annotate man/emacs-mime.texi @ 32944:c95a2b544015

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author Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
date Fri, 27 Oct 2000 08:01:52 +0000
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children 4ef19e88da9a
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1 \input texinfo @c -*-mode: texinfo; coding: latin-1 -*-
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2
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs-mime
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4 @settitle Emacs MIME Manual
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5 @synindex fn cp
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6 @synindex vr cp
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7 @synindex pg cp
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8 @dircategory Editors
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9 @direntry
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10 * Emacs MIME: (emacs-mime). The MIME de/composition library.
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11 @end direntry
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12 @iftex
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13 @finalout
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14 @end iftex
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15 @setchapternewpage odd
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16
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17 @ifnottex
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18
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19 This file documents the Emacs MIME interface functionality.
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20
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21 Copyright (C) 1998,99,2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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22
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23 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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24 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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25 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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26 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
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27 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
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28 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
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29 License'' in the Emacs manual.
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30
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31 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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32 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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33 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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34
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35 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
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36 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
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37 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
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38 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
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39 @end ifnottex
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40
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41 @tex
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42
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43 @titlepage
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44 @title Emacs MIME Manual
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45
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46 @author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen
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47 @page
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48
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49 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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50 Copyright @copyright{} 1998,99,2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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51
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52 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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53 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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54 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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55 Invariant Sections being none, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
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56 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
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57 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
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58 License'' in the Emacs manual.
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59
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60 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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61 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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62 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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63
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64 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
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65 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
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66 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
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67 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
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68 @end titlepage
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69 @page
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70
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71 @end tex
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72
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73 @node Top
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74 @top Emacs MIME
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75
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76 This manual documents the libraries used to compose and display
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77 @sc{mime} messages.
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78
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79 This is not a manual meant for users; it's a manual directed at people
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80 who want to write functions and commands that manipulate @sc{mime}
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81 elements.
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82
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83 @sc{mime} is short for @dfn{Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions}.
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84 This standard is documented in a number of RFCs; mainly RFC2045 (Format
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85 of Internet Message Bodies), RFC2046 (Media Types), RFC2047 (Message
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86 Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text), RFC2048 (Registration
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87 Procedures), RFC2049 (Conformance Criteria and Examples). It is highly
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88 recommended that anyone who intends writing @sc{mime}-compliant software
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89 read at least RFC2045 and RFC2047.
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90
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91 @menu
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92 * Interface Functions:: An abstraction over the basic functions.
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93 * Basic Functions:: Utility and basic parsing functions.
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94 * Decoding and Viewing:: A framework for decoding and viewing.
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95 * Composing:: MML; a language for describing MIME parts.
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96 * Standards:: A summary of RFCs and working documents used.
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97 * Index:: Function and variable index.
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98 @end menu
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99
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100
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101 @node Interface Functions
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102 @chapter Interface Functions
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103 @cindex interface functions
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104 @cindex mail-parse
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105
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106 The @code{mail-parse} library is an abstraction over the actual
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107 low-level libraries that are described in the next chapter.
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108
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109 Standards change, and so programs have to change to fit in the new
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110 mold. For instance, RFC2045 describes a syntax for the
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111 @code{Content-Type} header that only allows ASCII characters in the
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112 parameter list. RFC2231 expands on RFC2045 syntax to provide a scheme
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113 for continuation headers and non-ASCII characters.
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114
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115 The traditional way to deal with this is just to update the library
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116 functions to parse the new syntax. However, this is sometimes the wrong
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117 thing to do. In some instances it may be vital to be able to understand
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118 both the old syntax as well as the new syntax, and if there is only one
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119 library, one must choose between the old version of the library and the
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120 new version of the library.
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121
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122 The Emacs MIME library takes a different tack. It defines a series of
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123 low-level libraries (@file{rfc2047.el}, @file{rfc2231.el} and so on)
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124 that parses strictly according to the corresponding standard. However,
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125 normal programs would not use the functions provided by these libraries
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126 directly, but instead use the functions provided by the
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127 @code{mail-parse} library. The functions in this library are just
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128 aliases to the corresponding functions in the latest low-level
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129 libraries. Using this scheme, programs get a consistent interface they
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130 can use, and library developers are free to create write code that
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131 handles new standards.
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132
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133 The following functions are defined by this library:
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134
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135 @table @code
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136 @item mail-header-parse-content-type
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137 @findex mail-header-parse-content-type
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138 Parse a @code{Content-Type} header and return a list on the following
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139 format:
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140
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141 @lisp
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142 ("type/subtype"
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143 (attribute1 . value1)
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144 (attribute2 . value2)
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145 ...)
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146 @end lisp
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147
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148 Here's an example:
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149
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150 @example
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151 (mail-header-parse-content-type
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152 "image/gif; name=\"b980912.gif\"")
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153 @result{} ("image/gif" (name . "b980912.gif"))
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154 @end example
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155
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156 @item mail-header-parse-content-disposition
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157 @findex mail-header-parse-content-disposition
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158 Parse a @code{Content-Disposition} header and return a list on the same
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159 format as the function above.
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160
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161 @item mail-content-type-get
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162 @findex mail-content-type-get
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163 Takes two parameters---a list on the format above, and an attribute.
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164 Returns the value of the attribute.
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165
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166 @example
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167 (mail-content-type-get
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168 '("image/gif" (name . "b980912.gif")) 'name)
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169 @result{} "b980912.gif"
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170 @end example
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171
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172 @item mail-header-encode-parameter
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173 @findex mail-header-encode-parameter
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174 Takes a parameter string and returns an encoded version of the string.
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175 This is used for parameters in headers like @code{Content-Type} and
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176 @code{Content-Disposition}.
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177
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178 @item mail-header-remove-comments
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179 @findex mail-header-remove-comments
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180 Return a comment-free version of a header.
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181
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182 @example
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183 (mail-header-remove-comments
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184 "Gnus/5.070027 (Pterodactyl Gnus v0.27) (Finnish Landrace)")
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185 @result{} "Gnus/5.070027 "
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186 @end example
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187
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188 @item mail-header-remove-whitespace
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189 @findex mail-header-remove-whitespace
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190 Remove linear white space from a header. Space inside quoted strings
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191 and comments is preserved.
