annotate etc/emacs.1 @ 70820:d0c27da52401

Add entry for ewoc change.
author Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
date Sun, 21 May 2006 21:51:17 +0000
parents e8a3fb527b77
children c20709d49a63 c5406394f567
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rev   line source
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1 .\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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2 .\" 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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3 .\"
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4 .\" This file is part of GNU Emacs.
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5 .\"
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6 .\" GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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7 .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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8 .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
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9 .\" any later version.
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10 .\"
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11 .\" GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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12 .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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13 .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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14 .\" GNU General Public License for more details.
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15 .\"
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16 .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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17 .\" along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
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18 .\" Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
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19 .\" Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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20 .\"
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21 '\" t
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22 .TH EMACS 1 "2001 November 23"
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23 .UC 4
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24 .SH NAME
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25 emacs \- GNU project Emacs
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26 .SH SYNOPSIS
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27 .B emacs
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28 [
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29 .I command-line switches
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30 ] [
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31 .I files ...
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32 ]
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33 .br
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34 .SH DESCRIPTION
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35 .I GNU Emacs
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36 is a version of
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37 .I Emacs,
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38 written by the author of the original (PDP-10)
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39 .I Emacs,
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40 Richard Stallman.
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41 .br
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42 The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual,
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43 which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please
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44 look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page
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45 is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs
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46 maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man
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47 page takes away from other more useful projects.
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48 .br
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49 The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses
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50 everything other
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51 .I Emacs
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52 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its
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53 editing commands are written in Lisp.
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54 .PP
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55 .I Emacs
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56 has an extensive interactive help facility,
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57 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate
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58 .I Emacs
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59 windows and buffers.
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60 CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t)
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61 requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals
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62 of
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63 .I Emacs
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64 in a few minutes.
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65 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you
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66 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c)
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67 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f)
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68 describes a given Lisp function specified by name.
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69 .PP
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70 .I Emacs's
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71 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is
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72 easy to recover from editing mistakes.
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73 .PP
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74 .I GNU Emacs's
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75 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail),
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76 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells
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77 within
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78 .I Emacs
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79 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop
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80 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor).
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81 .PP
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82 There is an extensive reference manual, but
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83 users of other Emacses
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84 should have little trouble adapting even
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85 without a copy. Users new to
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86 .I Emacs
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87 will be able
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88 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and
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89 using the self-documentation features.
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90 .PP
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91 .SM Emacs Options
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92 .PP
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93 The following options are of general interest:
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94 .TP 8
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95 .I file
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96 Edit
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97 .I file.
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98 .TP
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99 .BI \+ number
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100 Go to the line specified by
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101 .I number
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102 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and
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103 the number). This applies only to the next file specified.
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104 .TP
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105 .BI \+ line:column
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106 Go to the specified
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107 .I line
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108 and
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109 .I column
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110 .TP
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111 .B \-q
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112 Do not load an init file.
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113 .TP
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114 .B \-no-site-file
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115 Do not load the site-wide startup file.
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116 .TP
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117 .BI \-debug-init
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118 Enable
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119 .I Emacs
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120 Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file
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121 .BI ~/.emacs.
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122 This is useful for debugging problems in the init file.
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123 .TP
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124 .BI \-u " user"
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125 Load
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126 .I user's
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127 init file.
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128 .TP
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129 .BI \-t " file"
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130 Use specified
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131 .I file
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132 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout.
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133 This must be the first argument specified in the command line.
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134 .TP
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135 .B \-version
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136 Display
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137 .I Emacs
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138 version information and exit.
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139 .PP
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140 The following options are lisp-oriented
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141 (these options are processed in the order encountered):
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142 .TP 8
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143 .BI \-f " function"
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144 Execute the lisp function
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145 .I function.
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146 .TP
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147 .BI \-l " file"
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148 Load the lisp code in the file
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149 .I file.
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150 .TP
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151 .BI \-eval " expr"
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152 Evaluate the Lisp expression
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153 .I expr.
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154 .PP
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155 The following options are useful when running
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156 .I Emacs
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157 as a batch editor:
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158 .TP 8
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159 .BI \-batch
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160 Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This
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161 option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f
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162 options to specify files to execute and functions to call.
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163 .TP
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164 .B \-kill
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165 Exit
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166 .I Emacs
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167 while in batch mode.
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168 .TP
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169 .BI \-L " directory"
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170 Add
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171 .I directory
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172 to the list of directories
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173 .I Emacs
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174 searches for Lisp files.
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175 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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176 .PP
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177 .SM Using Emacs with X
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178 .PP
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179 .I Emacs
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180 has been tailored to work well with the X window system.
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181 If you run
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182 .I Emacs
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183 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to
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184 display in. You will probably want to start the editor
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185 as a background process
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186 so that you can continue using your original window.
