Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/macos.texi @ 67724:cb55ddcf9e4a
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 22 Dec 2005 00:39:46 +0000 |
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34198 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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3 @c 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
34198 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Mac OS, MS-DOS, Antinews, Top | |
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6 @appendix Emacs and Mac OS |
34198 | 7 @cindex Mac OS |
8 @cindex Macintosh | |
9 | |
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10 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs |
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11 under Mac OS with native window system support. For Mac OS X, Emacs |
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12 can be built either without window system support, with X11, or with |
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13 Carbon API. This section only applies to the Carbon build. For Mac |
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14 OS Classic, Emacs can be built with or without Carbon API, and this |
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15 section applies to either of them because they run on the native |
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16 window system. |
34198 | 17 |
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18 Emacs built on Mac OS X supports most of its major features except |
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19 display support of PostScript images. The following features of Emacs |
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20 are not supported on Mac OS Classic: unexec (@code{dump-emacs}), |
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21 asynchronous subprocesses (@code{start-process}), and networking |
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22 (@code{open-network-stream}). As a result, packages such as Gnus, |
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23 GUD, and Comint do not work. Synchronous subprocesses |
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24 (@code{call-process}) are supported on non-Carbon build, but |
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25 specially-crafted external programs are needed. Since external |
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26 programs to handle commands such as @code{print-buffer} and |
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27 @code{diff} are not available on Mac OS Classic, they are not |
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28 supported. Non-Carbon build on Mac OS Classic does not support some |
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29 features such as file dialogs, drag-and-drop, and Unicode menus. |
34198 | 30 |
31 @menu | |
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32 * Input: Mac Input. Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
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33 * Intl: Mac International. International character sets on Mac. |
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34 * Env: Mac Environment Variables. Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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35 * Directories: Mac Directories. Volumes and directories on Mac. |
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36 * Font: Mac Font Specs. Specifying fonts on Mac. |
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37 * Functions: Mac Functions. Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
34198 | 38 @end menu |
39 | |
40 @node Mac Input | |
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41 @section Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac |
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42 @cindex Meta (Mac OS) |
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43 @cindex keyboard coding (Mac OS) |
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44 |
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45 @vindex mac-control-modifier |
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46 @vindex mac-command-modifier |
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47 @vindex mac-option-modifier |
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48 On Mac, Emacs can use @key{control}, @key{command}, and @key{option} |
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49 keys as any of Emacs modifier keys except @key{SHIFT} (i.e., |
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50 @key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, @key{META}, and @key{SUPER}). The |
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51 assignment is controlled by the variables @code{mac-control-modifier}, |
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52 @code{mac-command-modifier}, and @code{mac-option-modifier}. The |
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53 value for each of these variables can be one of the following symbols: |
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54 @code{alt}, @code{control}, @code{hyper}, @code{meta}, @code{super}, |
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55 and @code{nil} (no particular assignment). By default, the |
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56 @key{control} key works as @key{CTRL}, and the @key{command} key as |
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57 @key{META}. |
34198 | 58 |
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59 For the @key{option} key, if @code{mac-option-modifier} is set to |
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60 @code{nil}, which is the default, the key works as the normal |
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61 @key{option} key, i.e., dead-key processing will work. This is useful |
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62 for entering non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin characters directly from the |
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63 Mac keyboard, for example. |
34198 | 64 |
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65 Emacs recognizes the setting in the Keyboard control panel (Mac OS |
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66 Classic) or the International system preference pane (Mac OS X) and |
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67 supports international and alternative keyboard layouts (e.g., Dvorak) |
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68 if its script is either Roman, Japanese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, |
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69 Cyrillic, Simplified Chinese, or Central European. Keyboard layouts |
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70 based on Unicode may not work properly. Selecting one of the layouts |
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71 from the keyboard layout pull-down menu will affect how the keys typed |
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72 on the keyboard are interpreted. |
34198 | 73 |
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74 @vindex mac-pass-command-to-system |
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75 @vindex mac-pass-control-to-system |
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76 Mac OS intercepts and handles certain key combinations (e.g., |
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77 @key{command}-@key{SPC} for switching input languages). These will not |
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78 be passed to Emacs. One can disable this interception by setting |
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79 @code{mac-pass-command-to-system} or @code{mac-pass-control-to-system} |
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80 to @code{nil}. |
34198 | 81 |
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82 @vindex mac-emulate-three-button-mouse |
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83 Especially for one-button mice, the multiple button feature can be |
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84 emulated by setting @code{mac-emulate-three-button-mouse} to @code{t} |
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85 or @code{reverse}. If set to @code{t} (@code{reverse}, respectively), |
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86 pressing the mouse button with the @key{option} key is recognized as |
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87 the second (third) button, and that with the @key{command} key is |
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88 recognized as the third (second) button. |
34198 | 89 |
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90 @vindex mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2 |
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91 For multi-button mice, the wheel button and the secondary button are |
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92 recognized as the second and the third button, respectively. If |