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192
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193 @example
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194 (mail-header-remove-whitespace
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195 "image/gif; name=\"Name with spaces\"")
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196 @result{} "image/gif;name=\"Name with spaces\""
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197 @end example
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198
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199 @item mail-header-get-comment
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200 @findex mail-header-get-comment
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201 Return the last comment in a header.
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202
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203 @example
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204 (mail-header-get-comment
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205 "Gnus/5.070027 (Pterodactyl Gnus v0.27) (Finnish Landrace)")
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206 @result{} "Finnish Landrace"
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207 @end example
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208
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209 @item mail-header-parse-address
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210 @findex mail-header-parse-address
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211 Parse an address and return a list containing the mailbox and the
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212 plaintext name.
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213
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214 @example
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215 (mail-header-parse-address
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216 "Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@@srce.hr>")
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217 @result{} ("hniksic@@srce.hr" . "Hrvoje Niksic")
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218 @end example
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219
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220 @item mail-header-parse-addresses
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221 @findex mail-header-parse-addresses
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222 Parse a string with list of addresses and return a list of elements like
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223 the one described above.
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224
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225 @example
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226 (mail-header-parse-addresses
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227 "Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@@srce.hr>, Steinar Bang <sb@@metis.no>")
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228 @result{} (("hniksic@@srce.hr" . "Hrvoje Niksic")
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229 ("sb@@metis.no" . "Steinar Bang"))
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230 @end example
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231
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232 @item mail-header-parse-date
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233 @findex mail-header-parse-date
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234 Parse a date string and return an Emacs time structure.
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235
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236 @item mail-narrow-to-head
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237 @findex mail-narrow-to-head
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238 Narrow the buffer to the header section of the buffer. Point is placed
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239 at the beginning of the narrowed buffer.
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240
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241 @item mail-header-narrow-to-field
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242 @findex mail-header-narrow-to-field
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243 Narrow the buffer to the header under point.
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244
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245 @item mail-encode-encoded-word-region
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246 @findex mail-encode-encoded-word-region
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247 Encode the non-ASCII words in the region. For instance,
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248 @samp{Naïve} is encoded as @samp{=?iso-8859-1?q?Na=EFve?=}.
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249
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250 @item mail-encode-encoded-word-buffer
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251 @findex mail-encode-encoded-word-buffer
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252 Encode the non-ASCII words in the current buffer. This function is
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253 meant to be called narrowed to the headers of a message.
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254
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255 @item mail-encode-encoded-word-string
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256 @findex mail-encode-encoded-word-string
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257 Encode the words that need encoding in a string, and return the result.
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258
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259 @example
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260 (mail-encode-encoded-word-string
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261 "This is naïve, baby")
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262 @result{} "This is =?iso-8859-1?q?na=EFve,?= baby"
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263 @end example
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264
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265 @item mail-decode-encoded-word-region
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266 @findex mail-decode-encoded-word-region
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267 Decode the encoded words in the region.
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268
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269 @item mail-decode-encoded-word-string
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270 @findex mail-decode-encoded-word-string
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271 Decode the encoded words in the string and return the result.
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272
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273 @example
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274 (mail-decode-encoded-word-string
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275 "This is =?iso-8859-1?q?na=EFve,?= baby")
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276 @result{} "This is naïve, baby"
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277 @end example
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278
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279 @end table
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280
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281 Currently, @code{mail-parse} is an abstraction over @code{ietf-drums},
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282 @code{rfc2047}, @code{rfc2045} and @code{rfc2231}. These are documented
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283 in the subsequent sections.
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284
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285
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286
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287 @node Basic Functions
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288 @chapter Basic Functions
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289
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290 This chapter describes the basic, ground-level functions for parsing and
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291 handling. Covered here is parsing @code{From} lines, removing comments
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292 from header lines, decoding encoded words, parsing date headers and so
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293 on. High-level functionality is dealt with in the next chapter
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294 (@pxref{Decoding and Viewing}).
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295
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296 @menu
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297 * rfc2045:: Encoding @code{Content-Type} headers.
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298 * rfc2231:: Parsing @code{Content-Type} headers.
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299 * ietf-drums:: Handling mail headers defined by RFC822bis.
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300 * rfc2047:: En/decoding encoded words in headers.
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301 * time-date:: Functions for parsing dates and manipulating time.
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302 * qp:: Quoted-Printable en/decoding.
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303 * base64:: Base64 en/decoding.
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304 * binhex:: Binhex decoding.
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305 * uudecode:: Uuencode decoding.
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306 * rfc1843:: Decoding HZ-encoded text.
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307 * mailcap:: How parts are displayed is specified by the @file{.mailcap} file
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308 @end menu
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309
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310
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311 @node rfc2045
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312 @section rfc2045
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313
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314 RFC2045 is the ``main'' @sc{mime} document, and as such, one would
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315 imagine that there would be a lot to implement. But there isn't, since
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316 most of the implementation details are delegated to the subsequent
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317 RFCs.
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318
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319 So @file{rfc2045.el} has only a single function:
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320
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321 @table @code
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322 @item rfc2045-encode-string
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323 @findex rfc2045-encode-string
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324 Takes a parameter and a value and returns a @samp{PARAM=VALUE} string.
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325 @var{value} will be quoted if there are non-safe characters in it.
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326 @end table
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327
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328
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329 @node rfc2231
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330 @section rfc2231
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331
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332 RFC2231 defines a syntax for the @code{Content-Type} and
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333 @code{Content-Disposition} headers. Its snappy name is @dfn{MIME
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334 Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages,
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335 and Continuations}.
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336
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337 In short, these headers look something like this:
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338
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339 @example
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340 Content-Type: application/x-stuff;
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341 title*0*=us-ascii'en'This%20is%20even%20more%20;
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342 title*1*=%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A%20;
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343 title*2="isn't it!"
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344 @end example
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345
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346 They usually aren't this bad, though.
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347
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348 The following functions are defined by this library:
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349
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350 @table @code
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351 @item rfc2231-parse-string
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352 @findex rfc2231-parse-string
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353 Parse a @code{Content-Type} header and return a list describing its
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354 elements.
