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annotate lispref/minibuf.texi @ 69022:cd336a81f209
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author | Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz> |
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date | Mon, 20 Feb 2006 00:02:22 +0000 |
parents | 16cf29541f7b |
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rev | line source |
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6555 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, |
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4 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6555 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/minibuf | |
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7 @node Minibuffers, Command Loop, Read and Print, Top |
6555 | 8 @chapter Minibuffers |
9 @cindex arguments, reading | |
10 @cindex complex arguments | |
11 @cindex minibuffer | |
12 | |
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13 A @dfn{minibuffer} is a special buffer that Emacs commands use to |
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14 read arguments more complicated than the single numeric prefix |
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15 argument. These arguments include file names, buffer names, and |
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16 command names (as in @kbd{M-x}). The minibuffer is displayed on the |
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17 bottom line of the frame, in the same place as the echo area |
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18 (@pxref{The Echo Area}), but only while it is in use for reading an |
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19 argument. |
6555 | 20 |
21 @menu | |
22 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
23 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
24 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
25 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs | |
26 so the user can reuse them. | |
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27 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
6555 | 28 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
29 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
30 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. | |
23147 | 31 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
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32 * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
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33 * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. |
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34 * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. |
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35 * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. |
6555 | 36 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
37 @end menu | |
38 | |
39 @node Intro to Minibuffers | |
40 @section Introduction to Minibuffers | |
41 | |
42 In most ways, a minibuffer is a normal Emacs buffer. Most operations | |
43 @emph{within} a buffer, such as editing commands, work normally in a | |
44 minibuffer. However, many operations for managing buffers do not apply | |
45 to minibuffers. The name of a minibuffer always has the form @w{@samp{ | |
46915 | 46 *Minibuf-@var{number}*}}, and it cannot be changed. Minibuffers are |
6555 | 47 displayed only in special windows used only for minibuffers; these |
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48 windows always appear at the bottom of a frame. (Sometimes frames have |
6555 | 49 no minibuffer window, and sometimes a special kind of frame contains |
50 nothing but a minibuffer window; see @ref{Minibuffers and Frames}.) | |
51 | |
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52 The text in the minibuffer always starts with the @dfn{prompt string}, |
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53 the text that was specified by the program that is using the minibuffer |
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54 to tell the user what sort of input to type. This text is marked |
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55 read-only so you won't accidentally delete or change it. It is also |
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56 marked as a field (@pxref{Fields}), so that certain motion functions, |
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57 including @code{beginning-of-line}, @code{forward-word}, |
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58 @code{forward-sentence}, and @code{forward-paragraph}, stop at the |
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59 boundary between the prompt and the actual text. (In older Emacs |
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60 versions, the prompt was displayed using a special mechanism and was not |
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61 part of the buffer contents.) |
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62 |
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63 The minibuffer's window is normally a single line; it grows |
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64 automatically if necessary if the contents require more space. You can |
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65 explicitly resize it temporarily with the window sizing commands; it |
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66 reverts to its normal size when the minibuffer is exited. You can |
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67 resize it permanently by using the window sizing commands in the frame's |
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68 other window, when the minibuffer is not active. If the frame contains |
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69 just a minibuffer, you can change the minibuffer's size by changing the |
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70 frame's size. |
6555 | 71 |
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72 Use of the minibuffer reads input events, and that alters the values |
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73 of variables such as @code{this-command} and @code{last-command} |
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74 (@pxref{Command Loop Info}). Your program should bind them around the |
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75 code that uses the minibuffer, if you do not want that to change them. |
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76 |
6555 | 77 If a command uses a minibuffer while there is an active minibuffer, |
78 this is called a @dfn{recursive minibuffer}. The first minibuffer is | |
79 named @w{@samp{ *Minibuf-0*}}. Recursive minibuffers are named by | |
80 incrementing the number at the end of the name. (The names begin with a | |
81 space so that they won't show up in normal buffer lists.) Of several | |
82 recursive minibuffers, the innermost (or most recently entered) is the | |
83 active minibuffer. We usually call this ``the'' minibuffer. You can | |
84 permit or forbid recursive minibuffers by setting the variable | |
85 @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers} or by putting properties of that | |
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86 name on command symbols (@pxref{Recursive Mini}). |
6555 | 87 |
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88 Like other buffers, a minibuffer uses a local keymap |
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89 (@pxref{Keymaps}) to specify special key bindings. The function that |
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90 invokes the minibuffer also sets up its local map according to the job |
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91 to be done. @xref{Text from Minibuffer}, for the non-completion |
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92 minibuffer local maps. @xref{Completion Commands}, for the minibuffer |
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93 local maps for completion. |
6555 | 94 |
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95 When Emacs is running in batch mode, any request to read from the |
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96 minibuffer actually reads a line from the standard input descriptor that |
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97 was supplied when Emacs was started. |
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98 |
6555 | 99 @node Text from Minibuffer |
100 @section Reading Text Strings with the Minibuffer | |
101 | |
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102 Most often, the minibuffer is used to read text as a string. It can |
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103 also be used to read a Lisp object in textual form. The most basic |
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104 primitive for minibuffer input is @code{read-from-minibuffer}; it can do |
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105 either one. There are also specialized commands for reading |
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106 commands, variables, file names, etc. (@pxref{Completion}). |
6555 | 107 |
12098 | 108 In most cases, you should not call minibuffer input functions in the |
109 middle of a Lisp function. Instead, do all minibuffer input as part of | |
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110 reading the arguments for a command, in the @code{interactive} |
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111 specification. @xref{Defining Commands}. |
12098 | 112 |
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113 @defun read-from-minibuffer prompt-string &optional initial-contents keymap read hist default inherit-input-method keep-all |
6555 | 114 This function is the most general way to get input through the |
115 minibuffer. By default, it accepts arbitrary text and returns it as a | |
116 string; however, if @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, then it uses | |
117 @code{read} to convert the text into a Lisp object (@pxref{Input | |
118 Functions}). | |
119 | |
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120 The first thing this function does is to activate a minibuffer and |
6555 | 121 display it with @var{prompt-string} as the prompt. This value must be a |
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122 string. Then the user can edit text in the minibuffer. |
6555 | 123 |
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124 When the user types a command to exit the minibuffer, |
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125 @code{read-from-minibuffer} constructs the return value from the text in |
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126 the minibuffer. Normally it returns a string containing that text. |
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127 However, if @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, @code{read-from-minibuffer} |
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128 reads the text and returns the resulting Lisp object, unevaluated. |
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129 (@xref{Input Functions}, for information about reading.) |
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130 |
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131 The argument @var{default} specifies a default value to make available |
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132 through the history commands. It should be a string, or @code{nil}. |
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133 If non-@code{nil}, the user can access it using |
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134 @code{next-history-element}, usually bound in the minibuffer to |
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135 @kbd{M-n}. If @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{default} is |
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136 also used as the input to @code{read}, if the user enters empty input. |
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137 (If @var{read} is non-@code{nil} and @var{default} is @code{nil}, empty |
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138 input results in an @code{end-of-file} error.) However, in the usual |
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139 case (where @var{read} is @code{nil}), @code{read-from-minibuffer} |
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140 ignores @var{default} when the user enters empty input and returns an |
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141 empty string, @code{""}. In this respect, it is different from all |
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142 the other minibuffer input functions in this chapter. |
6555 | 143 |
144 If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, that keymap is the local keymap to | |
145 use in the minibuffer. If @var{keymap} is omitted or @code{nil}, the | |
146 value of @code{minibuffer-local-map} is used as the keymap. Specifying | |
147 a keymap is the most important way to customize the minibuffer for | |
148 various applications such as completion. | |
149 | |
150 The argument @var{hist} specifies which history list variable to use | |
151 for saving the input and for history commands used in the minibuffer. | |
152 It defaults to @code{minibuffer-history}. @xref{Minibuffer History}. | |
153 | |
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154 If the variable @code{minibuffer-allow-text-properties} is |
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155 non-@code{nil}, then the string which is returned includes whatever text |
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156 properties were present in the minibuffer. Otherwise all the text |
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157 properties are stripped when the value is returned. |
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158 |
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159 If the argument @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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160 minibuffer inherits the current input method (@pxref{Input Methods}) and |
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161 the setting of @code{enable-multibyte-characters} (@pxref{Text |
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162 Representations}) from whichever buffer was current before entering the |
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163 minibuffer. |
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164 |
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165 If @var{keep-all} is non-@code{nil}, even empty and duplicate inputs |
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166 are added to the history list. |
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167 |
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168 Use of @var{initial-contents} is mostly deprecated; we recommend using |
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169 a non-@code{nil} value only in conjunction with specifying a cons cell |
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170 for @var{hist}. @xref{Initial Input}. |
6555 | 171 @end defun |
172 | |
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173 @defun read-string prompt &optional initial history default inherit-input-method |
6555 | 174 This function reads a string from the minibuffer and returns it. The |
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175 arguments @var{prompt}, @var{initial}, @var{history} and |
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176 @var{inherit-input-method} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
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177 The keymap used is @code{minibuffer-local-map}. |
6555 | 178 |
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179 The optional argument @var{default} is used as in |
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180 @code{read-from-minibuffer}, except that, if non-@code{nil}, it also |
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181 specifies a default value to return if the user enters null input. As |
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182 in @code{read-from-minibuffer} it should be a string, or @code{nil}, |
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183 which is equivalent to an empty string. |
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184 |
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185 This function is a simplified interface to the |
6555 | 186 @code{read-from-minibuffer} function: |
187 | |
188 @smallexample | |
189 @group | |
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190 (read-string @var{prompt} @var{initial} @var{history} @var{default} @var{inherit}) |
6555 | 191 @equiv{} |
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192 (let ((value |
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193 (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} nil nil |
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194 @var{history} @var{default} @var{inherit}))) |
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195 (if (and (equal value "") @var{default}) |
