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annotate man/mark.texi @ 41445:cbfd6a442a50
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author | Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz> |
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date | Sat, 24 Nov 2001 17:07:15 +0000 |
parents | 3b40423b9355 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Mark, Killing, Help, Top | |
5 @chapter The Mark and the Region | |
6 @cindex mark | |
7 @cindex setting a mark | |
8 @cindex region | |
9 | |
10 Many Emacs commands operate on an arbitrary contiguous part of the | |
11 current buffer. To specify the text for such a command to operate on, | |
12 you set @dfn{the mark} at one end of it, and move point to the other | |
13 end. The text between point and the mark is called @dfn{the region}. | |
14 Emacs highlights the region whenever there is one, if you enable | |
15 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). | |
16 | |
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17 Certain Emacs commands set the mark; other editing commands do not |
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18 affect it, so the mark remains where you set it last. Each Emacs |
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19 buffer has its own mark, and setting the mark in one buffer has no |
38786 | 20 effect on other buffers' marks. When you return to a buffer that was |
21 current earlier, its mark is at the same place as before. | |
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22 |
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23 The ends of the region are always point and the mark. It doesn't |
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24 matter which of them was put in its current place first, or which one |
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25 comes earlier in the text---the region starts from point or the mark |
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26 (whichever comes first), and ends at point or the mark (whichever |
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27 comes last). Every time you move point, or set the mark in a new |
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28 place, the region changes. |
25829 | 29 |
30 Many commands that insert text, such as @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) and | |
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31 @kbd{M-x insert-buffer}, position point and the mark at opposite ends |
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32 of the inserted text, so that the region consists of the text just |
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33 inserted. |
25829 | 34 |
35 Aside from delimiting the region, the mark is also useful for | |
36 remembering a spot that you may want to go back to. To make this | |
37 feature more useful, each buffer remembers 16 previous locations of the | |
38 mark in the @dfn{mark ring}. | |
39 | |
40 @menu | |
41 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
42 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
43 when there is one. | |
44 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
45 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
46 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
47 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
48 @end menu | |
49 | |
50 @node Setting Mark | |
51 @section Setting the Mark | |
52 | |
53 Here are some commands for setting the mark: | |
54 | |
55 @table @kbd | |
56 @item C-@key{SPC} | |
57 Set the mark where point is (@code{set-mark-command}). | |
58 @item C-@@ | |
59 The same. | |
60 @item C-x C-x | |
61 Interchange mark and point (@code{exchange-point-and-mark}). | |
62 @item Drag-Mouse-1 | |
63 Set point and the mark around the text you drag across. | |
64 @item Mouse-3 | |
65 Set the mark where point is, then move point to where you click | |
66 (@code{mouse-save-then-kill}). | |
67 @end table | |
68 | |
69 For example, suppose you wish to convert part of the buffer to | |
70 upper case, using the @kbd{C-x C-u} (@code{upcase-region}) command, | |
71 which operates on the text in the region. You can first go to the | |
72 beginning of the text to be capitalized, type @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} to put | |
73 the mark there, move to the end, and then type @kbd{C-x C-u}. Or, you | |
74 can set the mark at the end of the text, move to the beginning, and then | |
75 type @kbd{C-x C-u}. | |
76 | |
77 @kindex C-SPC | |
78 @findex set-mark-command | |
79 The most common way to set the mark is with the @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} command | |
80 (@code{set-mark-command}). This sets the mark where point is. Then you | |
81 can move point away, leaving the mark behind. | |
82 | |
83 There are two ways to set the mark with the mouse. You can drag mouse | |
84 button one across a range of text; that puts point where you release the | |
85 mouse button, and sets the mark at the other end of that range. Or you | |
86 can click mouse button three, which sets the mark at point (like | |
87 @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}) and then moves point (like @kbd{Mouse-1}). Both of | |
88 these methods copy the region into the kill ring in addition to setting | |
89 the mark; that gives behavior consistent with other window-driven | |
90 applications, but if you don't want to modify the kill ring, you must | |
91 use keyboard commands to set the mark. @xref{Mouse Commands}. | |
92 | |
93 @kindex C-x C-x | |
94 @findex exchange-point-and-mark | |
95 Ordinary terminals have only one cursor, so there is no way for Emacs | |