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187 .PP
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188 .I Emacs
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189 can be started with the following X switches:
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190 .TP 8
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191 .BI \-name " name"
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192 Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial
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193 .I Emacs
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194 window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title.
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195 .TP 8
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196 .BI \-title " name"
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197 Specifies the title for the initial X window.
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198 .TP 8
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199 .B \-r
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200 Display the
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201 .I Emacs
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202 window in reverse video.
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203 .TP
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204 .B \-i
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205 Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the
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206 .I Emacs
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207 window.
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208 .TP
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209 .BI \-font " font, " \-fn " font"
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210 Set the
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211 .I Emacs
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212 window's font to that specified by
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213 .I font.
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214 You will find the various
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215 .I X
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216 fonts in the
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217 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts
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218 directory.
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219 Note that
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220 .I Emacs
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221 will only accept fixed width fonts.
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222 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the
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223 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed
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224 width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form
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225 .IR width x height
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226 are generally fixed width, as is the font
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227 .IR fixed .
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228 See
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229 .IR xlsfonts (1)
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230 for more information.
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231
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232 When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the
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233 switch and the font name.
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234 .TP
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235 .BI \-bw " pixels"
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236 Set the
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237 .I Emacs
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238 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by
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239 .I pixels.
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240 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.
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241 .TP
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242 .BI \-ib " pixels"
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243 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified
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244 by
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245 .I pixels.
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246 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.
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247 .PP
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248 .TP 8
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249 .BI \-\-geometry " geometry"
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250 Set the
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251 .I Emacs
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252 window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry
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253 specification is in the standard X format; see
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254 .IR X (1)
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255 for more information.
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256 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by
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257 24. See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position",
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258 for information on how window sizes interact
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259 with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar.
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260 .PP
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261 .TP 8
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262 .BI \-fg " color"
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263 On color displays, sets the color of the text.
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264
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265 See the file
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266 .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt
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267 for a list of valid
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268 color names.
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269 .TP
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270 .BI \-bg " color"
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271 On color displays,
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272 sets the color of the window's background.
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273 .TP
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274 .BI \-bd " color"
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275 On color displays,
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276 sets the color of the window's border.
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277 .TP
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278 .BI \-cr " color"
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279 On color displays,
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280 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
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281 .TP
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282 .BI \-ms " color"
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283 On color displays,
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284 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
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285 .TP
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286 .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname"
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287 Create the
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288 .I Emacs
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289 window on the display specified by
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290 .IR displayname .
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291 Must be the first option specified in the command line.
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292 .TP
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293 .B \-nw
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294 Tells
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295 .I Emacs
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296 not to use its special interface to X. If you use this
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297 switch when invoking
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298 .I Emacs
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299 from an
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300 .IR xterm (1)
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301 window, display is done in that window.
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302 This must be the first option specified in the command line.
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303 .PP
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304 You can set
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305 .I X
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306 default values for your
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307 .I Emacs
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308 windows in your
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309 .I \.Xresources
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310 file (see
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311 .IR xrdb (1)).
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312 Use the following format:
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313 .IP
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314 emacs.keyword:value
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315 .PP
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316 where
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317 .I value
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318 specifies the default value of
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319 .I keyword.
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320 .I Emacs
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321 lets you set default values for the following keywords:
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322 .TP 8
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323 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font)
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324 Sets the window's text font.
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325 .TP
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326 .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo)
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327 If
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328 .I reverseVideo's
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329 value is set to
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330 .I on,
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331 the window will be displayed in reverse video.
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332 .TP
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333 .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon)
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334 If
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335 .I bitmapIcon's
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336 value is set to
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337 .I on,
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338 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
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339 .TP
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340 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth)
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341 Sets the window's border width in pixels.
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342 .TP
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343 .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth)
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344 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
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345 .TP
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346 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
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347 For color displays,
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348 sets the window's text color.
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349 .TP
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350 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background)
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351 For color displays,
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352 sets the window's background color.
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353 .TP
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354 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor)
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355 For color displays,
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356 sets the color of the window's border.
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357 .TP
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358 .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
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diff changeset
359 For color displays,
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diff changeset
360 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
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361 .TP
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362 .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
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diff changeset
363 For color displays,
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diff changeset
364 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
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365 .TP
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366 .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry)
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367 Sets the geometry of the
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368 .I Emacs
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diff changeset
369 window (as described above).
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370 .TP
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371 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title)
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diff changeset
372 Sets the title of the
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373 .I Emacs
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diff changeset
374 window.
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375 .TP
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376 .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title)
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377 Sets the icon name for the
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378 .I Emacs
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379 window icon.
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380 .PP
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381 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display,
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382 the window's characteristics will default as follows:
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383 the foreground color will be set to black,
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384 the background color will be set to white,
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diff changeset
385 the border color will be set to grey,
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386 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black.
