2256 To find the definition of a function, use @kbd{M-x find-function}. |
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2257 @kbd{M-x find-variable} finds the definition of a specified variable. |
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2258 @kbd{M-x find-function-on-key} finds the definition of the function |
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2259 bound to a specified key. |
28448 | 2260 |
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2261 To use these commands, you must have the Lisp source (@samp{.el}) |
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2262 files available along with the compiled (@samp{.elc}) files, in |
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2263 directories in @code{load-path}. You can use compressed source files |
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2264 if you enable Auto Compression mode. These commands only handle |
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2265 definitions written in Lisp, not primitive functions or variables |
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2266 defined in the C code of Emacs. |
28448 | 2267 |
2268 @node Dissociated Press, Amusements, Hyperlinking, Top | |
25829 | 2269 @section Dissociated Press |
2270 | |
2271 @findex dissociated-press | |
2272 @kbd{M-x dissociated-press} is a command for scrambling a file of text | |
2273 either word by word or character by character. Starting from a buffer of | |
2274 straight English, it produces extremely amusing output. The input comes | |
2275 from the current Emacs buffer. Dissociated Press writes its output in a | |
2276 buffer named @samp{*Dissociation*}, and redisplays that buffer after every | |
2277 couple of lines (approximately) so you can read the output as it comes out. | |
2278 | |
2279 Dissociated Press asks every so often whether to continue generating | |
2280 output. Answer @kbd{n} to stop it. You can also stop at any time by | |
2281 typing @kbd{C-g}. The dissociation output remains in the | |
2282 @samp{*Dissociation*} buffer for you to copy elsewhere if you wish. | |
2283 | |
2284 @cindex presidentagon | |
2285 Dissociated Press operates by jumping at random from one point in the | |
2286 buffer to another. In order to produce plausible output rather than | |
2287 gibberish, it insists on a certain amount of overlap between the end of | |
2288 one run of consecutive words or characters and the start of the next. | |
2289 That is, if it has just printed out `president' and then decides to jump | |
2290 to a different point in the file, it might spot the `ent' in `pentagon' | |
2291 and continue from there, producing `presidentagon'.@footnote{This | |
2292 dissociword actually appeared during the Vietnam War, when it was very | |
2293 appropriate.} Long sample texts produce the best results. | |
2294 | |
2295 @cindex againformation | |
2296 A positive argument to @kbd{M-x dissociated-press} tells it to operate | |
2297 character by character, and specifies the number of overlap characters. A | |
2298 negative argument tells it to operate word by word and specifies the number | |
2299 of overlap words. In this mode, whole words are treated as the elements to | |
2300 be permuted, rather than characters. No argument is equivalent to an | |
2301 argument of two. For your againformation, the output goes only into the | |
2302 buffer @samp{*Dissociation*}. The buffer you start with is not changed. | |
2303 | |
2304 @cindex Markov chain | |
2305 @cindex ignoriginal | |
2306 @cindex techniquitous | |
2307 Dissociated Press produces nearly the same results as a Markov chain | |
2308 based on a frequency table constructed from the sample text. It is, | |
2309 however, an independent, ignoriginal invention. Dissociated Press | |
2310 techniquitously copies several consecutive characters from the sample | |
2311 between random choices, whereas a Markov chain would choose randomly for | |
2312 each word or character. This makes for more plausible sounding results, | |
2313 and runs faster. | |
2314 | |
2315 @cindex outragedy | |
2316 @cindex buggestion | |
2317 @cindex properbose | |
2318 @cindex mustatement | |
