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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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4 @c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/abbrevs
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7 @node Abbrevs, Processes, Syntax Tables, Top
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8 @chapter Abbrevs and Abbrev Expansion
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9 @cindex abbrev
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10 @cindex abbrev table
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11
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12 An abbreviation or @dfn{abbrev} is a string of characters that may be
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13 expanded to a longer string. The user can insert the abbrev string and
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14 find it replaced automatically with the expansion of the abbrev. This
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15 saves typing.
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16
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17 The set of abbrevs currently in effect is recorded in an @dfn{abbrev
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18 table}. Each buffer has a local abbrev table, but normally all buffers
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19 in the same major mode share one abbrev table. There is also a global
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20 abbrev table. Normally both are used.
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21
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22 An abbrev table is represented as an obarray containing a symbol for
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23 each abbreviation. The symbol's name is the abbreviation; its value
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24 is the expansion; its function definition is the hook function to do
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25 the expansion (@pxref{Defining Abbrevs}); its property list cell
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26 typically contains the use count, the number of times the abbreviation
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27 has been expanded. Alternatively, the use count is on the
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28 @code{count} property and the system-abbrev flag is on the
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29 @code{system-type} property. Abbrevs with a non-@code{nil}
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30 @code{system-type} property are called ``system'' abbrevs. They are
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31 usually defined by modes or packages, instead of by the user, and are
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32 treated specially in certain respects.
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33
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34 Because the symbols used for abbrevs are not interned in the usual
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35 obarray, they will never appear as the result of reading a Lisp
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36 expression; in fact, normally they are never used except by the code
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37 that handles abbrevs. Therefore, it is safe to use them in an
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38 extremely nonstandard way. @xref{Creating Symbols}.
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39
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40 For the user-level commands for abbrevs, see @ref{Abbrevs,, Abbrev
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41 Mode, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
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42
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43 @menu
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44 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
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45 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables.
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46 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
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47 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files.
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48 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
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49 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
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50 @end menu
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51
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52 @node Abbrev Mode, Abbrev Tables, Abbrevs, Abbrevs
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53 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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54 @section Setting Up Abbrev Mode
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55
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56 Abbrev mode is a minor mode controlled by the value of the variable
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57 @code{abbrev-mode}.
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58
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59 @defvar abbrev-mode
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60 A non-@code{nil} value of this variable turns on the automatic expansion
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61 of abbrevs when their abbreviations are inserted into a buffer.
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62 If the value is @code{nil}, abbrevs may be defined, but they are not
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63 expanded automatically.
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64
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65 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion.
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66 @end defvar
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67
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68 @defvar default-abbrev-mode
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69 This is the value of @code{abbrev-mode} for buffers that do not override it.
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70 This is the same as @code{(default-value 'abbrev-mode)}.
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71 @end defvar
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72
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73 @node Abbrev Tables, Defining Abbrevs, Abbrev Mode, Abbrevs
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74 @section Abbrev Tables
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75
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76 This section describes how to create and manipulate abbrev tables.
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77
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78 @defun make-abbrev-table
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79 This function creates and returns a new, empty abbrev table---an obarray
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80 containing no symbols. It is a vector filled with zeros.
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81 @end defun
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82
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83 @defun clear-abbrev-table table
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84 This function undefines all the abbrevs in abbrev table @var{table},
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85 leaving it empty. It always returns @code{nil}.
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86 @end defun
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87
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88 @defun copy-abbrev-table table
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89 This function returns a copy of abbrev table @var{table}---a new
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90 abbrev table that contains the same abbrev definitions. The only
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91 difference between @var{table} and the returned copy is that this
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92 function sets the property lists of all copied abbrevs to 0.
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93 @end defun
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94
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95 @defun define-abbrev-table tabname definitions
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96 This function defines @var{tabname} (a symbol) as an abbrev table
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97 name, i.e., as a variable whose value is an abbrev table. It defines
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98 abbrevs in the table according to @var{definitions}, a list of
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99 elements of the form @code{(@var{abbrevname} @var{expansion}
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100 @var{hook} @var{usecount} @var{system-flag})}. If an element of
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101 @var{definitions} has length less than five, omitted elements default
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102 to @code{nil}. A value of @code{nil} for @var{usecount} is equivalent
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103 to zero. The return value is always @code{nil}.
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104
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105 If this function is called more than once for the same @var{tabname},
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106 subsequent calls add the definitions in @var{definitions} to
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107 @var{tabname}, rather than overriding the entire original contents.
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108 (A subsequent call only overrides abbrevs explicitly redefined or
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109 undefined in @var{definitions}.)
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110 @end defun
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111
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112 @defvar abbrev-table-name-list
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113 This is a list of symbols whose values are abbrev tables.
