annotate lispref/keymaps.texi @ 11109:d67cbc284d24

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author Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
date Fri, 24 Mar 1995 00:48:45 +0000
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children 73dc8205d259
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/keymaps
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6 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top
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7 @chapter Keymaps
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8 @cindex keymap
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9
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10 The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data
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11 structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates
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12 (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type either with another keymap or
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13 with a command. When an event is bound to a keymap, that keymap is
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14 used to look up the next input event; this continues until a command
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15 is found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}.
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16
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17 @menu
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18 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps.
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19 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
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20 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps.
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21 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
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22 of another keymap.
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23 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
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24 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
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25 to override the standard (global) bindings.
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26 A minor mode can also override them.
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27 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works.
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28 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup.
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29 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap.
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30 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
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31 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
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32 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu.
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33 @end menu
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34
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35 @node Keymap Terminology
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36 @section Keymap Terminology
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37 @cindex key
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38 @cindex keystroke
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39 @cindex key binding
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40 @cindex binding of a key
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41 @cindex complete key
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42 @cindex undefined key
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43
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44 A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which
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45 can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for
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46 execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a
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47 keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include ordinary
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48 @sc{ASCII} characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input
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49 Events}).
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50
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51 A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a
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52 @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event
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53 is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences.
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54
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55 A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If
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56 the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the
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57 event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one
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58 event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event
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59 is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found
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60 in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are
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61 used up.
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62
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63 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence
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64 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because
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65 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil},
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66 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c},
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67 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are
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68 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete
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69 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more
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70 details.
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71
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72 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the
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73 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all
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74 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a
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75 unit---it is not really a key sequence. In other words, removing one or
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76 more events from the end of any valid key must always yield a prefix
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77 key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-f} is not a key; @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix
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78 key, so a longer sequence starting with @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key.
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79
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80 Note that the set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the
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81 bindings for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different
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82 keymaps, and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event
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83 sequence is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any
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84 prefix keys for its well-formedness.
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85
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86 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in
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87 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is
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88 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually
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89 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode
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90 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor
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91 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take
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92 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode
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93 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps},
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94 for details.
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95
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96 @node Format of Keymaps
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97 @section Format of Keymaps
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98 @cindex format of keymaps
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99 @cindex keymap format
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100 @cindex full keymap
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101 @cindex sparse keymap
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102
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103 A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The
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104 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap.
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105 Use the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is
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106 a keymap.
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107
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108 Each ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event
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109 type}, which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying
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110 Events}.
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111
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112 An ordinary element of a keymap is a cons cell of the form
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113 @code{(@var{type} .@: @var{binding})}. This specifies one binding, for
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114 events of type @var{type}.
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115
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116 @cindex default key binding
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117 @c Emacs 19 feature
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118 A cons cell whose @sc{car} is @code{t} is a @dfn{default key binding};
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119 any event not bound by other elements of the keymap is given
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120 @var{binding} as its binding. Default bindings allow a keymap to bind
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121 all possible event types without having to enumerate all of them. A
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122 keymap that has a default binding completely masks any lower-precedence
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123 keymap.
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124
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125 If an element of a keymap is a vector, the vector counts as bindings
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126 for all the @sc{ASCII} characters; vector element @var{n} is the binding
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127 for the character with code @var{n}. This is a compact way to
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128 record lots of bindings. A keymap with such a vector is called a
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129 @dfn{full keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse keymaps}.
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130
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131 When a keymap contains a vector, it always defines a binding for every
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132 @sc{ASCII} character even if the vector element is @code{nil}. Such a
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133 binding of @code{nil} overrides any default binding in the keymap.
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134 However, default bindings are still meaningful for events that are not
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135 @sc{ASCII} characters. A binding of @code{nil} does @emph{not}
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136 override lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map gives a
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137 binding of @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the global map.
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138
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139 @cindex keymap prompt string
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140 @cindex overall prompt string
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141 @cindex prompt string of keymap
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142 Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element.
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143 This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to
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144 use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Menu Keymaps}.
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145
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146 @cindex meta characters lookup
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147 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters, whose
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148 codes are from 128 to 255. Instead, meta characters are regarded for
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149 purposes of key lookup as sequences of two characters, the first of
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150 which is @key{ESC} (or whatever is currently the value of
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151 @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the key @kbd{M-a} is really represented
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152 as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its global binding is found at the slot for
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153 @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} (@pxref{Prefix Keys}).