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93 @code{mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2} is set to @code{nil}, their roles |
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94 are exchanged. |
34198 | 95 |
96 @node Mac International | |
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97 @section International Character Set Support on Mac |
34198 | 98 @cindex Mac Roman coding system |
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99 @cindex clipboard support (Mac OS) |
34198 | 100 |
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101 Mac uses non-standard encodings for the upper 128 single-byte |
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102 characters. They also deviate from the ISO 2022 standard by using |
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103 character codes in the range 128-159. The coding systems |
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104 @code{mac-roman}, @code{mac-centraleurroman}, and @code{mac-cyrillic} |
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105 are used to represent these Mac encodings. |
34198 | 106 |
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107 The fontset @code{fontset-mac} is created automatically when Emacs |
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108 is run on Mac, and used by default. It displays as many kinds of |
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109 characters as possible using 12-point Monaco as a base font. If you |
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110 see some character as a hollow box with this fontset, then it's almost |
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111 impossible to display it only by customizing font settings (@pxref{Mac |
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112 Font Specs}). |
34198 | 113 |
114 You can use input methods provided either by LEIM (@pxref{Input | |
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115 Methods}) or Mac OS to enter international characters. To use the |
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116 former, see the International Character Set Support section of the |
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117 manual (@pxref{International}). |
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119 Emacs on Mac OS automatically changes the value of |
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120 @code{keyboard-coding-system} according to the current keyboard |
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121 layout. So users don't need to set it manually, and even if set, it |
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122 will be changed when the keyboard layout change is detected next time. |
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124 The Mac clipboard and the Emacs kill ring (@pxref{Killing}) are | |
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125 synchronized by default: you can yank a piece of text and paste it |
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126 into another Mac application, or cut or copy one in another Mac |
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127 application and yank it into a Emacs buffer. This feature can be |
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128 disabled by setting @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to @code{nil}. |
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129 One can still do copy and paste with another application from the Edit |
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130 menu. |
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131 |
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132 On Mac, the role of the coding system for selection that is set by |
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133 @code{set-selection-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify Coding}) is |
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134 two-fold. First, it is used as a preferred coding system for the |
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135 traditional text flavor that does not specify any particular encodings |
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136 and is mainly used by applications on Mac OS Classic. Second, it |
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137 specifies the intermediate encoding for the UTF-16 text flavor that is |
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138 mainly used by applications on Mac OS X. |
34198 | 139 |
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140 When pasting UTF-16 text data from the clipboard, it is first |
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141 converted to the encoding specified by the selection coding system |
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142 using the converter in the Mac OS system, and then decoded into the |
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143 Emacs internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. If the first |
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144 conversion failed, then the UTF-16 data is converted similarly but via |
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145 UTF-8. Copying UTF-16 text to the clipboard goes through the inverse |
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146 path. The reason for this two-pass decoding is to avoid subtle |
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147 differences in Unicode mappings between the Mac OS system and Emacs |
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148 such as various kinds of hyphens, to deal with UTF-16 data in native |
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149 byte order with no byte order mark, and to minimize users' |
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150 customization. For example, users that mainly use Latin characters |
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151 would prefer Greek characters to be decoded into the |
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152 @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff} charset, but Japanese users would prefer |
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153 them to be decoded into the @code{japanese-jisx0208} charset. Since |
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154 the coding system for selection is automatically set according to the |
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155 system locale setting, users usually don't have to set it manually. |
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156 |
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157 The default language environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) is |
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158 set according to the locale setting at the startup time. On Mac OS, |
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159 the locale setting is consulted in the following order: |
34198 | 160 |
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161 @enumerate |
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162 @item |
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163 Environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE} and @env{LANG} as |
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164 in other systems. |
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165 |
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166 @item |
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167 Preference @code{AppleLocale} that is set by default on Mac OS X 10.3 |
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168 and later. |
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169 |
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170 @item |
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171 Preference @code{AppleLanguages} that is set by default on Mac OS X |
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172 10.1 and later. |
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173 |
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174 @item |
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175 Variable @code{mac-system-locale} that is derived from the system |
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176 language and region codes. This variable is available on all |
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177 supported Mac OS versions including Mac OS Classic. |
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178 @end enumerate |
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179 |
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180 The default values of almost all variables about coding systems are |
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181 also set according to the language environment. So usually you don't |
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182 have to customize these variables manually. |
34198 | 183 |
184 @node Mac Environment Variables | |
185 @section Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments. | |
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186 @cindex environment variables (Mac OS) |
