25829
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 4 @node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 5 @chapter The Organization of the Screen
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 6 @cindex screen
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 7 @cindex parts of the screen
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 8 @c
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 9
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 10 On a text-only terminal, the Emacs display occupies the whole screen.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 11 On the X Window System, Emacs creates its own X windows to use. We use
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 12 the term @dfn{frame} to mean an entire text-only screen or an entire X
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 13 window used by Emacs. Emacs uses both kinds of frames in the same way
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 14 to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out with just one frame,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 15 but you can create additional frames if you wish. @xref{Frames}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 16
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 17 When you start Emacs, the entire frame except for the first and last
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 18 lines is devoted to the text you are editing. This area is called the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 19 @dfn{window}. The first line is a @dfn{menu bar}, and the last line is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 20 a special @dfn{echo area} or @dfn{minibuffer window} where prompts
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 21 appear and where you can enter responses. See below for more
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 22 information about these special lines.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 23
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 24 You can subdivide the large text window horizontally or vertically
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 25 into multiple text windows, each of which can be used for a different
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 26 file (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word ``window'' always
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 27 refers to the subdivisions of a frame within Emacs.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 28
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 29 The window that the cursor is in is the @dfn{selected window}, in
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 30 which editing takes place. Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 31 text in the selected window (though mouse commands generally operate on
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 32 whatever window you click them in, whether selected or not). The other
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 33 windows display text for reference only, unless/until you select them.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 34 If you use multiple frames under the X Window System, then giving the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 35 input focus to a particular frame selects a window in that frame.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 36
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 37 Each window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 38 going on in that window. It appears in inverse video, if the terminal
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 39 supports that, and its contents begin with @w{@samp{--:-- @ *scratch*}}
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 40 when Emacs starts. The mode line displays status information such as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 41 what buffer is being displayed above it in the window, what major and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 42 minor modes are in use, and whether the buffer contains unsaved changes.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 43
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 44 @menu
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 45 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 46 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 47 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 48 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 49 @end menu
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 50
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 51 @node Point
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 52 @section Point
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 53 @cindex point
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 54 @cindex cursor
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 55
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 56 Within Emacs, the terminal's cursor shows the location at which
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 57 editing commands will take effect. This location is called @dfn{point}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 58 Many Emacs commands move point through the text, so that you can edit at
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 59 different places in it. You can also place point by clicking mouse
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 60 button 1.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 61
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 62 While the cursor appears to point @emph{at} a character, you should
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 63 think of point as @emph{between} two characters; it points @emph{before}
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 64 the character that appears under the cursor. For example, if your text
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 65 looks like @samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 66 between the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 67 @samp{!} at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 68 between the @samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 69 the @samp{b}, as before.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 70
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 71 Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 72 speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 73
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 74 Terminals have only one cursor, and when output is in progress it must
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 75 appear where the typing is being done. This does not mean that point is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 76 moving. It is only that Emacs has no way to show you the location of point
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 77 except when the terminal is idle.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 78
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 79 If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 80 each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not currently
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 81 displayed remembers where point is in case you display it again later.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 82
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 83 When there are multiple windows in a frame, each window has its own
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 84 point location. The cursor shows the location of point in the selected
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 85 window. This also is how you can tell which window is selected. If the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 86 same buffer appears in more than one window, each window has its own
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 87 position for point in that buffer.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 88
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 89 When there are multiple frames, each frame can display one cursor.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 90 The cursor in the selected frame is solid; the cursor in other frames is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 91 a hollow box, and appears in the window that would be selected if you
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 92 give the input focus to that frame.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 93
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 94 The term `point' comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 95 command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written)
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 96 for accessing the value now called `point'.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 97
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 98 @node Echo Area
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 99 @section The Echo Area
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 100 @cindex echo area
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 101 @c
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 102
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 103 The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 104 @dfn{echo area}. It is used to display small amounts of text for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 105 several purposes.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 106
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 107 @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. Outside
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 108 Emacs, the operating system normally echoes all your input. Emacs
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 109 handles echoing differently.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 110
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 111 Single-character commands do not echo in Emacs, and multi-character
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 112 commands echo only if you pause while typing them. As soon as you pause
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 113 for more than a second in the middle of a command, Emacs echoes all the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 114 characters of the command so far. This is to @dfn{prompt} you for the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 115 rest of the command. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 116 echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 117 confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 118 feedback. You can change this behavior by setting a variable
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 119 (@pxref{Display Vars}).
