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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 22 Dec 1994 23:22:32 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/internals | |
6 @node GNU Emacs Internals, Standard Errors, Tips, Top | |
7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
8 @appendix GNU Emacs Internals | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes how the runnable Emacs executable is dumped with | |
11 the preloaded Lisp libraries in it, how storage is allocated, and some | |
12 internal aspects of GNU Emacs that may be of interest to C programmers. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
15 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
16 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
17 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
18 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. | |
19 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
20 @end menu | |
21 | |
22 @node Building Emacs, Pure Storage, GNU Emacs Internals, GNU Emacs Internals | |
23 @appendixsec Building Emacs | |
24 @cindex building Emacs | |
25 @pindex temacs | |
26 | |
27 This section explains the steps involved in building the Emacs | |
28 executable. You don't have to know this material to build and install | |
29 Emacs, since the makefiles do all these things automatically. This | |
30 information is pertinent to Emacs maintenance. | |
31 | |
32 Compilation of the C source files in the @file{src} directory | |
33 produces an executable file called @file{temacs}, also called a | |
34 @dfn{bare impure Emacs}. It contains the Emacs Lisp interpreter and I/O | |
35 routines, but not the editing commands. | |
36 | |
37 @cindex @file{loadup.el} | |
38 The command @w{@samp{temacs -l loadup}} uses @file{temacs} to create | |
39 the real runnable Emacs executable. These arguments direct | |
40 @file{temacs} to evaluate the Lisp files specified in the file | |
41 @file{loadup.el}. These files set up the normal Emacs editing | |
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42 environment, resulting in an Emacs that is still impure but no longer |
6451 | 43 bare. |
44 | |
45 It takes a substantial time to load the standard Lisp files. Luckily, | |
46 you don't have to do this each time you run Emacs; @file{temacs} can | |
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47 dump out an executable program called @file{emacs} that has these files |
6451 | 48 preloaded. @file{emacs} starts more quickly because it does not need to |
49 load the files. This is the Emacs executable that is normally | |
50 installed. | |
51 | |
52 To create @file{emacs}, use the command @samp{temacs -batch -l loadup | |
53 dump}. The purpose of @samp{-batch} here is to prevent @file{temacs} | |
54 from trying to initialize any of its data on the terminal; this ensures | |
55 that the tables of terminal information are empty in the dumped Emacs. | |
56 The argument @samp{dump} tells @file{loadup.el} to dump a new executable | |
57 named @file{emacs}. | |
58 | |
59 Some operating systems don't support dumping. On those systems, you | |
60 must start Emacs with the @samp{temacs -l loadup} command each time you | |
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61 use it. This takes a substantial time, but since you need to start |
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62 Emacs once a day at most---or once a week if you never log out---the |
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63 extra time is not too severe a problem. |
6451 | 64 |
65 @cindex @file{site-load.el} | |
66 You can specify additional files to preload by writing a library named | |
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67 @file{site-load.el} that loads them. You may need to increase the |
6451 | 68 value of @code{PURESIZE}, in @file{src/puresize.h}, to make room for the |
69 additional files. (Try adding increments of 20000 until it is big | |
70 enough.) However, the advantage of preloading additional files | |
71 decreases as machines get faster. On modern machines, it is usually not | |
72 advisable. | |
73 | |
74 @cindex @file{site-init.el} | |
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75 You can specify other Lisp expressions to execute just before dumping |
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76 by putting them in a library named @file{site-init.el}. However, if |
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77 they might alter the behavior that users expect from an ordinary |
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78 unmodified Emacs, it is better to put them in @file{default.el}, so that |
6451 | 79 users can override them if they wish. @xref{Start-up Summary}. |
80 | |
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81 Before @file{loadup.el} dumps the new executable, it finds the |
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82 documentation strings for primitive and preloaded functions (and |
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83 variables) in the file where they are stored, by calling |
6451 | 84 @code{Snarf-documentation} (@pxref{Accessing Documentation}). These |
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85 strings were moved out of the @file{emacs} executable to make it |
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86 smaller. @xref{Documentation Basics}. |
6451 | 87 |
88 @defun dump-emacs to-file from-file | |
89 @cindex unexec | |
90 This function dumps the current state of Emacs into an executable file | |
91 @var{to-file}. It takes symbols from @var{from-file} (this is normally | |
92 the executable file @file{temacs}). | |
93 | |
94 If you use this function in an Emacs that was already dumped, you must | |
95 set @code{command-line-processed} to @code{nil} first for good results. | |
96 @xref{Command Line Arguments}. | |
97 @end defun | |
98 | |
99 @deffn Command emacs-version | |
100 This function returns a string describing the version of Emacs that is | |
101 running. It is useful to include this string in bug reports. | |
102 | |
103 @example | |
104 @group | |
105 (emacs-version) | |
106 @result{} "GNU Emacs 19.22.1 of Fri Feb 27 1994 \ | |
107 on slug (berkeley-unix)" | |
108 @end group | |
109 @end example | |
110 | |
111 Called interactively, the function prints the same information in the | |
112 echo area. | |
113 @end deffn | |
114 | |
115 @defvar emacs-build-time | |
116 The value of this variable is the time at which Emacs was built at the | |
117 local site. | |
118 | |
119 @example | |
120 @group | |
121 emacs-build-time | |
122 @result{} "Fri Feb 27 14:55:57 1994" | |
123 @end group | |
124 @end example | |
125 @end defvar | |
126 | |
127 @defvar emacs-version | |
128 The value of this variable is the version of Emacs being run. It is a | |
129 string such as @code{"19.22.1"}. | |
130 @end defvar | |
131 | |
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132 The following two variables did not exist before Emacs version 19.23, |
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133 which reduces their usefulness at present, but we hope they will be |