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154
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155 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse
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156 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c
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157 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}.
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158
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159 @example
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160 @group
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161 lisp-mode-map
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162 @result{}
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163 @end group
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164 @group
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165 (keymap
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166 ;; @key{TAB}
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167 (9 . lisp-indent-line)
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168 @end group
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169 @group
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170 ;; @key{DEL}
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171 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify)
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172 @end group
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173 @group
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174 (3 keymap
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175 ;; @kbd{C-c C-l}
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176 (12 . run-lisp))
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177 @end group
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178 @group
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179 (27 keymap
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180 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}}
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181 (17 . indent-sexp)
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182 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}}
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183 (24 . lisp-send-defun)))
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184 @end group
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185 @end example
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186
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187 @defun keymapp object
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188 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil}
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189 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose
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190 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}.
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191
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192 @example
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193 @group
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194 (keymapp '(keymap))
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195 @result{} t
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196 @end group
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197 @group
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198 (keymapp (current-global-map))
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199 @result{} t
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200 @end group
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201 @end example
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202 @end defun
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203
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204 @node Creating Keymaps
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205 @section Creating Keymaps
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206 @cindex creating keymaps
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207
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208 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps.
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209
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210 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt
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211 This function creates and returns a new full keymap (i.e., one
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212 containing a vector of length 128 for defining all the @sc{ASCII}
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213 characters). The new keymap initially binds all @sc{ASCII} characters
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214 to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of event.
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215
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216 @example
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217 @group
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218 (make-keymap)
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219 @result{} (keymap [nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil])
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220 @end group
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221 @end example
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222
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223 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for
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224 the keymap. The prompt string is useful for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu
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225 Keymaps}).
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226 @end defun
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227
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228 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt
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229 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries.
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230 The new keymap does not bind any events. The argument @var{prompt}
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231 specifies a prompt string, as in @code{make-keymap}.
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232
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233 @example
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234 @group
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235 (make-sparse-keymap)
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236 @result{} (keymap)
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237 @end group
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238 @end example
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239 @end defun
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240
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241 @defun copy-keymap keymap
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242 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that
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243 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively,
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244 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not
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245 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function
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246 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy.
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247 @c Emacs 19 feature
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248
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249 @example
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250 @group
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251 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map)))
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252 @result{} (keymap
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253 @end group
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254 @group
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255 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)}
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256 (27 keymap
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257 (83 . center-paragraph)
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258 (115 . center-line))
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259 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop))
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260 @end group
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261
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262 @group
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263 (eq map (current-local-map))
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264 @result{} nil
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265 @end group
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266 @group
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267 (equal map (current-local-map))
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268 @result{} t
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269 @end group
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270 @end example
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271 @end defun
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272
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273 @node Inheritance and Keymaps
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274 @section Inheritance and Keymaps
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275 @cindex keymap inheritance
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276 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings
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277
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278 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap. Do do this, make
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279 a keymap whose ``tail'' is another existing keymap to inherit from.
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280 Such a keymap looks like this:
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281
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282 @example
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283 (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{other-keymap})
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284 @end example
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285
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286 @noindent
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287 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of
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288 @var{other-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up,
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289 but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}.
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290
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291 If you change the bindings in @var{other-keymap} using @code{define-key}
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292 or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the
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293 inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is
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294 not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap,
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295 that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{other-keymap}.
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296
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297 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits
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298 from @code{text-mode-map}:
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299
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300 @example
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301 (setq my-mode-map (cons 'keymap text-mode-map))
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302 @end example
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303
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304 @node Prefix Keys
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305 @section Prefix Keys
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306 @cindex prefix key
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307
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308 A @dfn{prefix key} has an associated keymap that defines what to do
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309 with key sequences that start with the prefix key. For example,
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310 @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is also stored in
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311 the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. Here is a list of the standard prefix
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312 keys of Emacs and their keymaps:
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313
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314 @itemize @bullet
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315 @item
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316 @vindex esc-map
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317 @findex ESC-prefix
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318 @code{esc-map} is used for events that follow @key{ESC}. Thus, the
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319 global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. This
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320 map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}.