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 120
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 121 @cindex error message in the echo area
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 122 If a command cannot be executed, it may print an @dfn{error message} in
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 123 the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by a beep or by flashing the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 124 screen. Also, any input you have typed ahead is thrown away when an error
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 125 happens.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 126
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 127 Some commands print informative messages in the echo area. These
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 128 messages look much like error messages, but they are not announced with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 129 a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes the message tells you
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 130 what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking at the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 131 text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is to print
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 132 a message giving you specific information---for example, @kbd{C-x =}
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 133 prints a message describing the character position of point in the text
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 134 and its current column in the window. Commands that take a long time
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 135 often display messages ending in @samp{...} while they are working, and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 136 add @samp{done} at the end when they are finished.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 137
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 138 @cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 139 @cindex saved echo area messages
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 140 @cindex messages saved from echo area
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 141 Echo-area informative messages are saved in an editor buffer named
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 142 @samp{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 143 @ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a message
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 144 that appears briefly on the screen, you can switch to the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 145 @samp{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. (Successive progress messages
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 146 are often collapsed into one in that buffer.)
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 147
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 148 @vindex message-log-max
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 149 The size of @samp{*Messages*} is limited to a certain number of lines.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 150 The variable @code{message-log-max} specifies how many lines. Once the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 151 buffer has that many lines, each line added at the end deletes one line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 152 from the beginning. @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 153 @code{message-log-max}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 154
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 155 The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a window that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 156 is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name of a file to be
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 157 edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the echo area begins with a prompt
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 158 string that usually ends with a colon; also, the cursor appears in that line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 159 because it is the selected window. You can always get out of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 160 minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Minibuffer}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 161
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 162 @node Mode Line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 163 @section The Mode Line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 164 @cindex mode line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 165 @cindex top level
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 166 @c
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 167
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 168 Each text window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 169 is going on in that window. When there is only one text window, the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 170 mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the next-to-last line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 171 on the frame. The mode line is in inverse video if the terminal
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 172 supports that, and it starts and ends with dashes.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 173
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 174 Normally, the mode line looks like this:
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 175
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 176 @example
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 177 -@var{cs}:@var{ch} @var{buf} (@var{major} @var{minor})--@var{line}--@var{pos}------
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 178 @end example
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 179
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 180 @noindent
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 181 This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window: the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 182 buffer's name, what major and minor modes are in use, whether the buffer's
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 183 text has been changed, and how far down the buffer you are currently
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 184 looking.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 185
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 186 @var{ch} contains two stars @samp{**} if the text in the buffer has
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 187 been edited (the buffer is ``modified''), or @samp{--} if the buffer has
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 188 not been edited. For a read-only buffer, it is @samp{%*} if the buffer
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 189 is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 190
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 191 @var{buf} is the name of the window's @dfn{buffer}. In most cases
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 192 this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. @xref{Buffers}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 193
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 194 The buffer displayed in the selected window (the window that the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 195 cursor is in) is also Emacs's selected buffer, the one that editing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 196 takes place in. When we speak of what some command does to ``the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 197 buffer,'' we are talking about the currently selected buffer.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 198
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 199 @var{line} is @samp{L} followed by the current line number of point.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 200 This is present when Line Number mode is enabled (which it normally is).
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 201 You can optionally display the current column number too, by turning on
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 202 Column Number mode (which is not enabled by default because it is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 203 somewhat slower). @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 204
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 205 @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 206 the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 207 visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 208 @samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot}
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 209 if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 210 @var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 211 window.@refill
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 212
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 213 @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} in effect in the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 214 buffer. At any time, each buffer is in one and only one of the possible
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 215 major modes. The major modes available include Fundamental mode (the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 216 least specialized), Text mode, Lisp mode, C mode, Texinfo mode, and many
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 217 others. @xref{Major Modes}, for details of how the modes differ and how
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 218 to select one.@refill
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 219
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 220 Some major modes display additional information after the major mode
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 221 name. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 222 the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell buffers
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 223 display the status of the subprocess.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 224
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 225 @var{minor} is a list of some of the @dfn{minor modes} that are turned
