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1 This file is obsolete, and no longer part of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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2 It is still present in CVS in case we ever want to use some of it again.
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3
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4 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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5 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999
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6 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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7 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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8
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9
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10 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
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11 @c %**start of header
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12 @setfilename elisp
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13 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2
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14 @smallbook
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15 @c %**end of header
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16
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17
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18 @tex
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19 %%%% Experiment with smaller skip before sections and subsections.
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20 %%%% --rjc 30mar92
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21
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22 \global\secheadingskip = 17pt plus 6pt minus 3pt
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23 \global\subsecheadingskip = 14pt plus 6pt minus 3pt
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24
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25 % The defaults are:
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26 % \secheadingskip = 21pt plus 8pt minus 4pt
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27 % \subsecheadingskip = 17pt plus 8pt minus 4pt
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28 @end tex
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29
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30 @finalout
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31 @c tex
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32 @c \overfullrule=0pt
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33 @c end tex
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34
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35 @c Start volume 2 chapter numbering on chapter 21;
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36 @c this must be listed as chapno 20.
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37 @tex
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38 \global\chapno=20
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39 @end tex
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40
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41 @c ================================================================
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42 @c Note: I was unable to figure out how to get .aux files copied
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43 @c properly in the time I had. Hence need to copy .aux file before
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44 @c running Tex. --rjc
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45
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46 @tex
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47
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48 \message{}
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49 \message{Redefining contents commands...}
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50 \message{}
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51
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52 % Special @contents command
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53
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54 % This inputs fixed up table of contents file rather than create new one.
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55 \global\def\contents{%
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56 \startcontents{Table of Contents}%
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57 \input elisp2-toc-ready.toc
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58 \endgroup
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59 \vfill \eject
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60 }
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61
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62 % Special @summarycontents command
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63 % This inputs fixed up table of contents file rather than create new one.
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64 \global\def\summarycontents{%
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65 \startcontents{Short Contents}%
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66 %
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67 \let\chapentry = \shortchapentry
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68 \let\unnumbchapentry = \shortunnumberedentry
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69 % We want a true roman here for the page numbers.
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70 \secfonts
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71 \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf \let\sl=\shortcontsl
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72 \rm
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73 \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little.
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74 \def\secentry ##1##2##3##4{}
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75 \def\unnumbsecentry ##1##2{}
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76 \def\subsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5{}
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77 \def\unnumbsubsecentry ##1##2{}
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78 \def\subsubsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5##6{}
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79 \def\unnumbsubsubsecentry ##1##2{}
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80 \input elisp2-toc-ready.toc
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81 \endgroup
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82 \vfill \eject
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83 }
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84
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85 \message{}
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86 \message{Formatting special two volume edition...Volume 2...}
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87 \message{}
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88 @end tex
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89 @c ================================================================
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90
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91
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92 @c ==> This `elisp-small.texi' is a `smallbook' version of the manual.
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93
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94 @c ==== Following are acceptable over and underfull hboxes in TeX ====
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95
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96 @c -----
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97 @c [163] [164] [165] [166]) (loading.texi Chapter 13 [167] [168] [169]
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98 @c Overfull \hbox (20.5428pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 131--131
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99 @c []@ninett
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100 @c setenv EMAC-SLOAD-PATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/lib/emacs/lisp[]
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101 @c -----
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102 @c (minibuf.texi Chapter 17 [206] [207] [208] [209] [210] [211] [212] [213]
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103 @c [214] [215]
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104 @c Overfull \hbox (2.09094pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 550--560
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105 @c @texttt map[] @textrm if @textsl require-match @textrm is
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106 @c @texttt nil[]@textrm , or else with the keymap @texttt minibuffer-
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107 @c -----
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108 @c (locals.texi Appendix @char 68 [533] [534]
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109 @c Underfull \hbox (badness 2512) in paragraph at lines 4--4
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110 @c []@chaprm Appendix DStandard Buffer-Local
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111
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112 @c -------------------------------------------------------------------
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113
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114 @c
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115 @c Combine indices.