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196 @var{default} |
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197 value)) |
6555 | 198 @end group |
199 @end smallexample | |
200 @end defun | |
201 | |
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202 @defvar minibuffer-allow-text-properties |
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203 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{read-from-minibuffer} strips |
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204 all text properties from the minibuffer input before returning it. |
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205 This variable also affects @code{read-string}. However, |
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206 @code{read-no-blanks-input} (see below), as well as |
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207 @code{read-minibuffer} and related functions (@pxref{Object from |
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208 Minibuffer,, Reading Lisp Objects With the Minibuffer}), and all |
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209 functions that do minibuffer input with completion, discard text |
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210 properties unconditionally, regardless of the value of this variable. |
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211 @end defvar |
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212 |
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213 @defvar minibuffer-local-map |
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214 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-local-map} |
6555 | 215 This is the default local keymap for reading from the minibuffer. By |
216 default, it makes the following bindings: | |
217 | |
218 @table @asis | |
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219 @item @kbd{C-j} |
6555 | 220 @code{exit-minibuffer} |
221 | |
222 @item @key{RET} | |
223 @code{exit-minibuffer} | |
224 | |
225 @item @kbd{C-g} | |
226 @code{abort-recursive-edit} | |
227 | |
228 @item @kbd{M-n} | |
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229 @itemx @key{DOWN} |
6555 | 230 @code{next-history-element} |
231 | |
232 @item @kbd{M-p} | |
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233 @itemx @key{UP} |
6555 | 234 @code{previous-history-element} |
235 | |
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236 @item @kbd{M-s} |
6555 | 237 @code{next-matching-history-element} |
238 | |
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239 @item @kbd{M-r} |
6555 | 240 @code{previous-matching-history-element} |
241 @end table | |
242 @end defvar | |
243 | |
244 @c In version 18, initial is required | |
245 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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246 @defun read-no-blanks-input prompt &optional initial inherit-input-method |
6555 | 247 This function reads a string from the minibuffer, but does not allow |
248 whitespace characters as part of the input: instead, those characters | |
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249 terminate the input. The arguments @var{prompt}, @var{initial}, and |
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250 @var{inherit-input-method} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
6555 | 251 |
252 This is a simplified interface to the @code{read-from-minibuffer} | |
253 function, and passes the value of the @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} | |
254 keymap as the @var{keymap} argument for that function. Since the keymap | |
255 @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} does not rebind @kbd{C-q}, it @emph{is} | |
256 possible to put a space into the string, by quoting it. | |
257 | |
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258 This function discards text properties, regardless of the value of |
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259 @code{minibuffer-allow-text-properties}. |
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260 |
6555 | 261 @smallexample |
262 @group | |
263 (read-no-blanks-input @var{prompt} @var{initial}) | |
264 @equiv{} | |
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265 (let (minibuffer-allow-text-properties) |
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266 (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} minibuffer-local-ns-map)) |
6555 | 267 @end group |
268 @end smallexample | |
269 @end defun | |
270 | |
271 @defvar minibuffer-local-ns-map | |
272 This built-in variable is the keymap used as the minibuffer local keymap | |
273 in the function @code{read-no-blanks-input}. By default, it makes the | |
12098 | 274 following bindings, in addition to those of @code{minibuffer-local-map}: |
6555 | 275 |
276 @table @asis | |
277 @item @key{SPC} | |
278 @cindex @key{SPC} in minibuffer | |
279 @code{exit-minibuffer} | |
280 | |
281 @item @key{TAB} | |
282 @cindex @key{TAB} in minibuffer | |
283 @code{exit-minibuffer} | |
284 | |
285 @item @kbd{?} | |
286 @cindex @kbd{?} in minibuffer | |
287 @code{self-insert-and-exit} | |
288 @end table | |
289 @end defvar | |
290 | |
291 @node Object from Minibuffer | |
292 @section Reading Lisp Objects with the Minibuffer | |
293 | |
294 This section describes functions for reading Lisp objects with the | |
295 minibuffer. | |
296 | |
297 @defun read-minibuffer prompt &optional initial | |
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298 This function reads a Lisp object using the minibuffer, and returns it |
6555 | 299 without evaluating it. The arguments @var{prompt} and @var{initial} are |
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300 used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
6555 | 301 |
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302 This is a simplified interface to the |
6555 | 303 @code{read-from-minibuffer} function: |
304 | |
305 @smallexample | |
306 @group | |
307 (read-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial}) | |
308 @equiv{} | |
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309 (let (minibuffer-allow-text-properties) |
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310 (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} nil t)) |
6555 | 311 @end group |
312 @end smallexample | |
313 | |
314 Here is an example in which we supply the string @code{"(testing)"} as | |
315 initial input: | |
316 | |
317 @smallexample | |
318 @group | |
319 (read-minibuffer | |
320 "Enter an expression: " (format "%s" '(testing))) | |
321 | |
322 ;; @r{Here is how the minibuffer is displayed:} | |
323 @end group | |
324 | |
325 @group | |
326 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
327 Enter an expression: (testing)@point{} | |
328 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
329 @end group | |
330 @end smallexample | |
331 | |
332 @noindent | |
333 The user can type @key{RET} immediately to use the initial input as a | |
334 default, or can edit the input. | |
335 @end defun | |
336 | |
337 @defun eval-minibuffer prompt &optional initial | |
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338 This function reads a Lisp expression using the minibuffer, evaluates |
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339 it, then returns the result. The arguments @var{prompt} and |
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340 @var{initial} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
6555 | 341 |
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342 This function simply evaluates the result of a call to |
6555 | 343 @code{read-minibuffer}: |
344 | |
345 @smallexample | |
346 @group | |
347 (eval-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial}) | |
348 @equiv{} | |
349 (eval (read-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial})) | |
350 @end group | |
351 @end smallexample | |
352 @end defun | |
353 | |
354 @defun edit-and-eval-command prompt form | |
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355 This function reads a Lisp expression in the minibuffer, and then |
6555 | 356 evaluates it. The difference between this command and |
357 @code{eval-minibuffer} is that here the initial @var{form} is not | |
358 optional and it is treated as a Lisp object to be converted to printed | |
359 representation rather than as a string of text. It is printed with | |
360 @code{prin1}, so if it is a string, double-quote characters (@samp{"}) | |
361 appear in the initial text. @xref{Output Functions}. | |
362 | |
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363 The first thing @code{edit-and-eval-command} does is to activate the |
6555 | 364 minibuffer with @var{prompt} as the prompt. Then it inserts the printed |
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365 representation of @var{form} in the minibuffer, and lets the user edit it. |
6555 | 366 When the user exits the minibuffer, the edited text is read with |
367 @code{read} and then evaluated. The resulting value becomes the value | |
368 of @code{edit-and-eval-command}. | |
369 | |
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370 In the following example, we offer the user an expression with initial |
6555 | 371 text which is a valid form already: |
372 | |
373 @smallexample | |
374 @group | |
375 (edit-and-eval-command "Please edit: " '(forward-word 1)) | |
376 | |
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377 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 378 ;; @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:} |
379 @end group | |
380 | |
381 @group | |
382 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
383 Please edit: (forward-word 1)@point{} | |
384 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
385 @end group | |
386 @end smallexample | |
387 | |
388 @noindent | |
389 Typing @key{RET} right away would exit the minibuffer and evaluate the | |
390 expression, thus moving point forward one word. | |
391 @code{edit-and-eval-command} returns @code{nil} in this example. | |
392 @end defun | |
393 | |
394 @node Minibuffer History | |
395 @section Minibuffer History | |
396 @cindex minibuffer history | |
397 @cindex history list | |
398 | |
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399 A @dfn{minibuffer history list} records previous minibuffer inputs so |
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400 the user can reuse them conveniently. A history list is actually a |
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401 symbol, not a list; it is a variable whose value is a list of strings |
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402 (previous inputs), most recent first. |
6555 | 403 |
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404 There are many separate history lists, used for different kinds of |
6555 | 405 inputs. It's the Lisp programmer's job to specify the right history |
406 list for each use of the minibuffer. | |
407 | |
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408 You specify the history list with the optional @var{hist} argument |
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409 to either @code{read-from-minibuffer} or @code{completing-read}. Here |
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410 are the possible values for it: |
6555 | 411 |
412 @table @asis | |
413 @item @var{variable} | |
414 Use @var{variable} (a symbol) as the history list. | |
415 | |
416 @item (@var{variable} . @var{startpos}) | |
417 Use @var{variable} (a symbol) as the history list, and assume that the | |
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418 initial history position is @var{startpos} (a nonnegative integer). |
6555 | 419 |
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420 Specifying 0 for @var{startpos} is equivalent to just specifying the |
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421 symbol @var{variable}. @code{previous-history-element} will display |
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422 the most recent element of the history list in the minibuffer. If you |
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423 specify a positive @var{startpos}, the minibuffer history functions |
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424 behave as if @code{(elt @var{variable} (1- @var{STARTPOS}))} were the |
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425 history element currently shown in the minibuffer. |
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426 |
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427 For consistency, you should also specify that element of the history |
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428 as the initial minibuffer contents, using the @var{initial} argument |
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429 to the minibuffer input function (@pxref{Initial Input}). |
6555 | 430 @end table |
431 | |
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432 If you don't specify @var{hist}, then the default history list |
6555 | 433 @code{minibuffer-history} is used. For other standard history lists, |
434 see below. You can also create your own history list variable; just | |
435 initialize it to @code{nil} before the first use. | |
436 | |
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437 Both @code{read-from-minibuffer} and @code{completing-read} add new |
6555 | 438 elements to the history list automatically, and provide commands to |
439 allow the user to reuse items on the list. The only thing your program | |
440 needs to do to use a history list is to initialize it and to pass its | |
441 name to the input functions when you wish. But it is safe to modify the | |
442 list by hand when the minibuffer input functions are not using it. | |
443 | |
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444 Emacs functions that add a new element to a history list can also |
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445 delete old elements if the list gets too long. The variable |
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446 @code{history-length} specifies the maximum length for most history |
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447 lists. To specify a different maximum length for a particular history |
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448 list, put the length in the @code{history-length} property of the |
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449 history list symbol. The variable @code{history-delete-duplicates} |
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450 specifies whether to delete duplicates in history. |
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451 |
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452 @defvar history-length |
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453 The value of this variable specifies the maximum length for all |
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454 history lists that don't specify their own maximum lengths. If the |
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455 value is @code{t}, that means there no maximum (don't delete old |
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456 elements). |
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457 @end defvar |
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458 |
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459 @defvar history-delete-duplicates |
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460 If the value of this variable is @code{t}, that means when adding a |
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461 new history element, all previous identical elements are deleted. |
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462 @end defvar |
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463 |
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464 Here are some of the standard minibuffer history list variables: |
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465 |
6555 | 466 @defvar minibuffer-history |
467 The default history list for minibuffer history input. | |
468 @end defvar | |
469 | |
470 @defvar query-replace-history | |
471 A history list for arguments to @code{query-replace} (and similar | |
472 arguments to other commands). | |
473 @end defvar | |
474 | |
475 @defvar file-name-history | |
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476 A history list for file-name arguments. |
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477 @end defvar |
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478 |
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479 @defvar buffer-name-history |
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480 A history list for buffer-name arguments. |
6555 | 481 @end defvar |
482 | |
483 @defvar regexp-history | |
484 A history list for regular expression arguments. | |
485 @end defvar | |
486 | |
487 @defvar extended-command-history | |
488 A history list for arguments that are names of extended commands. | |
489 @end defvar | |
490 | |
491 @defvar shell-command-history | |
492 A history list for arguments that are shell commands. | |
493 @end defvar | |
494 | |
495 @defvar read-expression-history | |
496 A history list for arguments that are Lisp expressions to evaluate. | |
497 @end defvar | |
498 | |