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114 @code{define-abbrev-table} adds the new abbrev table name to this list.
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115 @end defvar
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116
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117 @defun insert-abbrev-table-description name &optional human
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118 This function inserts before point a description of the abbrev table
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119 named @var{name}. The argument @var{name} is a symbol whose value is an
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120 abbrev table. The return value is always @code{nil}.
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121
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122 If @var{human} is non-@code{nil}, the description is human-oriented.
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123 System abbrevs are listed and identified as such. Otherwise the
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124 description is a Lisp expression---a call to @code{define-abbrev-table}
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125 that would define @var{name} as it is currently defined, but without
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126 the system abbrevs. (The mode or package using @var{name} is supposed
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127 to add these to @var{name} separately.)
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128 @end defun
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129
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130 @node Defining Abbrevs, Abbrev Files, Abbrev Tables, Abbrevs
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131 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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132 @section Defining Abbrevs
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133 @code{define-abbrev} is the low-level basic function for defining an
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134 abbrev in a specified abbrev table. When major modes predefine
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135 standard abbrevs, they should call @code{define-abbrev} and specify
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136 @code{t} for @var{system-flag}.
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137
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138 @defun define-abbrev table name expansion &optional hook count system-flag
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139 This function defines an abbrev named @var{name}, in @var{table}, to
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140 expand to @var{expansion} and call @var{hook}. The return value is
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141 @var{name}.
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142
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143 The value of @var{count}, if specified, initializes the abbrev's
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144 usage-count. If @var{count} is not specified or @code{nil}, the use
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145 count is initialized to zero.
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146
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147 The argument @var{name} should be a string. The argument
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148 @var{expansion} is normally the desired expansion (a string), or
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149 @code{nil} to undefine the abbrev. If it is anything but a string or
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150 @code{nil}, then the abbreviation ``expands'' solely by running
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151 @var{hook}.
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152
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153 The argument @var{hook} is a function or @code{nil}. If @var{hook} is
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154 non-@code{nil}, then it is called with no arguments after the abbrev is
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155 replaced with @var{expansion}; point is located at the end of
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156 @var{expansion} when @var{hook} is called.
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157
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158 @cindex @code{no-self-insert} property
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159 If @var{hook} is a non-@code{nil} symbol whose @code{no-self-insert}
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160 property is non-@code{nil}, @var{hook} can explicitly control whether
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161 to insert the self-inserting input character that triggered the
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162 expansion. If @var{hook} returns non-@code{nil} in this case, that
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163 inhibits insertion of the character. By contrast, if @var{hook}
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164 returns @code{nil}, @code{expand-abbrev} also returns @code{nil}, as
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165 if expansion had not really occurred.
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166
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167 If @var{system-flag} is non-@code{nil}, that marks the abbrev as a
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168 ``system'' abbrev with the @code{system-type} property.
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169
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170 Normally the function @code{define-abbrev} sets the variable
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171 @code{abbrevs-changed} to @code{t}, if it actually changes the abbrev.
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172 (This is so that some commands will offer to save the abbrevs.) It
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173 does not do this for a ``system'' abbrev, since those won't be saved
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174 anyway.
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175 @end defun
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176
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177 @defopt only-global-abbrevs
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178 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it means that the user plans to use
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179 global abbrevs only. This tells the commands that define mode-specific
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180 abbrevs to define global ones instead. This variable does not alter the
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181 behavior of the functions in this section; it is examined by their
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182 callers.
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183 @end defopt
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184
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185 @node Abbrev Files, Abbrev Expansion, Defining Abbrevs, Abbrevs
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186 @section Saving Abbrevs in Files
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187
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188 A file of saved abbrev definitions is actually a file of Lisp code.
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189 The abbrevs are saved in the form of a Lisp program to define the same
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190 abbrev tables with the same contents. Therefore, you can load the file
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191 with @code{load} (@pxref{How Programs Do Loading}). However, the
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192 function @code{quietly-read-abbrev-file} is provided as a more
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193 convenient interface.
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194
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195 User-level facilities such as @code{save-some-buffers} can save
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196 abbrevs in a file automatically, under the control of variables
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197 described here.
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198
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199 @defopt abbrev-file-name
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200 This is the default file name for reading and saving abbrevs.
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201 @end defopt
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202
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203 @defun quietly-read-abbrev-file &optional filename
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204 This function reads abbrev definitions from a file named @var{filename},
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205 previously written with @code{write-abbrev-file}. If @var{filename} is
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206 omitted or @code{nil}, the file specified in @code{abbrev-file-name} is
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207 used. @code{save-abbrevs} is set to @code{t} so that changes will be
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208 saved.
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209
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210 This function does not display any messages. It returns @code{nil}.