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355
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356 @example
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357 (rfc2231-parse-string
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358 "application/x-stuff;
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359 title*0*=us-ascii'en'This%20is%20even%20more%20;
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360 title*1*=%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A%20;
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361 title*2=\"isn't it!\"")
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362 @result{} ("application/x-stuff"
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363 (title . "This is even more ***fun*** isn't it!"))
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364 @end example
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365
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366 @item rfc2231-get-value
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367 @findex rfc2231-get-value
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368 Takes one of the lists on the format above and returns
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369 the value of the specified attribute.
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370
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371 @item rfc2231-encode-string
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372 @findex rfc2231-encode-string
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373 Encode a parameter in headers likes @code{Content-Type} and
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374 @code{Content-Disposition}.
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375
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376 @end table
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377
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378
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379 @node ietf-drums
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380 @section ietf-drums
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381
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382 @dfn{drums} is an IETF working group that is working on the replacement
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383 for RFC822.
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384
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385 The functions provided by this library include:
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386
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387 @table @code
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388 @item ietf-drums-remove-comments
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389 @findex ietf-drums-remove-comments
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390 Remove the comments from the argument and return the results.
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391
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392 @item ietf-drums-remove-whitespace
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393 @findex ietf-drums-remove-whitespace
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394 Remove linear white space from the string and return the results.
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395 Spaces inside quoted strings and comments are left untouched.
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396
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397 @item ietf-drums-get-comment
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398 @findex ietf-drums-get-comment
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399 Return the last most comment from the string.
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400
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401 @item ietf-drums-parse-address
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402 @findex ietf-drums-parse-address
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403 Parse an address string and return a list that contains the mailbox and
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404 the plain text name.
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405
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406 @item ietf-drums-parse-addresses
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407 @findex ietf-drums-parse-addresses
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408 Parse a string that contains any number of comma-separated addresses and
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409 return a list that contains mailbox/plain text pairs.
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410
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411 @item ietf-drums-parse-date
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412 @findex ietf-drums-parse-date
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413 Parse a date string and return an Emacs time structure.
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414
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415 @item ietf-drums-narrow-to-header
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416 @findex ietf-drums-narrow-to-header
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417 Narrow the buffer to the header section of the current buffer.
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418
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419 @end table
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420
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421
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422 @node rfc2047
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423 @section rfc2047
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424
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425 RFC2047 (Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text) specifies how
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426 non-ASCII text in headers are to be encoded. This is actually rather
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427 complicated, so a number of variables are necessary to tweak what this
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428 library does.
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429
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430 The following variables are tweakable:
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431
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432 @table @code
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433 @item rfc2047-default-charset
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434 @vindex rfc2047-default-charset
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435 Characters in this charset should not be decoded by this library.
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436 This defaults to @code{iso-8859-1}.
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437
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438 @item rfc2047-header-encoding-list
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439 @vindex rfc2047-header-encoding-list
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440 This is an alist of header / encoding-type pairs. Its main purpose is
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441 to prevent encoding of certain headers.
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442
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443 The keys can either be header regexps, or @code{t}.
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444
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445 The values can be either @code{nil}, in which case the header(s) in
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446 question won't be encoded, or @code{mime}, which means that they will be
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447 encoded.
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448
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449 @item rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist
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450 @vindex rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist
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451 RFC2047 specifies two forms of encoding---@code{Q} (a
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452 Quoted-Printable-like encoding) and @code{B} (base64). This alist
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453 specifies which charset should use which encoding.
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454
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455 @item rfc2047-encoding-function-alist
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456 @vindex rfc2047-encoding-function-alist
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457 This is an alist of encoding / function pairs. The encodings are
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458 @code{Q}, @code{B} and @code{nil}.
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459
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460 @item rfc2047-q-encoding-alist
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461 @vindex rfc2047-q-encoding-alist
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462 The @code{Q} encoding isn't quite the same for all headers. Some
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463 headers allow a narrower range of characters, and that is what this
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464 variable is for. It's an alist of header regexps / allowable character
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465 ranges.
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466
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467 @item rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp
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468 @vindex rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp
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469 When decoding words, this library looks for matches to this regexp.
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470
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471 @end table
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472
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473 Those were the variables, and these are this functions:
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474
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475 @table @code
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476 @item rfc2047-narrow-to-field
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477 @findex rfc2047-narrow-to-field
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478 Narrow the buffer to the header on the current line.
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479
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480 @item rfc2047-encode-message-header
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481 @findex rfc2047-encode-message-header
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482 Should be called narrowed to the header of a message. Encodes according
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483 to @code{rfc2047-header-encoding-alist}.
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484
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485 @item rfc2047-encode-region
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486 @findex rfc2047-encode-region
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487 Encodes all encodable words in the region specified.
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488
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489 @item rfc2047-encode-string
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490 @findex rfc2047-encode-string
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491 Encode a string and return the results.
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492
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493 @item rfc2047-decode-region
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494 @findex rfc2047-decode-region
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495 Decode the encoded words in the region.
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496
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497 @item rfc2047-decode-string
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498 @findex rfc2047-decode-string
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499 Decode a string and return the results.
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500
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501 @end table
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502
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503
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504 @node time-date
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505 @section time-date
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506
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507 While not really a part of the @sc{mime} library, it is convenient to
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508 document this library here. It deals with parsing @code{Date} headers
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509 and manipulating time. (Not by using tesseracts, though, I'm sorry to
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510 say.)
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511
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512 These functions convert between five formats: A date string, an Emacs
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513 time structure, a decoded time list, a second number, and a day number.
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514
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515 The functions have quite self-explanatory names, so the following just
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516 gives an overview of which functions are available.
