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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 14 Feb 2005 10:13:16 +0000 |
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2 | |
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs |
24093 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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7 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
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8 @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
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9 |
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10 @copying |
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11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 13 |
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14 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, |
55626 | 15 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24093 | 16 |
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17 @quotation |
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18 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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19 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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20 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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21 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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22 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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23 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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24 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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25 License.'' |
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26 |
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27 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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28 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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29 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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30 @end quotation |
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31 @end copying |
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32 |
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33 @dircategory Emacs |
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34 @direntry |
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35 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
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36 @end direntry |
24093 | 37 |
38 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
39 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
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40 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
24093 | 41 |
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42 @c @smallbook |
24093 | 43 |
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44 @setchapternewpage odd |
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45 @defcodeindex op |
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46 @synindex pg cp |
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47 |
24093 | 48 @iftex |
49 @kbdinputstyle code | |
50 | |
51 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
52 @end iftex | |
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53 |
24093 | 54 @titlepage |
55 @sp 6 | |
56 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
57 @sp 4 | |
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58 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 59 @sp 5 |
60 @center Richard Stallman | |
61 @page | |
62 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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63 @insertcopying |
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64 |
24093 | 65 @sp 2 |
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66 ISBN 1-882114-06-X @* |
24093 | 67 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
68 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
69 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
70 | |
71 @sp 2 | |
72 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
73 | |
74 @end titlepage | |
75 @page | |
30870 | 76 @ifnottex |
24093 | 77 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
78 @top The Emacs Editor | |
79 | |
80 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
81 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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82 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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83 @value{EMACSVER}. |
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84 |
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85 @ifinfo |
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86 If you never before used the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, |
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87 and Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the |
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88 Info commands. |
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89 @end ifinfo |
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90 |
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91 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
24093 | 92 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
30870 | 93 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 94 |
95 @ignore | |
96 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
97 and to avoid conflicts. | |
98 Completion | |
99 Backup Files | |
100 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
101 Snapshots | |
102 Text Mode | |
103 Outline Mode | |
104 @TeX{} Mode | |
105 Formatted Text | |
106 Fortran Mode | |
107 Fortran Indentation | |
108 Shell Command History | |
109 | |
110 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
111 to avoid conflicts. | |
112 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
113 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
114 @end ignore | |
115 | |
116 @menu | |
117 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
118 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
119 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
120 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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121 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 122 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
123 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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124 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20. |
34199 | 125 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
24093 | 126 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). |
127 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
53695 | 128 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 129 |
130 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
131 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
132 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
133 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
134 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
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135 @c This is last because @ifnottex leaves an empty line. |
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136 @ifnottex |
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137 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
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138 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 139 |
140 Important General Concepts | |
141 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
142 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
143 function keys). | |
144 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
145 editing action. | |
146 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
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147 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers |
24093 | 148 and strings). |
149 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
150 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
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151 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
24093 | 152 |
153 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
154 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
155 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
156 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
157 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
158 | |
159 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
160 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
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161 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
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162 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
24093 | 163 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
164 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
165 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
166 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
167 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
168 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
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169 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of |
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170 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
24093 | 171 |
172 Major Structures of Emacs | |
173 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
174 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
175 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
176 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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177 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 178 |
179 Advanced Features | |
180 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
181 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
182 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
183 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
184 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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185 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 186 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
187 the number of characters you must type. | |
188 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
189 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
190 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
191 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
192 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
193 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
194 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
195 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
196 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
197 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
27212 | 198 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
199 * PostScript Variables:: | |
200 Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
24093 | 201 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
202 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
203 of the buffer. | |
204 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
205 in side-by-side windows. | |
206 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
207 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
208 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
209 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
210 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
211 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 212 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 213 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 214 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 215 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
216 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
217 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
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218 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
24093 | 219 |
220 Recovery from Problems | |
221 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
222 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
223 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
224 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
225 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
226 | |
227 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
228 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
229 | |
230 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
231 | |
232 The Organization of the Screen | |
233 | |
234 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
235 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
236 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
237 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
238 | |
239 Basic Editing Commands | |
240 | |
241 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
242 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
243 change something. | |
244 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
245 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
246 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
247 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
248 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
249 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
250 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
251 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
252 | |
253 The Minibuffer | |
254 | |
255 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
256 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
257 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
258 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
259 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
260 | |
261 Help | |
262 | |
263 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