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116 @synindex cp fn
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117 @syncodeindex vr fn
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118 @syncodeindex ky fn
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119 @syncodeindex pg fn
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120 @syncodeindex tp fn
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121 @c oops: texinfo-format-buffer ignores synindex
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122 @c
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123
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124 @ifinfo
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125 This file documents GNU Emacs Lisp.
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126
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127 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
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128 @c and also in the file intro.texi.
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129 This is edition 2.4 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
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130 Manual. It corresponds to Emacs Version 19.29.
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131 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file
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132 @c and also in *one* place in ==> intro.texi <==
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133 @c huh? i only found three real places where the edition is stated, and
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134 @c one place where it is not stated explicitly ("this info file is newer
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135 @c than the foobar edition"). --mew 13sep93
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136
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137 Published by the Free Software Foundation
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138 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
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139 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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140 @end ifinfo
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141
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142 @setchapternewpage odd
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143
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144 @iftex
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145 @shorttitlepage The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2
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146 @end iftex
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147 @titlepage
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148 @sp 1
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149 @center @titlefont{The}
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150 @sp 1
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151 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Lisp}
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152 @sp 1
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153 @center @titlefont{Reference Manual}
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154 @sp 2
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155 @center GNU Emacs Version 19.29
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156 @center for Unix Users
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157 @sp 1
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158 @center Edition 2.4, June 1995
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159 @sp 2
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160 @center @titlefont{Volume 2}
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161 @sp 3
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162 @center by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte,
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163 @center and the GNU Manual Group
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164 @page
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165 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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166 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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167
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168 @sp 2
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169 Edition 2.4 @*
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170 Revised for Emacs Version 19.29,@*
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171 June, 1995.@*
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172 @sp 2
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173 ISBN 1-882114-71-X
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174
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175 @sp 2
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176 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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177 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
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178 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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179
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180 @sp 1
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181 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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182 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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183 preserved on all copies.
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184
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185 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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186 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
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187 section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included
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188 exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
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189 derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
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190 identical to this one.
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191
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192 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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193 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
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194 except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be
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195 included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation
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196 instead of in the original English.
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197
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198 @sp 2
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199 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
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200 @end titlepage
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201 @page
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202
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203 @node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)
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204
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205 @ifinfo
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206 This Info file contains edition 2.4 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
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207 Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 19.29.
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208 @end ifinfo
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209
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210 @menu
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211 * Copying:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
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212 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used.
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213
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214 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
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215 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions.
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216 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them.
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217 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
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218 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
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219 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
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220 The description of vectors is here as well.
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221 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely.
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222
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223 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
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224 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
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225 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
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226 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program
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227 that can be invoked from other functions.
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228 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
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229
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230 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
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231 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster.
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232 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.
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233
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234 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
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235 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input.
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236 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works,
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237 and how you can call its subroutines.
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238 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands.
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239 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes.
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240 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings.
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241
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242 * Files:: Accessing files.
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243 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
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244 files are made.
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245 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects.
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246 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
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247 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows.
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248 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions.
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249 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update
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250 automatically when the text is changed.
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251
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252 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers.
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253 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
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254 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
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255 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.
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256
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257 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses.
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258 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment
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259 variables, and other such things.
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260 * Display:: Parameters controlling screen usage.
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261 The bell. Waiting for input.
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262
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263 Appendices
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264
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265 * Tips:: Advice for writing Lisp programs.
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266 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs;
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267 internal data structures.
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268 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols.
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269 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: List of variables local in all buffers.
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270 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps.
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271 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables.
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272
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273 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables,
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274 and other terms.
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275
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276 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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277
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278 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed,
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279 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
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280
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281 Introduction
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282
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283 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help.
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284 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
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285 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted.
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286 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
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287
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288 Conventions
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289
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290 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
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291 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used.
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292 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation.
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293 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output.
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294 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors.
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295 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
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296 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
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297
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298 Format of Descriptions
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299
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300 * A Sample Function Description::
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301 * A Sample Variable Description::
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302
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303 Lisp Data Types
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304
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305 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text.
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306 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions.
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307 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems.
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308 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs.
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309 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types.
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310 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects.
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311
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312 Programming Types
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313
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314 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts.
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315 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
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316 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and
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317 control characters.
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318 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
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319 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
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320 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors.