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134 convenient in the future. |
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135 |
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136 @defvar emacs-major-version |
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137 The major version number of Emacs, as an integer. For Emacs version |
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138 19.23, the value is 19. |
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139 @end defvar |
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140 |
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141 @defvar emacs-minor-version |
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142 The minor version number of Emacs, as an integer. For Emacs version |
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143 19.23, the value is 23. |
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144 @end defvar |
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145 |
6451 | 146 @node Pure Storage, Garbage Collection, Building Emacs, GNU Emacs Internals |
147 @appendixsec Pure Storage | |
148 @cindex pure storage | |
149 | |
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150 Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: |
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151 @dfn{normal storage} and @dfn{pure storage}. Normal storage is where |
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152 all the new data created during an Emacs session is kept; see the |
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153 following section for information on normal storage. Pure storage is |
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154 used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files---data that |
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155 should never change during actual use of Emacs. |
6451 | 156 |
157 Pure storage is allocated only while @file{temacs} is loading the | |
158 standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file @file{emacs}, it is | |
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159 marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that |
6451 | 160 the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the |
161 machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is | |
162 allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for the | |
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163 preloaded libraries, @file{temacs} crashes. If that happens, you must |
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164 increase the compilation parameter @code{PURESIZE} in the file |
6451 | 165 @file{src/puresize.h}. This normally won't happen unless you try to |
166 preload additional libraries or add features to the standard ones. | |
167 | |
168 @defun purecopy object | |
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169 This function makes a copy of @var{object} in pure storage and returns |
6451 | 170 it. It copies strings by simply making a new string with the same |
171 characters in pure storage. It recursively copies the contents of | |
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172 vectors and cons cells. It does not make copies of other objects such |
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173 as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. It signals an error if |
6451 | 174 asked to copy markers. |
175 | |
176 This function is used only while Emacs is being built and dumped; it is | |
177 called only in the file @file{emacs/lisp/loaddefs.el}. | |
178 @end defun | |
179 | |
180 @defvar pure-bytes-used | |
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181 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage |
6451 | 182 allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very |
183 close to the total amount of pure storage available---if it were not, | |
184 we would preallocate less. | |
185 @end defvar | |
186 | |
187 @defvar purify-flag | |
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188 This variable determines whether @code{defun} should make a copy of the |
6451 | 189 function definition in pure storage. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the |
190 function definition is copied into pure storage. | |
191 | |
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192 This flag is @code{t} while loading all of the basic functions for |
6451 | 193 building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be sharable and |
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194 non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes |
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195 @code{nil} in this variable, regardless of the value it actually has |
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196 before and after dumping. |
6451 | 197 |
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198 You should not change this flag in a running Emacs. |
6451 | 199 @end defvar |
200 | |
201 @node Garbage Collection, Writing Emacs Primitives, Pure Storage, GNU Emacs Internals | |
202 @appendixsec Garbage Collection | |
203 @cindex garbage collector | |
204 | |
205 @cindex memory allocation | |
206 When a program creates a list or the user defines a new function (such | |
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207 as by loading a library), that data is placed in normal storage. If |
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208 normal storage runs low, then Emacs asks the operating system to |
6451 | 209 allocate more memory in blocks of 1k bytes. Each block is used for one |
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210 type of Lisp object, so symbols, cons cells, markers, etc., are |
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211 segregated in distinct blocks in memory. (Vectors, long strings, |
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212 buffers and certain other editing types, which are fairly large, are |
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213 allocated in individual blocks, one per object, while small strings are |
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214 packed into blocks of 8k bytes.) |
6451 | 215 |
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216 It is quite common to use some storage for a while, then release it by |
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217 (for example) killing a buffer or deleting the last pointer to an |
6451 | 218 object. Emacs provides a @dfn{garbage collector} to reclaim this |
219 abandoned storage. (This name is traditional, but ``garbage recycler'' | |
220 might be a more intuitive metaphor for this facility.) | |
221 | |
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222 The garbage collector operates by finding and marking all Lisp objects |
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223 that are still accessible to Lisp programs. To begin with, it assumes |
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224 all the symbols, their values and associated function definitions, and |