264 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
265 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
266 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
267 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
268 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
269 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
270 | |
271 The Mark and the Region | |
272 | |
273 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
274 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
275 when there is one. | |
276 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
277 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
278 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
279 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
280 | |
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281 Killing |
24093 | 282 |
283 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
284 blank areas. | |
285 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
286 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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287 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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288 * Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical terminals: |
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289 yanking between applications. |
24093 | 290 |
291 Yanking | |
292 | |
293 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
294 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
295 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
296 | |
297 Registers | |
298 | |
299 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
300 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
301 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
302 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
303 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
304 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
305 | |
306 Controlling the Display | |
307 | |
308 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
309 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
310 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
311 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
312 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
313 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
36211 | 314 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 315 |
316 Searching and Replacement | |
317 | |
318 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
319 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
320 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
321 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
322 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
323 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
324 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
325 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
326 | |
327 Replacement Commands | |
328 | |
329 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
330 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
331 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
332 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
333 | |
334 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
335 | |
336 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
337 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
338 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
339 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
340 | |
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341 Keyboard Macros |
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342 |
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343 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
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344 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
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345 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
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346 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
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347 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
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348 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
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349 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard macro. |
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350 |
24093 | 351 File Handling |
352 | |
353 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
354 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
355 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
356 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
357 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
358 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
359 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
360 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
361 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
362 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
363 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
364 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
365 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
366 | |
367 Saving Files | |
368 | |
369 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
370 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
371 of one file by two users. | |
372 | |
373 Version Control | |
374 | |
375 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
376 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
377 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
378 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
379 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
380 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
381 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
382 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
383 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
384 | |
385 Using Multiple Buffers | |
386 | |
387 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
388 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 389 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 390 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
391 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
392 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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393 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
24093 | 394 |
395 Multiple Windows | |
396 | |
397 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
398 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
399 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
400 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
401 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
402 window rather than in another window. | |
403 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
404 | |
405 Frames and X Windows | |
406 | |
407 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
408 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 409 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 410 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
411 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
412 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
413 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 414 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
415 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 416 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
417 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
418 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
419 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 420 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
24093 | 421 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 422 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
423 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
24093 | 424 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
425 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
36211 | 426 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
427 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
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428 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
36211 | 429 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text. |
430 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. | |
24093 | 431 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
36211 | 432 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
24093 | 433 |
434 International Character Set Support | |
435 | |
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436 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 437 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
438 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
439 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
440 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
441 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
442 write files, and so on. | |
443 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
444 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
445 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
446 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
447 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
27212 | 448 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
24093 | 449 You can pick one European character set |
450 to use without multibyte characters. | |
451 | |
452 Major Modes | |
453 | |
454 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
455 | |
456 Indentation | |
457 | |
458 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
459 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
460 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
461 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
462 | |
463 Commands for Human Languages | |
464 | |
465 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
466 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
467 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
468 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
469 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
470 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
471 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
472 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
473 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
474 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
475 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
476 | |
477 Filling Text | |
478 | |
479 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
480 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
481 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
482 or in a comment, etc. | |
483 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
484 | |
485 Editing Programs | |
486 | |
487 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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488 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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489 of a program. |
24093 | 490 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
491 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
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492 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
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493 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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494 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 495 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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496 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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497 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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498 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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499 Java, and Pike modes. |
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500 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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501 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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502 |
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503 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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504 |
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505 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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506 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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507 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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508 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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509 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 510 |
511 Indentation for Programs | |
512 | |
513 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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514 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 515 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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516 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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517 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 518 |
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519 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 520 |
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521 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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522 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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523 in the structure of parentheses. |
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524 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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525 |
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526 Manipulating Comments |