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517
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518 @example
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519 (parse-time-string "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200")
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520 @result{} (54 21 12 12 9 1998 6 nil 7200)
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521
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522 (date-to-time "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200")
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523 @result{} (13818 19266)
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524
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525 (time-to-seconds '(13818 19266))
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526 @result{} 905595714.0
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527
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528 (seconds-to-time 905595714.0)
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529 @result{} (13818 19266 0)
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530
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531 (time-to-day '(13818 19266))
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532 @result{} 729644
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533
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534 (days-to-time 729644)
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535 @result{} (961933 65536)
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536
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537 (time-since '(13818 19266))
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538 @result{} (0 430)
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539
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540 (time-less-p '(13818 19266) '(13818 19145))
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541 @result{} nil
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542
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543 (subtract-time '(13818 19266) '(13818 19145))
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544 @result{} (0 121)
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545
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546 (days-between "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200"
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547 "Sat Sep 07 12:21:54 1998 +0200")
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548 @result{} 5
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549
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550 (date-leap-year-p 2000)
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551 @result{} t
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552
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553 (time-to-day-in-year '(13818 19266))
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554 @result{} 255
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555
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556 @end example
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557
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558 And finally, we have @code{safe-date-to-time}, which does the same as
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559 @code{date-to-time}, but returns a zero time if the date is
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560 syntactically malformed.
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561
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562
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563
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564 @node qp
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565 @section qp
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566
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567 This library deals with decoding and encoding Quoted-Printable text.
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568
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569 Very briefly explained, QP encoding means translating all 8-bit
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570 characters (and lots of control characters) into things that look like
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571 @samp{=EF}; that is, an equal sign followed by the byte encoded as a hex
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572 string. It is defined in RFC 2045.
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573
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574 The following functions are defined by the library:
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575
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576 @deffn Command quoted-printable-decode-region @var{from} @var{to} &optional @var{coding-system}
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577 QP-decode all the encoded text in the region. If @var{coding-system} is
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578 non-nil, decode bytes into characters with that coding-system.
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579 @end deffn
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580
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581 @defun quoted-printable-decode-string @var{string} &optional @var{coding-system}
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582 Return a QP-encoded copy of @var{string}. If @var{coding-system} is
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583 non-nil, decode bytes into characters with that coding-system.
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584 @end defun
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585
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586 @deffn Command quoted-printable-encode-region @var{from} @var{to} &optional @var{fold} @var{class}
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587 QP-encode all the region. If @var{fold} is non-@var{nil}, fold lines at
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588 76 characters, as required by the RFC. If @var{class} is
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589 non-@code{nil}, translate the characters matched by that class in the
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590 form expected by @var{skip-chars-forward}. If variable
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591 @var{mm-use-ultra-safe-encoding} is defined and non-@code{nil}, fold
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592 lines unconditionally and encode lines starting with @samp{From }.
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593 @end deffn
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594
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595 @defun quoted-printable-encode-string string
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596 Return a QP-encoded copy of @var{string}.
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597 @end defun
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598
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599 @node base64
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600 @section base64
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601 @cindex base64
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602
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603 Base64 is an encoding that encodes three bytes into four characters,
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604 thereby increasing the size by about 33%. The alphabet used for
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605 encoding is very resistant to mangling during transit. @xref{Base
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606 64,,Base 64 Encoding, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
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607
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608 @node binhex
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609 @section binhex
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610 @cindex binhex
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611 @cindex Apple
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612 @cindex Macintosh
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613
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614 @code{binhex} is an encoding that originated in Macintosh environments.
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615 The following function is supplied to deal with these:
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616
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617 @table @code
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618 @item binhex-decode-region
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619 @findex binhex-decode-region
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620 Decode the encoded text in the region. If given a third parameter, only
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621 decode the @code{binhex} header and return the filename.
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622
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623 @end table
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624
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625
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626 @node uudecode
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627 @section uudecode
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628 @cindex uuencode
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629 @cindex uudecode
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630
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631 @code{uuencode} is probably still the most popular encoding of binaries
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632 used on Usenet, although @code{base64} rules the mail world.
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633
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634 The following function is supplied by this package:
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635
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636 @table @code
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637 @item uudecode-decode-region
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638 @findex uudecode-decode-region
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639 Decode the text in the region.
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640 @end table
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641
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642
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643 @node rfc1843
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644 @section rfc1843
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645 @cindex rfc1843
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646 @cindex HZ
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647 @cindex Chinese
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648
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649 RFC1843 deals with mixing Chinese and ASCII characters in messages. In
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650 essence, RFC1843 switches between ASCII and Chinese by doing this:
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651
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652 @example
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653 This sentence is in ASCII.
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654 The next sentence is in GB.~@{<:Ky2;S@{#,NpJ)l6HK!#~@}Bye.
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655 @end example
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656
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657 Simple enough, and widely used in China.
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658
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659 The following functions are available to handle this encoding:
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660
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661 @table @code
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662 @item rfc1843-decode-region
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663 Decode HZ-encoded text in the region.
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664
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665 @item rfc1843-decode-string
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666 Decode a HZ-encoded string and return the result.
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667
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668 @end table
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669
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670
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671 @node mailcap
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672 @section mailcap
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673
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674 The @file{~/.mailcap} file is parsed by most @sc{mime}-aware message
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675 handlers and describes how elements are supposed to be displayed.
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676 Here's an example file:
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677
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678 @example
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679 image/*; gimp -8 %s
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680 audio/wav; wavplayer %s
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681 @end example
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682
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683 This says that all image files should be displayed with @code{gimp}, and
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684 that realaudio files should be played by @code{rvplayer}.
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685
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686 The @code{mailcap} library parses this file, and provides functions for
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687 matching types.
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688
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689 @table @code
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690 @item mailcap-mime-data
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691 @vindex mailcap-mime-data
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692 This variable is an alist of alists containing backup viewing rules.
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693
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694 @end table
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695
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696 Interface functions:
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697
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698 @table @code
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699 @item mailcap-parse-mailcaps
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700 @findex mailcap-parse-mailcaps
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701 Parse the @code{~/.mailcap} file.
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702
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703 @item mailcap-mime-info
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704 Takes a @sc{mime} type as its argument and returns the matching viewer.
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705
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706 @end table
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707
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708
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709
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710
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711 @node Decoding and Viewing
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diff changeset
712 @chapter Decoding and Viewing
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713
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714 This chapter deals with decoding and viewing @sc{mime} messages on a
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diff changeset
715 higher level.
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716
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717 The main idea is to first analyze a @sc{mime} article, and then allow
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718 other programs to do things based on the list of @dfn{handles} that are
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719 returned as a result of this analysis.