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321
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322 @item
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323 @cindex @kbd{C-h}
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324 @code{help-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-h}.
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325
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326 @item
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327 @cindex @kbd{C-c}
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328 @vindex mode-specific-map
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329 @code{mode-specific-map} is for events that follow @kbd{C-c}. This
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330 map is not actually mode specific; its name was chosen to be informative
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331 for the user in @kbd{C-h b} (@code{display-bindings}), where it
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332 describes the main use of the @kbd{C-c} prefix key.
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333
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334 @item
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335 @cindex @kbd{C-x}
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336 @vindex ctl-x-map
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337 @findex Control-X-prefix
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338 @code{ctl-x-map} is the map used for events that follow @kbd{C-x}. This
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339 map is also the function definition of @code{Control-X-prefix}.
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340
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341 @item
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342 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4}
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343 @vindex ctl-x-4-map
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344 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-x 4}.
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345
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346 @c Emacs 19 feature
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347 @item
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348 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5}
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349 @vindex ctl-x-5-map
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350 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-x 5}.
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351
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352 @c Emacs 19 feature
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353 @item
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354 @cindex @kbd{C-x n}
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355 @cindex @kbd{C-x r}
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356 @cindex @kbd{C-x a}
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357 The prefix keys @kbd{C-x n}, @kbd{C-x r} and @kbd{C-x a} use keymaps
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358 that have no special name.
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359 @end itemize
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360
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361 The binding of a prefix key is the keymap to use for looking up the
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362 events that follow the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose
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363 function definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol
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364 serves as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is
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365 the symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function definition is the
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366 keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of
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367 @code{ctl-x-map}.)
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368
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369 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The
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370 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix
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371 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always
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372 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by
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373 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor
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374 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}.
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375
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376 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its
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377 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the
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378 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's
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379 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map.
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380
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381 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local
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382 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then
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383 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just
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384 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any
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385 active keymap.
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386
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387 @example
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388 @group
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389 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap))
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390 @result{} nil
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391 @end group
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392 @group
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393 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map)
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394 @result{} nil
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395 @end group
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396 @group
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397 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f")
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398 @result{} find-file
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399 @end group
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400
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401 @group
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402 (key-binding "\C-p6")
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403 @result{} nil
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404 @end group
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405 @end example
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406
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407 @defun define-prefix-command symbol
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408 @cindex prefix command
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409 This function defines @var{symbol} as a prefix command: it creates a
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410 full keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function definition.
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411 Storing the symbol as the binding of a key makes the key a prefix key
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412 that has a name. The function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, to
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413 have the keymap as its value. It returns @var{symbol}.
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414
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415 In Emacs version 18, only the function definition of @var{symbol} was
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416 set, not the value as a variable.
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417 @end defun
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418
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419 @node Active Keymaps
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420 @section Active Keymaps
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421 @cindex active keymap
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422 @cindex global keymap
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423 @cindex local keymap
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424
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425 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of
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426 them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the interpretation
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427 of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's
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428 local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes.
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429
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430 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined
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431 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable
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432 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active.
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433
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434 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which may
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435 contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's
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436 local keymap is always active except when @code{overriding-local-map}
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437 overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for
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438 certain parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}.
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439
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440 Each minor mode may have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active
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441 when the minor mode is enabled.
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442
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443 The variable @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies
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444 another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the
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445 minor mode keymaps.
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446
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447 All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to
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448 execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in
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449 order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the maps.
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450
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451 Normally, Emacs @emph{first} searches for the key in the minor mode
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452 maps (one map at a time); if they do not supply a binding for the key,
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453 Emacs searches the local map; if that too has no binding, Emacs then
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454 searches the global map. However, if @code{overriding-local-map} is
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455 non-@code{nil}, Emacs searches that map first, followed by the global
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456 map.
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457
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458 The procedure for searching a single keymap is called
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459 @dfn{key lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}.
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460
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461 @cindex major mode keymap
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462 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the
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463 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A
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464 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for
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465 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap.
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466
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467 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode, C mode, and several
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468 other major modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These
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469 local maps are the values of the variables @code{lisp-mode-map},
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470 @code{c-mode-map}, and so on. For most other modes, which are less
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471 frequently used, the local keymap is constructed only when the mode is
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472 used for the first time in a session.
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473
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474 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion
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475 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}.
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476
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477 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps.
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478
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479 @defvar global-map
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480 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs
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481 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap.
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482 The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds
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483 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters.
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484
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485 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you
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486 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts
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487 out with.
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488 @end defvar
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489
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490 @defun current-global-map
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491 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the
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492 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the
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493 other.
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494
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495 @example
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496 @group
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497 (current-global-map)
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498 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{}
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499 delete-backward-char])
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500 @end group
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501 @end example
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502 @end defun
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503
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504 @defun current-local-map
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505 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil}
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506 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the
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507 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap
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508 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @sc{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse
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509 keymap.
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510
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511 @example
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512 @group
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513 (current-local-map)
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514 @result{} (keymap
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515 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp)
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516 (9 . lisp-indent-line)
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517 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify)
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518 @end group
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519 @group
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520 (27 keymap
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521 (24 . eval-defun)
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522 (17 . indent-sexp)))
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523 @end group
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524 @end example
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525 @end defun
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526
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527 @defun current-minor-mode-maps
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528 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes.
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529 @end defun
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530
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531 @defun use-global-map keymap
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532 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It
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533 returns @code{nil}.
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534
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535 It is very unusual to change the global keymap.
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536 @end defun
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537
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538 @defun use-local-map keymap
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539 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current
6558
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540 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local
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541 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode
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542 commands use this function.
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543 @end defun
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544
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545 @c Emacs 19 feature
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546 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist
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547 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be
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548 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look
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549 like this:
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550
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551 @example
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552 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap})
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553 @end example
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554
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555 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a
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diff changeset
556 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that
6558
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557 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}.
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parents:
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558
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559 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same
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560 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the
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561 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the second element will
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562 not do.
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563
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564 What's more, the keymap itself must appear in the @sc{cdr}. It does not
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565 work to store a variable in the @sc{cdr} and make the map the value of
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diff changeset
566 that variable.
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diff changeset
567
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diff changeset
568 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority
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parents:
diff changeset
569 is the order of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. But you should design
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diff changeset
570 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do
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diff changeset
571 this properly, the order will not matter.
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diff changeset
572
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573 See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding} in @ref{Functions for Key
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574 Lookup}. See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about
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diff changeset
575 minor modes.
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576 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
577
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diff changeset
578 @defvar overriding-local-map
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
579 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
580 buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
581 keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active,
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
582 except for the current global map.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
583 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
584
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diff changeset
585 @node Key Lookup
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parents:
diff changeset
586 @section Key Lookup
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
587 @cindex key lookup
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parents:
diff changeset
588 @cindex keymap entry
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parents:
diff changeset
589
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diff changeset
590 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
591 sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
592 part of key lookup.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
593
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
594 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key
6558
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diff changeset
595 sequence; the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
596 used for key lookup may designate mouse events with just their types
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
597 (symbols) instead of with entire mouse events (lists). @xref{Input
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diff changeset
598 Events}. Such a pseudo-key-sequence is insufficient for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
599 @code{command-execute}, but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding
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diff changeset
600 a key.
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parents:
diff changeset
601
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parents:
diff changeset
602 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
603 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
604 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
605 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
606 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
607 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
609 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
610 keymap.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
611
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
612 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
613 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
614 string and other extra elements in menu key bindings because
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in
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parents:
diff changeset
616 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
617 a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a list of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
618 the meaningful kinds of keymap entries:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
619
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diff changeset
620 @table @asis
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parents:
diff changeset
621 @item @code{nil}
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parents:
diff changeset
622 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap
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parents:
diff changeset
623 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
624 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
625 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil}
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parents:
diff changeset
626 for that event type.
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parents:
diff changeset
627
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
628 @item @var{keymap}
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parents:
diff changeset
629 @cindex keymap in keymap
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parents:
diff changeset
630 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
631 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
632
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parents:
diff changeset
633 @item @var{command}
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parents:
diff changeset
634 @cindex command in keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
635 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key,
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
636 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}.
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
637
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parents:
diff changeset
638 @item @var{string}
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parents:
diff changeset
639 @itemx @var{vector}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
640 @cindex string in keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
641 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, whose
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
642 binding is a keyboard macro. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more
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parents:
diff changeset
643 information.