96 to show you where the mark is located. You have to remember. The usual | |
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97 solution to this problem is to set the mark and then use it soon, before |
25829 | 98 you forget where it is. Alternatively, you can see where the mark is |
99 with the command @kbd{C-x C-x} (@code{exchange-point-and-mark}) which | |
100 puts the mark where point was and point where the mark was. The extent | |
101 of the region is unchanged, but the cursor and point are now at the | |
102 previous position of the mark. In Transient Mark mode, this command | |
103 reactivates the mark. | |
104 | |
105 @kbd{C-x C-x} is also useful when you are satisfied with the position | |
106 of point but want to move the other end of the region (where the mark | |
107 is); do @kbd{C-x C-x} to put point at that end of the region, and then | |
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108 move it. Using @kbd{C-x C-x} a second time, if necessary, puts the mark at |
25829 | 109 the new position with point back at its original position. |
110 | |
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111 For more facilities that allow you to go to previously set marks, see |
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112 @ref{Mark Ring}. |
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113 |
25829 | 114 @kindex C-@@ |
115 There is no such character as @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} in ASCII; when you | |
116 type @key{SPC} while holding down @key{CTRL}, what you get on most | |
117 ordinary terminals is the character @kbd{C-@@}. This key is actually | |
118 bound to @code{set-mark-command}. But unless you are unlucky enough to | |
119 have a terminal where typing @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} does not produce | |
120 @kbd{C-@@}, you might as well think of this character as | |
121 @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. Under X, @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} is actually a distinct | |
122 character, but its binding is still @code{set-mark-command}. | |
123 | |
124 @node Transient Mark | |
125 @section Transient Mark Mode | |
126 @cindex mode, Transient Mark | |
127 @cindex Transient Mark mode | |
128 @cindex highlighting region | |
129 @cindex region highlighting | |
130 | |
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131 On a terminal that supports colors, Emacs can highlight the current |
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132 region. But normally it does not. Why not? |
25829 | 133 |
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134 Highlighting the region whenever it exists would not be desirable in |
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135 Emacs, because once you have set a mark, there is @emph{always} a |
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136 region (in that buffer). And highlighting the region all the time |
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137 would be a nuisance. So normally Emacs highlights the region only |
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138 immediately after you have selected one with the mouse. |
25829 | 139 |
140 You can turn on region highlighting by enabling Transient Mark mode. | |
141 This is a more rigid mode of operation in which the region ``lasts'' | |
142 only temporarily, so you must set up a region for each command that uses | |
143 one. In Transient Mark mode, most of the time there is no region; | |
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144 therefore, highlighting the region when it exists is useful and |
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145 not annoying. |
25829 | 146 |
147 @findex transient-mark-mode | |
148 To enable Transient Mark mode, type @kbd{M-x transient-mark-mode}. | |
149 This command toggles the mode, so you can repeat the command to turn off | |
150 the mode. | |
151 | |
152 Here are the details of Transient Mark mode: | |
153 | |
154 @itemize @bullet | |
155 @item | |
156 To set the mark, type @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} (@code{set-mark-command}). | |
38786 | 157 This makes the mark active and thus begins highlighting of the region. |
158 As you move point, you will see the highlighted region grow and | |
159 shrink. | |
25829 | 160 |
161 @item | |
162 The mouse commands for specifying the mark also make it active. So do | |
163 keyboard commands whose purpose is to specify a region, including | |
164 @kbd{M-@@}, @kbd{C-M-@@}, @kbd{M-h}, @kbd{C-M-h}, @kbd{C-x C-p}, and | |
165 @kbd{C-x h}. | |
166 | |
167 @item | |
168 When the mark is active, you can execute commands that operate on the | |
169 region, such as killing, indenting, or writing to a file. | |
170 | |
171 @item | |
172 Any change to the buffer, such as inserting or deleting a character, | |
173 deactivates the mark. This means any subsequent command that operates | |
174 on a region will get an error and refuse to operate. You can make the | |
175 region active again by typing @kbd{C-x C-x}. | |
176 | |
177 @item | |
38786 | 178 Commands like @kbd{M->} and @kbd{C-s}, that ``leave the mark behind'' in |
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179 addition to some other primary purpose, do not activate the new mark. |
25829 | 180 You can activate the new region by executing @kbd{C-x C-x} |
181 (@code{exchange-point-and-mark}). | |
182 | |
183 @item | |
184 @kbd{C-s} when the mark is active does not alter the mark. | |
185 | |
186 @item | |
187 Quitting with @kbd{C-g} deactivates the mark. | |
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188 |