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720
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721 @menu
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722 * Dissection:: Analyzing a @sc{mime} message.
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723 * Handles:: Handle manipulations.
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724 * Display:: Displaying handles.
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725 * Customization:: Variables that affect display.
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726 * New Viewers:: How to write your own viewers.
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727 @end menu
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728
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729
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730 @node Dissection
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731 @section Dissection
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732
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733 The @code{mm-dissect-buffer} is the function responsible for dissecting
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734 a @sc{mime} article. If given a multipart message, it will recursively
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735 descend the message, following the structure, and return a tree of
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736 @sc{mime} handles that describes the structure of the message.
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737
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738
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739 @node Handles
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740 @section Handles
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741
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742 A @sc{mime} handle is a list that fully describes a @sc{mime}
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743 component.
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744
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745 The following macros can be used to access elements in a handle:
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746
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747 @table @code
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748 @item mm-handle-buffer
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749 @findex mm-handle-buffer
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750 Return the buffer that holds the contents of the undecoded @sc{mime}
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751 part.
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752
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753 @item mm-handle-type
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754 @findex mm-handle-type
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755 Return the parsed @code{Content-Type} of the part.
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756
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757 @item mm-handle-encoding
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758 @findex mm-handle-encoding
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759 Return the @code{Content-Transfer-Encoding} of the part.
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760
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761 @item mm-handle-undisplayer
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762 @findex mm-handle-undisplayer
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763 Return the object that can be used to remove the displayed part (if it
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764 has been displayed).
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765
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766 @item mm-handle-set-undisplayer
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767 @findex mm-handle-set-undisplayer
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768 Set the undisplayer object.
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769
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770 @item mm-handle-disposition
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771 @findex mm-handle-disposition
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772 Return the parsed @code{Content-Disposition} of the part.
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773
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774 @item mm-handle-disposition
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775 @findex mm-handle-disposition
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776 Return the description of the part.
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777
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778 @item mm-get-content-id
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779 Returns the handle(s) referred to by @code{Content-ID}.
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780
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781 @end table
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782
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783
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784 @node Display
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785 @section Display
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786
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787 Functions for displaying, removing and saving.
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788
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789 @table @code
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790 @item mm-display-part
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791 @findex mm-display-part
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792 Display the part.
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793
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794 @item mm-remove-part
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795 @findex mm-remove-part
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796 Remove the part (if it has been displayed).
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797
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798 @item mm-inlinable-p
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799 @findex mm-inlinable-p
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800 Say whether a @sc{mime} type can be displayed inline.
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801
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802 @item mm-automatic-display-p
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803 @findex mm-automatic-display-p
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804 Say whether a @sc{mime} type should be displayed automatically.
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805
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806 @item mm-destroy-part
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807 @findex mm-destroy-part
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808 Free all resources occupied by a part.
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809
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810 @item mm-save-part
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811 @findex mm-save-part
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812 Offer to save the part in a file.
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813
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814 @item mm-pipe-part
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815 @findex mm-pipe-part
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816 Offer to pipe the part to some process.
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817
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818 @item mm-interactively-view-part
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819 @findex mm-interactively-view-part
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820 Prompt for a mailcap method to use to view the part.
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821
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822 @end table
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823
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824
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825 @node Customization
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826 @section Customization
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827
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828 @table @code
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829
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830 @item mm-inline-media-tests
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831 This is an alist where the key is a @sc{mime} type, the second element
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832 is a function to display the part @dfn{inline} (i.e., inside Emacs), and
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833 the third element is a form to be @code{eval}ed to say whether the part
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834 can be displayed inline.
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835
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836 This variable specifies whether a part @emph{can} be displayed inline,
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837 and, if so, how to do it. It does not say whether parts are
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838 @emph{actually} displayed inline.
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839
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840 @item mm-inlined-types
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841 This, on the other hand, says what types are to be displayed inline, if
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842 they satisfy the conditions set by the variable above. It's a list of
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843 @sc{mime} media types.
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844
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845 @item mm-automatic-display
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846 This is a list of types that are to be displayed ``automatically'', but
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847 only if the above variable allows it. That is, only inlinable parts can
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848 be displayed automatically.
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849
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850 @item mm-attachment-override-types
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851 Some @sc{mime} agents create parts that have a content-disposition of
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852 @samp{attachment}. This variable allows overriding that disposition and
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853 displaying the part inline. (Note that the disposition is only
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854 overridden if we are able to, and want to, display the part inline.)
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855
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856 @item mm-discouraged-alternatives
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857 List of @sc{mime} types that are discouraged when viewing
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858 @samp{multipart/alternative}. Viewing agents are supposed to view the
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859 last possible part of a message, as that is supposed to be the richest.
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860 However, users may prefer other types instead, and this list says what
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861 types are most unwanted. If, for instance, @samp{text/html} parts are
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862 very unwanted, and @samp{text/richtech} parts are somewhat unwanted,
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863 then the value of this variable should be set to:
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864
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865 @lisp
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866 ("text/html" "text/richtext")
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867 @end lisp
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868
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869 @item mm-inline-large-images-p
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870 When displaying inline images that are larger than the window, XEmacs
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871 does not enable scrolling, which means that you cannot see the whole
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872 image. To prevent this, the library tries to determine the image size
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873 before displaying it inline, and if it doesn't fit the window, the
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874 library will display it externally (e.g. with @samp{ImageMagick} or
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875 @samp{xv}). Setting this variable to @code{t} disables this check and
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876 makes the library display all inline images as inline, regardless of
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877 their size.
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878
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879 @item mm-inline-override-p
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880 @code{mm-inlined-types} may include regular expressions, for example to
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881 specify that all @samp{text/.*} parts be displayed inline. If a user
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882 prefers to have a type that matches such a regular expression be treated
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883 as an attachment, that can be accomplished by setting this variable to a
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884 list containing that type. For example assuming @code{mm-inlined-types}
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885 includes @samp{text/.*}, then including @samp{text/html} in this
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886 variable will cause @samp{text/html} parts to be treated as attachments.
