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annotate man/screen.texi @ 52553:c9d6b407c93b
(use-fancy-splash-screens-p, display-splash-screen): Move
display-graphic-p test from latter to former. Fixes previous change.
author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 19 Sep 2003 22:42:24 +0000 |
parents | a2b41a4f0917 |
children | 0816b427495a |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top | |
5 @chapter The Organization of the Screen | |
6 @cindex screen | |
7 @cindex parts of the screen | |
8 @c | |
9 | |
10 On a text-only terminal, the Emacs display occupies the whole screen. | |
11 On the X Window System, Emacs creates its own X windows to use. We use | |
12 the term @dfn{frame} to mean an entire text-only screen or an entire X | |
13 window used by Emacs. Emacs uses both kinds of frames in the same way | |
14 to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out with just one frame, | |
15 but you can create additional frames if you wish. @xref{Frames}. | |
16 | |
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17 When you start Emacs, the entire frame except for the top and bottom |
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18 is devoted to the text you are editing. This area is called the |
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19 @dfn{window}. At the top there is normally a @dfn{menu bar} where you |
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20 can access a series of menus; then there may be a @dfn{tool bar}, a |
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21 row of icons that perform editing commands if you click on them. |
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22 Below this, the window begins. The last line is a special @dfn{echo |
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23 area} or @dfn{minibuffer window}, where prompts appear and where you |
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24 enter information when Emacs asks for it. See below for more |
25829 | 25 information about these special lines. |
26 | |
27 You can subdivide the large text window horizontally or vertically | |
28 into multiple text windows, each of which can be used for a different | |
29 file (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word ``window'' always | |
30 refers to the subdivisions of a frame within Emacs. | |
31 | |
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32 At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}; the most |
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33 prominent cursor indicates which window is selected. Most Emacs |
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34 commands implicitly apply to the text in the selected window (though |
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35 mouse commands generally operate on whatever window you click them in, |
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36 whether selected or not). The other windows display text for |
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37 reference only, unless/until you select them. If you use multiple |
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38 frames under the X Window System, then giving the input focus to a |
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39 particular frame selects a window in that frame. |
25829 | 40 |
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41 Each window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what |
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42 is going on in that window. It appears in inverse video, if the |
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43 terminal supports that; its contents normally begin with |
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44 @w{@samp{--:-- @ *scratch*}} when Emacs starts. The mode line |
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45 displays status information such as what buffer is being displayed |
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46 above it in the window, what major and minor modes are in use, and |
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47 whether the buffer contains unsaved changes. |
25829 | 48 |
49 @menu | |
50 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
51 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
52 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
53 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
54 @end menu | |
55 | |
56 @node Point | |
57 @section Point | |
58 @cindex point | |
59 @cindex cursor | |
60 | |
61 Within Emacs, the terminal's cursor shows the location at which | |
62 editing commands will take effect. This location is called @dfn{point}. | |
63 Many Emacs commands move point through the text, so that you can edit at | |
64 different places in it. You can also place point by clicking mouse | |
65 button 1. | |
66 | |
67 While the cursor appears to point @emph{at} a character, you should | |
68 think of point as @emph{between} two characters; it points @emph{before} | |
69 the character that appears under the cursor. For example, if your text | |
70 looks like @samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is | |
71 between the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character | |
72 @samp{!} at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point | |
73 between the @samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over | |
74 the @samp{b}, as before. | |
75 | |
76 Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or | |
77 speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands. | |
78 | |
79 If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer, | |
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80 each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not |
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81 currently displayed remembers its point location in case you display |
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82 it again later. When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has |
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83 its own point location. If the same buffer appears in more than one |