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 226 on at the moment in the window's chosen buffer. For example,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 227 @samp{Fill} means that Auto Fill mode is on. @samp{Abbrev} means that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 228 Word Abbrev mode is on. @samp{Ovwrt} means that Overwrite mode is on.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 229 @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information. @samp{Narrow} means that the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 230 buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of its
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 231 text. This is not really a minor mode, but is like one.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 232 @xref{Narrowing}. @samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is being
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 233 defined. @xref{Keyboard Macros}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 234
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 235 In addition, if Emacs is currently inside a recursive editing level,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 236 square brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 237 surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 238 another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 239 editing levels affect Emacs globally, not just one buffer, the square
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 240 brackets appear in every window's mode line or not in any of them.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 241 @xref{Recursive Edit}.@refill
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 242
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 243 Non-windowing terminals can only show a single Emacs frame at a time
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 244 (@pxref{Frames}). On such terminals, the mode line displays the name of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 245 the selected frame, after @var{ch}. The initial frame's name is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 246 @samp{F1}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 247
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 248 @var{cs} states the coding system used for the file you are editing.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 249 A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 250 except for end-of-line translation if the file contents call for that.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 251 @samp{=} means no conversion whatsoever. Nontrivial code conversions
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 252 are represented by various letters---for example, @samp{1} refers to ISO
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 253 Latin-1. @xref{Coding Systems}, for more information. If you are using
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 254 an input method, a string of the form @samp{@var{i}>} is added to the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 255 beginning of @var{cs}; @var{i} identifies the input method. (Some input
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 256 methods show @samp{+} or @samp{@@} instead of @samp{>}.) @xref{Input
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 257 Methods}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 258
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 259 When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system),
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 260 @var{cs} uses three characters to describe, respectively, the coding
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 261 system for keyboard input, the coding system for terminal output, and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 262 the coding system used for the file you are editing.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 263
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 264 When multibyte characters are not enabled, @var{cs} does not appear at
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 265 all. @xref{Enabling Multibyte}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 266
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 267 @cindex end-of-line conversion, mode-line indication
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 268 The colon after @var{cs} can change to another string in certain
30866
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 269 circumstances. Emacs uses newline characters to separate lines in the buffer.
25829
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 270 Some files use different conventions for separating lines: either
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 271 carriage-return linefeed (the MS-DOS convention) or just carriage-return
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 272 (the Macintosh convention). If the buffer's file uses carriage-return
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 273 linefeed, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 274 @samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. If the file uses just
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 275 carriage-return, the colon indicator changes to either a forward slash
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 276 (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some systems, Emacs displays
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 277 @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon even for files that use newline to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 278 separate lines.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 279
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 280 @vindex eol-mnemonic-unix
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 281 @vindex eol-mnemonic-dos
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 282 @vindex eol-mnemonic-mac
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 283 @vindex eol-mnemonic-undecided
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 284 You can customize the mode line display for each of the end-of-line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 285 formats by setting each of the variables @code{eol-mnemonic-unix},
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 286 @code{eol-mnemonic-dos}, @code{eol-mnemonic-mac}, and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 287 @code{eol-mnemonic-undecided} to any string you find appropriate.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 288 @xref{Variables}, for an explanation how to set variables.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 289
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 290 @xref{Optional Mode Line}, for features that add other handy
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 291 information to the mode line, such as the current column number of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 292 point, the current time, and whether new mail for you has arrived.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 293
30866
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 294 The mode line is mouse-sensitive and help text is echoed when you move
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 295 the mouse across it. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 296
25829
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 297 @node Menu Bar
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 298 @section The Menu Bar
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 299 @cindex menu bar
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 300
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 301 Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 302 can use to perform certain common operations. There's no need to list
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 303 them here, as you can more easily see for yourself.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 304
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 305 @kindex M-`
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 306 @kindex F10
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 307 @findex tmm-menubar
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 308 When you are using a window system, you can use the mouse to choose a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 309 command from the menu bar. An arrow pointing right, after the menu
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 310 item, indicates that the item leads to a subsidiary menu; @samp{...} at
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 311 the end means that the command will read arguments from the keyboard
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 312 before it actually does anything.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 313
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 314 To view the full command name and documentation for a menu item, type
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 315 @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in the usual
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 316 way (@pxref{Key Help}).
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 317
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 318 On text-only terminals with no mouse, you can use the menu bar by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 319 typing @kbd{M-`} or @key{F10} (these run the command
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 320 @code{tmm-menubar}). This command enters a mode in which you can select
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 321 a menu item from the keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 322 area. You can use the left and right arrow keys to move through the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 323 menu to different choices. When you have found the choice you want,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 324 type @key{RET} to select it.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 325
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 326 Each menu item also has an assigned letter or digit which designates
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 327 that item; it is usually the initial of some word in the item's name.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 328 This letter or digit is separated from the item name by @samp{=>}. You
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 329 can type the item's letter or digit to select the item.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 330
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 331 Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 332 well; if so, the menu lists one equivalent key binding in parentheses
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 333 after the item itself.