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887
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888 @end table
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889
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890
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891 @node New Viewers
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892 @section New Viewers
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893
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894 Here's an example viewer for displaying @code{text/enriched} inline:
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895
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896 @lisp
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897 (defun mm-display-enriched-inline (handle)
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898 (let (text)
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899 (with-temp-buffer
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900 (mm-insert-part handle)
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901 (save-window-excursion
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902 (enriched-decode (point-min) (point-max))
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903 (setq text (buffer-string))))
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904 (mm-insert-inline handle text)))
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905 @end lisp
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906
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907 We see that the function takes a @sc{mime} handle as its parameter. It
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908 then goes to a temporary buffer, inserts the text of the part, does some
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909 work on the text, stores the result, goes back to the buffer it was
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910 called from and inserts the result.
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911
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912 The two important helper functions here are @code{mm-insert-part} and
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diff changeset
913 @code{mm-insert-inline}. The first function inserts the text of the
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diff changeset
914 handle in the current buffer. It handles charset and/or content
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parents:
diff changeset
915 transfer decoding. The second function just inserts whatever text you
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diff changeset
916 tell it to insert, but it also sets things up so that the text can be
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diff changeset
917 ``undisplayed' in a convenient manner.
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918
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919
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920 @node Composing
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921 @chapter Composing
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922 @cindex Composing
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923 @cindex MIME Composing
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924 @cindex MML
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925 @cindex MIME Meta Language
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926
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927 Creating a @sc{mime} message is boring and non-trivial. Therefore, a
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928 library called @code{mml} has been defined that parses a language called
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929 MML (@sc{mime} Meta Language) and generates @sc{mime} messages.
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930
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931 @findex mml-generate-mime
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932 The main interface function is @code{mml-generate-mime}. It will
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933 examine the contents of the current (narrowed-to) buffer and return a
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934 string containing the @sc{mime} message.
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935
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936 @menu
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937 * Simple MML Example:: An example MML document.
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938 * MML Definition:: All valid MML elements.
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939 * Advanced MML Example:: Another example MML document.
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940 * Charset Translation:: How charsets are mapped from @sc{mule} to MIME.
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941 * Conversion:: Going from @sc{mime} to MML and vice versa.
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942 @end menu
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943
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944
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945 @node Simple MML Example
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946 @section Simple MML Example
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947
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948 Here's a simple @samp{multipart/alternative}:
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949
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950 @example
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951 <#multipart type=alternative>
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952 This is a plain text part.
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953 <#part type=text/enriched>
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954 <center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
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955 <#/multipart>
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956 @end example
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957
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958 After running this through @code{mml-generate-mime}, we get this:
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959
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960 @example
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961 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="=-=-="
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962
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963
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diff changeset
964 --=-=-=
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965
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966
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967 This is a plain text part.
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968
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969 --=-=-=
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970 Content-Type: text/enriched
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971
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972
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973 <center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
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974
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975 --=-=-=--
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976 @end example
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977
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978
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979 @node MML Definition
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980 @section MML Definition
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981
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982 The MML language is very simple. It looks a bit like an SGML
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983 application, but it's not.
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984
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985 The main concept of MML is the @dfn{part}. Each part can be of a
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986 different type or use a different charset. The way to delineate a part
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987 is with a @samp{<#part ...>} tag. Multipart parts can be introduced
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988 with the @samp{<#multipart ...>} tag. Parts are ended by the
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989 @samp{<#/part>} or @samp{<#/multipart>} tags. Parts started with the
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990 @samp{<#part ...>} tags are also closed by the next open tag.
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991
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992 There's also the @samp{<#external ...>} tag. These introduce
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993 @samp{external/message-body} parts.
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994
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995 Each tag can contain zero or more parameters on the form
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996 @samp{parameter=value}. The values may be enclosed in quotation marks,
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997 but that's not necessary unless the value contains white space. So
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998 @samp{filename=/home/user/#hello$^yes} is perfectly valid.
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999
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1000 The following parameters have meaning in MML; parameters that have no
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1001 meaning are ignored. The MML parameter names are the same as the
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1002 @sc{mime} parameter names; the things in the parentheses say which
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1003 header it will be used in.
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1004
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1005 @table @samp
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1006 @item type
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1007 The @sc{mime} type of the part (@code{Content-Type}).
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1008
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1009 @item filename
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1010 Use the contents of the file in the body of the part
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1011 (@code{Content-Disposition}).
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1012
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1013 @item charset
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1014 The contents of the body of the part are to be encoded in the character
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1015 set speficied (@code{Content-Type}).
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1016
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diff changeset
1017 @item name
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diff changeset
1018 Might be used to suggest a file name if the part is to be saved
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diff changeset
1019 to a file (@code{Content-Type}).
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diff changeset
1020
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1021 @item disposition
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1022 Valid values are @samp{inline} and @samp{attachment}
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diff changeset
1023 (@code{Content-Disposition}).
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diff changeset
1024
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diff changeset
1025 @item encoding
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diff changeset
1026 Valid values are @samp{7bit}, @samp{8bit}, @samp{quoted-printable} and
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diff changeset
1027 @samp{base64} (@code{Content-Transfer-Encoding}).
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diff changeset
1028
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diff changeset
1029 @item description
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diff changeset
1030 A description of the part (@code{Content-Description}).
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1031
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1032 @item creation-date
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diff changeset
1033 RFC822 date when the part was created (@code{Content-Disposition}).
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1034
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1035 @item modification-date
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diff changeset
1036 RFC822 date when the part was modified (@code{Content-Disposition}).
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1037
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1038 @item read-date
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diff changeset
1039 RFC822 date when the part was read (@code{Content-Disposition}).
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1040
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1041 @item size
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diff changeset
1042 The size (in octets) of the part (@code{Content-Disposition}).
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1043
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1044 @end table
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1045
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1046 Parameters for @samp{application/octet-stream}:
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1047
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diff changeset
1048 @table @samp
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1049 @item type
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diff changeset
1050 Type of the part; informal---meant for human readers
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1051 (@code{Content-Type}).