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84 window, each window has its own position for point in that buffer, and |
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85 (when possible) its own cursor. |
25829 | 86 |
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87 A text-only terminal has just one cursor, so Emacs puts it |
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88 in the selected window. The other windows do not show a cursor, even |
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89 though they do have a location of point. When Emacs updates the |
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90 screen on a text-only terminal, it has to put the cursor temporarily |
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91 at the place the output goes. This doesn't mean point is there, |
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92 though. Once display updating finishes, Emacs puts the cursor where |
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93 point is. |
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94 |
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95 On graphical terminals, Emacs shows a cursor in each window; the |
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96 selected window's cursor is solid or blinking, and the other cursors |
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97 are just hollow. Thus, the most striking cursor always shows you |
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98 the selected window, on all kinds of terminals. |
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99 |
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100 @xref{Cursor Display}, for customization options that control display |
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101 of the cursor or cursors. |
25829 | 102 |
36185 | 103 The term ``point'' comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the |
25829 | 104 command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written) |
36185 | 105 for accessing the value now called ``point.'' |
25829 | 106 |
107 @node Echo Area | |
108 @section The Echo Area | |
109 @cindex echo area | |
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110 @c |
25829 | 111 |
112 The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the | |
113 @dfn{echo area}. It is used to display small amounts of text for | |
114 several purposes. | |
115 | |
116 @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. Outside | |
117 Emacs, the operating system normally echoes all your input. Emacs | |
118 handles echoing differently. | |
119 | |
120 Single-character commands do not echo in Emacs, and multi-character | |
121 commands echo only if you pause while typing them. As soon as you pause | |
122 for more than a second in the middle of a command, Emacs echoes all the | |
123 characters of the command so far. This is to @dfn{prompt} you for the | |
124 rest of the command. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command | |
125 echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give | |
126 confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum | |
127 feedback. You can change this behavior by setting a variable | |
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128 (@pxref{Display Custom}). |
25829 | 129 |
130 @cindex error message in the echo area | |
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131 If a command cannot be executed, it may display an @dfn{error message} |
38128 | 132 in the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by beeping or by |
133 flashing the screen. The error also discards any input you have typed | |
134 ahead. | |
25829 | 135 |
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136 Some commands display informative messages in the echo area. These |
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137 messages look much like error messages, but they are not announced |
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138 with a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes the message tells |
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139 you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking |
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140 at the text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is |
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141 to show you a message giving you specific information---for example, |
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142 @kbd{C-x =} (hold down @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{x}, then let go of |
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143 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{=}) displays a message describing the |
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144 character position of point in the text and its current column in the |
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145 window. Commands that take a long time often display messages ending |
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146 in @samp{...} while they are working, and add @samp{done} at the end |
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147 when they are finished. |
25829 | 148 |
149 @cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer | |
150 @cindex saved echo area messages | |
151 @cindex messages saved from echo area | |
152 Echo-area informative messages are saved in an editor buffer named | |
153 @samp{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see | |
154 @ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a message | |
155 that appears briefly on the screen, you can switch to the | |
156 @samp{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. (Successive progress messages | |
157 are often collapsed into one in that buffer.) | |
158 | |
159 @vindex message-log-max | |
160 The size of @samp{*Messages*} is limited to a certain number of lines. | |
161 The variable @code{message-log-max} specifies how many lines. Once the | |