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189 @item |
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190 Some commands operate on the region whenever it is active. For |
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191 instance, @kbd{C-x u} in Transient Mark mode operates on the region |
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192 when there is a region. Outside Transient Mark mode, you must type |
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193 @kbd{C-u C-x u} if you want it to operate on the region. |
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194 @xref{Undo}. Other commands that act this way are identified |
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195 in their own documentation. |
25829 | 196 @end itemize |
197 | |
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198 The highlighting of the region uses the @code{region} face; you can |
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199 customize the appearance of the highlighted region by changing this |
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200 face. @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 201 |
202 @vindex highlight-nonselected-windows | |
203 When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different | |
204 regions, because they can have different values of point (though they | |
205 all share one common mark position). Ordinarily, only the selected | |
206 window highlights its region (@pxref{Windows}). However, if the | |
207 variable @code{highlight-nonselected-windows} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
208 each window highlights its own region (provided that Transient Mark mode | |
38786 | 209 is enabled and the mark in the window's buffer is active). |
25829 | 210 |
211 When Transient Mark mode is not enabled, every command that sets the | |
212 mark also activates it, and nothing ever deactivates it. | |
213 | |
214 @vindex mark-even-if-inactive | |
215 If the variable @code{mark-even-if-inactive} is non-@code{nil} in | |
216 Transient Mark mode, then commands can use the mark and the region | |
217 even when it is inactive. Region highlighting appears and disappears | |
218 just as it normally does in Transient Mark mode, but the mark doesn't | |
219 really go away when the highlighting disappears. | |
220 | |
221 @cindex Zmacs mode | |
222 Transient Mark mode is also sometimes known as ``Zmacs mode'' | |
223 because the Zmacs editor on the MIT Lisp Machine handled the mark in a | |
224 similar way. | |
225 | |
226 @node Using Region | |
227 @section Operating on the Region | |
228 | |
229 @cindex operations on a marked region | |
230 Once you have a region and the mark is active, here are some of the | |
231 ways you can operate on the region: | |
232 | |
233 @itemize @bullet | |
234 @item | |
235 Kill it with @kbd{C-w} (@pxref{Killing}). | |
236 @item | |
237 Save it in a register with @kbd{C-x r s} (@pxref{Registers}). | |
238 @item | |
239 Save it in a buffer or a file (@pxref{Accumulating Text}). | |
240 @item | |
241 Convert case with @kbd{C-x C-l} or @kbd{C-x C-u} (@pxref{Case}). | |
242 @item | |
243 Indent it with @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-\} (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
244 @item | |
245 Fill it as text with @kbd{M-x fill-region} (@pxref{Filling}). | |
246 @item | |
247 Print hardcopy with @kbd{M-x print-region} (@pxref{Hardcopy}). | |
248 @item | |
249 Evaluate it as Lisp code with @kbd{M-x eval-region} (@pxref{Lisp Eval}). | |
250 @end itemize | |
251 | |
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252 Most commands that operate on the text in the region have the word |
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253 @code{region} in their names. |
25829 | 254 |
255 @node Marking Objects | |
256 @section Commands to Mark Textual Objects | |
257 | |
258 @cindex marking sections of text | |
259 Here are the commands for placing point and the mark around a textual | |
260 object such as a word, list, paragraph or page. | |
261 | |
262 @table @kbd | |
263 @item M-@@ | |
38786 | 264 Set mark after end of next word (@code{mark-word}). This command and |
25829 | 265 the following one do not move point. |
266 @item C-M-@@ | |
38786 | 267 Set mark after end of following balanced expression (@code{mark-sexp}). |
25829 | 268 @item M-h |
38786 | 269 Put region around current paragraph (@code{mark-paragraph}). |
25829 | 270 @item C-M-h |
38786 | 271 Put region around current defun (@code{mark-defun}). |
25829 | 272 @item C-x h |
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273 Put region around the entire buffer (@code{mark-whole-buffer}). |
25829 | 274 @item C-x C-p |
38786 | 275 Put region around current page (@code{mark-page}). |
25829 | 276 @end table |
277 | |
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278 @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) puts the mark at the end of the next |
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279 word, while @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}) puts it at the end of the |
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280 next balanced expression (@pxref{Expressions}). These commands handle |
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281 arguments just like @kbd{M-f} and @kbd{C-M-f}. |
25829 | 282 |
283 @kindex C-x h | |
284 @findex mark-whole-buffer | |
285 Other commands set both point and mark, to delimit an object in the | |
286 buffer. For example, @kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) moves point to | |
287 the beginning of the paragraph that surrounds or follows point, and puts | |