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188 On Mac OS X, when Emacs is run in a terminal, it inherits the values |
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189 of environment variables from the shell from which it is invoked. |
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190 However, when it is run from the Finder as a GUI application, it only |
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191 inherits environment variable values defined in the file |
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192 @file{~/.MacOSX/environment.plist} that affects all the applications |
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193 invoked from the Finder or the @command{open} command. |
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194 |
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195 Command line arguments are specified like |
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196 |
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197 @example |
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198 /Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/Emacs -geometry 80x25 & |
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199 @end example |
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200 |
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201 @noindent |
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202 if Emacs is installed at @file{/Applications/Emacs.app}. If Emacs is |
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203 invoked like this, then it also inherits the values of environment |
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204 variables from the shell from which it is invoked. |
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205 |
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206 On Mac OS Classic, environment variables and command line arguments |
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207 for Emacs can be set by modifying the @samp{STR#} resources 128 and |
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208 129, respectively. A common environment variable that one may want to |
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209 set is @samp{HOME}. |
34198 | 210 |
211 The way to set an environment variable is by adding a string of the | |
212 form | |
213 | |
214 @example | |
215 ENV_VAR=VALUE | |
216 @end example | |
217 | |
218 @noindent | |
219 to resource @samp{STR#} number 128 using @code{ResEdit}. To set up the | |
220 program to use unibyte characters exclusively, for example, add the | |
221 string | |
222 | |
223 @example | |
224 EMACS_UNIBYTE=1 | |
225 @end example | |
226 | |
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227 @cindex Mac Preferences |
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228 Although Emacs on Mac does not support X resources (@pxref{X |
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229 Resources}) directly, one can use the Preferences system in place of X |
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230 resources. For example, adding the line |
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231 |
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232 @example |
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233 Emacs.cursorType: bar |
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234 @end example |
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235 |
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236 @noindent |
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237 to @file{~/.Xresources} in X11 corresponds to the execution of |
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238 |
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239 @example |
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240 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.cursorType bar |
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241 @end example |
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242 |
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243 @noindent |
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244 on Mac OS X. One can use boolean or numeric values as well as string |
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245 values as follows: |
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246 |
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247 @example |
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248 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.toolBar -bool false |
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249 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.lineSpacing -int 3 |
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250 @end example |
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251 |
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252 @noindent |
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253 Try @kbd{M-x man RET defaults RET} for the usage of the |
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254 @command{defaults} command. Alternatively, if you have Developer |
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255 Tools installed on Mac OS X, you can use Property List Editor to edit |
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256 the file @file{~/Library/Preferences/org.gnu.Emacs.plist}. |
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257 |
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259 @node Mac Directories | |
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260 @section Volumes and Directories on Mac |
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261 @cindex file names (Mac OS) |
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263 This node applies to Mac OS Classic only. |
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264 |
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265 The directory structure in Mac OS Classic is seen by Emacs as |
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267 @example | |
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268 /@var{volumename}/@var{filename} |
34198 | 269 @end example |
270 | |
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271 So when Emacs requests a file name, doing file name completion on |
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272 @file{/} will display all volumes on the system. You can use @file{..} |
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273 to go up a directory level. |
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275 On Mac OS Classic, to access files and folders on the desktop, look |
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276 in the folder @file{Desktop Folder} in your boot volume (this folder |
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277 is usually invisible in the Mac @code{Finder}). |
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279 On Mac OS Classic, Emacs creates the Mac folder |
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280 @file{:Preferences:Emacs:} in the @file{System Folder} and uses it as |
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281 the temporary directory. Emacs maps the directory name @file{/tmp/} |
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282 to that. Therefore it is best to avoid naming a volume @file{tmp}. |
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283 If everything works correctly, the program should leave no files in it |
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284 when it exits. You should be able to set the environment variable |
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285 @code{TMPDIR} to use another directory but this folder will still be |
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286 created. |
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288 | |
289 @node Mac Font Specs | |
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290 @section Specifying Fonts on Mac |
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291 @cindex font names (Mac OS) |
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293 It is rare that you need to specify a font name in Emacs; usually |
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294 you specify face attributes instead. For example, you can use 14pt |
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295 Courier by customizing the default face attributes for all frames: |
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296 |
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297 @lisp |
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298 (set-face-attribute 'default nil :family "courier" :height 140) |
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299 @end lisp |
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300 |
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301 @noindent |
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302 Alternatively, an interactive one is also available |
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303 (@pxref{Face Customization}). |
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304 |
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305 But when you do need to specify a font name in Emacs on Mac, use a |