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387 .PP
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388 .SM Using the Mouse
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389 .PP
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390 The following lists the mouse button bindings for the
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391 .I Emacs
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392 window under X11.
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393
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394 .TS
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395 l l.
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396 MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION
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397 left Set point.
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398 middle Paste text.
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399 right Cut text into X cut buffer.
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400 SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer.
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401 SHIFT-right Paste text.
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402 CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.
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403 CTRL-right T{
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404 Select this window, then split it into
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405 two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2.
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406 T}
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407 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
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408 CTRL-SHIFT-left T{
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409 X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys
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410 down, wait for menu to appear, select
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411 buffer, and release. Move mouse out of
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412 menu and release to cancel.
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413 T}
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414 CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help.
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415 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
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416 CTRL-SHIFT-right T{
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417 Select window with mouse, and delete all
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418 other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1.
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419 T}
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420 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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421 .TE
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422 .PP
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423 .SH MANUALS
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424 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free
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diff changeset
425 Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS
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426 for ordering information.
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427 .br
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428 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As
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429 with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to
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430 make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the
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431 manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution.
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432 .PP
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433 .SH FILES
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diff changeset
434 /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser
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diff changeset
435 (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix
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parents:
diff changeset
436 is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference
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diff changeset
437 manual is included in a convenient tree structured form.
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diff changeset
438
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diff changeset
439 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files
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440
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441 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files
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442 that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded;
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diff changeset
443 others are autoloaded from this directory when used.
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444
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445 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with
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diff changeset
446 GNU Emacs, and some files of information.
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diff changeset
447
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448 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation
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diff changeset
449 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions
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parents:
diff changeset
450 of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of
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diff changeset
451 Emacs proper.
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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diff changeset
452
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diff changeset
453 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs
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parents:
diff changeset
454 vs. other versions of Emacs.
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parents:
diff changeset
455 .br
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diff changeset
456 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering
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diff changeset
457 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education,
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
458 troubleshooting, porting and customization.
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parents:
diff changeset
459 .br
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parents:
diff changeset
460 These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write
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parents:
diff changeset
461 programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully
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462 documented.
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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463
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464 /usr/local/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
465 files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
466 of one file by two users.
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parents:
diff changeset
467
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468 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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parents:
diff changeset
469 /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names.
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parents:
diff changeset
470 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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parents:
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471 .PP
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parents:
diff changeset
472 .SH BUGS
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parents:
diff changeset
473 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet
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parents:
diff changeset
474 (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs
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parents:
diff changeset
475 bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
476 to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
477 deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs
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parents:
diff changeset
478 Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints
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parents:
diff changeset
479 on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of
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parents:
diff changeset
480 the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in.
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parents:
diff changeset
481
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diff changeset
482 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting
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parents:
diff changeset
483 bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible.
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
484 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
485 a list of people who offer it.
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parents:
diff changeset
486
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
487 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list.
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parents:
diff changeset
488 Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list
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parents:
diff changeset
489 info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP
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parents:
diff changeset
490 address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the
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parents:
diff changeset
491 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be
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parents:
diff changeset
492 fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
493 them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced.
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diff changeset
494 .PP
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diff changeset
495 Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs
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diff changeset
496 running in Raw mode on some Unix versions.
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497 .SH UNRESTRICTIONS
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498 .PP
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499 .I Emacs
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500 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of
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501 .I Emacs
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502 to
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503 anyone under the terms stated in the
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504 .I Emacs
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505 General Public License,
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506 a copy of which accompanies each copy of
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507 .I Emacs
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diff changeset
508 and which also
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parents:
diff changeset
509 appears in the reference manual.
03ddf0b96330 #CENSORSHIP
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parents:
diff changeset
510 .PP
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parents:
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511 Copies of
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512 .I Emacs
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513 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems,
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514 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those
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515 systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution
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516 is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public
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517 License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions
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518 to redistribution of
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519 .I Emacs.
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520 .PP
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521 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend
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522 .I Emacs,
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523 and urges that
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524 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU
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525 (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley
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526 Unix.
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527 Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system.
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528 .SH SEE ALSO
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529 X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1)
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530 .SH AUTHORS
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531 .PP
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532 .I Emacs
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533 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.
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534 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features.
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535 .SH COPYING
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536 Copyright
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537 .if t \(co
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538 .if n (c)
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Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
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539 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
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Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
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540 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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541 .PP
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542 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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543 document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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544 preserved on all copies.
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545 .PP
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546 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
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547 this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
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548 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of
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549 a permission notice identical to this one.
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550 .PP
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551 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
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552 document into another language, under the above conditions for
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553 modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated
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554 in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.
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555
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556 .\" arch-tag: 04dfd376-b46e-4924-919a-cecc3b257eaa