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527 |
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528 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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529 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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530 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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531 |
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532 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 533 |
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534 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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535 in Info files. |
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536 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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537 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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538 |
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539 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 540 |
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541 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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542 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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543 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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544 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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545 and other neat features. |
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546 |
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547 Fortran Mode |
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548 |
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549 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
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550 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. |
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551 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. |
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552 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. |
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553 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
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554 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
24093 | 555 |
556 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
557 | |
558 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
559 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
560 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
561 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
562 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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563 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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564 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
24093 | 565 with different facilities for running |
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566 the Lisp programs. |
24093 | 567 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
568 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
569 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
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570 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
24093 | 571 |
572 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
573 | |
574 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
575 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
576 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
577 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
578 | |
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579 Maintaining Programs |
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580 |
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581 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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582 @ignore |
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583 * Authors:: Maintaining the Emacs @file{AUTHORS} file. |
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584 @end ignore |
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585 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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586 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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587 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
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588 |
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589 Tags Tables |
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590 |
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591 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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592 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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593 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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594 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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595 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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596 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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597 |
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598 Merging Files with Emerge |
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599 |
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600 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. |
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601 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. |
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602 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. |
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603 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B |
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604 for each difference. |
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605 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, |
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606 changing states of differences, etc. |
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607 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. |
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608 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. |
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609 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. |
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610 |
24093 | 611 Abbrevs |
612 | |
613 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
614 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
615 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
616 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
617 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
618 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
619 | |
620 Editing Pictures | |
621 | |
622 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
623 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
624 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
625 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
626 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
627 | |
628 Sending Mail | |
629 | |
630 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
631 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
632 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
633 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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634 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 635 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
636 | |
637 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
638 | |
639 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
640 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
641 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
642 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
643 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
644 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
645 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
646 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
647 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
648 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
649 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
650 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
651 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
652 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
653 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
654 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
655 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
656 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
657 | |
658 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
659 | |
660 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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661 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 662 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
663 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
664 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
665 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
666 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
667 either one file or several files. | |
668 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
669 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
670 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
671 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
672 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
673 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
674 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
675 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
676 | |
677 The Calendar and the Diary | |
678 | |
679 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
680 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
681 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
682 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
683 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
684 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
685 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
686 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
687 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
688 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
689 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
690 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
691 | |
692 Movement in the Calendar | |
693 | |
694 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
695 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
696 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
697 specific date. | |
698 | |
699 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
700 | |
701 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
702 (aside from Gregorian). | |
703 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
704 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
705 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
706 | |
707 The Diary | |
708 | |
709 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
710 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
711 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
712 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
713 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
714 | |
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715 Gnus |
24093 | 716 |
717 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
718 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
719 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
720 | |
721 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
722 | |
723 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
724 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
725 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
726 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
727 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
728 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
729 | |
730 Customization | |
731 | |
732 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
733 independently of any others. | |
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734 * Easy Customization:: |
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735 Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
24093 | 736 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
737 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
738 you can control their functioning. | |
739 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
740 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
741 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
742 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
743 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
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744 substitute another code. |
24093 | 745 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and |
746 expressions are parsed. | |
747 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
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748 @file{.emacs} file. |
24093 | 749 |
750 Variables | |
751 | |
752 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
753 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
754 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
755 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
756 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
757 | |
758 Customizing Key Bindings | |
759 | |
760 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
761 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
762 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
763 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
764 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
765 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
766 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