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306 standard X font name: |
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308 @smallexample |
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309 -@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{} |
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310 @dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset} |
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311 @end smallexample |
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313 @noindent |
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314 @xref{Font X}. Wildcards are supported as they are on X. |
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316 Native Apple fonts in Mac Roman encoding has maker name @code{apple} |
34198 | 317 and charset @code{mac-roman}. For example 12-point Monaco can be |
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318 specified by the name @samp{-apple-monaco-*-12-*-mac-roman}. When |
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319 using a particular size of scalable fonts, it must be specified in a |
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320 format containing 14 @samp{-}s like |
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321 @samp{-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman}. |
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322 |
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323 You can specify a @code{mac-roman} font for @acronym{ASCII} |
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324 characters like |
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325 |
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326 @lisp |
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327 (add-to-list |
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328 'default-frame-alist |
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329 '(font . "-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman")) |
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330 @end lisp |
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331 |
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332 @noindent |
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333 but that does not extend to ISO-8859-1: specifying a @code{mac-roman} |
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334 font for Latin-1 characters introduces wrong glyphs. |
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335 |
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336 Native Apple Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Japanese, |
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337 Korean, Central European, Cyrillic, Symbol, and Dingbats fonts have |
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338 charsets @samp{big5-0}, @samp{gb2312.1980-0}, |
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339 @samp{jisx0208.1983-sjis} and @samp{jisx0201.1976-0}, |
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340 @samp{ksc5601.1989-0}, @samp{mac-centraleurroman}, |
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341 @samp{mac-cyrillic}, @samp{mac-symbol}, and @samp{mac-dingbats}, |
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342 respectively. |
34198 | 343 |
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344 Since Emacs as of the current version uses QuickDraw Text routines |
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345 for drawing texts, only characters in the charsets listed above can be |
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346 displayed with the OS-bundled fonts, even if other applications that |
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347 use @acronym{ATSUI} or Cocoa can display variety of characters with |
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348 them. |
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349 |
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350 The use of @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec} (@pxref{Defining |
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351 Fontsets}) for defining fontsets often results in wrong ones |
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352 especially when using only OS-bundled fonts. The recommended way is |
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353 to create a fontset using @code{create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font}: |
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354 |
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355 @lisp |
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356 (create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font |
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357 "-apple-courier-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman" |
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358 nil "foo") |
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359 @end lisp |
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360 |
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361 @noindent |
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362 and then optionally specifying Chinese, Japanese, or Korean font |
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363 families using @code{set-fontset-font}: |
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364 |
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365 @lisp |
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366 (set-fontset-font "fontset-foo" |
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367 'chinese-gb2312 '("song" . "gb2312.1980-0")) |
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368 @end lisp |
34198 | 369 |
370 Single-byte fonts converted from GNU fonts in BDF format, which are not | |
371 in the Mac Roman encoding, have foundry, family, and character sets | |
372 encoded in the names of their font suitcases. E.g., the font suitcase | |
373 @samp{ETL-Fixed-ISO8859-1} contains fonts which can be referred to by | |
374 the name @samp{-ETL-fixed-*-iso8859-1}. | |
375 | |
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376 @vindex mac-allow-anti-aliasing |
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377 Emacs uses the QuickDraw text rendering by default. On Mac OS X |
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378 10.2 and later, it can be changed so that it uses the Quartz 2D text |
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379 rendering (aka CG text rendering) by setting |
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380 @code{mac-allow-anti-aliasing} to @code{t}. However, it is reported |
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381 to sometimes leave some garbages. |
34198 | 382 |
383 @node Mac Functions | |
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384 @section Mac-Specific Lisp Functions |
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385 @cindex Lisp functions specific to Mac OS |
34198 | 386 |
387 @findex do-applescript | |
388 The function @code{do-applescript} takes a string argument, | |
389 executes it as an AppleScript command, and returns the result as a | |
390 string. | |
391 | |
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392 @findex mac-file-name-to-posix |
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393 @findex posix-file-name-to-mac |
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394 The function @code{mac-file-name-to-posix} takes a Mac file name and |
38944 | 395 returns the GNU or Unix equivalent. The function |
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396 @code{posix-file-name-to-mac} performs the opposite conversion. They |
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397 are useful for constructing AppleScript commands to be passed to |
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398 @code{do-applescript}. |
52401 | 399 |
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400 @findex mac-set-file-creator |
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401 @findex mac-get-file-creator |
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402 @findex mac-set-file-type |
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403 @findex mac-get-file-type |
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404 The functions @code{mac-set-file-creator}, |
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405 @code{mac-get-file-creator}, @code{mac-set-file-type}, and |
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406 @code{mac-get-file-type} can be used to set and get creator and file |
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407 codes. |
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408 |
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409 @findex mac-get-preference |
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410 The function @code{mac-get-preference} returns the preferences value |
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411 converted to a Lisp object for a specified key and application. |
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412 |
52401 | 413 @ignore |
414 arch-tag: a822c2ab-4273-4997-927e-c153bb71dcf6 | |
415 @end ignore |