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225 any data presently on the stack, are accessible. Any objects that can |
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226 be reached indirectly through other accessible objects are also |
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227 accessible. |
6451 | 228 |
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229 When marking is finished, all objects still unmarked are garbage. No |
6451 | 230 matter what the Lisp program or the user does, it is impossible to refer |
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231 to them, since there is no longer a way to reach them. Their space |
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232 might as well be reused, since no one will miss them. The second |
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233 (``sweep'') phase of the garbage collector arranges to reuse them. |
6451 | 234 |
235 @cindex free list | |
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236 The sweep phase puts unused cons cells onto a @dfn{free list} |
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237 for future allocation; likewise for symbols and markers. It compacts |
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238 the accessible strings so they occupy fewer 8k blocks; then it frees the |
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239 other 8k blocks. Vectors, buffers, windows, and other large objects are |
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240 individually allocated and freed using @code{malloc} and @code{free}. |
6451 | 241 |
242 @cindex CL note---allocate more storage | |
243 @quotation | |
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244 @b{Common Lisp note:} Unlike other Lisps, GNU Emacs Lisp does not |
6451 | 245 call the garbage collector when the free list is empty. Instead, it |
246 simply requests the operating system to allocate more storage, and | |
247 processing continues until @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes have been | |
248 used. | |
249 | |
250 This means that you can make sure that the garbage collector will not | |
251 run during a certain portion of a Lisp program by calling the garbage | |
252 collector explicitly just before it (provided that portion of the | |
253 program does not use so much space as to force a second garbage | |
254 collection). | |
255 @end quotation | |
256 | |
257 @deffn Command garbage-collect | |
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258 This command runs a garbage collection, and returns information on |
6451 | 259 the amount of space in use. (Garbage collection can also occur |
260 spontaneously if you use more than @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes of | |
261 Lisp data since the previous garbage collection.) | |
262 | |
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263 @code{garbage-collect} returns a list containing the following |
6451 | 264 information: |
265 | |
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266 @example |
6451 | 267 @group |
268 ((@var{used-conses} . @var{free-conses}) | |
269 (@var{used-syms} . @var{free-syms}) | |
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270 @end group |
6451 | 271 (@var{used-markers} . @var{free-markers}) |
272 @var{used-string-chars} | |
273 @var{used-vector-slots} | |
274 (@var{used-floats} . @var{free-floats})) | |
275 | |
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276 @group |
6451 | 277 (garbage-collect) |
278 @result{} ((3435 . 2332) (1688 . 0) | |
279 (57 . 417) 24510 3839 (4 . 1)) | |
280 @end group | |
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281 @end example |
6451 | 282 |
283 Here is a table explaining each element: | |
284 | |
285 @table @var | |
286 @item used-conses | |
287 The number of cons cells in use. | |
288 | |
289 @item free-conses | |
290 The number of cons cells for which space has been obtained from the | |
291 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
292 | |
293 @item used-syms | |
294 The number of symbols in use. | |
295 | |
296 @item free-syms | |
297 The number of symbols for which space has been obtained from the | |
298 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
299 | |
300 @item used-markers | |
301 The number of markers in use. | |
302 | |
303 @item free-markers | |
304 The number of markers for which space has been obtained from the | |
305 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
306 | |
307 @item used-string-chars | |
308 The total size of all strings, in characters. | |
309 | |
310 @item used-vector-slots | |
311 The total number of elements of existing vectors. | |
312 | |
313 @item used-floats | |
314 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
315 The number of floats in use. | |
316 | |
317 @item free-floats | |
318 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
319 The number of floats for which space has been obtained from the | |
320 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
321 @end table | |
322 @end deffn | |
323 | |
324 @defopt gc-cons-threshold | |
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325 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of storage that must |
6451 | 326 be allocated for Lisp objects after one garbage collection in order to |
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327 trigger another garbage collection. A cons cell counts as eight bytes, |
6451 | 328 a string as one byte per character plus a few bytes of overhead, and so |
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329 on; space allocated to the contents of buffers does not count. Note |
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330 that the subsequent garbage collection does not happen immediately when |
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331 the threshold is exhausted, but only the next time the Lisp evaluator is |
6451 | 332 called. |
333 | |
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334 The initial threshold value is 100,000. If you specify a larger |
6451 | 335 value, garbage collection will happen less often. This reduces the |
336 amount of time spent garbage collecting, but increases total memory use. | |
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337 You may want to do this when running a program that creates lots of |
6451 | 338 Lisp data. |
339 | |
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340 You can make collections more frequent by specifying a smaller value, |
6451 | 341 down to 10,000. A value less than 10,000 will remain in effect only |
342 until the subsequent garbage collection, at which time | |
343 @code{garbage-collect} will set the threshold back to 10,000. | |
344 @end defopt | |
345 | |
346 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
347 @defun memory-limit | |
348 This function returns the address of the last byte Emacs has allocated, | |
349 divided by 1024. We divide the value by 1024 to make sure it fits in a | |
350 Lisp integer. | |
351 | |