767 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
768 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
769 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
770 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
771 beginners from surprises. | |
772 | |
773 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
774 | |
775 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
776 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
777 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
778 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
779 | |
780 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
781 | |
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782 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 783 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
784 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
785 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
786 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
787 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
788 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
789 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
790 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
791 | |
792 Reporting Bugs | |
793 | |
794 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
795 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
796 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
797 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
798 | |
799 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
800 | |
801 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
802 and call functions. | |
803 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
804 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
805 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
806 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
807 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
808 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
43015 | 809 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
24093 | 810 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
811 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
812 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
813 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
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814 * Misc X:: Other display options. |
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815 |
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816 X Resources |
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817 |
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818 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
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819 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
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820 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
24093 | 821 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
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822 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
24093 | 823 |
824 Environment Variables | |
825 | |
826 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
827 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
828 | |
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829 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 830 |
831 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
832 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
833 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
834 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
835 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
836 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
837 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
838 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
839 @end menu | |
840 | |
841 @iftex | |
842 @unnumbered Preface | |
843 | |
844 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
845 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
846 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
847 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
848 | |
849 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
850 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
851 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
852 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
853 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
854 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
855 see. | |
856 | |
857 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
858 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
859 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
860 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
861 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
862 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
863 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
864 | |
865 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
866 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
867 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
868 chapters when you need them. | |
869 | |
870 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
871 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
872 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
873 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
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874 |
24093 | 875 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. |
876 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
877 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
878 | |
879 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
880 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
881 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
882 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
883 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
884 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
885 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
886 | |
887 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
888 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
889 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
890 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
891 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
892 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
893 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
894 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
895 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
896 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
897 | |
898 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
899 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
900 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
901 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
902 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
903 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
904 @end iftex | |
905 | |
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906 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
24093 | 907 @unnumbered Distribution |
908 | |
909 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
910 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
911 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
912 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
913 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
914 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
915 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
916 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
917 appears following this section. | |
918 | |
919 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
920 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
921 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
922 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
923 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
924 | |
925 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
926 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
927 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
928 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
929 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
930 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
931 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
932 | |
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933 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
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934 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it |
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935 is also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always |
24093 | 936 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in |
937 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
938 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
939 information, write to | |
940 | |
941 @display | |
942 Free Software Foundation | |
943 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
944 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
945 USA | |
946 @end display | |
947 | |
948 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
949 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
950 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
951 | |
952 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
953 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
954 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
955 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
956 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
957 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
958 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
959 | |
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960 @iftex |
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961 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
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962 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
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963 |
24093 | 964 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe |
965 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
966 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
967 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
968 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
969 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
970 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
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971 Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, |
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972 Frederick Farnbach, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, |
24093 | 973 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen |
974 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 975 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 976 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
977 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
978 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
979 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
980 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
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981 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, |
24093 | 982 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric |
983 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
984 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
985 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
986 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
987 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
988 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
989 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
990 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
991 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
992 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
993 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
994 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
995 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
996 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
997 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
998 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
999 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
1000 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
1001 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
1002 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
1003 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
1004 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
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1005 @end iftex |
24093 | 1006 |
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1007 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top |
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1008 @unnumbered Introduction |
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1009 |
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1010 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, |
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1011 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. |
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1012 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) |
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1013 |
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1014 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text |
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1015 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you |
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1016 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. |
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1017 |
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1018 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very |
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1019 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you |
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1020 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your |
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1021 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. |
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1022 |
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1023 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond |
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1024 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic |
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1025 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing |
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1026 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, |
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1027 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in |
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1028 several different programming languages. |
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1029 |
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1030 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special |
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1031 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can |
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1032 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands |
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1033 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. |
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1034 |
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1035 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs |
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1036 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in |
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1037 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell |
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1038 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings |
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1039 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the |
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1040 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion |
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1041 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the |
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1042 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. |
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1043 |
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1044 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and |
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1045 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by |
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1046 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' |
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1047 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call |
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1048 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing |
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1049 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a |
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1050 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs |
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1051 are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written |
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1052 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer |
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1053 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to |
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1054 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to |
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1055 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software |
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1056 Foundation. |
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1057 |
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1058 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and |
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1059 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the |
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1060 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you |
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1061 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and |
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1062 edit files while running shell commands. |
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1063 |
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1064 @include screen.texi |
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1065 @include commands.texi |
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1066 @include entering.texi |
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1067 @include basic.texi |
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1068 @include mini.texi |
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1069 @include m-x.texi |
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1070 @include help.texi |
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1071 @include mark.texi |
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1072 @include killing.texi |
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1073 @include regs.texi |
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1074 @include display.texi |
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1075 @include search.texi |
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1076 @include fixit.texi |
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1077 @include kmacro.texi |
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1078 @include files.texi |
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1079 @include buffers.texi |
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1080 @include windows.texi |
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1081 @include frames.texi |
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1082 @include mule.texi |
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1083 @include major.texi |
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1084 @include indent.texi |
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1085 @include text.texi |
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1086 @include programs.texi |
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1087 @include building.texi |
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1088 @include maintaining.texi |
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1089 @include abbrevs.texi |
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1090 @include picture.texi |
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1091 @include sending.texi |
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1092 @include rmail.texi |
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1093 @include dired.texi |
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1094 @include calendar.texi |
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1095 @include misc.texi |
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1096 @include custom.texi |
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1097 @include trouble.texi |
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1098 |
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1099 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top |
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1100 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
24093 | 1101 @center Version 2, June 1991 |
1102 | |
1103 @display | |
1104 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
1105 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
1106 | |
1107 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1108 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1109 @end display | |
1110 | |
1111 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1112 | |
1113 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1114 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1115 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1116 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1117 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1118 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1119 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
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1120 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to |
24093 | 1121 your programs, too. |
1122 | |
1123 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1124 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1125 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1126 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1127 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1128 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1129 | |
1130 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1131 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1132 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1133 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1134 | |
1135 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1136 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1137 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1138 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1139 rights. | |
1140 | |
1141 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1142 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1143 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1144 | |
1145 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1146 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1147 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1148 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1149 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1150 authors' reputations. | |
1151 | |
1152 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1153 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1154 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1155 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1156 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1157 | |
1158 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1159 modification follow. | |
1160 | |
1161 @iftex | |
1162 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1163 @end iftex | |
1164 @ifinfo | |
1165 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1166 @end ifinfo | |
1167 | |
1168 @enumerate 0 | |
1169 @item | |
1170 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1171 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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1172 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1173 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1174 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1175 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1176 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1177 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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1178 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1179 |
1180 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1181 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1182 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1183 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1184 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1185 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1186 | |
1187 @item | |
1188 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1189 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1190 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1191 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1192 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1193 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1194 along with the Program. | |
1195 | |
1196 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1197 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1198 | |
1199 @item | |
1200 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1201 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1202 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1203 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1204 | |
1205 @enumerate a | |
1206 @item | |
1207 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1208 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1209 | |
1210 @item | |
1211 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1212 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1213 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1214 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1215 | |
1216 @item | |
1217 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1218 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1219 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1220 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1221 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1222 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1223 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1224 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1225 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1226 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1227 @end enumerate | |
1228 | |
1229 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1230 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1231 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1232 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1233 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1234 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1235 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1236 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1237 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1238 | |
1239 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1240 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1241 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1242 collective works based on the Program. | |
1243 | |
1244 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1245 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1246 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1247 the scope of this License. | |
1248 | |
1249 @item | |