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499 @node Initial Input |
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500 @section Initial Input |
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501 |
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502 Several of the functions for minibuffer input have an argument called |
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503 @var{initial} or @var{initial-contents}. This is a mostly-deprecated |
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504 feature for specifiying that the minibuffer should start out with |
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505 certain text, instead of empty as usual. |
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506 |
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507 If @var{initial} is a string, the minibuffer starts out containing the |
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508 text of the string, with point at the end, when the user starts to |
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509 edit the text. If the user simply types @key{RET} to exit the |
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510 minibuffer, it will use the initial input string to determine the |
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511 value to return. |
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512 |
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513 @strong{We discourage use of a non-@code{nil} value for |
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514 @var{initial}}, because initial input is an intrusive interface. |
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515 History lists and default values provide a much more convenient method |
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516 to offer useful default inputs to the user. |
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517 |
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518 There is just one situation where you should specify a string for an |
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519 @var{initial} argument. This is when you specify a cons cell for the |
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520 @var{hist} or @var{history} argument. @xref{Minibuffer History}. |
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521 |
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522 @var{initial} can also be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{string} |
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523 . @var{position})}. This means to insert @var{string} in the |
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524 minibuffer but put point at @var{position} within the string's text. |
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525 |
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526 As a historical accident, @var{position} was implemented |
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527 inconsistently in different functions. In @code{completing-read}, |
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528 @var{position}'s value is interpreted as origin-zero; that is, a value |
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529 of 0 means the beginning of the string, 1 means after the first |
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530 character, etc. In @code{read-minibuffer}, and the other |
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531 non-completion minibuffer input functions that support this argument, |
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532 1 means the beginning of the string 2 means after the first character, |
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533 etc. |
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534 |
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535 Use of a cons cell as the value for @var{initial} arguments is |
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536 deprecated in user code. |
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537 |
6555 | 538 @node Completion |
539 @section Completion | |
540 @cindex completion | |
541 | |
542 @dfn{Completion} is a feature that fills in the rest of a name | |
543 starting from an abbreviation for it. Completion works by comparing the | |
544 user's input against a list of valid names and determining how much of | |
545 the name is determined uniquely by what the user has typed. For | |
546 example, when you type @kbd{C-x b} (@code{switch-to-buffer}) and then | |
547 type the first few letters of the name of the buffer to which you wish | |
548 to switch, and then type @key{TAB} (@code{minibuffer-complete}), Emacs | |
549 extends the name as far as it can. | |
550 | |
551 Standard Emacs commands offer completion for names of symbols, files, | |
552 buffers, and processes; with the functions in this section, you can | |
553 implement completion for other kinds of names. | |
554 | |
555 The @code{try-completion} function is the basic primitive for | |
556 completion: it returns the longest determined completion of a given | |
557 initial string, with a given set of strings to match against. | |
558 | |
559 The function @code{completing-read} provides a higher-level interface | |
560 for completion. A call to @code{completing-read} specifies how to | |
561 determine the list of valid names. The function then activates the | |
562 minibuffer with a local keymap that binds a few keys to commands useful | |
563 for completion. Other functions provide convenient simple interfaces | |
564 for reading certain kinds of names with completion. | |
565 | |
566 @menu | |
567 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
568 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
569 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
570 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
571 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
572 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
573 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
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574 * Programmed Completion:: Writing your own completion-function. |
6555 | 575 @end menu |
576 | |
577 @node Basic Completion | |
578 @subsection Basic Completion Functions | |
579 | |
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580 The completion functions @code{try-completion}, |
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581 @code{all-completions} and @code{test-completion} have nothing in |
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582 themselves to do with minibuffers. We describe them in this chapter |
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583 so as to keep them near the higher-level completion features that do |
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584 use the minibuffer. |
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585 |
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586 If you store a completion alist in a variable, you should mark the |
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587 variable as ``risky'' with a non-@code{nil} |
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588 @code{risky-local-variable} property. |
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589 |
6555 | 590 @defun try-completion string collection &optional predicate |
591 This function returns the longest common substring of all possible | |
592 completions of @var{string} in @var{collection}. The value of | |
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593 @var{collection} must be a list of strings or symbols, an alist, an |
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594 obarray, a hash table, or a function that implements a virtual set of |
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595 strings (see below). |
6555 | 596 |
597 Completion compares @var{string} against each of the permissible | |
598 completions specified by @var{collection}; if the beginning of the | |
599 permissible completion equals @var{string}, it matches. If no permissible | |
600 completions match, @code{try-completion} returns @code{nil}. If only | |
601 one permissible completion matches, and the match is exact, then | |
602 @code{try-completion} returns @code{t}. Otherwise, the value is the | |
603 longest initial sequence common to all the permissible completions that | |
604 match. | |
605 | |
606 If @var{collection} is an alist (@pxref{Association Lists}), the | |
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607 permissible completions are the elements of the alist that are either |
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608 strings, symbols, or conses whose @sc{car} is a string or symbol. |
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609 Symbols are converted to strings using @code{symbol-name}. |
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610 Other elements of the alist are ignored. (Remember that in Emacs Lisp, |
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611 the elements of alists do not @emph{have} to be conses.) As all |
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612 elements of the alist can be strings, this case actually includes |
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613 lists of strings or symbols, even though we usually do not think of |
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614 such lists as alists. |
6555 | 615 |
616 @cindex obarray in completion | |
617 If @var{collection} is an obarray (@pxref{Creating Symbols}), the names | |
618 of all symbols in the obarray form the set of permissible completions. The | |
619 global variable @code{obarray} holds an obarray containing the names of | |
620 all interned Lisp symbols. | |
621 | |
622 Note that the only valid way to make a new obarray is to create it | |
623 empty and then add symbols to it one by one using @code{intern}. | |
624 Also, you cannot intern a given symbol in more than one obarray. | |
625 | |
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626 If @var{collection} is a hash table, then the keys that are strings |
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627 are the possible completions. Other keys are ignored. |
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628 |
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629 You can also use a symbol that is a function as @var{collection}. Then |
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630 the function is solely responsible for performing completion; |
6555 | 631 @code{try-completion} returns whatever this function returns. The |
632 function is called with three arguments: @var{string}, @var{predicate} | |
633 and @code{nil}. (The reason for the third argument is so that the same | |
634 function can be used in @code{all-completions} and do the appropriate | |
635 thing in either case.) @xref{Programmed Completion}. | |
636 | |
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637 If the argument @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, then it must be a |
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638 function of one argument, unless @var{collection} is a hash table, in |
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639 which case it should be a function of two arguments. It is used to |
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640 test each possible match, and the match is accepted only if |
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641 @var{predicate} returns non-@code{nil}. The argument given to |
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642 @var{predicate} is either a string or a cons cell (the @sc{car} of |
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643 which is a string) from the alist, or a symbol (@emph{not} a symbol |
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644 name) from the obarray. If @var{collection} is a hash table, |
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645 @var{predicate} is called with two arguments, the string key and the |
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646 associated value. |
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647 |
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648 In addition, to be acceptable, a completion must also match all the |
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649 regular expressions in @code{completion-regexp-list}. (Unless |
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650 @var{collection} is a function, in which case that function has to |
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651 handle @code{completion-regexp-list} itself.) |
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652 |
6555 | 653 In the first of the following examples, the string @samp{foo} is |
654 matched by three of the alist @sc{car}s. All of the matches begin with | |
655 the characters @samp{fooba}, so that is the result. In the second | |
656 example, there is only one possible match, and it is exact, so the value | |
657 is @code{t}. | |
658 | |
659 @smallexample | |
660 @group | |
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661 (try-completion |
6555 | 662 "foo" |
663 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4))) | |
664 @result{} "fooba" | |
665 @end group | |
666 | |
667 @group | |
668 (try-completion "foo" '(("barfoo" 2) ("foo" 3))) | |
669 @result{} t | |
670 @end group | |
671 @end smallexample | |
672 | |
673 In the following example, numerous symbols begin with the characters | |
674 @samp{forw}, and all of them begin with the word @samp{forward}. In | |
675 most of the symbols, this is followed with a @samp{-}, but not in all, | |
676 so no more than @samp{forward} can be completed. | |
677 | |
678 @smallexample | |
679 @group | |
680 (try-completion "forw" obarray) | |
681 @result{} "forward" | |
682 @end group | |
683 @end smallexample | |
684 | |
685 Finally, in the following example, only two of the three possible | |
686 matches pass the predicate @code{test} (the string @samp{foobaz} is | |
687 too short). Both of those begin with the string @samp{foobar}. | |
688 | |
689 @smallexample | |
690 @group | |
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691 (defun test (s) |
6555 | 692 (> (length (car s)) 6)) |
693 @result{} test | |
694 @end group | |
695 @group | |
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696 (try-completion |
6555 | 697 "foo" |
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698 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) |
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699 'test) |
6555 | 700 @result{} "foobar" |
701 @end group | |
702 @end smallexample | |
703 @end defun | |
704 | |
12067 | 705 @defun all-completions string collection &optional predicate nospace |
6555 | 706 This function returns a list of all possible completions of |
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707 @var{string}. The arguments to this function (aside from |
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708 @var{nospace}) are the same as those of @code{try-completion}. Also, |
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709 this function uses @code{completion-regexp-list} in the same way that |
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710 @code{try-completion} does. The optional argument @var{nospace} only |
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711 matters if @var{string} is the empty string. In that case, if |
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712 @var{nospace} is non-@code{nil}, completions that start with a space |
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713 are ignored. |
6555 | 714 |
715 If @var{collection} is a function, it is called with three arguments: | |
716 @var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{t}; then @code{all-completions} | |
717 returns whatever the function returns. @xref{Programmed Completion}. | |
718 | |
719 Here is an example, using the function @code{test} shown in the | |
720 example for @code{try-completion}: | |
721 | |
722 @smallexample | |
723 @group | |
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724 (defun test (s) |
6555 | 725 (> (length (car s)) 6)) |
726 @result{} test | |
727 @end group | |
728 | |
729 @group | |
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730 (all-completions |
6555 | 731 "foo" |
732 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) | |
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733 'test) |
6555 | 734 @result{} ("foobar1" "foobar2") |
735 @end group | |
736 @end smallexample | |
737 @end defun | |
738 | |
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739 @defun test-completion string collection &optional predicate |
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740 @anchor{Definition of test-completion} |
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741 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{string} is a valid |
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742 completion possibility specified by @var{collection} and |
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743 @var{predicate}. The arguments are the same as in |
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744 @code{try-completion}. For instance, if @var{collection} is a list of |