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321 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters.
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322 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays.
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323 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function,
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324 variable, property list, or itself.
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325 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
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326 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another
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327 expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
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328 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
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329 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
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330 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
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331 functions.
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332
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333 List Type
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334
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335 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists.
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336 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list.
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337
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338 Editing Types
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339
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340 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing.
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341 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible.
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342 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like.
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343 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer.
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344 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS.
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345 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters.
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346 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes.
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347 * Syntax Table Type:: What a character means.
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348
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349 Numbers
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350
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351 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers.
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352 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point.
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353 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers.
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354 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates.
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355 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
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356 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting.
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357 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa.
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358 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
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359 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
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360
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361 Strings and Characters
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362
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363 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters.
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364 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char.
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365 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings.
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366 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings.
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367 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa.
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368 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analog of @code{printf}.
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369 * Character Case:: Case conversion functions.
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370
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371 Lists
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372
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373 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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374 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists.
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375 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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376 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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377 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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378 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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379 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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380 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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381
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382 Modifying Existing List Structure
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383
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384 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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385 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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386 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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387 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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388
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389 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
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390
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391 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
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392 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
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393 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays.
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394 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors.
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395
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396 Symbols
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397
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398 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions
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399 and property lists.
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400 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used.
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401 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique.
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402 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list
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403 for recording miscellaneous information.
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404
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405 Evaluation
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406
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407 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things.
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408 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
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409 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
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410 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
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411 the program).
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412
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413 Kinds of Forms
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414
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415 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves.
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416 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables.
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417 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
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418 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions.
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419 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros.
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420 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives,
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421 most of them extremely important.
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422 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files
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423 containing their real definitions.
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424
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425 Control Structures
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426
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427 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order.
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428 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}.
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429 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
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430 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops.
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431 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence.
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432
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433 Nonlocal Exits
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434
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435 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes.
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436 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written.
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437 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled.
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438 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an
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439 error happens.
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440
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441 Errors
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442
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443 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error.
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444 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error.
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445 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution.
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446 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them.
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447
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448 Variables
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449
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450 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
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451 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change.
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452 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily.
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453 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values.
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454 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
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455 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names
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456 are known only at run time.
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457 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables.
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458 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
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459 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
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460
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461 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
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462
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463 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value
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464 is visible. Comparison with other languages.
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465 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists.
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466 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping.
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467 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and
|
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|
468 avoid problems.
|
|
469
|
|
470 Buffer-Local Variables
|
|
471
|
|
472 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts.
|
|
473 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
|
|
474 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers
|
|
475 that don't have their own local values.
|
|
476
|
|
477 Functions
|
|
478
|
|
479 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
|
|
480 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.
|
|
481 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function.
|
|
482 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions.
|
|
483 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function.
|
|
484 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
|
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|
485 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
|
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|
486 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition
|
|
487 of a symbol.
|
|
488 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
|
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|
489 that have a special bearing on how
|
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|
490 functions work.
|
|
491
|
|
492 Lambda Expressions
|
|
493
|
|
494 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression.
|
|
495 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example.
|
|
496 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists.
|
|
497 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function.
|
|
498
|
|
499 Macros
|
|
500
|
|
501 * Simple Macro:: A basic example.
|
|
502 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded.
|
|
503 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler.
|
|
504 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition.
|
|
505 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure.
|
|
506 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
|
|
507 Don't hide the user's variables.
|
|
508
|
|
509 Loading
|
|
510
|
|
511 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
|
|
512 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload.
|
|
513 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
|
|
514 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice.
|
|
515
|
|
516 Byte Compilation
|
|
517
|
|
518 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
|
|
519 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
|
|
520
|
|
521 Debugging Lisp Programs
|
|
522
|
|
523 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
|
|
524 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors.
|
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|
525 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in
|
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|
526 byte compilation.
|
|
527 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.
|
49600
|
528
|
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|
529 The Lisp Debugger
|
|
530
|
|
531 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens.
|
|
532 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called.
|
|
533 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program.
|
|
534 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
|
|
535 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger.