352 You can use this to get a general idea of how your actions affect the | |
353 memory usage. | |
354 @end defun | |
355 | |
356 @node Writing Emacs Primitives, Object Internals, Garbage Collection, GNU Emacs Internals | |
357 @appendixsec Writing Emacs Primitives | |
358 @cindex primitive function internals | |
359 | |
360 Lisp primitives are Lisp functions implemented in C. The details of | |
361 interfacing the C function so that Lisp can call it are handled by a few | |
362 C macros. The only way to really understand how to write new C code is | |
363 to read the source, but we can explain some things here. | |
364 | |
365 An example of a special form is the definition of @code{or}, from | |
366 @file{eval.c}. (An ordinary function would have the same general | |
367 appearance.) | |
368 | |
369 @cindex garbage collection protection | |
370 @smallexample | |
371 @group | |
372 DEFUN ("or", For, Sor, 0, UNEVALLED, 0, | |
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373 "Eval args until one of them yields non-nil, then return that value.\n\ |
6451 | 374 The remaining args are not evalled at all.\n\ |
375 @end group | |
376 @group | |
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377 If all args return nil, return nil.") |
6451 | 378 (args) |
379 Lisp_Object args; | |
380 @{ | |
381 register Lisp_Object val; | |
382 Lisp_Object args_left; | |
383 struct gcpro gcpro1; | |
384 @end group | |
385 | |
386 @group | |
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387 if (NULL (args)) |
6451 | 388 return Qnil; |
389 | |
390 args_left = args; | |
391 GCPRO1 (args_left); | |
392 @end group | |
393 | |
394 @group | |
395 do | |
396 @{ | |
397 val = Feval (Fcar (args_left)); | |
398 if (!NULL (val)) | |
399 break; | |
400 args_left = Fcdr (args_left); | |
401 @} | |
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402 while (!NULL (args_left)); |
6451 | 403 @end group |
404 | |
405 @group | |
406 UNGCPRO; | |
407 return val; | |
408 @} | |
409 @end group | |
410 @end smallexample | |
411 | |
412 Let's start with a precise explanation of the arguments to the | |
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413 @code{DEFUN} macro. Here is a template for them: |
6451 | 414 |
415 @example | |
416 DEFUN (@var{lname}, @var{fname}, @var{sname}, @var{min}, @var{max}, @var{interactive}, @var{doc}) | |
417 @end example | |
418 | |
419 @table @var | |
420 @item lname | |
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421 This is the name of the Lisp symbol to define as the function name; in |
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422 the example above, it is @code{or}. |
6451 | 423 |
424 @item fname | |
425 This is the C function name for this function. This is | |
426 the name that is used in C code for calling the function. The name is, | |
427 by convention, @samp{F} prepended to the Lisp name, with all dashes | |
428 (@samp{-}) in the Lisp name changed to underscores. Thus, to call this | |
429 function from C code, call @code{For}. Remember that the arguments must | |
430 be of type @code{Lisp_Object}; various macros and functions for creating | |
431 values of type @code{Lisp_Object} are declared in the file | |
432 @file{lisp.h}. | |
433 | |
434 @item sname | |
435 This is a C variable name to use for a structure that holds the data for | |
436 the subr object that represents the function in Lisp. This structure | |
437 conveys the Lisp symbol name to the initialization routine that will | |
438 create the symbol and store the subr object as its definition. By | |
439 convention, this name is always @var{fname} with @samp{F} replaced with | |
440 @samp{S}. | |
441 | |
442 @item min | |
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443 This is the minimum number of arguments that the function requires. The |
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444 function @code{or} allows a minimum of zero arguments. |
6451 | 445 |
446 @item max | |
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447 This is the maximum number of arguments that the function accepts, if |
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448 there is a fixed maximum. Alternatively, it can be @code{UNEVALLED}, |
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449 indicating a special form that receives unevaluated arguments, or |
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450 @code{MANY}, indicating an unlimited number of evaluated arguments (the |
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451 equivalent of @code{&rest}). Both @code{UNEVALLED} and @code{MANY} are |
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452 macros. If @var{max} is a number, it may not be less than @var{min} and |
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453 it may not be greater than seven. |
6451 | 454 |
455 @item interactive | |
456 This is an interactive specification, a string such as might be used as | |
457 the argument of @code{interactive} in a Lisp function. In the case of | |
458 @code{or}, it is 0 (a null pointer), indicating that @code{or} cannot be | |
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459 called interactively. A value of @code{""} indicates a function that |
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460 should receive no arguments when called interactively. |
6451 | 461 |
462 @item doc | |
463 This is the documentation string. It is written just like a | |
464 documentation string for a function defined in Lisp, except you must | |
465 write @samp{\n\} at the end of each line. In particular, the first line | |
466 should be a single sentence. | |
467 @end table | |
468 | |
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469 After the call to the @code{DEFUN} macro, you must write the argument |
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470 name list that every C function must have, followed by ordinary C |
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471 declarations for the arguments. For a function with a fixed maximum |
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472 number of arguments, declare a C argument for each Lisp argument, and |
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473 give them all type @code{Lisp_Object}. When a Lisp function has no |
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474 upper limit on the number of arguments, its implementation in C actually |
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475 receives exactly two arguments: the first is the number of Lisp |
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476 arguments, and the second is the address of a block containing their |
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477 values. They have types @code{int} and @w{@code{Lisp_Object *}}. |
6451 | 478 |
479 Within the function @code{For} itself, note the use of the macros | |
480 @code{GCPRO1} and @code{UNGCPRO}. @code{GCPRO1} is used to ``protect'' | |
481 a variable from garbage collection---to inform the garbage collector that | |
482 it must look in that variable and regard its contents as an accessible | |
483 object. This is necessary whenever you call @code{Feval} or anything | |
484 that can directly or indirectly call @code{Feval}. At such a time, any | |
485 Lisp object that you intend to refer to again must be protected somehow. | |
486 @code{UNGCPRO} cancels the protection of the variables that are | |
487 protected in the current function. It is necessary to do this explicitly. | |
488 | |
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489 For most data types, it suffices to protect at least one pointer to |
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490 the object; as long as the object is not recycled, all pointers to it |
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491 remain valid. This is not so for strings, because the garbage collector |
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492 can move them. When the garbage collector moves a string, it relocates |
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493 all the pointers it knows about; any other pointers become invalid. |
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494 Therefore, you must protect all pointers to strings across any point |
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495 where garbage collection may be possible. |
6451 | 496 |
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497 The macro @code{GCPRO1} protects just one local variable. If you want |
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498 to protect two, use @code{GCPRO2} instead; repeating @code{GCPRO1} will |
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499 not work. Macros @code{GCPRO3} and @code{GCPRO4} also exist. |
6451 | 500 |
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501 These macros implicitly use local variables such as @code{gcpro1}; you |
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502 must declare these explicitly, with type @code{struct gcpro}. Thus, if |
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503 you use @code{GCPRO2}, you must declare @code{gcpro1} and @code{gcpro2}. |
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504 Alas, we can't explain all the tricky details here. |
6451 | 505 |
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506 Defining the C function is not enough to make a Lisp primitive |
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507 available; you must also create the Lisp symbol for the primitive and |
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508 store a suitable subr object in its function cell. The code looks like |
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509 this: |
6451 | 510 |
511 @example | |
512 defsubr (&@var{subr-structure-name}); | |
513 @end example | |
514 | |
515 @noindent | |
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516 Here @var{subr-structure-name} is the name you used as the third |
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517 argument to @code{DEFUN}. |
6451 | 518 |
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519 If you add a new primitive to a file that already has Lisp primitives |
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520 defined in it, find the function (near the end of the file) named |
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521 @code{syms_of_@var{something}}, and add the call to @code{defsubr} |
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522 there. If the file doesn't have this function, or if you create a new |
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523 file, add to it a @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} (e.g., |
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524 @code{syms_of_myfile}). Then find the spot in @file{emacs.c} where all |
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525 of these functions are called, and add a call to |
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526 @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} there. |
6451 | 527 |
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528 The function @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} is also the place to define |
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529 any C variables that are to be visible as Lisp variables. |
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530 @code{DEFVAR_LISP} makes a C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object} visible |
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531 in Lisp. @code{DEFVAR_INT} makes a C variable of type @code{int} |
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532 visible in Lisp with a value that is always an integer. |
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533 @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} makes a C variable of type @code{int} visible in Lisp |
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534 with a value that is either @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
6451 | 535 |
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536 Here is another example function, with more complicated arguments. |
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537 This comes from the code for the X Window System, and it demonstrates |
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538 the use of macros and functions to manipulate Lisp objects. |
6451 | 539 |
540 @smallexample | |
541 @group | |
542 DEFUN ("coordinates-in-window-p", Fcoordinates_in_window_p, | |
543 Scoordinates_in_window_p, 2, 2, | |
544 "xSpecify coordinate pair: \nXExpression which evals to window: ", | |
545 "Return non-nil if POSITIONS is in WINDOW.\n\ | |
546 \(POSITIONS is a list, (SCREEN-X SCREEN-Y)\)\n\ | |
547 @end group | |
548 @group | |
549 Returned value is list of positions expressed\n\ | |
550 relative to window upper left corner.") | |
551 (coordinate, window) | |
552 register Lisp_Object coordinate, window; | |
553 @{ | |
554 register Lisp_Object xcoord, ycoord; | |
555 @end group | |
556 | |
557 @group | |
558 if (!CONSP (coordinate)) wrong_type_argument (Qlistp, coordinate); | |
559 CHECK_WINDOW (window, 2); | |
560 xcoord = Fcar (coordinate); | |
561 ycoord = Fcar (Fcdr (coordinate)); | |
562 CHECK_NUMBER (xcoord, 0); | |
563 CHECK_NUMBER (ycoord, 1); | |
564 @end group | |
565 @group | |
566 if ((XINT (xcoord) < XINT (XWINDOW (window)->left)) | |
567 || (XINT (xcoord) >= (XINT (XWINDOW (window)->left) | |
568 + XINT (XWINDOW (window)->width)))) | |
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569 return Qnil; |
6451 | 570 XFASTINT (xcoord) -= XFASTINT (XWINDOW (window)->left); |
571 @end group | |
572 @group | |
573 if (XINT (ycoord) == (screen_height - 1)) | |
574 return Qnil; | |
575 @end group | |
576 @group | |
577 if ((XINT (ycoord) < XINT (XWINDOW (window)->top)) | |
578 || (XINT (ycoord) >= (XINT (XWINDOW (window)->top) | |
579 + XINT (XWINDOW (window)->height)) - 1)) | |
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580 return Qnil; |
6451 | 581 @end group |
582 @group | |
583 XFASTINT (ycoord) -= XFASTINT (XWINDOW (window)->top); | |
584 return (Fcons (xcoord, Fcons (ycoord, Qnil))); | |
585 @} | |
586 @end group | |
587 @end smallexample | |
588 | |
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589 Note that C code cannot call functions by name unless they are defined |
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590 in C. The way to call a function written in Lisp is to use |
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591 @code{Ffuncall}, which embodies the Lisp function @code{funcall}. Since |
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592 the Lisp function @code{funcall} accepts an unlimited number of |
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593 arguments, in C it takes two: the number of Lisp-level arguments, and a |
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594 one-dimensional array containing their values. The first Lisp-level |
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595 argument is the Lisp function to call, and the rest are the arguments to |
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596 pass to it. Since @code{Ffuncall} can call the evaluator, you must |
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597 protect pointers from garbage collection around the call to |
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598 @code{Ffuncall}. |
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599 |
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600 The C functions @code{call0}, @code{call1}, @code{call2}, and so on, |
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601 provide handy ways to call a Lisp function conveniently with a fixed |
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602 number of arguments. They work by calling @code{Ffuncall}. |
6451 | 603 |
604 @file{eval.c} is a very good file to look through for examples; | |
605 @file{lisp.h} contains the definitions for some important macros and | |
606 functions. | |
607 | |
608 @node Object Internals, , Writing Emacs Primitives, GNU Emacs Internals | |
609 @appendixsec Object Internals | |
610 @cindex object internals | |
611 | |
612 GNU Emacs Lisp manipulates many different types of data. The actual | |
613 data are stored in a heap and the only access that programs have to it is | |
614 through pointers. Pointers are thirty-two bits wide in most | |
615 implementations. Depending on the operating system and type of machine | |
616 for which you compile Emacs, twenty-four to twenty-six bits are used to | |
617 address the object, and the remaining six to eight bits are used for a | |
618 tag that identifies the object's type. | |
619 | |
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620 Because Lisp objects are represented as tagged pointers, it is always |
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621 possible to determine the Lisp data type of any object. The C data type |
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622 @code{Lisp_Object} can hold any Lisp object of any data type. Ordinary |
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623 variables have type @code{Lisp_Object}, which means they can hold any |
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624 type of Lisp value; you can determine the actual data type only at run |
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625 time. The same is true for function arguments; if you want a function |
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626 to accept only a certain type of argument, you must check the type |
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627 explicitly using a suitable predicate (@pxref{Type Predicates}). |
6451 | 628 @cindex type checking internals |
629 | |
630 @menu | |
631 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
632 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
633 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
634 @end menu | |
635 | |
636 @node Buffer Internals, Window Internals, Object Internals, Object Internals | |
637 @appendixsubsec Buffer Internals | |
638 @cindex internals, of buffer | |
639 @cindex buffer internals | |
640 | |
641 Buffers contain fields not directly accessible by the Lisp programmer. | |
642 We describe them here, naming them by the names used in the C code. | |
643 Many are accessible indirectly in Lisp programs via Lisp primitives. | |
644 | |
645 @table @code | |
646 @item name | |
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647 The buffer name is a string that names the buffer. It is guaranteed to |
6451 | 648 be unique. @xref{Buffer Names}. |
649 | |
650 @item save_modified | |
651 This field contains the time when the buffer was last saved, as an integer. | |
652 @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
653 | |
654 @item modtime | |
655 This field contains the modification time of the visited file. It is | |
656 set when the file is written or read. Every time the buffer is written | |
657 to the file, this field is compared to the modification time of the | |
658 file. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
659 | |
660 @item auto_save_modified | |
661 This field contains the time when the buffer was last auto-saved. | |
662 | |
663 @item last_window_start | |
664 This field contains the @code{window-start} position in the buffer as of | |
665 the last time the buffer was displayed in a window. | |
666 | |
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667 @item undo_list |
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668 This field points to the buffer's undo list. @xref{Undo}. |
6451 | 669 |
670 @item syntax_table_v | |
671 This field contains the syntax table for the buffer. @xref{Syntax Tables}. | |
672 | |
673 @item downcase_table | |
674 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to lower case. | |
675 @xref{Case Table}. | |
676 | |
677 @item upcase_table | |
678 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to upper case. | |
679 @xref{Case Table}. | |
680 | |
681 @item case_canon_table | |
682 This field contains the conversion table for canonicalizing text for | |
683 case-folding search. @xref{Case Table}. | |
684 | |
685 @item case_eqv_table | |
686 This field contains the equivalence table for case-folding search. | |
687 @xref{Case Table}. | |
688 | |
689 @item display_table | |
690 This field contains the buffer's display table, or @code{nil} if it doesn't | |
691 have one. @xref{Display Tables}. | |
692 | |
693 @item markers | |
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694 This field contains the chain of all markers that currently point into |
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695 the buffer. Deletion of text in the buffer, and motion of the buffer's |
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696 gap, must check each of these markers and perhaps update it. |
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697 @xref{Markers}. |
6451 | 698 |
699 @item backed_up | |
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700 This field is a flag that tells whether a backup file has been made |
6451 | 701 for the visited file of this buffer. |
702 | |
703 @item mark | |
704 This field contains the mark for the buffer. The mark is a marker, | |
705 hence it is also included on the list @code{markers}. @xref{The Mark}. | |
706 | |
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707 @item mark_active |
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708 This field is non-@code{nil} if the buffer's mark is active. |
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709 |
6451 | 710 @item local_var_alist |
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711 This field contains the association list describing the variables local |
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712 in this buffer, and their values, with the exception of local variables |
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713 that have special slots in the buffer object. (Those slots are omitted |
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714 from this table.) @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}. |
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715 |
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716 @item keymap |
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717 This field holds the buffer's local keymap. @xref{Keymaps}. |
6451 | 718 |
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719 @item overlay_center |
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720 This field holds the current overlay center position. @xref{Overlays}. |
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721 |
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722 @item overlays_before |
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723 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end at or |
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724 before the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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725 decreasing end position. |
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726 |
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727 @item overlays_after |
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728 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end after |
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729 the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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730 increasing beginning position. |
6451 | 731 @end table |
732 | |
733 @node Window Internals, Process Internals, Buffer Internals, Object Internals | |
734 @appendixsubsec Window Internals | |
735 @cindex internals, of window | |
736 @cindex window internals | |
737 | |
738 Windows have the following accessible fields: | |
739 | |
740 @table @code | |
741 @item frame | |
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742 The frame that this window is on. |
6451 | 743 |
744 @item mini_p | |
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745 Non-@code{nil} if this window is a minibuffer window. |
6451 | 746 |
747 @item buffer | |
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748 The buffer that the window is displaying. This may change often during |
6451 | 749 the life of the window. |
750 | |
751 @item dedicated | |
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752 Non-@code{nil} if this window is dedicated to its buffer. |
6451 | 753 |
754 @item pointm | |
755 @cindex window point internals | |
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756 This is the value of point in the current buffer when this window is |
6451 | 757 selected; when it is not selected, it retains its previous value. |
758 | |
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759 @item start |
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760 The position in the buffer that is the first character to be displayed |
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761 in the window. |
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762 |
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763 @item force_start |
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764 If this flag is non-@code{nil}, it says that the window has been |
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765 scrolled explicitly by the Lisp program. This affects what the next |
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766 redisplay does if point is off the screen: instead of scrolling the |
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767 window to show the text around point, it moves point to a location that |
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768 is on the screen. |
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769 |
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770 @item last_modified |
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771 The @code{modified} field of the window's buffer, as of the last time |
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772 a redisplay completed in this window. |
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773 |
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774 @item last_point |
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775 The buffer's value of point, as of the last time |
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776 a redisplay completed in this window. |
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777 |
6451 | 778 @item left |
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779 This is the left-hand edge of the window, measured in columns. (The |
6451 | 780 leftmost column on the screen is @w{column 0}.) |
781 | |
782 @item top | |
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783 This is the top edge of the window, measured in lines. (The top line on |
6451 | 784 the screen is @w{line 0}.) |
785 | |
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786 @item height |
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787 The height of the window, measured in lines. |
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788 |
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789 @item width |
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790 The width of the window, measured in columns. |
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791 |
6451 | 792 @item next |
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793 This is the window that is the next in the chain of siblings. It is |
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794 @code{nil} in a window that is the rightmost or bottommost of a group of |
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795 siblings. |
6451 | 796 |
797 @item prev | |
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798 This is the window that is the previous in the chain of siblings. It is |
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799 @code{nil} in a window that is the leftmost or topmost of a group of |
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800 siblings. |
6451 | 801 |
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802 @item parent |
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803 Internally, Emacs arranges windows in a tree; each group of siblings has |
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804 a parent window whose area includes all the siblings. This field points |
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805 to a window's parent. |
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806 |
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807 Parent windows do not display buffers, and play little role in display |
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808 except to shape their child windows. Emacs Lisp programs usually have |
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809 no access to the parent windows; they operate on the windows at the |
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810 leaves of the tree, which actually display buffers. |
6451 | 811 |
812 @item hscroll | |
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813 This is the number of columns that the display in the window is scrolled |
6451 | 814 horizontally to the left. Normally, this is 0. |
815 | |
816 @item use_time | |
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817 This is the last time that the window was selected. The function |
6451 | 818 @code{get-lru-window} uses this field. |
819 | |
820 @item display_table | |
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821 The window's display table, or @code{nil} if none is specified for it. |
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822 |
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823 @item update_mode_line |
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824 Non-@code{nil} means this window's mode line needs to be updated. |
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825 |
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826 @item base_line_number |
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827 The line number of a certain position in the buffer, or @code{nil}. |
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828 This is used for displaying the line number of point in the mode line. |
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829 |
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830 @item base_line_pos |
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831 The position in the buffer for which the line number is known, or |
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832 @code{nil} meaning none is known. |
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833 |
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834 @item region_showing |
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835 If the region (or part of it) is highlighted in this window, this field |
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836 holds the mark position that made one end of that region. Otherwise, |
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837 this field is @code{nil}. |
6451 | 838 @end table |
839 | |
840 @node Process Internals, , Window Internals, Object Internals | |
841 @appendixsubsec Process Internals | |
842 @cindex internals, of process | |
843 @cindex process internals | |
844 | |
845 The fields of a process are: | |
846 | |
847 @table @code | |
848 @item name | |
849 A string, the name of the process. | |
850 | |
851 @item command | |
852 A list containing the command arguments that were used to start this | |
853 process. | |
854 | |
855 @item filter | |
856 A function used to accept output from the process instead of a buffer, | |
857 or @code{nil}. | |
858 | |
859 @item sentinel | |
860 A function called whenever the process receives a signal, or @code{nil}. | |
861 | |
862 @item buffer | |
863 The associated buffer of the process. | |
864 | |
865 @item pid | |
866 An integer, the Unix process @sc{id}. | |
867 | |
868 @item childp | |
869 A flag, non-@code{nil} if this is really a child process. | |
870 It is @code{nil} for a network connection. | |
871 | |
872 @item mark | |
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873 A marker indicating the position of the end of the last output from this |
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874 process inserted into the buffer. This is often but not always the end |
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875 of the buffer. |
6451 | 876 |
877 @item kill_without_query | |
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878 If this is non-@code{nil}, killing Emacs while this process is still |
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879 running does not ask for confirmation about killing the process. |
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880 |
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881 @item raw_status_low |
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882 @itemx raw_status_high |
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883 These two fields record 16 bits each of the process status returned by |
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884 the @code{wait} system call. |
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885 |
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886 @item status |
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887 The process status, as @code{process-status} should return it. |
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888 |
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889 @item tick |
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890 @itemx update_tick |
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891 If these two fields are not equal, a change in the status of the process |
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892 needs to be reported, either by running the sentinel or by inserting a |
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893 message in the process buffer. |
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894 |
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895 @item pty_flag |
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896 Non-@code{nil} if communication with the subprocess uses a @sc{pty}; |
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897 @code{nil} if it uses a pipe. |
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898 |
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899 @item infd |
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900 The file descriptor for input from the process. |
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901 |
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902 @item outfd |
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903 The file descriptor for output to the process. |
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904 |
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905 @item subtty |
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906 The file descriptor for the terminal that the subprocess is using. (On |
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907 some systems, there is no need to record this, so the value is |
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908 @code{nil}.) |
6451 | 909 @end table |