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745 strings, this is true if @var{string} appears in the list and |
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746 @var{predicate} is satisfied. |
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747 |
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748 @code{test-completion} uses @code{completion-regexp-list} in the same |
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749 way that @code{try-completion} does. |
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750 |
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751 If @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil} and if @var{collection} contains |
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752 several strings that are equal to each other, as determined by |
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753 @code{compare-strings} according to @code{completion-ignore-case}, |
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754 then @var{predicate} should accept either all or none of them. |
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755 Otherwise, the return value of @code{test-completion} is essentially |
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756 unpredictable. |
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757 |
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758 If @var{collection} is a function, it is called with three arguments, |
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759 the values @var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{lambda}; whatever |
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760 it returns, @code{test-completion} returns in turn. |
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761 @end defun |
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762 |
6555 | 763 @defvar completion-ignore-case |
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764 If the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs does not |
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765 consider case significant in completion. |
6555 | 766 @end defvar |
767 | |
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768 @defvar completion-regexp-list |
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769 This is a list of regular expressions. The completion functions only |
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770 consider a completion acceptable if it matches all regular expressions |
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771 in this list, with @code{case-fold-search} (@pxref{Searching and Case}) |
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772 bound to the value of @code{completion-ignore-case}. |
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773 @end defvar |
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774 |
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775 @defmac lazy-completion-table var fun |
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776 This macro provides a way to initialize the variable @var{var} as a |
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777 collection for completion in a lazy way, not computing its actual |
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778 contents until they are first needed. You use this macro to produce a |
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779 value that you store in @var{var}. The actual computation of the |
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780 proper value is done the first time you do completion using @var{var}. |
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781 It is done by calling @var{fun} with no arguments. The |
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782 value @var{fun} returns becomes the permanent value of @var{var}. |
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783 |
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784 Here is an example of use: |
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785 |
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786 @smallexample |
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787 (defvar foo (lazy-completion-table foo make-my-alist)) |
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788 @end smallexample |
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789 @end defmac |
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790 |
6555 | 791 @node Minibuffer Completion |
792 @subsection Completion and the Minibuffer | |
793 | |
794 This section describes the basic interface for reading from the | |
795 minibuffer with completion. | |
796 | |
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797 @defun completing-read prompt collection &optional predicate require-match initial hist default inherit-input-method |
6555 | 798 This function reads a string in the minibuffer, assisting the user by |
799 providing completion. It activates the minibuffer with prompt | |
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800 @var{prompt}, which must be a string. |
6555 | 801 |
802 The actual completion is done by passing @var{collection} and | |
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803 @var{predicate} to the function @code{try-completion}. This happens |
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804 in certain commands bound in the local keymaps used for completion. |
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805 Some of these commands also call @code{test-completion}. Thus, if |
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806 @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, it should be compatible with |
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807 @var{collection} and @code{completion-ignore-case}. @xref{Definition |
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808 of test-completion}. |
6555 | 809 |
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810 If @var{require-match} is @code{nil}, the exit commands work regardless |
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811 of the input in the minibuffer. If @var{require-match} is @code{t}, the |
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812 usual minibuffer exit commands won't exit unless the input completes to |
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813 an element of @var{collection}. If @var{require-match} is neither |
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814 @code{nil} nor @code{t}, then the exit commands won't exit unless the |
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815 input already in the buffer matches an element of @var{collection}. |
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816 |
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817 However, empty input is always permitted, regardless of the value of |
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818 @var{require-match}; in that case, @code{completing-read} returns |
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819 @var{default}, or @code{""}, if @var{default} is @code{nil}. The |
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820 value of @var{default} (if non-@code{nil}) is also available to the |
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821 user through the history commands. |
6555 | 822 |
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823 The function @code{completing-read} uses |
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824 @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} as the keymap if |
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825 @var{require-match} is @code{nil}, and uses |
6555 | 826 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} if @var{require-match} is |
7221
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827 non-@code{nil}. @xref{Completion Commands}. |
6555 | 828 |
829 The argument @var{hist} specifies which history list variable to use for | |
830 saving the input and for minibuffer history commands. It defaults to | |
831 @code{minibuffer-history}. @xref{Minibuffer History}. | |
832 | |
55925
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833 The argument @var{initial} is mostly deprecated; we recommend using a |
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834 non-@code{nil} value only in conjunction with specifying a cons cell |
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835 for @var{hist}. @xref{Initial Input}. For default input, use |
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836 @var{default} instead. |
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837 |
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838 If the argument @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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839 minibuffer inherits the current input method (@pxref{Input |
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840 Methods}) and the setting of @code{enable-multibyte-characters} |
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841 (@pxref{Text Representations}) from whichever buffer was current before |
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842 entering the minibuffer. |
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843 |
58280
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844 If the built-in variable @code{completion-ignore-case} is |
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845 non-@code{nil}, completion ignores case when comparing the input |
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846 against the possible matches. @xref{Basic Completion}. In this mode |
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847 of operation, @var{predicate} must also ignore case, or you will get |
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|
848 surprising results. |
6555 | 849 |
850 Here's an example of using @code{completing-read}: | |
851 | |
852 @smallexample | |
853 @group | |
854 (completing-read | |
855 "Complete a foo: " | |
856 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) | |
857 nil t "fo") | |
858 @end group | |
859 | |
860 @group | |
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861 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 862 ;; @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:} |
863 | |
864 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
865 Complete a foo: fo@point{} | |
866 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
867 @end group | |
868 @end smallexample | |
869 | |
870 @noindent | |
871 If the user then types @kbd{@key{DEL} @key{DEL} b @key{RET}}, | |
872 @code{completing-read} returns @code{barfoo}. | |
873 | |
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874 The @code{completing-read} function binds variables to pass |
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875 information to the commands that actually do completion. |
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876 They are described in the following section. |
6555 | 877 @end defun |
878 | |
879 @node Completion Commands | |
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880 @subsection Minibuffer Commands that Do Completion |
6555 | 881 |
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882 This section describes the keymaps, commands and user options used |
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883 in the minibuffer to do completion. The description refers to the |
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884 situation when Partial Completion mode is disabled (as it is by |
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885 default). When enabled, this minor mode uses its own alternatives to |
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886 some of the commands described below. @xref{Completion Options,,, |
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887 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for a short description of Partial |
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888 Completion mode. |
6555 | 889 |
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890 @defvar minibuffer-completion-table |
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891 The value of this variable is the collection used for completion in |
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892 the minibuffer. This is the global variable that contains what |
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893 @code{completing-read} passes to @code{try-completion}. It is used by |
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894 minibuffer completion commands such as @code{minibuffer-complete-word}. |
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895 @end defvar |
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896 |
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897 @defvar minibuffer-completion-predicate |
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898 This variable's value is the predicate that @code{completing-read} |
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899 passes to @code{try-completion}. The variable is also used by the other |
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900 minibuffer completion functions. |
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901 @end defvar |
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902 |
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903 @defvar minibuffer-completion-confirm |
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|
904 When the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs asks for |
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|
905 confirmation of a completion before exiting the minibuffer. |
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906 @code{completing-read} binds this variable, and the function |
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907 @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} checks the value before exiting. |
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908 @end defvar |
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909 |
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910 @deffn Command minibuffer-complete-word |
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911 This function completes the minibuffer contents by at most a single |
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|
912 word. Even if the minibuffer contents have only one completion, |
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|
913 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} does not add any characters beyond the |
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|
914 first character that is not a word constituent. @xref{Syntax Tables}. |
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|
915 @end deffn |
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|
916 |
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|
917 @deffn Command minibuffer-complete |
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|
918 This function completes the minibuffer contents as far as possible. |
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|
919 @end deffn |
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|
920 |
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|
921 @deffn Command minibuffer-complete-and-exit |
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922 This function completes the minibuffer contents, and exits if |
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923 confirmation is not required, i.e., if |
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924 @code{minibuffer-completion-confirm} is @code{nil}. If confirmation |
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925 @emph{is} required, it is given by repeating this command |
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|
926 immediately---the command is programmed to work without confirmation |
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|
927 when run twice in succession. |
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|
928 @end deffn |
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|
929 |
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930 @deffn Command minibuffer-completion-help |
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931 This function creates a list of the possible completions of the |
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|
932 current minibuffer contents. It works by calling @code{all-completions} |
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933 using the value of the variable @code{minibuffer-completion-table} as |
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934 the @var{collection} argument, and the value of |
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935 @code{minibuffer-completion-predicate} as the @var{predicate} argument. |
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936 The list of completions is displayed as text in a buffer named |
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|
937 @samp{*Completions*}. |
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|
938 @end deffn |
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|
939 |
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|