|
|
536 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}.
|
|
537 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.
|
|
538
|
|
539 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
|
|
540
|
|
541 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
|
|
542 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.
|
|
543
|
|
544 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
|
|
545
|
|
546 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing.
|
49600
|
547 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
|
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|
548 input streams.
|
|
549 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
|
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|
550 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
|
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|
551 output streams.
|
|
552 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
|
|
553
|
|
554 Minibuffers
|
|
555
|
|
556 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers.
|
|
557 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string.
|
|
558 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression.
|
|
559 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion.
|
|
560 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer.
|
|
561 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables.
|
|
562
|
|
563 Completion
|
|
564
|
|
565 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings.
|
|
566 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.)
|
|
567 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
|
|
568 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion.
|
|
569 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion
|
|
570 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.)
|
|
571 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names.
|
|
572 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
|
|
573
|
|
574 Command Loop
|
|
575
|
|
576 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands.
|
|
577 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments.
|
|
578 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
|
|
579 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
|
|
580 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it.
|
|
581 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
|
|
582 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
|
|
583 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting.
|
|
584 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work.
|
|
585 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit,
|
|
586 and why you usually shouldn't.
|
|
587 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands.
|
|
588 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed.
|
|
589 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented.
|
|
590
|
|
591 Defining Commands
|
|
592
|
|
593 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}.
|
|
594 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
|
|
595 in various ways.
|
|
596 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments.
|
|
597
|
|
598 Keymaps
|
|
599
|
|
600 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps.
|
|
601 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
|
|
602 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps.
|
|
603 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
|
|
604 of another keymap.
|
|
605 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
|
|
606 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X
|
|
607 or for use from the terminal.
|
|
608 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
|
|
609 to override the standard (global) bindings.
|
|
610 Each minor mode can also override them.
|
|
611 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works.
|
|
612 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup.
|
|
613 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap.
|
|
614 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
|
|
615 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
|
|
616
|
|
617 Major and Minor Modes
|
|
618
|
|
619 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
|
|
620 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
|
|
621 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
|
49600
|
622 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that
|
41130
|
623 provides hooks.
|
|
624
|
|
625 Major Modes
|
|
626
|
|
627 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
|
|
628 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes.
|
|
629 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
|
|
630 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode.
|
|
631
|
|
632 Minor Modes
|
|
633
|
|
634 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode.
|
|
635 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
|
|
636
|
|
637 Mode Line Format
|
|
638
|
|
639 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line.
|
|
640 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure.
|
|
641 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line.
|
|
642
|
|
643 Documentation
|
|
644
|
|
645 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings.
|
|
646 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them.
|
|
647 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings.
|
|
648 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings.
|
|
649 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of
|
|
650 non-printing characters and key sequences.
|
|
651 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities.
|
|
652
|
|
653 Files
|
|
654
|
|
655 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
|
|
656 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
|
|
657 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers.
|
|
658 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
|
|
659 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
|
|
660 simultaneous editing by two people.
|
|
661 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
|
|
662 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
|
|
663 * Changing File Attributes:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
|
|
664 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
|
|
665
|
|
666 Visiting Files
|
|
667
|
|
668 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
|
|
669 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
|
|
670
|
|
671 Information about Files
|
|
672
|
|
673 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
|
|
674 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link?
|
|
675 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
|
|
676
|
|
677 File Names
|
|
678
|
|
679 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
|
|
680 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
|
|
681 is different from its name as a file.
|
49600
|
682 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a
|
41130
|
683 current directory.
|
|
684 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
|
|
685 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
|
|
686 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
|
|
687
|
|
688 Backups and Auto-Saving
|
|
689
|
49600
|
690 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names
|
41130
|
691 are chosen.
|
|
692 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their
|
|
693 names are chosen.
|
49600
|
694 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize
|
41130
|
695 what it does.
|
|
696
|
|
697 Backup Files
|
|
698
|
|
699 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when.
|
49600
|
700 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file
|
41130
|
701 or copying it.
|
|
702 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file.
|
|
703 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization.
|
|
704
|
|
705 Buffers
|
|
706
|
|
707 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer?
|
|
708 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names.