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1052 @end table
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1053
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diff changeset
1054 Parameters for @samp{message/external-body}:
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1055
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1056 @table @samp
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1057 @item access-type
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diff changeset
1058 A word indicating the supported access mechanism by which the file may
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diff changeset
1059 be obtained. Values include @samp{ftp}, @samp{anon-ftp}, @samp{tftp},
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diff changeset
1060 @samp{localfile}, and @samp{mailserver}. (@code{Content-Type}.)
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diff changeset
1061
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1062 @item expiration
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diff changeset
1063 The RFC822 date after which the file may no longer be fetched.
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diff changeset
1064 (@code{Content-Type}.)
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1065
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1066 @item size
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diff changeset
1067 The size (in octets) of the file. (@code{Content-Type}.)
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diff changeset
1068
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diff changeset
1069 @item permission
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diff changeset
1070 Valid values are @samp{read} and @samp{read-write}
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diff changeset
1071 (@code{Content-Type}).
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diff changeset
1072
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diff changeset
1073 @end table
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diff changeset
1074
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1075
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diff changeset
1076 @node Advanced MML Example
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diff changeset
1077 @section Advanced MML Example
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diff changeset
1078
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diff changeset
1079 Here's a complex multipart message. It's a @samp{multipart/mixed} that
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diff changeset
1080 contains many parts, one of which is a @samp{multipart/alternative}.
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diff changeset
1081
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diff changeset
1082 @example
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diff changeset
1083 <#multipart type=mixed>
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diff changeset
1084 <#part type=image/jpeg filename=~/rms.jpg disposition=inline>
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parents:
diff changeset
1085 <#multipart type=alternative>
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diff changeset
1086 This is a plain text part.
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parents:
diff changeset
1087 <#part type=text/enriched name=enriched.txt>
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parents:
diff changeset
1088 <center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
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diff changeset
1089 <#/multipart>
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parents:
diff changeset
1090 This is a new plain text part.
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parents:
diff changeset
1091 <#part disposition=attachment>
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parents:
diff changeset
1092 This plain text part is an attachment.
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diff changeset
1093 <#/multipart>
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diff changeset
1094 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1095
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diff changeset
1096 And this is the resulting @sc{mime} message:
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1097
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diff changeset
1098 @example
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diff changeset
1099 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="=-=-="
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parents:
diff changeset
1100
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1101
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diff changeset
1102 --=-=-=
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1103
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1104
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1105
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1106 --=-=-=
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1107 Content-Type: image/jpeg;
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diff changeset
1108 filename="~/rms.jpg"
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diff changeset
1109 Content-Disposition: inline;
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1110 filename="~/rms.jpg"
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1111 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
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1112
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diff changeset
1113 /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRof
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1114 Hh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/wAALCAAwADABAREA/8QAHwAA
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diff changeset
1115 AQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQR
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diff changeset
1116 BRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RF
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parents:
diff changeset
1117 RkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ip
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parents:
diff changeset
1118 qrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oACAEB
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diff changeset
1119 AAA/AO/rifFHjldNuGsrDa0qcSSHkA+gHrXKw+LtWLrMb+RgTyhbr+HSug07xNqV9fQtZrNI
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diff changeset
1120 AyiaE/NuBPOOOP0rvRNE880KOC8TbXXGCv1FPqjrF4LDR7u5L7SkTFT/ALWOP1xXgTuXfc7E
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diff changeset
1121 sx6nua6rwp4IvvEM8chCxWxOdzn7wz6V9AaB4S07w9p5itow0rDLSY5Pt9K43xO66P4xs71m
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parents:
diff changeset
1122 2QXiGCbA4yOVJ9+1aYORkdK434lyNH4ahCnG66VT9Nj15JFbPdX0MS43M4VQf5/yr2vSpLnw
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diff changeset
1123 5ZW8dlCZ8KFXjOPX0/mK6rSPEGt3Angu44fNEReHYNvIH3TzXDeKNO8RX+kSX2ouZkicTIOc
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diff changeset
1124 L+g7E810ulFjpVtv3bwgB3HJyK5L4quY/C9sVxk3ij/xx6850u7t1mtp/wDlpEw3An3Jr3Dw
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diff changeset
1125 34gsbWza4nBlhC5LDsaW6+IFgupQyCF3iHH7gA7c9R9ay7zx6t7aX9jHC4smhfBkGCvHGfrm
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 tLQ7hbnRrV1GPkAP1x1/Hr+Ncr8Vzjwrbf8AX6v/AKA9eQRyYlQk8Yx9K6XTNbkgia2ciSIn
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diff changeset
1127 7p5Ga9Atte0LTLKO6it4i7dVRFJDcZ4PvXN+JvEMF9bILVGXJLSZ4zkjivRPDaeX4b08HOTC
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diff changeset
1128 pOffmua+KkbS+GLVUGT9tT/0B68eeIpIFYjB70+OOVXyoOM9+M1eaWeCLzHPyHGO/NVWvJJm
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1129 jQ8KGH1NfQWhXSXmh2c8eArRLwO3HSv/2Q==
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1130
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1131 --=-=-=
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1132 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="==-=-="
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1133
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1134
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1135 --==-=-=
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1136
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1137
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1138 This is a plain text part.
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1139
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diff changeset
1140 --==-=-=
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1141 Content-Type: text/enriched;
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1142 name="enriched.txt"
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1143
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1144
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1145 <center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
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1146
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1147 --==-=-=--
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1148
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diff changeset
1149 --=-=-=
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1150
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1151 This is a new plain text part.
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1152
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1153 --=-=-=
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1154 Content-Disposition: attachment
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1155
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1156
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1157 This plain text part is an attachment.
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1158
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1159 --=-=-=--
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diff changeset
1160 @end example
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1161
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diff changeset
1162 @node Charset Translation
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diff changeset
1163 @section Charset Translation
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1164 @cindex charsets
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1165
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1166 During translation from MML to @sc{mime}, for each @sc{mime} part which
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1167 has been composed inside Emacs, an appropriate charset has to be chosen.