940 @defun display-completion-list completions &optional common-substring |
63582
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941 This function displays @var{completions} to the stream in |
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|
942 @code{standard-output}, usually a buffer. (@xref{Read and Print}, for more |
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|
943 information about streams.) The argument @var{completions} is normally |
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944 a list of completions just returned by @code{all-completions}, but it |
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|
945 does not have to be. Each element may be a symbol or a string, either |
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|
946 of which is simply printed. It can also be a list of two strings, |
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|
947 which is printed as if the strings were concatenated. The first of |
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|
948 the two strings is the actual completion, the second string serves as |
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|
949 annotation. |
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|
950 |
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|
951 The argument @var{common-substring} is the prefix that is common to |
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|
952 all the completions. With normal Emacs completion, it is usually the |
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|
953 same as the string that was completed. @code{display-completion-list} |
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|
954 uses this to highlight text in the completion list for better visual |
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|
955 feedback. This is not needed in the minibuffer; for minibuffer |
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|
956 completion, you can pass @code{nil}. |
66468
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Masatake YAMATO <jet@gyve.org>
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|
957 |
67881
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(Basic Completion): Update lazy-completion-table examples for removal
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|
958 This function is called by @code{minibuffer-completion-help}. The |
63582
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|
959 most common way to use it is together with |
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|
960 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer}, like this: |
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|
961 |
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|
962 @example |
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|
963 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Completions*" |
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|
964 (display-completion-list |
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|
965 (all-completions (buffer-string) my-alist) |
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|
966 (buffer-string))) |
63582
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|
967 @end example |
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|
968 @end defun |
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|
969 |
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|
970 @defopt completion-auto-help |
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|
971 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the completion commands |
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|
972 automatically display a list of possible completions whenever nothing |
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|
973 can be completed because the next character is not uniquely determined. |
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|
974 @end defopt |
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|
975 |
6555 | 976 @defvar minibuffer-local-completion-map |
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977 @code{completing-read} uses this value as the local keymap when an |
6555 | 978 exact match of one of the completions is not required. By default, this |
979 keymap makes the following bindings: | |
980 | |
981 @table @asis | |
982 @item @kbd{?} | |
983 @code{minibuffer-completion-help} | |
984 | |
985 @item @key{SPC} | |
986 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} | |
987 | |
988 @item @key{TAB} | |
989 @code{minibuffer-complete} | |
990 @end table | |
991 | |
992 @noindent | |
7221
a2c7acc3be9c
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|
993 with other characters bound as in @code{minibuffer-local-map} |
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|
994 (@pxref{Definition of minibuffer-local-map}). |
6555 | 995 @end defvar |
996 | |
997 @defvar minibuffer-local-must-match-map | |
998 @code{completing-read} uses this value as the local keymap when an | |
999 exact match of one of the completions is required. Therefore, no keys | |
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|
1000 are bound to @code{exit-minibuffer}, the command that exits the |
6555 | 1001 minibuffer unconditionally. By default, this keymap makes the following |
1002 bindings: | |
1003 | |
1004 @table @asis | |
1005 @item @kbd{?} | |
1006 @code{minibuffer-completion-help} | |
1007 | |
1008 @item @key{SPC} | |
1009 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} | |
1010 | |
1011 @item @key{TAB} | |
1012 @code{minibuffer-complete} | |
1013 | |
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1014 @item @kbd{C-j} |
6555 | 1015 @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} |
1016 | |
1017 @item @key{RET} | |
1018 @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} | |
1019 @end table | |
1020 | |
1021 @noindent | |
1022 with other characters bound as in @code{minibuffer-local-map}. | |
1023 @end defvar | |
1024 | |
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|
1025 @defvar minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map |
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1026 This is like @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} |
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1027 except that it does not bind @key{SPC}. This keymap is used by the |
91703011b252
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|
1028 function @code{read-file-name}. |
67396
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|
1029 @end defvar |
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|
1030 |
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|
1031 @defvar minibuffer-local-must-match-filename-map |
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1032 This is like @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} |
67499
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1033 except that it does not bind @key{SPC}. This keymap is used by the |
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|
1034 function @code{read-file-name}. |
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1035 @end defvar |
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1036 |
6555 | 1037 @node High-Level Completion |
1038 @subsection High-Level Completion Functions | |
1039 | |
1040 This section describes the higher-level convenient functions for | |
1041 reading certain sorts of names with completion. | |
1042 | |
12098 | 1043 In most cases, you should not call these functions in the middle of a |
1044 Lisp function. When possible, do all minibuffer input as part of | |
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1045 reading the arguments for a command, in the @code{interactive} |
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1046 specification. @xref{Defining Commands}. |
12098 | 1047 |
6555 | 1048 @defun read-buffer prompt &optional default existing |
1049 This function reads the name of a buffer and returns it as a string. | |
1050 The argument @var{default} is the default name to use, the value to | |
1051 return if the user exits with an empty minibuffer. If non-@code{nil}, | |
1052 it should be a string or a buffer. It is mentioned in the prompt, but | |
1053 is not inserted in the minibuffer as initial input. | |
1054 | |
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1055 The argument @var{prompt} should be a string ending with a colon and a |
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1056 space. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, the function inserts it in |
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|
1057 @var{prompt} before the colon to follow the convention for reading from |
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1058 the minibuffer with a default value (@pxref{Programming Tips}). |
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1059 |
6555 | 1060 If @var{existing} is non-@code{nil}, then the name specified must be |
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1061 that of an existing buffer. The usual commands to exit the minibuffer |
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1062 do not exit if the text is not valid, and @key{RET} does completion to |
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1063 attempt to find a valid name. If @var{existing} is neither @code{nil} |
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|
1064 nor @code{t}, confirmation is required after completion. (However, |
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|
1065 @var{default} is not checked for validity; it is returned, whatever it |
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|
1066 is, if the user exits with the minibuffer empty.) |
6555 | 1067 |
1068 In the following example, the user enters @samp{minibuffer.t}, and | |
1069 then types @key{RET}. The argument @var{existing} is @code{t}, and the | |
1070 only buffer name starting with the given input is | |
1071 @samp{minibuffer.texi}, so that name is the value. | |
1072 | |
1073 @example | |
65758
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1074 (read-buffer "Buffer name: " "foo" t) |
6555 | 1075 @group |
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|
1076 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1077 ;; @r{the following prompt appears,} |
1078 ;; @r{with an empty minibuffer:} | |
1079 @end group | |
1080 | |
1081 @group | |
1082 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
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|
1083 Buffer name (default foo): @point{} |
6555 | 1084 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
1085 @end group | |
1086 | |
1087 @group | |
1088 ;; @r{The user types @kbd{minibuffer.t @key{RET}}.} | |
1089 @result{} "minibuffer.texi" | |
1090 @end group | |
1091 @end example | |
1092 @end defun | |
1093 | |
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1094 @defvar read-buffer-function |
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1095 This variable specifies how to read buffer names. For example, if you |
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1096 set this variable to @code{iswitchb-read-buffer}, all Emacs commands |
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1097 that call @code{read-buffer} to read a buffer name will actually use the |
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1098 @code{iswitchb} package to read it. |
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1099 @end defvar |
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1100 |
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1101 @defun read-command prompt &optional default |
6555 | 1102 This function reads the name of a command and returns it as a Lisp |
1103 symbol. The argument @var{prompt} is used as in | |
1104 @code{read-from-minibuffer}. Recall that a command is anything for | |
1105 which @code{commandp} returns @code{t}, and a command name is a symbol | |
1106 for which @code{commandp} returns @code{t}. @xref{Interactive Call}. | |
1107 | |
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1108 The argument @var{default} specifies what to return if the user enters |
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1109 null input. It can be a symbol or a string; if it is a string, |
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1110 @code{read-command} interns it before returning it. If @var{default} is |
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1111 @code{nil}, that means no default has been specified; then if the user |
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1112 enters null input, the return value is @code{(intern "")}, that is, a |
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1113 symbol whose name is an empty string. |
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1114 |
6555 | 1115 @example |
1116 (read-command "Command name? ") | |
1117 | |
1118 @group | |
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1119 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1120 ;; @r{the following prompt appears with an empty minibuffer:} |
1121 @end group | |
1122 | |
1123 @group | |
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1124 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
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|
1125 Command name? |
6555 | 1126 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
1127 @end group | |
1128 @end example | |
1129 | |
1130 @noindent | |
1131 If the user types @kbd{forward-c @key{RET}}, then this function returns | |
1132 @code{forward-char}. | |
1133 | |
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|
1134 The @code{read-command} function is a simplified interface to |
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|
1135 @code{completing-read}. It uses the variable @code{obarray} so as to |
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1136 complete in the set of extant Lisp symbols, and it uses the |
6555 | 1137 @code{commandp} predicate so as to accept only command names: |
1138 | |
1139 @cindex @code{commandp} example | |
1140 @example | |
1141 @group | |
1142 (read-command @var{prompt}) | |
1143 @equiv{} | |
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|
1144 (intern (completing-read @var{prompt} obarray |
6555 | 1145 'commandp t nil)) |
1146 @end group | |
1147 @end example | |
1148 @end defun | |
1149 | |
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1150 @defun read-variable prompt &optional default |
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|
1151 @anchor{Definition of read-variable} |
6555 | 1152 This function reads the name of a user variable and returns it as a |
1153 symbol. | |
1154 | |
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1155 The argument @var{default} specifies what to return if the user enters |
21682
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1156 null input. It can be a symbol or a string; if it is a string, |
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|
1157 @code{read-variable} interns it before returning it. If @var{default} |
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|
1158 is @code{nil}, that means no default has been specified; then if the |
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|
1159 user enters null input, the return value is @code{(intern "")}. |
21007
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1160 |
6555 | 1161 @example |
1162 @group | |
1163 (read-variable "Variable name? ") | |
1164 | |
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1165 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
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1166 ;; @r{the following prompt appears,} |
6555 | 1167 ;; @r{with an empty minibuffer:} |
1168 @end group | |
1169 | |
1170 @group | |
1171 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1172 Variable name? @point{} | |
1173 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1174 @end group | |
1175 @end example | |
1176 | |
1177 @noindent | |
1178 If the user then types @kbd{fill-p @key{RET}}, @code{read-variable} | |
1179 returns @code{fill-prefix}. | |
1180 | |
1181 This function is similar to @code{read-command}, but uses the | |
1182 predicate @code{user-variable-p} instead of @code{commandp}: | |
1183 | |
1184 @cindex @code{user-variable-p} example | |
1185 @example | |
1186 @group | |
1187 (read-variable @var{prompt}) | |
1188 @equiv{} | |
1189 (intern | |
1190 (completing-read @var{prompt} obarray | |
1191 'user-variable-p t nil)) | |
1192 @end group | |
1193 @end example | |
1194 @end defun | |
1195 | |
21682
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1196 See also the functions @code{read-coding-system} and |
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1197 @code{read-non-nil-coding-system}, in @ref{User-Chosen Coding Systems}, |
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1198 and @code{read-input-method-name}, in @ref{Input Methods}. |
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1199 |
6555 | 1200 @node Reading File Names |
1201 @subsection Reading File Names | |
1202 | |
1203 Here is another high-level completion function, designed for reading a | |
1204 file name. It provides special features including automatic insertion | |
1205 of the default directory. | |
1206 | |