1250 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1251 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1252 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1253 | |
1254 @enumerate a | |
1255 @item | |
1256 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1257 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1258 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1259 | |
1260 @item | |
1261 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1262 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1263 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1264 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1265 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1266 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1267 | |
1268 @item | |
1269 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1270 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1271 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1272 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1273 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1274 @end enumerate | |
1275 | |
1276 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1277 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1278 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1279 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1280 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1281 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1282 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1283 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1284 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1285 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1286 | |
1287 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1288 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1289 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1290 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1291 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1292 | |
1293 @item | |
1294 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1295 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1296 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1297 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1298 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1299 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1300 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1301 | |
1302 @item | |
1303 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1304 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1305 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1306 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1307 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1308 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1309 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1310 the Program or works based on it. | |
1311 | |
1312 @item | |
1313 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1314 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1315 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1316 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1317 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1318 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1319 this License. | |
1320 | |
1321 @item | |
1322 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1323 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1324 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1325 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1326 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1327 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1328 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1329 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1330 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1331 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1332 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1333 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1334 | |
1335 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1336 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1337 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1338 circumstances. | |
1339 | |
1340 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1341 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1342 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1343 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1344 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1345 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1346 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1347 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1348 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1349 impose that choice. | |
1350 | |
1351 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1352 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1353 | |
1354 @item | |
1355 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1356 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1357 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1358 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1359 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1360 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1361 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1362 | |
1363 @item | |
1364 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1365 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1366 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1367 address new problems or concerns. | |
1368 | |
1369 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1370 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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|
1371 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1372 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1373 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1374 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1375 Foundation. | |
1376 | |
1377 @item | |
1378 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1379 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1380 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1381 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1382 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1383 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1384 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1385 | |
1386 @iftex | |
1387 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1388 @end iftex | |
1389 @ifinfo | |
1390 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1391 @end ifinfo | |
1392 | |
1393 @item | |
1394 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1395 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1396 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1397 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1398 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1399 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1400 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1401 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1402 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1403 | |
1404 @item | |
1405 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1406 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1407 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1408 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1409 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1410 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1411 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1412 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1413 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1414 @end enumerate | |
1415 | |
1416 @iftex | |
1417 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1418 @end iftex | |
1419 @ifinfo | |
1420 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1421 @end ifinfo | |
1422 | |
1423 @page | |
1424 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1425 | |
1426 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1427 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1428 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1429 | |
1430 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1431 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1432 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1433 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1434 | |
1435 @smallexample | |
1436 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1437 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1438 | |
1439 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1440 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1441 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1442 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1443 | |
1444 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1445 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1446 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1447 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1448 | |
1449 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1450 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1451 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1452 @end smallexample | |
1453 | |
1454 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1455 | |
1456 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1457 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1458 | |
1459 @smallexample | |
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1460 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1461 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1462 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
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1463 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' |
24093 | 1464 for details. |
1465 @end smallexample | |
1466 | |
1467 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1468 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1469 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1470 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1471 suits your program. | |
1472 | |
1473 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1474 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1475 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1476 | |
1477 @smallexample | |
1478 @group | |
1479 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1480 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
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1481 (which makes passes at compilers) written |
24093 | 1482 by James Hacker. |
1483 | |
1484 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1485 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1486 @end group | |
1487 @end smallexample | |
1488 | |
1489 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1490 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1491 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
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1492 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General |
24093 | 1493 Public License instead of this License. |
1494 | |
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1495 @include doclicense.texi |
24093 | 1496 @include cmdargs.texi |
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@include xresources.texi.
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1497 @include xresources.texi |
24093 | 1498 |
1499 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1500 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1501 @include msdog.texi |
1502 @include gnu.texi | |
1503 @include glossary.texi | |
55626 | 1504 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1505 @include ack.texi |
55626 | 1506 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1507 |
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1508 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1509 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1510 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1511 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1512 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1513 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1514 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1515 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1516 |
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1517 @iftex |
24093 | 1518 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1519 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1520 @printindex ky | |
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1521 @end iftex |
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1522 |
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1523 @ifnottex |
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1524 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1525 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1526 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1527 |
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1528 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1529 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1530 @printindex op |
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1531 |
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1532 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1533 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1534 @printindex fn |
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1535 @end ifnottex |
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1536 |
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1537 @iftex |
24093 | 1538 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1539 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1540 @printindex fn | |
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1541 @end iftex |
24093 | 1542 |
1543 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1544 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1545 @printindex vr | |
1546 | |
1547 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1548 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1549 @printindex cp | |
1550 | |
1551 @summarycontents | |
1552 @contents | |
1553 @bye | |
1554 | |
52401 | 1555 @ignore |
1556 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1557 @end ignore |