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1168
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diff changeset
1169 @vindex mail-parse-charset
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diff changeset
1170 If you are running a non-@sc{mule} Emacs, this process is simple: If the
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1171 part contains any non-ASCII (8-bit) characters, the @sc{mime} charset
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diff changeset
1172 given by @code{mail-parse-charset} (a symbol) is used. (Never set this
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diff changeset
1173 variable directly, though. If you want to change the default charset,
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diff changeset
1174 please consult the documentation of the package which you use to process
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diff changeset
1175 @sc{mime} messages.
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diff changeset
1176 @xref{Various Message Variables, , Various Message Variables, message,
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diff changeset
1177 Message Manual}, for example.)
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diff changeset
1178 If there are only ASCII characters, the @sc{mime} charset US-ASCII is
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1179 used, of course.
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1180
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1181 @cindex MULE
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1182 @cindex UTF-8
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1183 @cindex Unicode
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diff changeset
1184 @vindex mm-mime-mule-charset-alist
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diff changeset
1185 Things are slightly more complicated when running Emacs with @sc{mule}
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1186 support. In this case, a list of the @sc{mule} charsets used in the
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1187 part is obtained, and the @sc{mule} charsets are translated to @sc{mime}
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diff changeset
1188 charsets by consulting the variable @code{mm-mime-mule-charset-alist}.
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diff changeset
1189 If this results in a single @sc{mime} charset, this is used to encode
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1190 the part. But if the resulting list of @sc{mime} charsets contains more
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diff changeset
1191 than one element, two things can happen: If it is possible to encode the
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1192 part via UTF-8, this charset is used. (For this, Emacs must support
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parents:
diff changeset
1193 the @code{utf-8} coding system, and the part must consist entirely of
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diff changeset
1194 characters which have Unicode counterparts.) If UTF-8 is not available
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diff changeset
1195 for some reason, the part is split into several ones, so that each one
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diff changeset
1196 can be encoded with a single @sc{mime} charset. The part can only be
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diff changeset
1197 split at line boundaries, though---if more than one @sc{mime} charset is
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diff changeset
1198 required to encode a single line, it is not possible to encode the part.
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1199
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diff changeset
1200 @node Conversion
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diff changeset
1201 @section Conversion
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1202
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diff changeset
1203 @findex mime-to-mml
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diff changeset
1204 A (multipart) @sc{mime} message can be converted to MML with the
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diff changeset
1205 @code{mime-to-mml} function. It works on the message in the current
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parents:
diff changeset
1206 buffer, and substitutes MML markup for @sc{mime} boundaries.
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parents:
diff changeset
1207 Non-textual parts do not have their contents in the buffer, but instead
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diff changeset
1208 have the contents in separate buffers that are referred to from the MML
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parents:
diff changeset
1209 tags.
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diff changeset
1210
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diff changeset
1211 @findex mml-to-mime
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diff changeset
1212 An MML message can be converted back to @sc{mime} by the
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parents:
diff changeset
1213 @code{mml-to-mime} function.
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diff changeset
1214
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diff changeset
1215 These functions are in certain senses ``lossy''---you will not get back
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parents:
diff changeset
1216 an identical message if you run @sc{mime-to-mml} and then
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diff changeset
1217 @sc{mml-to-mime}. Not only will trivial things like the order of the
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parents:
diff changeset
1218 headers differ, but the contents of the headers may also be different.
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parents:
diff changeset
1219 For instance, the original message may use base64 encoding on text,
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parents:
diff changeset
1220 while @sc{mml-to-mime} may decide to use quoted-printable encoding, and
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parents:
diff changeset
1221 so on.
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diff changeset
1222
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diff changeset
1223 In essence, however, these two functions should be the inverse of each
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parents:
diff changeset
1224 other. The resulting contents of the message should remain equivalent,
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parents:
diff changeset
1225 if not identical.
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diff changeset
1226
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diff changeset
1227
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diff changeset
1228 @node Standards
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diff changeset
1229 @chapter Standards
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diff changeset
1230
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diff changeset
1231 The Emacs @sc{mime} library implements handling of various elements
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parents:
diff changeset
1232 according to a (somewhat) large number of RFCs, drafts and standards
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parents:
diff changeset
1233 documents. This chapter lists the relevant ones. They can all be
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diff changeset
1234 fetched from @samp{http://quimby.gnus.org/notes/}.
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diff changeset
1235
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diff changeset
1236 @table @dfn
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parents:
diff changeset
1237 @item RFC822
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diff changeset
1238 @itemx STD11
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parents:
diff changeset
1239 Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages.
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parents:
diff changeset
1240
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diff changeset
1241 @item RFC1036
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parents:
diff changeset
1242 Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages
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parents:
diff changeset
1243
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diff changeset
1244 @item RFC2045
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parents:
diff changeset
1245 Format of Internet Message Bodies
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parents:
diff changeset
1246
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diff changeset
1247 @item RFC2046
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parents:
diff changeset
1248 Media Types
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diff changeset
1249
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diff changeset
1250 @item RFC2047
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parents:
diff changeset
1251 Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text
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parents:
diff changeset
1252
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diff changeset
1253 @item RFC2048
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parents:
diff changeset
1254 Registration Procedures
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diff changeset
1255
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parents:
diff changeset
1256 @item RFC2049
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parents:
diff changeset
1257 Conformance Criteria and Examples
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diff changeset
1258
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diff changeset
1259 @item RFC2231
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parents:
diff changeset
1260 MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets,
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parents:
diff changeset
1261 Languages, and Continuations
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parents:
diff changeset
1262
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1263 @item RFC1843
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1264 HZ - A Data Format for Exchanging Files of Arbitrarily Mixed Chinese and
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1265 ASCII characters
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1266
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1267 @item draft-ietf-drums-msg-fmt-05.txt
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1268 Draft for the successor of RFC822
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1269
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1270 @item RFC2112
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1271 The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type
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1272
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1273 @item RFC1892
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1274 The Multipart/Report Content Type for the Reporting of Mail System
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1275 Administrative Messages
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1276
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1277 @item RFC2183
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1278 Communicating Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The
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1279 Content-Disposition Header Field
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1280
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1281 @end table
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1282
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1283
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1284 @node Index
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1285 @chapter Index
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1286 @printindex cp
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1287
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1288 @summarycontents
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1289 @contents
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1290 @bye
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1291
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1292 @c End: