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annotate man/buffers.texi @ 55959:d410189413d7
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date | Sun, 06 Jun 2004 21:44:22 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000, 2001 |
31311 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Buffers, Windows, Files, Top | |
6 @chapter Using Multiple Buffers | |
7 | |
8 @cindex buffers | |
9 The text you are editing in Emacs resides in an object called a | |
10 @dfn{buffer}. Each time you visit a file, a buffer is created to hold the | |
11 file's text. Each time you invoke Dired, a buffer is created to hold the | |
12 directory listing. If you send a message with @kbd{C-x m}, a buffer named | |
13 @samp{*mail*} is used to hold the text of the message. When you ask for a | |
14 command's documentation, that appears in a buffer called @samp{*Help*}. | |
15 | |
16 @cindex selected buffer | |
17 @cindex current buffer | |
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18 At any time, one and only one buffer is @dfn{current}. It is also |
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19 called the @dfn{selected buffer}. Often we say that a command operates on |
25829 | 20 ``the buffer'' as if there were only one; but really this means that the |
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21 command operates on the current buffer (most commands do). |
25829 | 22 |
37121 | 23 When Emacs has multiple windows, each window has its own chosen |
24 buffer and displays it; at any time, only one of the windows is | |
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25 selected, and its chosen buffer is the current buffer. Each window's |
37121 | 26 mode line normally displays the name of the window's chosen buffer |
27 (@pxref{Windows}). | |
25829 | 28 |
29 Each buffer has a name, which can be of any length, and you can select | |
30 any buffer by giving its name. Most buffers are made by visiting files, | |
31 and their names are derived from the files' names. But you can also create | |
32 an empty buffer with any name you want. A newly started Emacs has a buffer | |
33 named @samp{*scratch*} which can be used for evaluating Lisp expressions in | |
34 Emacs. The distinction between upper and lower case matters in buffer | |
35 names. | |
36 | |
37 Each buffer records individually what file it is visiting, whether it is | |
38 modified, and what major mode and minor modes are in effect in it | |
39 (@pxref{Major Modes}). Any Emacs variable can be made @dfn{local to} a | |
40 particular buffer, meaning its value in that buffer can be different from | |
41 the value in other buffers. @xref{Locals}. | |
42 | |
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43 @cindex buffer size, maximum |
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44 A buffer's size cannot be larger than some maximum, which is defined |
37821 | 45 by the largest buffer position representable by the @dfn{Emacs integer} |
46 data type. This is because Emacs tracks buffer positions using that | |
47 data type. For 32-bit machines, the largest buffer size is 128 | |
48 megabytes. | |
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49 |
25829 | 50 @menu |
51 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
52 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
53 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
54 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
55 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
56 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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57 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
30869 | 58 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
59 buffer handling. | |
25829 | 60 @end menu |
61 | |
62 @node Select Buffer | |
63 @section Creating and Selecting Buffers | |
64 @cindex change buffers | |
65 @cindex switch buffers | |
66 | |
67 @table @kbd | |
68 @item C-x b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
69 Select or create a buffer named @var{buffer} (@code{switch-to-buffer}). | |
70 @item C-x 4 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
71 Similar, but select @var{buffer} in another window | |
72 (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}). | |
73 @item C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
74 Similar, but select @var{buffer} in a separate frame | |
75 (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}). | |
76 @end table | |
77 | |
78 @kindex C-x b | |
79 @findex switch-to-buffer | |
80 To select the buffer named @var{bufname}, type @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} | |
81 @key{RET}}. This runs the command @code{switch-to-buffer} with argument | |
82 @var{bufname}. You can use completion on an abbreviation for the buffer | |
83 name you want (@pxref{Completion}). An empty argument to @kbd{C-x b} | |
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84 specifies the buffer that was current most recently among those not |
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85 now displayed in any window. |
25829 | 86 |
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87 @kindex C-x 4 b |
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88 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window |
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89 @vindex even-window-heights |
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90 To select a buffer in a window other than the current one, type |
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91 @kbd{C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This runs the command |
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92 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window} which displays the buffer |
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93 @var{bufname} in another window. By default, if displaying the buffer |
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94 causes two vertically adjacent windows to be displayed, the heights of |
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95 those windows are evened out; to countermand that and preserve the |
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96 window configuration, set the variable @code{even-window-heights} to |
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97 @code{nil}. |
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98 |
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99 @kindex C-x 5 b |
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100 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-frame |
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101 Similarly, @kbd{C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} runs the command |
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102 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame} which selects a buffer in another |
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103 frame. |
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104 |
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105 @vindex display-buffer-reuse-frames |
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106 You can control how certain buffers are handled by these commands by |
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107 customizing the variables @code{special-display-buffer-names}, |
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108 @code{special-display-regexps}, @code{same-window-buffer-names}, and |
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109 @code{same-window-regexps}. See @ref{Force Same Window}, and |
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110 @ref{Special Buffer Frames}, for more about these variables. In |
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111 addition, if the value of @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is |
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112 non-@code{nil}, and the buffer you want to switch to is already |
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113 displayed in some frame, Emacs will raise that frame. |
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114 |
25829 | 115 Most buffers are created by visiting files, or by Emacs commands that |
116 want to display some text, but you can also create a buffer explicitly | |
117 by typing @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This makes a new, empty | |
118 buffer that is not visiting any file, and selects it for editing. Such | |
119 buffers are used for making notes to yourself. If you try to save one, | |
120 you are asked for the file name to use. The new buffer's major mode is | |
121 determined by the value of @code{default-major-mode} (@pxref{Major | |
122 Modes}). | |
123 | |
124 Note that @kbd{C-x C-f}, and any other command for visiting a file, | |
125 can also be used to switch to an existing file-visiting buffer. | |
126 @xref{Visiting}. | |
127 | |
128 Emacs uses buffer names that start with a space for internal purposes. | |
129 It treats these buffers specially in minor ways---for example, by | |
130 default they do not record undo information. It is best to avoid using | |
131 such buffer names yourself. | |
132 | |
133 @node List Buffers | |
134 @section Listing Existing Buffers | |
135 | |
136 @table @kbd | |
137 @item C-x C-b | |
138 List the existing buffers (@code{list-buffers}). | |
139 @end table | |
140 | |
141 @cindex listing current buffers | |
142 @kindex C-x C-b | |
143 @findex list-buffers | |
144 To display a list of all the buffers that exist, type @kbd{C-x C-b}. | |
145 Each line in the list shows one buffer's name, major mode and visited | |
146 file. The buffers are listed in the order that they were current; the | |
147 buffers that were current most recently come first. | |
148 | |
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149 @samp{*} in the first field of a line indicates the buffer is ``modified.'' |
25829 | 150 If several buffers are modified, it may be time to save some with @kbd{C-x s} |
151 (@pxref{Saving}). @samp{%} indicates a read-only buffer. @samp{.} marks the | |
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152 current buffer. Here is an example of a buffer list:@refill |
25829 | 153 |
154 @smallexample | |
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155 CRM Buffer Size Mode File |
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156 . * .emacs 3294 Emacs-Lisp ~/.emacs |
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157 % *Help* 101 Help |
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158 search.c 86055 C ~/cvs/emacs/src/search.c |
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159 % src 20959 Dired by name ~/cvs/emacs/src/ |
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160 * *mail* 42 Mail |
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161 % HELLO 1607 Fundamental ~/cvs/emacs/etc/HELLO |
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162 % NEWS 481184 Outline ~/cvs/emacs/etc/NEWS |
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163 *scratch* 191 Lisp Interaction |
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164 * *Messages* 1554 Fundamental |
25829 | 165 @end smallexample |
166 | |
167 @noindent | |
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168 Note that the buffer @samp{*Help*} was made by a help request; it is |
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169 not visiting any file. The buffer @code{src} was made by Dired on the |
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170 directory @file{~/cvs/emacs/src/}. You can list only buffers that are |
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171 visiting files by giving the command a prefix; for instance, by typing |
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172 @kbd{C-u C-x C-b}. |
25829 | 173 |
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174 @code{list-buffers} omits buffers whose name begins with a blank, |
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175 unless they visit files: such buffers are used internally by Emacs. |
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176 |
25829 | 177 @need 2000 |
178 @node Misc Buffer | |
179 @section Miscellaneous Buffer Operations | |
180 | |
181 @table @kbd | |
182 @item C-x C-q | |
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183 Toggle read-only status of buffer (@code{toggle-read-only}). |
25829 | 184 @item M-x rename-buffer @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET} |
185 Change the name of the current buffer. | |
186 @item M-x rename-uniquely | |
187 Rename the current buffer by adding @samp{<@var{number}>} to the end. | |
188 @item M-x view-buffer @key{RET} @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
189 Scroll through buffer @var{buffer}. | |
190 @end table | |
191 | |
192 @kindex C-x C-q | |
193 @vindex buffer-read-only | |
194 @cindex read-only buffer | |
195 A buffer can be @dfn{read-only}, which means that commands to change | |
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196 its contents are not allowed. The mode line indicates read-only |
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197 buffers with @samp{%%} or @samp{%*} near the left margin. Read-only |
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198 buffers are usually made by subsystems such as Dired and Rmail that |
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199 have special commands to operate on the text; also by visiting a file |
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200 whose access control says you cannot write it. |
25829 | 201 |
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202 @findex toggle-read-only |
25829 | 203 If you wish to make changes in a read-only buffer, use the command |
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204 @kbd{C-x C-q} (@code{toggle-read-only}). It makes a read-only buffer |
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205 writable, and makes a writable buffer read-only. This |
25829 | 206 works by setting the variable @code{buffer-read-only}, which has a local |
207 value in each buffer and makes the buffer read-only if its value is | |
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208 non-@code{nil}. If you have files under version control, you may find |
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209 it convenient to bind @kbd{C-x C-q} to @code{vc-toggle-read-only} |
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210 instead. Then, typing @kbd{C-x C-q} not only changes the read-only |
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211 flag, but it also checks the file in or out. @xref{Version |
25829 | 212 Control}. |
213 | |
214 @findex rename-buffer | |
215 @kbd{M-x rename-buffer} changes the name of the current buffer. Specify | |
216 the new name as a minibuffer argument. There is no default. If you | |
217 specify a name that is in use for some other buffer, an error happens and | |
218 no renaming is done. | |
219 | |
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220 @findex rename-uniquely |
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221 @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely} renames the current buffer to a similar |
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222 name with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique. |
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223 This command does not need an argument. It is useful for creating |
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224 multiple shell buffers: if you rename the @samp{*Shell*} buffer, then |
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225 do @kbd{M-x shell} again, it makes a new shell buffer named |
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226 @samp{*Shell*}; meanwhile, the old shell buffer continues to exist |
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227 under its new name. This method is also good for mail buffers, |
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228 compilation buffers, and most Emacs features that create special |
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229 buffers with particular names. (With some of these features, such as |
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230 @kbd{M-x compile}, @kbd{M-x grep} an @kbd{M-x info}, you need to |
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231 switch to some other buffer before using the command, in order for it |
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232 to make a different buffer.) |
25829 | 233 |
234 @findex view-buffer | |
235 @kbd{M-x view-buffer} is much like @kbd{M-x view-file} (@pxref{Misc | |
236 File Ops}) except that it examines an already existing Emacs buffer. | |
237 View mode provides commands for scrolling through the buffer | |
238 conveniently but not for changing it. When you exit View mode with | |
239 @kbd{q}, that switches back to the buffer (and the position) which was | |
240 previously displayed in the window. Alternatively, if you exit View | |
241 mode with @kbd{e}, the buffer and the value of point that resulted from | |
242 your perusal remain in effect. | |
243 | |
244 The commands @kbd{M-x append-to-buffer} and @kbd{M-x insert-buffer} | |
245 can be used to copy text from one buffer to another. @xref{Accumulating | |
246 Text}.@refill | |
247 | |
248 @node Kill Buffer | |
249 @section Killing Buffers | |
250 | |
251 @cindex killing buffers | |
252 If you continue an Emacs session for a while, you may accumulate a | |
253 large number of buffers. You may then find it convenient to @dfn{kill} | |
254 the buffers you no longer need. On most operating systems, killing a | |
255 buffer releases its space back to the operating system so that other | |
256 programs can use it. Here are some commands for killing buffers: | |
257 | |
258 @table @kbd | |
259 @item C-x k @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
260 Kill buffer @var{bufname} (@code{kill-buffer}). | |
261 @item M-x kill-some-buffers | |
262 Offer to kill each buffer, one by one. | |
263 @end table | |
264 | |
265 @findex kill-buffer | |
266 @findex kill-some-buffers | |
267 @kindex C-x k | |
268 | |
269 @kbd{C-x k} (@code{kill-buffer}) kills one buffer, whose name you | |
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270 specify in the minibuffer. The default, used if you type just |
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271 @key{RET} in the minibuffer, is to kill the current buffer. If you |
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272 kill the current buffer, another buffer becomes current: one that was |
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273 current in the recent past but is not displayed in any window now. If |
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274 you ask to kill a file-visiting buffer that is modified (has unsaved |
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275 editing), then you must confirm with @kbd{yes} before the buffer is |
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276 killed. |
25829 | 277 |
278 The command @kbd{M-x kill-some-buffers} asks about each buffer, one by | |
279 one. An answer of @kbd{y} means to kill the buffer. Killing the current | |
280 buffer or a buffer containing unsaved changes selects a new buffer or asks | |
281 for confirmation just like @code{kill-buffer}. | |
282 | |
283 The buffer menu feature (@pxref{Several Buffers}) is also convenient | |
284 for killing various buffers. | |
285 | |
286 @vindex kill-buffer-hook | |
287 If you want to do something special every time a buffer is killed, you | |
288 can add hook functions to the hook @code{kill-buffer-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
289 | |
290 @findex clean-buffer-list | |
291 If you run one Emacs session for a period of days, as many people do, | |
292 it can fill up with buffers that you used several days ago. The command | |
293 @kbd{M-x clean-buffer-list} is a convenient way to purge them; it kills | |
294 all the unmodified buffers that you have not used for a long time. An | |
295 ordinary buffer is killed if it has not been displayed for three days; | |
296 however, you can specify certain buffers that should never be killed | |
297 automatically, and others that should be killed if they have been unused | |
298 for a mere hour. | |
299 | |
300 @cindex Midnight mode | |
301 @vindex midnight-mode | |
302 @vindex midnight-hook | |
303 You can also have this buffer purging done for you, every day at | |
304 midnight, by enabling Midnight mode. Midnight mode operates each day at | |
305 midnight; at that time, it runs @code{clean-buffer-list}, or whichever | |
306 functions you have placed in the normal hook @code{midnight-hook} | |
307 (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
308 | |
309 To enable Midnight mode, use the Customization buffer to set the | |
310 variable @code{midnight-mode} to @code{t}. @xref{Easy Customization}. | |
311 | |
312 @node Several Buffers | |
313 @section Operating on Several Buffers | |
314 @cindex buffer menu | |
315 | |
316 The @dfn{buffer-menu} facility is like a ``Dired for buffers''; it allows | |
317 you to request operations on various Emacs buffers by editing an Emacs | |
318 buffer containing a list of them. You can save buffers, kill them | |
319 (here called @dfn{deleting} them, for consistency with Dired), or display | |
320 them. | |
321 | |
322 @table @kbd | |
323 @item M-x buffer-menu | |
324 Begin editing a buffer listing all Emacs buffers. | |
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325 @item M-x buffer-menu-other-window. |
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326 Similar, but do it in another window. |
25829 | 327 @end table |
328 | |
329 @findex buffer-menu | |
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330 @findex buffer-menu-other-window |
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331 The command @code{buffer-menu} writes a list of all Emacs |
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332 buffers@footnote{Buffers which don't visit files and whose names begin |
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333 with a space are omitted: these are used internally by Emacs.} into the |
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334 buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}, and selects that buffer in Buffer Menu |
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335 mode. The list in the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer looks exactly as |
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336 described in @ref{List Buffers}. The buffer is read-only, and can be |
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337 changed only through the special commands described in this section. |
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338 The usual Emacs cursor motion commands can be used in the @samp{*Buffer |
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339 List*} buffer. The following commands apply to the buffer described on |
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340 the current line. |
25829 | 341 |
342 @table @kbd | |
343 @item d | |
344 Request to delete (kill) the buffer, then move down. The request | |
345 shows as a @samp{D} on the line, before the buffer name. Requested | |
346 deletions take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
347 @item C-d | |
348 Like @kbd{d} but move up afterwards instead of down. | |
349 @item s | |
350 Request to save the buffer. The request shows as an @samp{S} on the | |
351 line. Requested saves take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
352 You may request both saving and deletion for the same buffer. | |
353 @item x | |
354 Perform previously requested deletions and saves. | |
355 @item u | |
356 Remove any request made for the current line, and move down. | |
357 @item @key{DEL} | |
358 Move to previous line and remove any request made for that line. | |
359 @end table | |
360 | |
361 The @kbd{d}, @kbd{C-d}, @kbd{s} and @kbd{u} commands to add or remove | |
362 flags also move down (or up) one line. They accept a numeric argument | |
363 as a repeat count. | |
364 | |
365 These commands operate immediately on the buffer listed on the current | |
366 line: | |
367 | |
368 @table @kbd | |
369 @item ~ | |
370 Mark the buffer ``unmodified.'' The command @kbd{~} does this | |
371 immediately when you type it. | |
372 @item % | |
373 Toggle the buffer's read-only flag. The command @kbd{%} does | |
374 this immediately when you type it. | |
375 @item t | |
376 Visit the buffer as a tags table. @xref{Select Tags Table}. | |
377 @end table | |
378 | |
379 There are also commands to select another buffer or buffers: | |
380 | |
381 @table @kbd | |
382 @item q | |
383 Quit the buffer menu---immediately display the most recent formerly | |
384 visible buffer in its place. | |
385 @item @key{RET} | |
386 @itemx f | |
387 Immediately select this line's buffer in place of the @samp{*Buffer | |
388 List*} buffer. | |
389 @item o | |
390 Immediately select this line's buffer in another window as if by | |
391 @kbd{C-x 4 b}, leaving @samp{*Buffer List*} visible. | |
392 @item C-o | |
393 Immediately display this line's buffer in another window, but don't | |
394 select the window. | |
395 @item 1 | |
396 Immediately select this line's buffer in a full-screen window. | |
397 @item 2 | |
398 Immediately set up two windows, with this line's buffer in one, and the | |
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399 previously current buffer (aside from the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}) |
25829 | 400 in the other. |
401 @item b | |
402 Bury the buffer listed on this line. | |
403 @item m | |
404 Mark this line's buffer to be displayed in another window if you exit | |
405 with the @kbd{v} command. The request shows as a @samp{>} at the | |
406 beginning of the line. (A single buffer may not have both a delete | |
407 request and a display request.) | |
408 @item v | |
409 Immediately select this line's buffer, and also display in other windows | |
410 any buffers previously marked with the @kbd{m} command. If you have not | |
411 marked any buffers, this command is equivalent to @kbd{1}. | |
412 @end table | |
413 | |
414 All that @code{buffer-menu} does directly is create and switch to a | |
415 suitable buffer, and turn on Buffer Menu mode. Everything else | |
416 described above is implemented by the special commands provided in | |
417 Buffer Menu mode. One consequence of this is that you can switch from | |
418 the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer to another Emacs buffer, and edit there. | |
419 You can reselect the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer later, to perform the | |
420 operations already requested, or you can kill it, or pay no further | |
421 attention to it. | |
422 | |
423 The only difference between @code{buffer-menu} and @code{list-buffers} | |
424 is that @code{buffer-menu} switches to the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer | |
425 in the selected window; @code{list-buffers} displays it in another | |
426 window. If you run @code{list-buffers} (that is, type @kbd{C-x C-b}) | |
427 and select the buffer list manually, you can use all of the commands | |
428 described here. | |
429 | |
430 The buffer @samp{*Buffer List*} is not updated automatically when | |
431 buffers are created and killed; its contents are just text. If you have | |
432 created, deleted or renamed buffers, the way to update @samp{*Buffer | |
433 List*} to show what you have done is to type @kbd{g} | |
434 (@code{revert-buffer}) or repeat the @code{buffer-menu} command. | |
435 | |
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436 The command @code{buffer-menu-other-window} works the same as |
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437 @code{buffer-menu}, except that it displays the buffers list in |
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438 another window. |
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439 |
25829 | 440 @node Indirect Buffers |
441 @section Indirect Buffers | |
442 @cindex indirect buffer | |
443 @cindex base buffer | |
444 | |
445 An @dfn{indirect buffer} shares the text of some other buffer, which | |
446 is called the @dfn{base buffer} of the indirect buffer. In some ways it | |
447 is the analogue, for buffers, of a symbolic link between files. | |
448 | |
449 @table @kbd | |
450 @findex make-indirect-buffer | |
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451 @item M-x make-indirect-buffer @key{RET} @var{base-buffer} @key{RET} @var{indirect-name} @key{RET} |
25829 | 452 Create an indirect buffer named @var{indirect-name} whose base buffer |
453 is @var{base-buffer}. | |
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454 @findex clone-indirect-buffer |
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455 @item M-x clone-indirect-buffer @key{RET} |
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456 Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer. |
36884 | 457 @item C-x 4 c |
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458 @kindex C-x 4 c |
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459 @findex clone-indirect-buffer-other-window |
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460 Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer, and |
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461 select it in another window (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}). |
25829 | 462 @end table |
463 | |
464 The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its | |
465 base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately | |
466 in the other. But in all other respects, the indirect buffer and its | |
467 base buffer are completely separate. They have different names, | |
468 different values of point, different narrowing, different markers, | |
469 different major modes, and different local variables. | |
470 | |
471 An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can. If | |
472 you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually works by saving the | |
473 base buffer. Killing the base buffer effectively kills the indirect | |
474 buffer, but killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer. | |
475 | |
476 One way to use indirect buffers is to display multiple views of an | |
477 outline. @xref{Outline Views}. | |
30869 | 478 |
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479 A quick and handy way to make an indirect buffer is with the command |
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480 @kbd{M-x clone-indirect-buffer}. It creates and selects an indirect |
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481 buffer whose base buffer is the current buffer. With a numeric |
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482 argument, it prompts for the name of the indirect buffer; otherwise it |
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483 defaults to the name of the current buffer, modifying it by adding a |
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484 @samp{<@var{n}>} suffix if required. @kbd{C-x 4 c} |
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485 (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}) works like @kbd{M-x |
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486 clone-indirect-buffer}, but it selects the new buffer in another |
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487 window. |
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488 |
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489 The more general way to make an indirect buffer is with the command |
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490 @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. It creates an indirect buffer from |
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491 buffer @var{base-buffer}, under the name @var{indirect-name}. It |
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492 prompts for both @var{base-buffer} and @var{indirect-name} using the |
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493 minibuffer. |
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494 |
30869 | 495 @node Buffer Convenience |
496 @section Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling | |
497 | |
37121 | 498 This section describes several modes and features that make it more |
499 convenient to switch between buffers. | |
500 | |
30869 | 501 @menu |
31311 | 502 * Uniquify:: Buffer names can contain directory parts. |
31815 | 503 * Iswitchb:: Switching between buffers with substrings. |
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504 * Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu. |
30869 | 505 @end menu |
506 | |
507 @node Uniquify | |
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508 @subsection Making Buffer Names Unique |
30869 | 509 |
510 @cindex unique buffer names | |
511 @cindex directories in buffer names | |
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512 When several buffers visit identically-named files, Emacs must give |
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513 the buffers distinct names. The usual method for making buffer names |
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514 unique adds @samp{<2>}, @samp{<3>}, etc. to the end of the buffer |
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515 names (all but one of them). |
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516 |
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517 @vindex uniquify-buffer-name-style |
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518 Other methods work by adding parts of each file's directory to the |
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519 buffer name. To select one, customize the variable |
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520 @code{uniquify-buffer-name-style} (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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521 |
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522 For instance, the @code{forward} naming method puts part of the |
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523 directory name at the beginning of the buffer name; using this method, |
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524 buffers visiting @file{/u/mernst/tmp/Makefile} and |
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525 @file{/usr/projects/zaphod/Makefile} would be named |
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526 @samp{tmp/Makefile} and @samp{zaphod/Makefile}, respectively (instead |
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527 of @samp{Makefile} and @samp{Makefile<2>}). |
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528 |
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529 By contrast, the @code{post-forward} naming method would call the |
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530 buffers @samp{Makefile|tmp} and @samp{Makefile|zaphod}, and the |
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531 @code{reverse} naming method would call them @samp{Makefile\tmp} and |
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532 @samp{Makefile\zaphod}. The nontrivial difference between |
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533 @code{post-forward} and @code{reverse} occurs when just one directory |
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534 name is not enough to distinguish two files; then @code{reverse} puts |
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535 the directory names in reverse order, so that @file{/top/middle/file} |
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536 becomes @samp{file\middle\top}, while @code{post-forward} puts them in |
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537 forward order after the file name, as in @samp{file|top/middle}. |
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538 |
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539 Which rule to follow for putting the directory names in the buffer |
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540 name is not very important if you are going to @emph{look} at the |
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541 buffer names before you type one. But as an experienced user, if you |
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542 know the rule, you won't have to look. And then you may find that one |
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543 rule or another is easier for you to remember and utilize fast. |
30869 | 544 |
31815 | 545 @node Iswitchb |
546 @subsection Switching Between Buffers using Substrings | |
547 | |
548 @findex iswitchb-mode | |
549 @cindex Iswitchb mode | |
550 @cindex mode, Iswitchb | |
551 @kindex C-x b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
552 @kindex C-x 4 b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
553 @kindex C-x 5 b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
554 @kindex C-x 4 C-o @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
555 | |
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556 Iswitchb global minor mode provides convenient switching between |
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557 buffers using substrings of their names. It replaces the normal |
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558 definitions of @kbd{C-x b}, @kbd{C-x 4 b}, @kbd{C-x 5 b}, and @kbd{C-x |
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559 4 C-o} with alternative commands that are somewhat ``smarter.'' |
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560 |
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561 When one of these commands prompts you for a buffer name, you can |
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562 type in just a substring of the name you want to choose. As you enter |
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563 the substring, Iswitchb mode continuously displays a list of buffers |
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564 that match the substring you have typed. |
31815 | 565 |
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566 At any time, you can type @key{RET} to select the first buffer in |
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567 the list. So the way to select a particular buffer is to make it the |
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568 first in the list. There are two ways to do this. You can type more |
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569 of the buffer name and thus narrow down the list, excluding unwanted |
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570 buffers above the desired one. Alternatively, you can use @kbd{C-s} |
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571 and @kbd{C-r} to rotate the list until the desired buffer is first. |
31815 | 572 |
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573 @key{TAB} while entering the buffer name performs completion on the |
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574 string you have entered, based on the displayed list of buffers. |
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575 |
37121 | 576 To enable Iswitchb mode, type @kbd{M-x iswitchb-mode}, or customize |
577 the variable @code{iswitchb-mode} to @code{t} (@pxref{Easy | |
578 Customization}). | |
579 | |
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580 @node Buffer Menus |
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581 @subsection Customizing Buffer Menus |
30869 | 582 |
31311 | 583 @findex bs-show |
584 @cindex buffer list, customizable | |
585 @table @kbd | |
586 @item M-x bs-show | |
587 Make a list of buffers similarly to @kbd{M-x list-buffers} but | |
588 customizable. | |
589 @end table | |
590 | |
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591 @kbd{M-x bs-show} pops up a buffer list similar to the one normally |
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592 displayed by @kbd{C-x C-b} but which you can customize. If you prefer |
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593 this to the usual buffer list, you can bind this command to @kbd{C-x |
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594 C-b}. To customize this buffer list, use the @code{bs} Custom group |
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595 (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
30869 | 596 |
31815 | 597 @findex msb-mode |
598 @cindex mode, MSB | |
599 @cindex MSB mode | |
600 @cindex buffer menu | |
601 @findex mouse-buffer-menu | |
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602 @kindex C-Down-Mouse-1 |
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603 MSB global minor mode (``MSB'' stands for ``mouse select buffer'') |
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604 provides a different and customizable mouse buffer menu which you may |
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605 prefer. It replaces the bindings of @code{mouse-buffer-menu}, |
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606 normally on @kbd{C-Down-Mouse-1}, and the menu bar buffer menu. You |
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607 can customize the menu in the @code{msb} Custom group. |
52401 | 608 |
609 @ignore | |
610 arch-tag: 08c43460-f4f4-4b43-9cb5-1ea9ad991695 | |
611 @end ignore |