|
|
709 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file
|
|
710 is visited.
|
|
711 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
|
|
712 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed
|
|
713 ``behind Emacs's back''.
|
|
714 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a
|
|
715 read-only buffer.
|
|
716 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers.
|
|
717 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers.
|
|
718 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
|
|
719 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current
|
|
720 so primitives will access its contents.
|
|
721
|
|
722 Windows
|
|
723
|
|
724 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows.
|
|
725 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows.
|
|
726 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
|
|
727 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in.
|
|
728 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows.
|
|
729 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
|
|
730 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer
|
|
731 and choosing a window for it.
|
|
732 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point.
|
|
733 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text
|
49600
|
734 is on-screen in the window.
|
41130
|
735 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window.
|
|
736 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window.
|
|
737 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window.
|
|
738 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window.
|
|
739 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
|
|
740
|
|
741 Frames
|
|
742
|
|
743 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames.
|
|
744 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays.
|
|
745 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
|
|
746 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles.
|
|
747 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted.
|
|
748 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames.
|
|
749 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows;
|
|
750 display of text always works through windows.
|
|
751 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
|
|
752 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame.
|
|
753 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
|
|
754 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows;
|
|
755 lowering it makes the others hide them.
|
|
756 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames.
|
|
757 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
|
|
758 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
|
|
759 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
|
|
760 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
|
|
761 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
|
|
762 * X Selections:: Transferring text to and from other X clients.
|
|
763 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names.
|
|
764 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server.
|
|
765 * Server Data:: Getting info about the X server.
|
|
766
|
|
767 Positions
|
|
768
|
|
769 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place.
|
|
770 * Motion:: Changing point.
|
|
771 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes.
|
|
772 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
|
|
773
|
|
774 Motion
|
|
775
|
|
776 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters.
|
|
777 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words.
|
|
778 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
|
|
779 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text.
|
|
780 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
|
|
781 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
|
|
782 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
|
|
783
|
|
784 Markers
|
|
785
|
|
786 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
|
|
787 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
|
|
788 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
|
|
789 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character
|
49600
|
790 position.
|
41130
|
791 * Changing Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
|
|
792 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker.
|
|
793 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''.
|
|
794
|
|
795 Text
|
|
796
|
|
797 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point.
|
|
798 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion.
|
|
799 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer.
|
|
800 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text.
|
|
801 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer.
|
|
802 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text.
|
|
803 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for
|
|
804 later use.
|
|
805 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
|
|
806 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
|
|
807 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling.
|
|
808 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands.
|
|
809 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
|
|
810 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
|
|
811 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
|
|
812 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
|
|
813 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
|
|
814 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing
|
|
815 the text or position stored in a register.
|
49600
|
816
|
41130
|
817 The Kill Ring
|
|
818
|
|
819 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring.
|
|
820 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text.
|
|
821 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring.
|
|
822 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access.
|
|
823 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data.
|
|
824
|
|
825 Indentation
|
|
826
|
|
827 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation.
|
|
828 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes.
|
|
829 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region.
|
|
830 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines.
|
|
831 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
|
|
832 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character.
|
|
833
|
|
834 Searching and Matching
|
|
835
|
|
836 * String Search:: Search for an exact match.
|
|
837 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings.
|
|
838 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp.
|
|
839 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched
|
|
840 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search.
|
|
841 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information.
|
|
842 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
|
|
843 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching.
|
|
844
|
|
845 Regular Expressions
|
|
846
|
|
847 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions.
|
|
848 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax.
|
|
849
|
|
850 Syntax Tables
|
|
851
|
|
852 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified.
|
|
853 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
|
|
854 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions
|
|
855 using the syntax table.
|
|
856 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes.
|
|
857 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored.
|
|
858
|
|
859 Syntax Descriptors
|
|
860
|
|
861 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes.
|
|
862 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have.
|
|
863
|
|
864 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion
|
|
865
|
|
866 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
|
|
867 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables.
|
|
868 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
|
|
869 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files.
|
|
870 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
|
|
871 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
|
|
872
|
|
873 Processes
|
|
874
|
|
875 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses.
|
|
876 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
|
|
877 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
878 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
879 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes.
|
|
880 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
881 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting
|
|
882 an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
883 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
884 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
|
|
885 * Network:: Opening network connections.
|
|
886
|
|
887 Receiving Output from Processes
|
|
888
|
|
889 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer.
|
|
890 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process.
|
|
891 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives.
|
|
892
|
|
893 Operating System Interface
|
|
894
|
|
895 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing.
|
|
896 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
|
|
897 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system.
|
|
898 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging.
|
|
899 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging.
|
|
900 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off.
|
|
901 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction.
|
|
902
|
|
903 Starting Up Emacs
|
|
904
|
|
905 * Start-up Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up.
|
|
906 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
|
|
907 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
|
|
908 * Command Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed,
|
|
909 and how you can customize them.
|
|
910
|
|
911 Getting out of Emacs
|
|
912
|
|
913 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
|
|
914 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly.
|
|
915
|
|
916 Emacs Display
|
|
917
|
|
918 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
|
|
919 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines.
|
|
920 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed.
|
|
921 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text.
|
|
922 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position.
|
|
923 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically.
|
|
924 * Waiting:: Forcing display update and waiting for user.
|
|
925 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
|
|
926 * Usual Display:: How control characters are displayed.
|
|
927 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user.
|
|
928 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used.
|
|
929
|
|
930 GNU Emacs Internals
|
|
931
|
|
932 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs.
|
|
933 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable.
|
|
934 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
|
|
935 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.
|
|
936 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs.
|
|
937
|
|
938 Object Internals
|
|
939
|
|
940 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure.
|
|
941 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure.
|
|
942 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure.
|
|
943 @end menu
|
|
944
|
|
945 @c ================ Volume 1 ================
|
|
946
|
|
947 @c include intro.texi
|
|
948 @c include objects.texi
|
|
949 @c include numbers.texi
|
|
950 @c include strings.texi
|
|
951
|
|
952 @c include lists.texi
|
|
953 @c include sequences.texi
|
|
954 @c include symbols.texi
|
|
955 @c include eval.texi
|
|
956
|
|
957 @c include control.texi
|
|
958 @c include variables.texi
|
|
959 @c include functions.texi
|
|
960 @c include macros.texi
|
|
961
|
|
962 @c include loading.texi
|
|
963 @c include compile.texi
|
|
964 @c include debugging.texi
|
|
965 @c include streams.texi
|
|
966
|
|
967 @c include minibuf.texi
|
|
968 @c include commands.texi
|
|
969 @c include keymaps.texi
|
|
970 @c include modes.texi
|
|
971
|
|
972 @c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================
|
|
973
|
|
974 @include help.texi
|
|
975 @include files.texi
|
|
976 @include backups.texi
|
|
977 @include buffers.texi
|
|
978
|
|
979 @include windows.texi
|
|
980 @include frames.texi
|
|
981 @include positions.texi
|
|
982 @include markers.texi
|
|
983 @include text.texi
|
|
984
|
|
985 @include searching.texi
|
|
986 @include syntax.texi
|
|
987 @include abbrevs.texi
|
|
988
|
|
989 @include processes.texi
|
|
990 @include os.texi
|
|
991 @include display.texi
|
|
992
|
|
993 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi
|
|
994
|
|
995 @c appendices
|
|
996
|
|
997 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi
|
|
998
|
|
999 @include tips.texi
|
|
1000 @include internals.texi
|
|
1001 @include errors.texi
|
|
1002 @include locals.texi
|
|
1003 @include maps.texi
|
|
1004 @include hooks.texi
|
|
1005
|
|
1006 @include index-vol2.texi
|
|
1007
|
|
1008 @page
|
|
1009 @c Print the tables of contents
|
|
1010 @summarycontents
|
|
1011 @contents
|
|
1012 @c That's all
|
|
1013
|
|
1014 @bye
|
|
1015
|
|
1016
|
|
1017 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.
|
52401
|
1018
|
|
1019 @ignore
|
|
1020 arch-tag: dfdbecf8-fec2-49c1-8427-3e8ac8b0b849
|
|
1021 @end ignore
|