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211 @end defun
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212
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213 @defopt save-abbrevs
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214 A non-@code{nil} value for @code{save-abbrevs} means that Emacs should
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215 offer the user to save abbrevs when files are saved. If the value is
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216 @code{silently}, Emacs saves the abbrevs without asking the user.
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217 @code{abbrev-file-name} specifies the file to save the abbrevs in.
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218 @end defopt
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219
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220 @defvar abbrevs-changed
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221 This variable is set non-@code{nil} by defining or altering any
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222 abbrevs (except ``system'' abbrevs). This serves as a flag for
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223 various Emacs commands to offer to save your abbrevs.
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224 @end defvar
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225
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226 @deffn Command write-abbrev-file &optional filename
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227 Save all abbrev definitions (except ``system'' abbrevs), for all abbrev
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228 tables listed in @code{abbrev-table-name-list}, in the file
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229 @var{filename}, in the form of a Lisp program that when loaded will
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230 define the same abbrevs. If @var{filename} is @code{nil} or omitted,
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231 @code{abbrev-file-name} is used. This function returns @code{nil}.
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232 @end deffn
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233
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234 @node Abbrev Expansion, Standard Abbrev Tables, Abbrev Files, Abbrevs
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235 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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236 @section Looking Up and Expanding Abbreviations
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237
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238 Abbrevs are usually expanded by certain interactive commands,
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239 including @code{self-insert-command}. This section describes the
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240 subroutines used in writing such commands, as well as the variables they
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241 use for communication.
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242
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243 @defun abbrev-symbol abbrev &optional table
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244 This function returns the symbol representing the abbrev named
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245 @var{abbrev}. The value returned is @code{nil} if that abbrev is not
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246 defined. The optional second argument @var{table} is the abbrev table
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247 to look it up in. If @var{table} is @code{nil}, this function tries
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248 first the current buffer's local abbrev table, and second the global
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249 abbrev table.
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250 @end defun
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251
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252 @defun abbrev-expansion abbrev &optional table
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253 This function returns the string that @var{abbrev} would expand into (as
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254 defined by the abbrev tables used for the current buffer). If
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255 @var{abbrev} is not a valid abbrev, the function returns @code{nil}.
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256 The optional argument @var{table} specifies the abbrev table to use,
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257 as in @code{abbrev-symbol}.
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258 @end defun
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259
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260 @deffn Command expand-abbrev
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261 This command expands the abbrev before point, if any. If point does not
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262 follow an abbrev, this command does nothing. The command returns the
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263 abbrev symbol if it did expansion, @code{nil} otherwise.
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264
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265 If the abbrev symbol has a hook function which is a symbol whose
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266 @code{no-self-insert} property is non-@code{nil}, and if the hook
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267 function returns @code{nil} as its value, then @code{expand-abbrev}
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268 returns @code{nil} even though expansion did occur.
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269 @end deffn
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270
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271 @deffn Command abbrev-prefix-mark &optional arg
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272 This command marks the current location of point as the beginning of
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273 an abbrev. The next call to @code{expand-abbrev} will use the text
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274 from here to point (where it is then) as the abbrev to expand, rather
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275 than using the previous word as usual.
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276
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277 First, this command expands any abbrev before point, unless @var{arg}
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278 is non-@code{nil}. (Interactively, @var{arg} is the prefix argument.)
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279 Then it inserts a hyphen before point, to indicate the start of the
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280 next abbrev to be expanded. The actual expansion removes the hyphen.
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281 @end deffn
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282
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283 @defopt abbrev-all-caps
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284 When this is set non-@code{nil}, an abbrev entered entirely in upper
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285 case is expanded using all upper case. Otherwise, an abbrev entered
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286 entirely in upper case is expanded by capitalizing each word of the
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287 expansion.
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288 @end defopt
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289
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290 @defvar abbrev-start-location
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291 The value of this variable is a buffer position (an integer or a marker)
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292 for @code{expand-abbrev} to use as the start of the next abbrev to be
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293 expanded. The value can also be @code{nil}, which means to use the
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294 word before point instead. @code{abbrev-start-location} is set to
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295 @code{nil} each time @code{expand-abbrev} is called. This variable is
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296 also set by @code{abbrev-prefix-mark}.
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297 @end defvar
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298
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299 @defvar abbrev-start-location-buffer
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300 The value of this variable is the buffer for which
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301 @code{abbrev-start-location} has been set. Trying to expand an abbrev
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302 in any other buffer clears @code{abbrev-start-location}. This variable
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303 is set by @code{abbrev-prefix-mark}.