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1207 @defun read-file-name prompt &optional directory default existing initial predicate |
6555 | 1208 This function reads a file name in the minibuffer, prompting with |
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1209 @var{prompt} and providing completion. |
6555 | 1210 |
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1211 If @var{existing} is non-@code{nil}, then the user must specify the name |
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1212 of an existing file; @key{RET} performs completion to make the name |
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1213 valid if possible, and then refuses to exit if it is not valid. If the |
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1214 value of @var{existing} is neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, then |
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1215 @key{RET} also requires confirmation after completion. If |
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1216 @var{existing} is @code{nil}, then the name of a nonexistent file is |
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1217 acceptable. |
6555 | 1218 |
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1219 The function @code{read-file-name} uses |
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1220 @code{minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map} as the keymap if |
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1221 @var{existing} is @code{nil}, and uses |
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1222 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-filename-map} if @var{existing} is |
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1223 non-@code{nil}. @xref{Completion Commands}. |
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1224 |
6555 | 1225 The argument @var{directory} specifies the directory to use for |
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1226 completion of relative file names. It should be an absolute directory |
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1227 name. If @code{insert-default-directory} is non-@code{nil}, |
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1228 @var{directory} is also inserted in the minibuffer as initial input. |
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1229 It defaults to the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory}. |
6555 | 1230 |
1231 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
52626 | 1232 If you specify @var{initial}, that is an initial file name to insert |
1233 in the buffer (after @var{directory}, if that is inserted). In this | |
7221
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1234 case, point goes at the beginning of @var{initial}. The default for |
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1235 @var{initial} is @code{nil}---don't insert any file name. To see what |
52626 | 1236 @var{initial} does, try the command @kbd{C-x C-v}. @strong{Please |
1237 note:} we recommend using @var{default} rather than @var{initial} in | |
1238 most cases. | |
6555 | 1239 |
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1240 If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, then the function returns |
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1241 @var{default} if the user exits the minibuffer with the same non-empty |
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1242 contents that @code{read-file-name} inserted initially. The initial |
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1243 minibuffer contents are always non-empty if |
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1244 @code{insert-default-directory} is non-@code{nil}, as it is by |
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1245 default. @var{default} is not checked for validity, regardless of the |
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1246 value of @var{existing}. However, if @var{existing} is |
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1247 non-@code{nil}, the initial minibuffer contents should be a valid file |
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1248 (or directory) name. Otherwise @code{read-file-name} attempts |
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1249 completion if the user exits without any editing, and does not return |
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1250 @var{default}. @var{default} is also available through the history |
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1251 commands. |
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1252 |
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1253 If @var{default} is @code{nil}, @code{read-file-name} tries to find a |
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1254 substitute default to use in its place, which it treats in exactly the |
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|
1255 same way as if it had been specified explicitly. If @var{default} is |
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1256 @code{nil}, but @var{initial} is non-@code{nil}, then the default is |
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1257 the absolute file name obtained from @var{directory} and |
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|
1258 @var{initial}. If both @var{default} and @var{initial} are @code{nil} |
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1259 and the buffer is visiting a file, @code{read-file-name} uses the |
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|
1260 absolute file name of that file as default. If the buffer is not |
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|
1261 visiting a file, then there is no default. In that case, if the user |
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|
1262 types @key{RET} without any editing, @code{read-file-name} simply |
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|
1263 returns the pre-inserted contents of the minibuffer. |
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|
1264 |
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|
1265 If the user types @key{RET} in an empty minibuffer, this function |
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|
1266 returns an empty string, regardless of the value of @var{existing}. |
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|
1267 This is, for instance, how the user can make the current buffer visit |
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|
1268 no file using @code{M-x set-visited-file-name}. |
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|
1269 |
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|
1270 If @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a function of one |
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|
1271 argument that decides which file names are acceptable completion |
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|
1272 possibilities. A file name is an acceptable value if @var{predicate} |
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|
1273 returns non-@code{nil} for it. |
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|
1274 |
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|
1275 @code{read-file-name} does not automatically expand file names. You |
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|
1276 must call @code{expand-file-name} yourself if an absolute file name is |
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|
1277 required. |
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|
1278 |
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|
1279 Here is an example: |
6555 | 1280 |
1281 @example | |
1282 @group | |
1283 (read-file-name "The file is ") | |
1284 | |
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|
1285 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1286 ;; @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:} |
1287 @end group | |
1288 | |
1289 @group | |
1290 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1291 The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/@point{} | |
1292 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1293 @end group | |
1294 @end example | |
1295 | |
1296 @noindent | |
1297 Typing @kbd{manual @key{TAB}} results in the following: | |
1298 | |
1299 @example | |
1300 @group | |
1301 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1302 The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi@point{} | |
1303 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1304 @end group | |
1305 @end example | |
1306 | |
1307 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox in smallbook mode. | |
1308 @noindent | |
1309 If the user types @key{RET}, @code{read-file-name} returns the file name | |
1310 as the string @code{"/gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi"}. | |
1311 @end defun | |
1312 | |
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|
1313 @defvar read-file-name-function |
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|
1314 If non-@code{nil}, this should be a function that accepts the same |
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|
1315 arguments as @code{read-file-name}. When @code{read-file-name} is |
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|
1316 called, it calls this function with the supplied arguments instead of |
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|
1317 doing its usual work. |
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|
1318 @end defvar |
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|
1319 |
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|
1320 @defvar read-file-name-completion-ignore-case |
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|
1321 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{read-file-name} ignores case |
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|
1322 when performing completion. |
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|
1323 @end defvar |
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|
1324 |
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|
1325 @defun read-directory-name prompt &optional directory default existing initial |
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|
1326 This function is like @code{read-file-name} but allows only directory |
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|
1327 names as completion possibilities. |
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1328 |
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|
1329 If @var{default} is @code{nil} and @var{initial} is non-@code{nil}, |
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|
1330 @code{read-directory-name} constructs a substitute default by |
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|
1331 combining @var{directory} (or the current buffer's default directory |
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|
1332 if @var{directory} is @code{nil}) and @var{initial}. If both |
62595
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diff
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|
1333 @var{default} and @var{initial} are @code{nil}, this function uses |
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1334 @var{directory} as substitute default, or the current buffer's default |
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1335 directory if @var{directory} is @code{nil}. |
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1336 @end defun |
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1337 |
6555 | 1338 @defopt insert-default-directory |
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1339 This variable is used by @code{read-file-name}, and thus, indirectly, |
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1340 by most commands reading file names. (This includes all commands that |
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1341 use the code letters @samp{f} or @samp{F} in their interactive form. |
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1342 @xref{Interactive Codes,, Code Characters for interactive}.) Its |
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1343 value controls whether @code{read-file-name} starts by placing the |
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1344 name of the default directory in the minibuffer, plus the initial file |
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1345 name if any. If the value of this variable is @code{nil}, then |
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1346 @code{read-file-name} does not place any initial input in the |
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1347 minibuffer (unless you specify initial input with the @var{initial} |
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1348 argument). In that case, the default directory is still used for |
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1349 completion of relative file names, but is not displayed. |
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1350 |
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1351 If this variable is @code{nil} and the initial minibuffer contents are |
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1352 empty, the user may have to explicitly fetch the next history element |
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1353 to access a default value. If the variable is non-@code{nil}, the |
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1354 initial minibuffer contents are always non-empty and the user can |
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1355 always request a default value by immediately typing @key{RET} in an |
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1356 unedited minibuffer. (See above.) |
6555 | 1357 |
1358 For example: | |
1359 | |
1360 @example | |
1361 @group | |
1362 ;; @r{Here the minibuffer starts out with the default directory.} | |
1363 (let ((insert-default-directory t)) | |
1364 (read-file-name "The file is ")) | |
1365 @end group | |
1366 | |
1367 @group | |
1368 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1369 The file is ~lewis/manual/@point{} | |
1370 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1371 @end group | |
1372 | |
1373 @group | |
1374 ;; @r{Here the minibuffer is empty and only the prompt} | |
1375 ;; @r{appears on its line.} | |
1376 (let ((insert-default-directory nil)) | |
1377 (read-file-name "The file is ")) | |
1378 @end group | |
1379 | |
1380 @group | |
1381 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1382 The file is @point{} | |
1383 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1384 @end group | |
1385 @end example | |
1386 @end defopt | |
1387 | |
1388 @node Programmed Completion | |
1389 @subsection Programmed Completion | |
1390 @cindex programmed completion | |
1391 | |
1392 Sometimes it is not possible to create an alist or an obarray | |
1393 containing all the intended possible completions. In such a case, you | |
1394 can supply your own function to compute the completion of a given string. | |
1395 This is called @dfn{programmed completion}. | |
1396 | |
1397 To use this feature, pass a symbol with a function definition as the | |
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1398 @var{collection} argument to @code{completing-read}. The function |
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1399 @code{completing-read} arranges to pass your completion function along |
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1400 to @code{try-completion} and @code{all-completions}, which will then let |
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1401 your function do all the work. |
6555 | 1402 |
1403 The completion function should accept three arguments: | |
1404 | |
1405 @itemize @bullet | |
1406 @item | |
1407 The string to be completed. | |
1408 | |
1409 @item | |
1410 The predicate function to filter possible matches, or @code{nil} if | |
1411 none. Your function should call the predicate for each possible match, | |
1412 and ignore the possible match if the predicate returns @code{nil}. | |
1413 | |
1414 @item | |
1415 A flag specifying the type of operation. | |
1416 @end itemize | |
1417 | |
1418 There are three flag values for three operations: | |
1419 | |
1420 @itemize @bullet | |
1421 @item | |
1422 @code{nil} specifies @code{try-completion}. The completion function | |
1423 should return the completion of the specified string, or @code{t} if the | |
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1424 string is a unique and exact match already, or @code{nil} if the string |
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1425 matches no possibility. |
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1426 |
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1427 If the string is an exact match for one possibility, but also matches |
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1428 other longer possibilities, the function should return the string, not |
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1429 @code{t}. |
6555 | 1430 |
1431 @item | |
1432 @code{t} specifies @code{all-completions}. The completion function | |
1433 should return a list of all possible completions of the specified | |
1434 string. | |
1435 | |
1436 @item | |