2319 @cindex developediment | |
2320 @cindex userenced | |
2321 It is a mustatement that too much use of Dissociated Press can be a | |
2322 developediment to your real work. Sometimes to the point of outragedy. | |
2323 And keep dissociwords out of your documentation, if you want it to be well | |
2324 userenced and properbose. Have fun. Your buggestions are welcome. | |
2325 | |
2326 @node Amusements, Customization, Dissociated Press, Top | |
2327 @section Other Amusements | |
2328 @cindex boredom | |
2329 @findex hanoi | |
2330 @findex yow | |
2331 @findex gomoku | |
2332 @cindex tower of Hanoi | |
2333 | |
2334 If you are a little bit bored, you can try @kbd{M-x hanoi}. If you are | |
2335 considerably bored, give it a numeric argument. If you are very very | |
2336 bored, try an argument of 9. Sit back and watch. | |
2337 | |
2338 @cindex Go Moku | |
2339 If you want a little more personal involvement, try @kbd{M-x gomoku}, | |
2340 which plays the game Go Moku with you. | |
2341 | |
2342 @findex blackbox | |
2343 @findex mpuz | |
27210 | 2344 @findex 5x5 |
25829 | 2345 @cindex puzzles |
27210 | 2346 @kbd{M-x blackbox}, @kbd{M-x mpuz} and @kbd{M-x 5x5} are kinds of puzzles. |
25829 | 2347 @code{blackbox} challenges you to determine the location of objects |
2348 inside a box by tomography. @code{mpuz} displays a multiplication | |
2349 puzzle with letters standing for digits in a code that you must | |
2350 guess---to guess a value, type a letter and then the digit you think it | |
27210 | 2351 stands for. The aim of @code{5x5} is to fill in all the squares. |
25829 | 2352 |
30856 | 2353 @findex decipher |
2354 @cindex ciphers | |
2355 @cindex cryptanalysis | |
2356 @kbd{M-x decipher} helps you to cryptanalyze a buffer which is encrypted | |
2357 in a simple monoalphabetic substitution cipher. | |
2358 | |
25829 | 2359 @findex dunnet |
2360 @kbd{M-x dunnet} runs an adventure-style exploration game, which is | |
2361 a bigger sort of puzzle. | |
2362 | |
27210 | 2363 @findex lm |
2364 @cindex landmark game | |
2365 @kbd{M-x lm} runs a relatively non-participatory game in which a robot | |
2366 attempts to maneuver towards a tree at the center of the window based on | |
2367 unique olfactory cues from each of the four directions. | |
2368 | |
2369 @findex life | |
2370 @cindex Life | |
36185 | 2371 @kbd{M-x life} runs Conway's ``Life'' cellular automaton. |
27210 | 2372 |
30856 | 2373 @findex morse-region |
2374 @findex unmorse-region | |
2375 @cindex Morse code | |
2376 @cindex --/---/.-./.../. | |
2377 @kbd{M-x morse-region} converts text in a region to Morse code and | |
2378 @kbd{M-x unmorse-region} converts it back. No cause for remorse. | |
2379 | |
2380 @findex pong | |
2381 @cindex Pong game | |
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2382 @kbd{M-x pong} plays a Pong-like game, bouncing the ball off opposing |
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2383 bats. |
30856 | 2384 |
27210 | 2385 @findex solitaire |
2386 @cindex solitaire | |
2387 @kbd{M-x solitaire} plays a game of solitaire in which you jump pegs | |
2388 across other pegs. | |
2389 | |
30856 | 2390 @findex studlify-region |
2391 @cindex StudlyCaps | |
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2392 @kbd{M-x studlify-region} studlify-cases the region, producing |
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2393 text like this: |
30856 | 2394 |
2395 @example | |
2396 M-x stUdlIfY-RegioN stUdlIfY-CaSeS thE region. | |
2397 @end example | |
2398 | |
27210 | 2399 @findex tetris |
2400 @cindex Tetris | |
2401 @findex snake | |
2402 @cindex Snake | |
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2403 @kbd{M-x tetris} runs an implementation of the well-known Tetris game. |
27210 | 2404 Likewise, @kbd{M-x snake} provides an implementation of Snake. |
2405 | |
25829 | 2406 When you are frustrated, try the famous Eliza program. Just do |
2407 @kbd{M-x doctor}. End each input by typing @key{RET} twice. | |
2408 | |
2409 @cindex Zippy | |
2410 When you are feeling strange, type @kbd{M-x yow}. | |
30862 | 2411 |
2412 @findex zone | |
2413 The command @kbd{M-x zone} plays games with the display when Emacs is | |
2414 idle. |