162 buffer has that many lines, each line added at the end deletes one line | |
163 from the beginning. @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as | |
164 @code{message-log-max}. | |
165 | |
166 The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a window that | |
167 is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name of a file to be | |
168 edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the echo area begins with a prompt | |
169 string that usually ends with a colon; also, the cursor appears in that line | |
170 because it is the selected window. You can always get out of the | |
171 minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Minibuffer}. | |
172 | |
173 @node Mode Line | |
174 @section The Mode Line | |
175 @cindex mode line | |
176 @cindex top level | |
177 @c | |
178 | |
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179 Each text window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes |
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180 what is going on in that window. When there is only one text window, |
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181 the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the |
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182 next-to-last line in the frame. The mode line starts and ends with |
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183 dashes. On a text-mode display, the mode line is in inverse video if |
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184 the terminal supports that; on a graphics display, the mode line has a |
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185 3D box appearance to help it stand out. The mode line of the |
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186 selected window has a slightly different appearance than those of |
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187 other windows; see @ref{Optional Mode Line}, for more about this. |
25829 | 188 |
189 Normally, the mode line looks like this: | |
190 | |
191 @example | |
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192 -@var{cs}:@var{ch} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})------ |
25829 | 193 @end example |
194 | |
195 @noindent | |
196 This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window: the | |
197 buffer's name, what major and minor modes are in use, whether the buffer's | |
198 text has been changed, and how far down the buffer you are currently | |
199 looking. | |
200 | |
201 @var{ch} contains two stars @samp{**} if the text in the buffer has | |
202 been edited (the buffer is ``modified''), or @samp{--} if the buffer has | |
203 not been edited. For a read-only buffer, it is @samp{%*} if the buffer | |
204 is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise. | |
205 | |
206 @var{buf} is the name of the window's @dfn{buffer}. In most cases | |
207 this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. @xref{Buffers}. | |
208 | |
209 The buffer displayed in the selected window (the window that the | |
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210 cursor is in) is also Emacs's current buffer, the one that editing |
25829 | 211 takes place in. When we speak of what some command does to ``the |
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212 buffer,'' we are talking about the current buffer. |
25829 | 213 |
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214 @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of |
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215 the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all |
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216 visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is |
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217 @samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot} |
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218 if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where |
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219 @var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window. |
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220 With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as |
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221 well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}. |
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222 |
25829 | 223 @var{line} is @samp{L} followed by the current line number of point. |
224 This is present when Line Number mode is enabled (which it normally is). | |
225 You can optionally display the current column number too, by turning on | |
226 Column Number mode (which is not enabled by default because it is | |
227 somewhat slower). @xref{Optional Mode Line}. | |
228 | |
229 @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} in effect in the | |
230 buffer. At any time, each buffer is in one and only one of the possible | |
231 major modes. The major modes available include Fundamental mode (the | |
232 least specialized), Text mode, Lisp mode, C mode, Texinfo mode, and many | |
233 others. @xref{Major Modes}, for details of how the modes differ and how | |
234 to select one.@refill | |
235 | |
236 Some major modes display additional information after the major mode | |
237 name. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and | |
238 the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell buffers | |
239 display the status of the subprocess. | |
240 | |
241 @var{minor} is a list of some of the @dfn{minor modes} that are turned | |
242 on at the moment in the window's chosen buffer. For example, | |
243 @samp{Fill} means that Auto Fill mode is on. @samp{Abbrev} means that | |
244 Word Abbrev mode is on. @samp{Ovwrt} means that Overwrite mode is on. | |
245 @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information. @samp{Narrow} means that the | |
246 buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of its | |
247 text. This is not really a minor mode, but is like one. | |
248 @xref{Narrowing}. @samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is being | |
249 defined. @xref{Keyboard Macros}. | |
250 | |
251 In addition, if Emacs is currently inside a recursive editing level, | |
252 square brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that | |
253 surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within | |
254 another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive | |
255 editing levels affect Emacs globally, not just one buffer, the square | |
256 brackets appear in every window's mode line or not in any of them. | |
257 @xref{Recursive Edit}.@refill | |
258 | |
259 Non-windowing terminals can only show a single Emacs frame at a time | |
260 (@pxref{Frames}). On such terminals, the mode line displays the name of | |
261 the selected frame, after @var{ch}. The initial frame's name is | |
262 @samp{F1}. | |
263 | |
264 @var{cs} states the coding system used for the file you are editing. | |
265 A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion, | |
266 except for end-of-line translation if the file contents call for that. | |
267 @samp{=} means no conversion whatsoever. Nontrivial code conversions | |
268 are represented by various letters---for example, @samp{1} refers to ISO | |
269 Latin-1. @xref{Coding Systems}, for more information. If you are using | |
270 an input method, a string of the form @samp{@var{i}>} is added to the | |
271 beginning of @var{cs}; @var{i} identifies the input method. (Some input | |
272 methods show @samp{+} or @samp{@@} instead of @samp{>}.) @xref{Input | |
273 Methods}. | |
274 | |
275 When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system), | |
276 @var{cs} uses three characters to describe, respectively, the coding | |
277 system for keyboard input, the coding system for terminal output, and | |
278 the coding system used for the file you are editing. | |
279 | |
280 When multibyte characters are not enabled, @var{cs} does not appear at | |
281 all. @xref{Enabling Multibyte}. | |
282 | |
283 @cindex end-of-line conversion, mode-line indication | |
284 The colon after @var{cs} can change to another string in certain | |
30866 | 285 circumstances. Emacs uses newline characters to separate lines in the buffer. |
25829 | 286 Some files use different conventions for separating lines: either |
287 carriage-return linefeed (the MS-DOS convention) or just carriage-return | |
288 (the Macintosh convention). If the buffer's file uses carriage-return | |
289 linefeed, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or | |
290 @samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. If the file uses just | |
291 carriage-return, the colon indicator changes to either a forward slash | |
292 (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some systems, Emacs displays | |
293 @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon even for files that use newline to | |
294 separate lines. | |
295 | |
296 @vindex eol-mnemonic-unix | |
297 @vindex eol-mnemonic-dos | |
298 @vindex eol-mnemonic-mac | |
299 @vindex eol-mnemonic-undecided | |
300 You can customize the mode line display for each of the end-of-line | |
301 formats by setting each of the variables @code{eol-mnemonic-unix}, | |
302 @code{eol-mnemonic-dos}, @code{eol-mnemonic-mac}, and | |
303 @code{eol-mnemonic-undecided} to any string you find appropriate. | |
38128 | 304 @xref{Variables}, for an explanation of how to set variables. |
25829 | 305 |
306 @xref{Optional Mode Line}, for features that add other handy | |
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307 information to the mode line, such as the size of the buffer, the |
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308 current column number of point, the current time, and whether new mail |
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309 for you has arrived. |
25829 | 310 |
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311 The mode line is mouse-sensitive; when you move the mouse across |
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312 various parts of it, Emacs displays help text to say what a click in |
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313 that place will do. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}. |
30866 | 314 |
25829 | 315 @node Menu Bar |
316 @section The Menu Bar | |
317 @cindex menu bar | |
318 | |
319 Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you | |
320 can use to perform certain common operations. There's no need to list | |
321 them here, as you can more easily see for yourself. | |
322 | |
323 @kindex M-` | |
324 @kindex F10 | |
325 @findex tmm-menubar | |
326 When you are using a window system, you can use the mouse to choose a | |
327 command from the menu bar. An arrow pointing right, after the menu | |
328 item, indicates that the item leads to a subsidiary menu; @samp{...} at | |
329 the end means that the command will read arguments from the keyboard | |
330 before it actually does anything. | |
331 | |
332 To view the full command name and documentation for a menu item, type | |
333 @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in the usual | |
334 way (@pxref{Key Help}). | |
335 | |
336 On text-only terminals with no mouse, you can use the menu bar by | |
337 typing @kbd{M-`} or @key{F10} (these run the command | |
338 @code{tmm-menubar}). This command enters a mode in which you can select | |
339 a menu item from the keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo | |
340 area. You can use the left and right arrow keys to move through the | |
341 menu to different choices. When you have found the choice you want, | |
342 type @key{RET} to select it. | |
343 | |
344 Each menu item also has an assigned letter or digit which designates | |
345 that item; it is usually the initial of some word in the item's name. | |
346 This letter or digit is separated from the item name by @samp{=>}. You | |
347 can type the item's letter or digit to select the item. | |
348 | |
349 Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as | |
350 well; if so, the menu lists one equivalent key binding in parentheses | |
351 after the item itself. | |
52401 | 352 |
353 @ignore | |
354 arch-tag: 104ba40e-d972-4866-a542-a98be94bdf2f | |
355 @end ignore |