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1437 @code{lambda} specifies @code{test-completion}. The completion |
6555 | 1438 function should return @code{t} if the specified string is an exact |
1439 match for some possibility; @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1440 @end itemize | |
1441 | |
1442 It would be consistent and clean for completion functions to allow | |
12098 | 1443 lambda expressions (lists that are functions) as well as function |
6555 | 1444 symbols as @var{collection}, but this is impossible. Lists as |
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1445 completion tables already have other meanings, and it would be |
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1446 unreliable to treat one differently just because it is also a possible |
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1447 function. So you must arrange for any function you wish to use for |
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1448 completion to be encapsulated in a symbol. |
6555 | 1449 |
1450 Emacs uses programmed completion when completing file names. | |
1451 @xref{File Name Completion}. | |
1452 | |
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1453 @defmac dynamic-completion-table function |
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1454 This macro is a convenient way to write a function that can act as |
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1455 programmed completion function. The argument @var{function} should be |
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1456 a function that takes one argument, a string, and returns an alist of |
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1457 possible completions of it. You can think of |
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1458 @code{dynamic-completion-table} as a transducer between that interface |
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1459 and the interface for programmed completion functions. |
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1460 @end defmac |
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1461 |
6555 | 1462 @node Yes-or-No Queries |
1463 @section Yes-or-No Queries | |
1464 @cindex asking the user questions | |
1465 @cindex querying the user | |
1466 @cindex yes-or-no questions | |
1467 | |
1468 This section describes functions used to ask the user a yes-or-no | |
1469 question. The function @code{y-or-n-p} can be answered with a single | |
1470 character; it is useful for questions where an inadvertent wrong answer | |
1471 will not have serious consequences. @code{yes-or-no-p} is suitable for | |
1472 more momentous questions, since it requires three or four characters to | |
1473 answer. | |
1474 | |
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1475 If either of these functions is called in a command that was invoked |
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1476 using the mouse---more precisely, if @code{last-nonmenu-event} |
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1477 (@pxref{Command Loop Info}) is either @code{nil} or a list---then it |
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1478 uses a dialog box or pop-up menu to ask the question. Otherwise, it |
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1479 uses keyboard input. You can force use of the mouse or use of keyboard |
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1480 input by binding @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable value around |
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1481 the call. |
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1482 |
6555 | 1483 Strictly speaking, @code{yes-or-no-p} uses the minibuffer and |
1484 @code{y-or-n-p} does not; but it seems best to describe them together. | |
1485 | |
1486 @defun y-or-n-p prompt | |
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1487 This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the echo |
6555 | 1488 area. It returns @code{t} if the user types @kbd{y}, @code{nil} if the |
1489 user types @kbd{n}. This function also accepts @key{SPC} to mean yes | |
1490 and @key{DEL} to mean no. It accepts @kbd{C-]} to mean ``quit'', like | |
1491 @kbd{C-g}, because the question might look like a minibuffer and for | |
1492 that reason the user might try to use @kbd{C-]} to get out. The answer | |
1493 is a single character, with no @key{RET} needed to terminate it. Upper | |
1494 and lower case are equivalent. | |
1495 | |
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1496 ``Asking the question'' means printing @var{prompt} in the echo area, |
6555 | 1497 followed by the string @w{@samp{(y or n) }}. If the input is not one of |
1498 the expected answers (@kbd{y}, @kbd{n}, @kbd{@key{SPC}}, | |
1499 @kbd{@key{DEL}}, or something that quits), the function responds | |
1500 @samp{Please answer y or n.}, and repeats the request. | |
1501 | |
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1502 This function does not actually use the minibuffer, since it does not |
6555 | 1503 allow editing of the answer. It actually uses the echo area (@pxref{The |
1504 Echo Area}), which uses the same screen space as the minibuffer. The | |
1505 cursor moves to the echo area while the question is being asked. | |
1506 | |
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1507 The answers and their meanings, even @samp{y} and @samp{n}, are not |
6555 | 1508 hardwired. The keymap @code{query-replace-map} specifies them. |
1509 @xref{Search and Replace}. | |
1510 | |
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1511 In the following example, the user first types @kbd{q}, which is |
6555 | 1512 invalid. At the next prompt the user types @kbd{y}. |
1513 | |
1514 @smallexample | |
1515 @group | |
1516 (y-or-n-p "Do you need a lift? ") | |
1517 | |
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1518 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1519 ;; @r{the following prompt appears in the echo area:} |
1520 @end group | |
1521 | |
1522 @group | |
1523 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
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1524 Do you need a lift? (y or n) |
6555 | 1525 ---------- Echo area ---------- |
1526 @end group | |
1527 | |
1528 ;; @r{If the user then types @kbd{q}, the following appears:} | |
1529 | |
1530 @group | |
1531 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
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1532 Please answer y or n. Do you need a lift? (y or n) |
6555 | 1533 ---------- Echo area ---------- |
1534 @end group | |
1535 | |
1536 ;; @r{When the user types a valid answer,} | |
1537 ;; @r{it is displayed after the question:} | |
1538 | |
1539 @group | |
1540 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
1541 Do you need a lift? (y or n) y | |
1542 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
1543 @end group | |
1544 @end smallexample | |
1545 | |
1546 @noindent | |
1547 We show successive lines of echo area messages, but only one actually | |
1548 appears on the screen at a time. | |
1549 @end defun | |
1550 | |
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1551 @defun y-or-n-p-with-timeout prompt seconds default-value |
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1552 Like @code{y-or-n-p}, except that if the user fails to answer within |
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1553 @var{seconds} seconds, this function stops waiting and returns |
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1554 @var{default-value}. It works by setting up a timer; see @ref{Timers}. |
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1555 The argument @var{seconds} may be an integer or a floating point number. |
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1556 @end defun |
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1557 |
6555 | 1558 @defun yes-or-no-p prompt |
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1559 This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the |
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1560 minibuffer. It returns @code{t} if the user enters @samp{yes}, |
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1561 @code{nil} if the user types @samp{no}. The user must type @key{RET} to |
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1562 finalize the response. Upper and lower case are equivalent. |
6555 | 1563 |
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1564 @code{yes-or-no-p} starts by displaying @var{prompt} in the echo area, |
6555 | 1565 followed by @w{@samp{(yes or no) }}. The user must type one of the |
1566 expected responses; otherwise, the function responds @samp{Please answer | |
1567 yes or no.}, waits about two seconds and repeats the request. | |
1568 | |
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1569 @code{yes-or-no-p} requires more work from the user than |
6555 | 1570 @code{y-or-n-p} and is appropriate for more crucial decisions. |
1571 | |
1572 Here is an example: | |
1573 | |
1574 @smallexample | |
1575 @group | |
1576 (yes-or-no-p "Do you really want to remove everything? ") | |
1577 | |
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1578 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
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|
1579 ;; @r{the following prompt appears,} |
6555 | 1580 ;; @r{with an empty minibuffer:} |
1581 @end group | |
1582 | |
1583 @group | |
1584 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- | |
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1585 Do you really want to remove everything? (yes or no) |
6555 | 1586 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- |
1587 @end group | |
1588 @end smallexample | |
1589 | |
1590 @noindent | |
1591 If the user first types @kbd{y @key{RET}}, which is invalid because this | |
1592 function demands the entire word @samp{yes}, it responds by displaying | |
1593 these prompts, with a brief pause between them: | |
1594 | |
1595 @smallexample | |
1596 @group | |
1597 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- | |
1598 Please answer yes or no. | |
1599 Do you really want to remove everything? (yes or no) | |
1600 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- | |
1601 @end group | |
1602 @end smallexample | |
1603 @end defun | |
1604 | |
1605 @node Multiple Queries | |
1606 @section Asking Multiple Y-or-N Questions | |
1607 | |
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1608 When you have a series of similar questions to ask, such as ``Do you |
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1609 want to save this buffer'' for each buffer in turn, you should use |
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1610 @code{map-y-or-n-p} to ask the collection of questions, rather than |
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1611 asking each question individually. This gives the user certain |
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1612 convenient facilities such as the ability to answer the whole series at |
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1613 once. |
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1614 |
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1615 @defun map-y-or-n-p prompter actor list &optional help action-alist no-cursor-in-echo-area |
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1616 This function asks the user a series of questions, reading a |
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1617 single-character answer in the echo area for each one. |
6555 | 1618 |
1619 The value of @var{list} specifies the objects to ask questions about. | |
1620 It should be either a list of objects or a generator function. If it is | |
1621 a function, it should expect no arguments, and should return either the | |
1622 next object to ask about, or @code{nil} meaning stop asking questions. | |
1623 | |
1624 The argument @var{prompter} specifies how to ask each question. If | |
1625 @var{prompter} is a string, the question text is computed like this: | |
1626 | |
1627 @example | |
1628 (format @var{prompter} @var{object}) | |
1629 @end example | |
1630 | |
1631 @noindent | |
1632 where @var{object} is the next object to ask about (as obtained from | |
1633 @var{list}). | |
1634 | |
1635 If not a string, @var{prompter} should be a function of one argument | |
12226 | 1636 (the next object to ask about) and should return the question text. If |
1637 the value is a string, that is the question to ask the user. The | |
1638 function can also return @code{t} meaning do act on this object (and | |
1639 don't ask the user), or @code{nil} meaning ignore this object (and don't | |
1640 ask the user). | |
6555 | 1641 |
1642 The argument @var{actor} says how to act on the answers that the user | |
1643 gives. It should be a function of one argument, and it is called with | |
1644 each object that the user says yes for. Its argument is always an | |
1645 object obtained from @var{list}. | |
1646 | |
1647 If the argument @var{help} is given, it should be a list of this form: | |
1648 | |
1649 @example | |
1650 (@var{singular} @var{plural} @var{action}) | |
1651 @end example | |
1652 | |
1653 @noindent | |
1654 where @var{singular} is a string containing a singular noun that | |
1655 describes the objects conceptually being acted on, @var{plural} is the | |
1656 corresponding plural noun, and @var{action} is a transitive verb | |
1657 describing what @var{actor} does. | |
1658 | |
1659 If you don't specify @var{help}, the default is @code{("object" | |
1660 "objects" "act on")}. | |
1661 | |
1662 Each time a question is asked, the user may enter @kbd{y}, @kbd{Y}, or | |
1663 @key{SPC} to act on that object; @kbd{n}, @kbd{N}, or @key{DEL} to skip | |
1664 that object; @kbd{!} to act on all following objects; @key{ESC} or | |
1665 @kbd{q} to exit (skip all following objects); @kbd{.} (period) to act on | |
1666 the current object and then exit; or @kbd{C-h} to get help. These are | |
1667 the same answers that @code{query-replace} accepts. The keymap | |
1668 @code{query-replace-map} defines their meaning for @code{map-y-or-n-p} | |
1669 as well as for @code{query-replace}; see @ref{Search and Replace}. | |
1670 | |
1671 You can use @var{action-alist} to specify additional possible answers | |
1672 and what they mean. It is an alist of elements of the form | |
1673 @code{(@var{char} @var{function} @var{help})}, each of which defines one | |
1674 additional answer. In this element, @var{char} is a character (the | |
1675 answer); @var{function} is a function of one argument (an object from | |
1676 @var{list}); @var{help} is a string. | |
1677 | |
1678 When the user responds with @var{char}, @code{map-y-or-n-p} calls | |
1679 @var{function}. If it returns non-@code{nil}, the object is considered | |
1680 ``acted upon'', and @code{map-y-or-n-p} advances to the next object in | |
1681 @var{list}. If it returns @code{nil}, the prompt is repeated for the | |
1682 same object. | |
1683 | |
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1684 Normally, @code{map-y-or-n-p} binds @code{cursor-in-echo-area} while |
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1685 prompting. But if @var{no-cursor-in-echo-area} is non-@code{nil}, it |
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1686 does not do that. |
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|
1687 |
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1688 If @code{map-y-or-n-p} is called in a command that was invoked using the |
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1689 mouse---more precisely, if @code{last-nonmenu-event} (@pxref{Command |
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1690 Loop Info}) is either @code{nil} or a list---then it uses a dialog box |
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1691 or pop-up menu to ask the question. In this case, it does not use |
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1692 keyboard input or the echo area. You can force use of the mouse or use |
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1693 of keyboard input by binding @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable |
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1694 value around the call. |
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1695 |
6555 | 1696 The return value of @code{map-y-or-n-p} is the number of objects acted on. |
1697 @end defun | |
1698 | |
23147 | 1699 @node Reading a Password |
1700 @section Reading a Password | |
1701 @cindex passwords, reading | |
1702 | |
1703 To read a password to pass to another program, you can use the | |
1704 function @code{read-passwd}. | |
1705 | |
1706 @defun read-passwd prompt &optional confirm default | |
1707 This function reads a password, prompting with @var{prompt}. It does | |
1708 not echo the password as the user types it; instead, it echoes @samp{.} | |
1709 for each character in the password. | |
1710 | |
1711 The optional argument @var{confirm}, if non-@code{nil}, says to read the | |
1712 password twice and insist it must be the same both times. If it isn't | |
1713 the same, the user has to type it over and over until the last two | |
1714 times match. | |
1715 | |
1716 The optional argument @var{default} specifies the default password to | |