288 the mark at the end of that paragraph (@pxref{Paragraphs}). It prepares | |
289 the region so you can indent, case-convert, or kill a whole paragraph. | |
290 | |
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291 @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) similarly puts point before, and the |
38786 | 292 mark after, the current (or following) major top-level definition, or |
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293 defun (@pxref{Moving by Defuns}). @kbd{C-x C-p} (@code{mark-page}) |
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294 puts point before the current page, and mark at the end |
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295 (@pxref{Pages}). The mark goes after the terminating page delimiter |
38786 | 296 (to include it in the region), while point goes after the preceding |
297 page delimiter (to exclude it). A numeric argument specifies a later | |
298 page (if positive) or an earlier page (if negative) instead of the | |
299 current page. | |
25829 | 300 |
301 Finally, @kbd{C-x h} (@code{mark-whole-buffer}) sets up the entire | |
302 buffer as the region, by putting point at the beginning and the mark at | |
303 the end. | |
304 | |
305 In Transient Mark mode, all of these commands activate the mark. | |
306 | |
307 @node Mark Ring | |
308 @section The Mark Ring | |
309 | |
310 @kindex C-u C-SPC | |
311 @cindex mark ring | |
312 @kindex C-u C-@@ | |
313 Aside from delimiting the region, the mark is also useful for | |
314 remembering a spot that you may want to go back to. To make this | |
315 feature more useful, each buffer remembers 16 previous locations of the | |
316 mark, in the @dfn{mark ring}. Commands that set the mark also push the | |
317 old mark onto this ring. To return to a marked location, use @kbd{C-u | |
38490 | 318 C-@key{SPC}} (or @kbd{C-u C-@@}); this is the command |
25829 | 319 @code{set-mark-command} given a numeric argument. It moves point to |
320 where the mark was, and restores the mark from the ring of former | |
321 marks. Thus, repeated use of this command moves point to all of the old | |
322 marks on the ring, one by one. The mark positions you move through in | |
323 this way are not lost; they go to the end of the ring. | |
324 | |
325 Each buffer has its own mark ring. All editing commands use the current | |
326 buffer's mark ring. In particular, @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} always stays in | |
327 the same buffer. | |
328 | |
329 Many commands that can move long distances, such as @kbd{M-<} | |
330 (@code{beginning-of-buffer}), start by setting the mark and saving the | |
331 old mark on the mark ring. This is to make it easier for you to move | |
332 back later. Searches set the mark if they move point. You can tell | |
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171ad460e884
Correct case of "Mark set" message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36359
diff
changeset
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333 when a command sets the mark because it displays @samp{Mark set} in the |
25829 | 334 echo area. |
335 | |
336 If you want to move back to the same place over and over, the mark | |
337 ring may not be convenient enough. If so, you can record the position | |
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Correct case of "Mark set" message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36359
diff
changeset
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338 in a register for later retrieval (@pxref{RegPos,, Saving Positions in |
171ad460e884
Correct case of "Mark set" message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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339 Registers}). |
25829 | 340 |
341 @vindex mark-ring-max | |
342 The variable @code{mark-ring-max} specifies the maximum number of | |
343 entries to keep in the mark ring. If that many entries exist and | |
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Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
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344 another one is pushed, the earliest one in the list is discarded. Repeating |
25829 | 345 @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} cycles through the positions currently in the |
346 ring. | |
347 | |
348 @vindex mark-ring | |
349 The variable @code{mark-ring} holds the mark ring itself, as a list of | |
350 marker objects, with the most recent first. This variable is local in | |
351 every buffer. | |
352 | |
353 @node Global Mark Ring | |
354 @section The Global Mark Ring | |
355 @cindex global mark ring | |
356 | |
357 In addition to the ordinary mark ring that belongs to each buffer, | |
358 Emacs has a single @dfn{global mark ring}. It records a sequence of | |
359 buffers in which you have recently set the mark, so you can go back | |
360 to those buffers. | |
361 | |
362 Setting the mark always makes an entry on the current buffer's mark | |
363 ring. If you have switched buffers since the previous mark setting, the | |
364 new mark position makes an entry on the global mark ring also. The | |
365 result is that the global mark ring records a sequence of buffers that | |
366 you have been in, and, for each buffer, a place where you set the mark. | |
367 | |
368 @kindex C-x C-@key{SPC} | |
369 @findex pop-global-mark | |
370 The command @kbd{C-x C-@key{SPC}} (@code{pop-global-mark}) jumps to | |
371 the buffer and position of the latest entry in the global ring. It also | |
372 rotates the ring, so that successive uses of @kbd{C-x C-@key{SPC}} take | |
373 you to earlier and earlier buffers. | |
374 |