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304 @end defvar
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305
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306 @defvar last-abbrev
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307 This is the @code{abbrev-symbol} of the most recent abbrev expanded. This
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308 information is left by @code{expand-abbrev} for the sake of the
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309 @code{unexpand-abbrev} command (@pxref{Expanding Abbrevs,, Expanding
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310 Abbrevs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
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311 @end defvar
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312
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313 @defvar last-abbrev-location
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314 This is the location of the most recent abbrev expanded. This contains
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315 information left by @code{expand-abbrev} for the sake of the
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316 @code{unexpand-abbrev} command.
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317 @end defvar
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318
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319 @defvar last-abbrev-text
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320 This is the exact expansion text of the most recent abbrev expanded,
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321 after case conversion (if any). Its value is @code{nil} if the abbrev
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322 has already been unexpanded. This contains information left by
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323 @code{expand-abbrev} for the sake of the @code{unexpand-abbrev} command.
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324 @end defvar
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325
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326 @c Emacs 19 feature
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327 @defvar pre-abbrev-expand-hook
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328 This is a normal hook whose functions are executed, in sequence, just
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329 before any expansion of an abbrev. @xref{Hooks}. Since it is a normal
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330 hook, the hook functions receive no arguments. However, they can find
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331 the abbrev to be expanded by looking in the buffer before point.
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332 Running the hook is the first thing that @code{expand-abbrev} does, and
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333 so a hook function can be used to change the current abbrev table before
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334 abbrev lookup happens. (Although you have to do this carefully. See
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335 the example below.)
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336 @end defvar
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337
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338 The following sample code shows a simple use of
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339 @code{pre-abbrev-expand-hook}. It assumes that @code{foo-mode} is a
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340 mode for editing certain files in which lines that start with @samp{#}
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341 are comments. You want to use Text mode abbrevs for those lines. The
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342 regular local abbrev table, @code{foo-mode-abbrev-table} is
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343 appropriate for all other lines. Then you can put the following code
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344 in your @file{.emacs} file. @xref{Standard Abbrev Tables}, for the
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345 definitions of @code{local-abbrev-table} and @code{text-mode-abbrev-table}.
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346
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347 @smallexample
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348 (defun foo-mode-pre-abbrev-expand ()
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349 (when (save-excursion (forward-line 0) (eq (char-after) ?#))
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350 (let ((local-abbrev-table text-mode-abbrev-table)
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351 ;; Avoid infinite loop.
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352 (pre-abbrev-expand-hook nil))
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353 (expand-abbrev))
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354 ;; We have already called `expand-abbrev' in this hook.
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355 ;; Hence we want the "actual" call following this hook to be a no-op.
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356 (setq abbrev-start-location (point-max)
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357 abbrev-start-location-buffer (current-buffer))))
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358
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359 (add-hook 'foo-mode-hook
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360 #'(lambda ()
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361 (add-hook 'pre-abbrev-expand-hook
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362 'foo-mode-pre-abbrev-expand
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363 nil t)))
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364 @end smallexample
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365
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366 Note that @code{foo-mode-pre-abbrev-expand} just returns @code{nil}
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367 without doing anything for lines not starting with @samp{#}. Hence
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368 abbrevs expand normally using @code{foo-mode-abbrev-table} as local
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369 abbrev table for such lines.
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370
|
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371 @node Standard Abbrev Tables, , Abbrev Expansion, Abbrevs
|
|
372 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
373 @section Standard Abbrev Tables
|
|
374
|
|
375 Here we list the variables that hold the abbrev tables for the
|
|
376 preloaded major modes of Emacs.
|
|
377
|
|
378 @defvar global-abbrev-table
|
|
379 This is the abbrev table for mode-independent abbrevs. The abbrevs
|
|
380 defined in it apply to all buffers. Each buffer may also have a local
|
|
381 abbrev table, whose abbrev definitions take precedence over those in the
|
|
382 global table.
|
|
383 @end defvar
|
|
384
|
|
385 @defvar local-abbrev-table
|
|
386 The value of this buffer-local variable is the (mode-specific)
|
|
387 abbreviation table of the current buffer.
|
|
388 @end defvar
|
|
389
|
|
390 @defvar fundamental-mode-abbrev-table
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391 This is the local abbrev table used in Fundamental mode; in other words,
|
|
392 it is the local abbrev table in all buffers in Fundamental mode.
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393 @end defvar
|
|
394
|
|
395 @defvar text-mode-abbrev-table
|
|
396 This is the local abbrev table used in Text mode.
|
|
397 @end defvar
|
|
398
|
|
399 @defvar lisp-mode-abbrev-table
|
|
400 This is the local abbrev table used in Lisp mode and Emacs Lisp mode.
|
|
401 @end defvar
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402
|
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|
403 @ignore
|
|
404 arch-tag: 5ffdbe08-2cd4-48ec-a5a8-080f95756eec
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|
405 @end ignore
|