1717 return if the user enters empty input. If @var{default} is @code{nil}, | |
1718 then @code{read-passwd} returns the null string in that case. | |
1719 @end defun | |
1720 | |
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1721 @node Minibuffer Commands |
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1722 @section Minibuffer Commands |
6555 | 1723 |
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1724 This section describes some commands meant for use in the |
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1725 minibuffer. |
6555 | 1726 |
1727 @deffn Command exit-minibuffer | |
1728 This command exits the active minibuffer. It is normally bound to | |
1729 keys in minibuffer local keymaps. | |
1730 @end deffn | |
1731 | |
1732 @deffn Command self-insert-and-exit | |
1733 This command exits the active minibuffer after inserting the last | |
1734 character typed on the keyboard (found in @code{last-command-char}; | |
1735 @pxref{Command Loop Info}). | |
1736 @end deffn | |
1737 | |
1738 @deffn Command previous-history-element n | |
1739 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the | |
1740 @var{n}th previous (older) history element. | |
1741 @end deffn | |
1742 | |
1743 @deffn Command next-history-element n | |
1744 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the | |
1745 @var{n}th more recent history element. | |
1746 @end deffn | |
1747 | |
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1748 @deffn Command previous-matching-history-element pattern n |
6555 | 1749 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the |
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1750 @var{n}th previous (older) history element that matches @var{pattern} (a |
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1751 regular expression). |
6555 | 1752 @end deffn |
1753 | |
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1754 @deffn Command next-matching-history-element pattern n |
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1755 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the |
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1756 @var{n}th next (newer) history element that matches @var{pattern} (a |
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|
1757 regular expression). |
6555 | 1758 @end deffn |
1759 | |
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1760 @node Minibuffer Windows |
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1761 @section Minibuffer Windows |
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1762 |
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1763 These functions access and select minibuffer windows |
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1764 and test whether they are active. |
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1765 |
12067 | 1766 @defun active-minibuffer-window |
1767 This function returns the currently active minibuffer window, or | |
1768 @code{nil} if none is currently active. | |
1769 @end defun | |
1770 | |
6555 | 1771 @defun minibuffer-window &optional frame |
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1772 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-window} |
12067 | 1773 This function returns the minibuffer window used for frame @var{frame}. |
1774 If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, that stands for the current frame. Note | |
1775 that the minibuffer window used by a frame need not be part of that | |
1776 frame---a frame that has no minibuffer of its own necessarily uses some | |
1777 other frame's minibuffer window. | |
6555 | 1778 @end defun |
1779 | |
53429
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1780 @defun set-minibuffer-window window |
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1781 This function specifies @var{window} as the minibuffer window to use. |
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1782 This affects where the minibuffer is displayed if you put text in it |
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1783 without invoking the usual minibuffer commands. It has no effect on |
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1784 the usual minibuffer input functions because they all start by |
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1785 choosing the minibuffer window according to the current frame. |
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1786 @end defun |
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1787 |
6555 | 1788 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1789 @defun window-minibuffer-p &optional window |
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1790 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is a minibuffer |
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1791 window. |
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1792 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. |
6555 | 1793 @end defun |
1794 | |
1795 It is not correct to determine whether a given window is a minibuffer by | |
1796 comparing it with the result of @code{(minibuffer-window)}, because | |
1797 there can be more than one minibuffer window if there is more than one | |
1798 frame. | |
1799 | |
1800 @defun minibuffer-window-active-p window | |
1801 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window}, assumed to be | |
1802 a minibuffer window, is currently active. | |
1803 @end defun | |
1804 | |
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1805 @node Minibuffer Contents |
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1806 @section Minibuffer Contents |
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1807 |
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1808 These functions access the minibuffer prompt and contents. |
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1809 |
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1810 @defun minibuffer-prompt |
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1811 This function returns the prompt string of the currently active |
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1812 minibuffer. If no minibuffer is active, it returns @code{nil}. |
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1813 @end defun |
6555 | 1814 |
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1815 @defun minibuffer-prompt-end |
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1816 @tindex minibuffer-prompt-end |
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1817 This function returns the current |
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1818 position of the end of the minibuffer prompt, if a minibuffer is |
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1819 current. Otherwise, it returns the minimum valid buffer position. |
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1820 @end defun |
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1821 |
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1822 @defun minibuffer-prompt-width |
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1823 This function returns the current display-width of the minibuffer |
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1824 prompt, if a minibuffer is current. Otherwise, it returns zero. |
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1825 @end defun |
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1826 |
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1827 @defun minibuffer-contents |
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1828 @tindex minibuffer-contents |
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1829 This function returns the editable |
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1830 contents of the minibuffer (that is, everything except the prompt) as |
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1831 a string, if a minibuffer is current. Otherwise, it returns the |
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1832 entire contents of the current buffer. |
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1833 @end defun |
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1834 |
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1835 @defun minibuffer-contents-no-properties |
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1836 @tindex minibuffer-contents-no-properties |
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1837 This is like @code{minibuffer-contents}, except that it does not copy text |
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1838 properties, just the characters themselves. @xref{Text Properties}. |
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1839 @end defun |
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1840 |
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1841 @defun minibuffer-completion-contents |
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1842 @tindex minibuffer-completion-contents |
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1843 This is like @code{minibuffer-contents}, except that it returns only |
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1844 the contents before point. That is the part that completion commands |
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1845 operate on. @xref{Minibuffer Completion}. |
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1846 @end defun |
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1847 |
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1848 @defun delete-minibuffer-contents |
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1849 @tindex delete-minibuffer-contents |
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1850 This function erases the editable contents of the minibuffer (that is, |
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1851 everything except the prompt), if a minibuffer is current. Otherwise, |
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1852 it erases the entire current buffer. |
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1853 @end defun |
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1854 |
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1855 @node Recursive Mini |
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1856 @section Recursive Minibuffers |
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1857 |
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1858 These functions and variables deal with recursive minibuffers |
6555 | 1859 (@pxref{Recursive Editing}): |
1860 | |
1861 @defun minibuffer-depth | |
1862 This function returns the current depth of activations of the | |
1863 minibuffer, a nonnegative integer. If no minibuffers are active, it | |
1864 returns zero. | |
1865 @end defun | |
1866 | |
1867 @defopt enable-recursive-minibuffers | |
1868 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, you can invoke commands (such as | |
21682
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1869 @code{find-file}) that use minibuffers even while the minibuffer window |
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1870 is active. Such invocation produces a recursive editing level for a new |
6555 | 1871 minibuffer. The outer-level minibuffer is invisible while you are |
1872 editing the inner one. | |
1873 | |
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1874 If this variable is @code{nil}, you cannot invoke minibuffer |
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1875 commands when the minibuffer window is active, not even if you switch to |
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1876 another window to do it. |
6555 | 1877 @end defopt |
1878 | |
1879 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1880 If a command name has a property @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers} | |
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1881 that is non-@code{nil}, then the command can use the minibuffer to read |
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1882 arguments even if it is invoked from the minibuffer. A command can |
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1883 also achieve this by binding @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers} |
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1884 to @code{t} in the interactive declaration (@pxref{Using Interactive}). |
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1885 The minibuffer command @code{next-matching-history-element} (normally |
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1886 @kbd{M-s} in the minibuffer) does the latter. |
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1887 |
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1888 @node Minibuffer Misc |
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1889 @section Minibuffer Miscellany |
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1890 |
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1891 @defun minibufferp &optional buffer-or-name |
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1892 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{buffer-or-name} is a |
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1893 minibuffer. If @var{buffer-or-name} is omitted, it tests the current |
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1894 buffer. |
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1895 @end defun |
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1896 |
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1897 @defvar minibuffer-setup-hook |
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1898 This is a normal hook that is run whenever the minibuffer is entered. |
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1899 @xref{Hooks}. |
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1900 @end defvar |
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1901 |
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1902 @defvar minibuffer-exit-hook |
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1903 This is a normal hook that is run whenever the minibuffer is exited. |
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1904 @xref{Hooks}. |
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1905 @end defvar |
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1906 |
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1907 @defvar minibuffer-help-form |
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1908 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-help-form} |
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1909 The current value of this variable is used to rebind @code{help-form} |
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1910 locally inside the minibuffer (@pxref{Help Functions}). |
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1911 @end defvar |
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1912 |
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1913 @defvar minibuffer-scroll-window |
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1914 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-scroll-window} |
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1915 If the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a window |
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1916 object. When the function @code{scroll-other-window} is called in the |
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1917 minibuffer, it scrolls this window. |
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1918 @end defvar |
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1919 |
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1920 @defun minibuffer-selected-window |
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1921 This function returns the window which was selected when the |
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1922 minibuffer was entered. If selected window is not a minibuffer |
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1923 window, it returns @code{nil}. |
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1924 @end defun |
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1925 |
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1926 @defopt max-mini-window-height |
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1927 This variable specifies the maximum height for resizing minibuffer |
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1928 windows. If a float, it specifies a fraction of the height of the |
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1929 frame. If an integer, it specifies a number of lines. |
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1930 @end defopt |
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1931 |
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1932 @defun minibuffer-message string |
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1933 This function displays @var{string} temporarily at the end of the |
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1934 minibuffer text, for two seconds, or until the next input event |
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1935 arrives, whichever comes first. |
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1936 @end defun |
52401 | 1937 |
1938 @ignore | |
1939 arch-tag: bba7f945-9078-477f-a2ce-18818a6e1218 | |
1940 @end ignore |