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annotate man/emacs.texi @ 71879:d236eeffa8f7
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Thu, 13 Jul 2006 22:52:49 +0000 |
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs |
24093 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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7 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
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8 @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
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9 |
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10 @copying |
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11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 13 |
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14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, |
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15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software |
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16 Foundation, Inc. |
24093 | 17 |
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18 @quotation |
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19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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26 License.'' |
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27 |
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28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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29 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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30 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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31 @end quotation |
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32 @end copying |
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33 |
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34 @dircategory Emacs |
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35 @direntry |
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36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
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37 @end direntry |
24093 | 38 |
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
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41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
24093 | 42 |
69012 | 43 @smallbook |
24093 | 44 |
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45 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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46 @c save on paper cost. Also do not declare @setchapternewpage odd. |
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47 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
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48 @tex |
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49 @fonttextsize 10 |
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51 @end tex |
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52 |
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53 @defcodeindex op |
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54 @synindex pg cp |
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55 |
24093 | 56 @iftex |
57 @kbdinputstyle code | |
58 | |
59 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
60 @end iftex | |
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61 |
24093 | 62 @titlepage |
63 @sp 6 | |
64 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
65 @sp 4 | |
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66 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 67 @sp 5 |
68 @center Richard Stallman | |
69 @page | |
70 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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71 @insertcopying |
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72 |
24093 | 73 @sp 2 |
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74 ISBN 1-882114-06-X @* |
24093 | 75 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
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76 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* |
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77 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA |
24093 | 78 |
79 @sp 2 | |
80 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
81 | |
82 @end titlepage | |
69885 | 83 |
84 | |
85 @summarycontents | |
86 @contents | |
87 | |
88 | |
30870 | 89 @ifnottex |
24093 | 90 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
91 @top The Emacs Editor | |
92 | |
93 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
94 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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95 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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96 @value{EMACSVER}. |
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97 |
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98 @ifinfo |
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99 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and |
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100 Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info |
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101 commands. |
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102 @end ifinfo |
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103 |
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104 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
24093 | 105 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
30870 | 106 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 107 |
108 @ignore | |
109 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
110 and to avoid conflicts. | |
111 Completion | |
112 Backup Files | |
113 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
114 Snapshots | |
115 Text Mode | |
116 Outline Mode | |
117 @TeX{} Mode | |
118 Formatted Text | |
119 Shell Command History | |
120 | |
121 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
122 to avoid conflicts. | |
123 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
124 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
125 @end ignore | |
126 | |
127 @menu | |
128 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
129 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
130 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
131 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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132 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 133 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
134 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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135 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21. |
34199 | 136 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
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137 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. |
24093 | 138 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! |
53695 | 139 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 140 |
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141 Indexes (each index contains a large menu) |
24093 | 142 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. |
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143 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
24093 | 144 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. |
145 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
146 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
147 | |
148 Important General Concepts | |
149 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
150 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
151 function keys). | |
152 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
153 editing action. | |
154 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
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155 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers |
24093 | 156 and strings). |
157 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
158 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
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159 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
24093 | 160 |
161 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
162 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
163 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
164 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
165 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
166 | |
167 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
168 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
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169 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
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170 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
24093 | 171 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
172 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
173 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
174 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
175 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
176 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
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177 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of |
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178 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
24093 | 179 |
180 Major Structures of Emacs | |
181 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
182 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
183 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
184 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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185 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 186 |
187 Advanced Features | |
188 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
189 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
190 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
191 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
192 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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193 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 194 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
195 the number of characters you must type. | |
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196 @ifnottex |
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197 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using |
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198 the quarter-plane screen model. |
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199 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 200 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. |
201 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
202 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
203 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
204 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
205 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
206 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
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207 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. |
24093 | 208 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
209 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
210 of the buffer. | |
211 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
212 in side-by-side windows. | |
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213 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. |
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214 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. |
24093 | 215 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing |
216 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 217 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 218 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 219 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
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220 * Thumbnails:: Browsing images using thumbnails. |
24093 | 221 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
222 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
223 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
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224 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
24093 | 225 |
226 Recovery from Problems | |
227 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
228 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
229 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
230 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
231 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
232 | |
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233 Detailed Node Listing |
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234 --------------------- |
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235 |
24093 | 236 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones |
237 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
238 | |
239 The Organization of the Screen | |
240 | |
241 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
242 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
243 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
244 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
245 | |
246 Basic Editing Commands | |
247 | |
248 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
249 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
250 change something. | |
251 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
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252 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. |
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253 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
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254 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. |
24093 | 255 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. |
256 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
257 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
258 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
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259 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. |
24093 | 260 |
261 The Minibuffer | |
262 | |
263 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
264 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
265 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
266 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
267 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
268 | |
269 Help | |
270 | |
271 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
272 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
273 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
274 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
275 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
276 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
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277 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. |
24093 | 278 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. |
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279 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. |
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280 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') |
24093 | 281 |
282 The Mark and the Region | |
283 | |
284 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
285 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
286 when there is one. | |
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287 * Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily. |
24093 | 288 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
289 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
290 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
291 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
292 | |
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293 Killing and Moving Text |
24093 | 294 |
295 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
296 blank areas. | |
297 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
298 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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299 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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300 * Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical displays: |
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301 yanking between applications. |
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302 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy |
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303 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support. |
24093 | 304 |
305 Yanking | |
306 | |
307 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
308 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
309 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
310 | |
311 Registers | |
312 | |
313 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
314 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
315 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
316 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
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317 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. |
24093 | 318 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. |
319 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
320 | |
321 Controlling the Display | |
322 | |
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323 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
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324 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. |
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325 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. |
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326 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
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327 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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328 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. |
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329 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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330 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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331 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
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332 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
24093 | 333 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. |
334 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
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335 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. |
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336 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
36211 | 337 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 338 |
339 Searching and Replacement | |
340 | |
341 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
342 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
343 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
344 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
345 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
346 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
347 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
348 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
349 | |
350 Replacement Commands | |
351 | |
352 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
353 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
354 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
355 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
356 | |
357 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
358 | |
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359 * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands. |
24093 | 360 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. |
361 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
362 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
363 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
364 | |
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365 Keyboard Macros |
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366 |
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367 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
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368 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
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369 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
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370 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
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371 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
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372 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
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373 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard |
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374 macro. |
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375 |
24093 | 376 File Handling |
377 | |
378 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
379 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
380 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
381 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
382 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
383 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
384 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
385 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
386 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
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387 * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output. |
24093 | 388 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. |
389 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
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390 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
24093 | 391 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
392 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
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393 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
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394 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
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395 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. |
24093 | 396 |
397 Saving Files | |
398 | |
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399 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. |
24093 | 400 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. |
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401 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. |
24093 | 402 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing |
403 of one file by two users. | |
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404 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
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405 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
24093 | 406 |
407 Version Control | |
408 | |
409 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
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410 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
24093 | 411 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
412 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
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413 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
24093 | 414 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
415 | |
416 Using Multiple Buffers | |
417 | |
418 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
419 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 420 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 421 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
422 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
423 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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424 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
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425 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
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426 buffer handling. |
24093 | 427 |
428 Multiple Windows | |
429 | |
430 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
431 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
432 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
433 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
434 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
435 window rather than in another window. | |
436 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
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437 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
24093 | 438 |
439 Frames and X Windows | |
440 | |
441 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
442 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 443 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 444 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
445 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
446 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
447 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 448 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
449 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 450 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
451 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
452 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
453 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 454 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
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455 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. |
24093 | 456 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 457 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
458 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
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459 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. |
36211 | 460 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
24093 | 461 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
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462 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. |
24093 | 463 |
464 International Character Set Support | |
465 | |
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466 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 467 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
468 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
469 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
470 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
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471 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. |
24093 | 472 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and |
473 write files, and so on. | |
474 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
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475 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. |
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476 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. |
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477 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
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478 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
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479 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
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480 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting |
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481 terminal input and output. |
24093 | 482 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
483 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
484 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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485 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. |
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486 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
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487 to use without multibyte characters. |
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488 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
24093 | 489 |
490 Major Modes | |
491 | |
492 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
493 | |
494 Indentation | |
495 | |
496 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
497 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
498 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
499 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
500 | |
501 Commands for Human Languages | |
502 | |
503 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
504 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
505 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
506 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
507 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
508 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
509 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
510 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
511 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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512 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
24093 | 513 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
514 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
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515 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. |
24093 | 516 |
517 Filling Text | |
518 | |
519 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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520 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
24093 | 521 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
522 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
523 or in a comment, etc. | |
524 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
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525 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. |
24093 | 526 |
527 Editing Programs | |
528 | |
529 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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530 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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531 of a program. |
24093 | 532 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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533 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
24093 | 534 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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535 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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536 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 537 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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538 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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539 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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540 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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541 Java, and Pike modes. |
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542 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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543 |
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544 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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545 |
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546 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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547 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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548 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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549 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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550 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 551 |
552 Indentation for Programs | |
553 | |
554 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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555 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 556 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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557 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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558 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 559 |
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560 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 561 |
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562 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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563 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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564 in the structure of parentheses. |
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565 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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566 |
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567 Manipulating Comments |
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568 |
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569 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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570 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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571 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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572 |
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573 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 574 |
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575 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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576 in Info files. |
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577 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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578 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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579 |
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580 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 581 |
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582 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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583 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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584 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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585 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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586 and other neat features. |
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587 |
24093 | 588 Compiling and Testing Programs |
589 | |
590 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
591 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
592 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
593 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
594 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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595 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
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596 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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597 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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598 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
24093 | 599 with different facilities for running |
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600 the Lisp programs. |
24093 | 601 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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602 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
24093 | 603 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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604 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
24093 | 605 |
606 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
607 | |
608 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
609 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
610 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
611 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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612 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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613 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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614 Emacs. |
24093 | 615 |
69012 | 616 Maintaining Large Programs |
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617 |
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618 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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619 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. |
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620 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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621 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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622 |
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623 Tags Tables |
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624 |
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625 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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626 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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627 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. |
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628 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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629 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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630 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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631 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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632 |
24093 | 633 Abbrevs |
634 | |
635 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
636 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
637 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
638 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
639 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
640 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
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641 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. |
24093 | 642 |
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643 @ifnottex |
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644 Editing Pictures |
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645 |
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646 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. |
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647 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion |
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648 after "self-inserting" characters. |
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649 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. |
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650 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. |
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651 @end ifnottex |
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652 |
24093 | 653 Sending Mail |
654 | |
655 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
656 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
657 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
658 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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659 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 660 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
661 | |
662 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
663 | |
664 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
665 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
666 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
667 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
668 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
669 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
670 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
671 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
672 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
673 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
674 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
675 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
676 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
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677 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. |
24093 | 678 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. |
679 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
680 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
681 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
682 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
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683 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. |
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684 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in |
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685 Various Formats |
24093 | 686 |
687 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
688 | |
689 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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690 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 691 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
692 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
693 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
694 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
695 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
696 either one file or several files. | |
697 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
698 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
699 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
700 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
701 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
702 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
703 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
704 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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705 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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706 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. |
24093 | 707 |
708 The Calendar and the Diary | |
709 | |
710 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
711 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
712 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
713 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
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714 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. |
24093 | 715 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. |
716 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
717 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
718 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
719 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
720 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
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721 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. |
24093 | 722 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. |
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723 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. |
24093 | 724 |
725 Movement in the Calendar | |
726 | |
727 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
728 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
729 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
730 specific date. | |
731 | |
732 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
733 | |
734 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
735 (aside from Gregorian). | |
736 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
737 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
738 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
739 | |
740 The Diary | |
741 | |
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742 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. |
24093 | 743 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. |
744 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
745 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
746 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
747 | |
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748 Gnus |
24093 | 749 |
750 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
751 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
752 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
753 | |
754 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
755 | |
756 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
757 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
758 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
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759 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
24093 | 760 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
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761 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
24093 | 762 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. |
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763 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
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764 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. |
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765 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. |
24093 | 766 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
767 | |
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768 Using Emacs as a Server |
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769 |
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770 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. |
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771 |
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772 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
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773 |
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774 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. |
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775 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. |
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776 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
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777 |
24093 | 778 Customization |
779 | |
780 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
781 independently of any others. | |
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782 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
24093 | 783 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
784 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
785 you can control their functioning. | |
786 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
787 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
788 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
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789 expressions are parsed. |
24093 | 790 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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791 @file{.emacs} file. |
24093 | 792 |
793 Variables | |
794 | |
795 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
796 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
797 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
798 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
799 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
800 | |
801 Customizing Key Bindings | |
802 | |
803 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
804 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
805 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
806 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
807 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
808 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
809 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
810 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
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811 * Non-ASCII Rebinding:: Rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as Latin-1. |
24093 | 812 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. |
813 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
814 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
815 beginners from surprises. | |
816 | |
817 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
818 | |
819 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
820 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
821 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
822 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
823 | |
824 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
825 | |
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826 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 827 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
828 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
829 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
830 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
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831 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. |
24093 | 832 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- |
833 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
834 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
835 | |
836 Reporting Bugs | |
837 | |
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838 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? |
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839 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. |
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840 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. |
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841 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 842 |
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843 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
24093 | 844 |
845 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
846 and call functions. | |
847 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
848 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
849 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
850 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
851 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
852 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
43015 | 853 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
24093 | 854 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
855 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
856 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
857 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
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858 * Misc X:: Other display options. |
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859 |
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860 Environment Variables |
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861 |
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862 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. |
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863 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. |
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864 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
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865 |
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866 X Options and Resources |
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867 |
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868 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
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869 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
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870 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
24093 | 871 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
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872 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
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873 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. |
24093 | 874 |
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875 Emacs and Mac OS |
24093 | 876 |
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877 * Mac Input:: Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
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878 * Mac International:: International character sets on Mac. |
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879 * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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880 * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on Mac. |
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881 * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac. |
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882 * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
24093 | 883 |
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884 Emacs and Microsoft Windows |
24093 | 885 |
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886 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. |
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887 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. |
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888 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. |
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889 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. |
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890 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. |
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891 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. |
24093 | 892 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. |
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893 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. |
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894 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. |
24093 | 895 @end menu |
896 | |
897 @iftex | |
898 @unnumbered Preface | |
899 | |
900 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
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901 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a |
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902 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can |
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903 ignore the customization hints. |
24093 | 904 |
905 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
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906 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with |
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907 the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To |
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908 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial |
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909 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the |
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910 results. |
24093 | 911 |
912 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
913 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
914 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
915 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
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916 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters |
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917 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. |
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918 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them |
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919 until you are fluent. |
24093 | 920 |
921 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
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922 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters |
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923 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you |
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924 need them. |
24093 | 925 |
926 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
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927 properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems |
24093 | 928 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs |
929 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
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930 |
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931 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. |
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932 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. |
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933 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. |
24093 | 934 |
935 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
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936 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is |
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937 the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU |
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938 system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with |
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939 GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially |
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940 the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are |
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941 also distributed with GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 942 |
69012 | 943 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many |
944 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For | |
945 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons | |
946 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, | |
947 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from | |
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948 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. |
24093 | 949 |
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950 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs |
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951 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, |
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952 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. |
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953 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and |
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954 MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft |
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955 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. |
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956 @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We |
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957 don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual. |
24093 | 958 @end iftex |
959 | |
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960 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
24093 | 961 @unnumbered Distribution |
962 | |
963 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
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964 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs |
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965 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are |
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966 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed |
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967 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. |
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968 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing |
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969 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise |
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970 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with |
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971 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself |
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972 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is |
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973 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable |
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974 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. |
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975 @xref{Copying}. |
24093 | 976 |
62647
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977 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. |
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978 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; |
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|
979 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the |
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|
980 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see |
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|
981 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more |
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|
982 information. |
24093 | 983 |
984 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
985 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
986 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
987 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
988 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
989 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
990 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
991 | |
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992 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
62647
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993 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is |
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994 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions |
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|
995 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, |
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|
996 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at |
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997 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, |
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|
998 write to |
24093 | 999 |
1000 @display | |
1001 Free Software Foundation | |
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|
1002 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor |
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|
1003 Boston, MA 02110-1301 |
24093 | 1004 USA |
1005 @end display | |
1006 | |
1007 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
1008 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
1009 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1010 | |
1011 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1012 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1013 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1014 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1015 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1016 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1017 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1018 | |
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1019 @iftex |
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1020 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
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1021 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
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1022 |
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1023 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Tomas Abrahamsson, |
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1024 Jay K.@: Adams, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Eli |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1025 Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Per |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1026 Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1027 Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan, |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1028 W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1029 Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1030 Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1031 Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1032 Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1033 Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1034 Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1035 Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1036 Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1037 Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{i}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1038 Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1039 Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael Gschwind, Henry |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1040 Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1041 John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1042 Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Denis Howe, Lars |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1043 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Ulf Jasper, Michael |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1044 K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon Josefsson, Tomoji Kagatani, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1045 Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1046 Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Larry K.@: Kolodney, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1047 Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1048 Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, Geoff |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1049 Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Aaron Larson, James |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1050 R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1051 Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Dave |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1052 Love, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1053 Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon |
24093 | 1054 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, |
60803
1d4595ddf963
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1055 Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Richard |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1056 Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1057 Moore, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1058 Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1059 Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1060 David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1061 M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard |
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1062 L.@: Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1063 A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1064 Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1065 Rob Riepel, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: Roberts, John Robinson, Danny |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1066 Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Ivar Rummelhoff, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1067 Jason Rumney, Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1068 Sato, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1069 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1070 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, Oliver |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1071 Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark |
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1072 Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, |
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1073 Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel, |
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1074 Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, Ake |
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1075 Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin |
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1076 Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto |
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1077 Takahashi, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, |
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1078 Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Tom Tromey, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda, |
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1079 Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Ulrik Vieth, |
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1080 Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, Colin Walters, Barry |
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1081 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John |
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1082 Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, |
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1083 Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, |
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1084 Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal, |
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1085 Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian |
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1086 T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, and Detlev Zundel. |
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1087 @end iftex |
24093 | 1088 |
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1089 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top |
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1090 @unnumbered Introduction |
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1091 |
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1092 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the |
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1093 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs. |
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1094 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) |
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1095 |
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1096 We call Emacs advanced because it provides much more than simple |
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1097 insertion and deletion. It can control subprocesses, indent programs |
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1098 automatically, show two or more files at once, and edit formatted |
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1099 text. Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, |
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1100 lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and |
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1101 comments in various programming languages. |
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1102 |
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1103 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special |
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1104 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can |
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1105 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands |
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1106 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. |
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1107 |
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1108 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can alter Emacs commands' behavior |
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1109 in simple ways. For example, if you use a programming language in |
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1110 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can |
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1111 tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings |
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1112 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of |
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1113 the command set. For example, you can rebind the basic cursor motion |
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1114 commands (up, down, left and right) to any keys on the keyboard that |
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1115 you find comfortable. @xref{Customization}. |
56811
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1116 |
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1117 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization |
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1118 and write entirely new commands---programs in the Lisp language to be |
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1119 run by Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line |
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1120 extensible'' system, which means that it is divided into many |
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1121 functions that call each other, any of which can be redefined in the |
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1122 middle of an editing session. Almost any part of Emacs can be |
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1123 replaced without making a separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the |
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1124 editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions |
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1125 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency. |
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1126 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it |
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1127 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An |
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1128 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs |
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1129 Lisp programming. |
56811
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|
1130 |
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|
1131 When running on a graphical display, Emacs provides its own menus |
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1132 and convenient handling of mouse buttons. In addition, Emacs provides |
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1133 many of the benefits of a graphical display even on a text-only |
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1134 terminal. For instance, it can highlight parts of a file, display and |
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1135 edit several files at once, move text between files, and edit files |
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1136 while running shell commands. |
56811
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1137 |
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1138 @include screen.texi |
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1139 @include commands.texi |
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1140 @include entering.texi |
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1141 @include basic.texi |
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1142 @include mini.texi |
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1143 @include m-x.texi |
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1144 @include help.texi |
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1145 @include mark.texi |
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1146 @include killing.texi |
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1147 @include regs.texi |
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1148 @include display.texi |
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1149 @include search.texi |
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1150 @include fixit.texi |
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1151 @include kmacro.texi |
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1152 @include files.texi |
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1153 @include buffers.texi |
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1154 @include windows.texi |
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1155 @include frames.texi |
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1156 @include mule.texi |
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1157 @include major.texi |
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1158 @include indent.texi |
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1159 @include text.texi |
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1160 @include programs.texi |
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1161 @include building.texi |
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1162 @include maintaining.texi |
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1163 @include abbrevs.texi |
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1164 @ifnottex |
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1165 @include picture-xtra.texi |
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1166 @end ifnottex |
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1167 @include sending.texi |
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1168 @include rmail.texi |
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1169 @include dired.texi |
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1170 @include calendar.texi |
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1171 @include misc.texi |
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1172 @include custom.texi |
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1173 @include trouble.texi |
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1174 |
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1175 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top |
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1176 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
24093 | 1177 @center Version 2, June 1991 |
1178 | |
1179 @display | |
1180 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
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|
1181 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA |
24093 | 1182 |
1183 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1184 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1185 @end display | |
1186 | |
1187 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1188 | |
1189 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1190 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1191 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1192 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1193 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1194 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1195 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
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1196 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to |
24093 | 1197 your programs, too. |
1198 | |
1199 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1200 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1201 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1202 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1203 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1204 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1205 | |
1206 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1207 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1208 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1209 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1210 | |
1211 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1212 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1213 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1214 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1215 rights. | |
1216 | |
1217 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1218 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1219 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1220 | |
1221 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1222 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1223 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1224 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1225 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1226 authors' reputations. | |
1227 | |
1228 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1229 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1230 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1231 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1232 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1233 | |
1234 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1235 modification follow. | |
1236 | |
1237 @iftex | |
1238 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1239 @end iftex | |
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1240 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1241 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION |
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1242 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1243 |
1244 @enumerate 0 | |
1245 @item | |
1246 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1247 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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1248 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1249 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1250 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1251 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1252 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1253 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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|
1254 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1255 |
1256 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1257 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1258 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1259 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1260 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1261 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1262 | |
1263 @item | |
1264 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1265 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1266 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1267 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1268 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1269 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1270 along with the Program. | |
1271 | |
1272 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1273 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1274 | |
1275 @item | |
1276 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1277 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1278 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1279 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1280 | |
1281 @enumerate a | |
1282 @item | |
1283 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1284 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1285 | |
1286 @item | |
1287 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1288 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1289 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1290 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1291 | |
1292 @item | |
1293 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1294 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1295 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1296 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1297 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1298 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1299 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1300 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1301 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1302 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1303 @end enumerate | |
1304 | |
1305 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1306 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1307 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1308 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1309 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1310 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1311 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1312 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1313 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1314 | |
1315 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1316 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1317 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1318 collective works based on the Program. | |
1319 | |
1320 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1321 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1322 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1323 the scope of this License. | |
1324 | |
1325 @item | |
1326 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1327 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1328 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1329 | |
1330 @enumerate a | |
1331 @item | |
1332 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1333 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1334 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1335 | |
1336 @item | |
1337 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1338 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1339 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1340 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1341 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1342 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1343 | |
1344 @item | |
1345 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1346 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1347 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1348 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1349 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1350 @end enumerate | |
1351 | |
1352 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1353 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1354 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1355 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1356 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1357 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1358 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1359 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1360 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1361 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1362 | |
1363 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1364 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1365 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1366 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1367 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1368 | |
1369 @item | |
1370 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1371 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1372 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1373 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1374 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1375 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1376 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1377 | |
1378 @item | |
1379 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1380 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1381 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1382 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1383 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1384 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1385 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1386 the Program or works based on it. | |
1387 | |
1388 @item | |
1389 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1390 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1391 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1392 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1393 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1394 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1395 this License. | |
1396 | |
1397 @item | |
1398 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1399 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1400 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1401 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1402 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1403 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1404 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1405 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1406 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1407 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1408 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1409 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1410 | |
1411 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1412 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1413 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1414 circumstances. | |
1415 | |
1416 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1417 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1418 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1419 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1420 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1421 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1422 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1423 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1424 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1425 impose that choice. | |
1426 | |
1427 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1428 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1429 | |
1430 @item | |
1431 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1432 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1433 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1434 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1435 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1436 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1437 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1438 | |
1439 @item | |
1440 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1441 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1442 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1443 address new problems or concerns. | |
1444 | |
1445 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1446 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1447 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1448 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1449 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1450 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1451 Foundation. | |
1452 | |
1453 @item | |
1454 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1455 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1456 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1457 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1458 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1459 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1460 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1461 | |
1462 @iftex | |
1463 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1464 @end iftex | |
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1465 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1466 @center NO WARRANTY |
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1467 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1468 |
1469 @item | |
1470 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1471 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1472 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1473 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1474 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1475 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1476 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1477 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1478 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1479 | |
1480 @item | |
1481 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1482 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1483 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1484 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1485 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1486 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1487 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1488 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1489 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1490 @end enumerate | |
1491 | |
1492 @iftex | |
1493 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1494 @end iftex | |
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1495 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1496 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS |
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1497 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1498 |
1499 @page | |
1500 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1501 | |
1502 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1503 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1504 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1505 | |
1506 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1507 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1508 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1509 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1510 | |
1511 @smallexample | |
1512 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1513 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1514 | |
1515 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1516 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1517 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1518 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1519 | |
1520 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1521 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1522 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1523 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1524 | |
1525 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1526 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
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Update FSF's address throughout.
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1527 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. |
24093 | 1528 @end smallexample |
1529 | |
1530 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1531 | |
1532 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1533 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1534 | |
1535 @smallexample | |
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1536 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1537 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1538 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
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1539 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' |
24093 | 1540 for details. |
1541 @end smallexample | |
1542 | |
1543 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1544 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1545 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1546 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1547 suits your program. | |
1548 | |
1549 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1550 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1551 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1552 | |
1553 @smallexample | |
1554 @group | |
1555 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1556 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
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1557 (which makes passes at compilers) written |
24093 | 1558 by James Hacker. |
1559 | |
1560 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1561 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1562 @end group | |
1563 @end smallexample | |
1564 | |
1565 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1566 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1567 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
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1568 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General |
24093 | 1569 Public License instead of this License. |
1570 | |
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1571 @include doclicense.texi |
24093 | 1572 @include cmdargs.texi |
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1573 @iftex |
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1574 @include xresmini.texi |
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1575 @end iftex |
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1576 @ifnottex |
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1577 @include xresources.texi |
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1578 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1579 |
1580 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1581 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1582 @include msdog.texi |
1583 @include gnu.texi | |
1584 @include glossary.texi | |
55626 | 1585 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1586 @include ack.texi |
55626 | 1587 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1588 |
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1589 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1590 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1591 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1592 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1593 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1594 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1595 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1596 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1597 |
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1598 @iftex |
24093 | 1599 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1600 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1601 @printindex ky | |
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1602 @end iftex |
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1603 |
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1604 @ifnottex |
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1605 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1606 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1607 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1608 |
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parents:
37247
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1609 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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1610 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1611 @printindex op |
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1612 |
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parents:
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1613 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1614 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1615 @printindex fn |
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1616 @end ifnottex |
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1617 |
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parents:
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1618 @iftex |
24093 | 1619 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1620 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1621 @printindex fn | |
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1622 @end iftex |
24093 | 1623 |
1624 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1625 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1626 @printindex vr | |
1627 | |
1628 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1629 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1630 @printindex cp | |
1631 | |
1632 @bye | |
1633 | |
52401 | 1634 @ignore |
1635 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1636 @end ignore |