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parents:
diff changeset
644
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
645 @item @var{list}
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parents:
diff changeset
646 @cindex list in keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
647 The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
648
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parents:
diff changeset
649 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
650 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
651 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
652 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above).
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
653
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
654 @item
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diff changeset
655 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap
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parents:
diff changeset
656 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a
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parents:
diff changeset
657 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as
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parents:
diff changeset
658 such (see above).
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parents:
diff changeset
659
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parents:
diff changeset
660 @item
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diff changeset
661 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event
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parents:
diff changeset
662 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}:
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parents:
diff changeset
663
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diff changeset
664 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
665 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype})
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diff changeset
666 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
667
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parents:
diff changeset
668 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the
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parents:
diff changeset
669 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that.
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parents:
diff changeset
670
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diff changeset
671 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key.
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diff changeset
672 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map}
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parents:
diff changeset
673 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for space) means, ``Use the global
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parents:
diff changeset
674 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.''
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parents:
diff changeset
675 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
676
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diff changeset
677 @item @var{symbol}
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parents:
diff changeset
678 @cindex symbol in keymap
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parents:
diff changeset
679 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of
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parents:
diff changeset
680 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated,
7252
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
681 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is
6558
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diff changeset
682 a keymap, a command or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a
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parents:
diff changeset
683 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found
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parents:
diff changeset
684 via symbols.
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parents:
diff changeset
685
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diff changeset
686 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
687 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
688 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
689 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
690 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute}
6558
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diff changeset
691 (@pxref{Interactive Call}).
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parents:
diff changeset
692
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parents:
diff changeset
693 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap
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parents:
diff changeset
694 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat
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parents:
diff changeset
695 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its
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parents:
diff changeset
696 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same
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parents:
diff changeset
697 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell
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parents:
diff changeset
698 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error.
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parents:
diff changeset
699
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diff changeset
700 @cindex preventing prefix key
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parents:
diff changeset
701 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key
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parents:
diff changeset
702 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of
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parents:
diff changeset
703 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the
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diff changeset
704 global binding.
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parents:
diff changeset
705
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diff changeset
706 @item @var{anything else}
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parents:
diff changeset
707 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the
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parents:
diff changeset
708 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the
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parents:
diff changeset
709 binding is not executable as a command.
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diff changeset
710 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
711
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diff changeset
712 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro,
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
713 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}.
6558
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diff changeset
714 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to
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parents:
diff changeset
715 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value
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parents:
diff changeset
716 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB},
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parents:
diff changeset
717 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for
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parents:
diff changeset
718 @kbd{C-x}.
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parents:
diff changeset
719
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diff changeset
720 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
721 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
722 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line)
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parents:
diff changeset
723 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify)
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parents:
diff changeset
724 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun)))
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diff changeset
725 @end group
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diff changeset
726 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
727
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diff changeset
728 @node Functions for Key Lookup
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parents:
diff changeset
729 @section Functions for Key Lookup
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parents:
diff changeset
730
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diff changeset
731 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup.
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parents:
diff changeset
732
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diff changeset
733 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults
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parents:
diff changeset
734 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. If
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
735 the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap} (which means it is ``too
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 long'' and has extra events at the end), then the value is a number, the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
738 number of events at the front of @var{key} that compose a complete key.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
739
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
740 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
741 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key}
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parents:
diff changeset
742 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
743 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
744 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when
7252
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
745 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
746 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.)
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
747
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
748 All the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
749 @code{lookup-key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
750
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
751 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
752 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
753 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f")
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diff changeset
754 @result{} find-file
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diff changeset
755 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
756 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
757 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345")
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parents:
diff changeset
758 @result{} 2
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
759 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
760 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
761
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parents:
diff changeset
762 If @var{key} contains a meta character, that character is implicitly
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
763 replaced by a two-character sequence: the value of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
764 @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
765 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
766 the second example.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
767
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
768 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
769 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
770 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f")
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parents:
diff changeset
771 @result{} forward-word
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parents:
diff changeset
772 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
773 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
774 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef")
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parents:
diff changeset
775 @result{} forward-word
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
776 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
777 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
778
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
779 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
780 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
781 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
782 it does not change drag events to clicks.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
783 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
784
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
785 @deffn Command undefined
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
786 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
787 not cause an error.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
788 @end deffn
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
789
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parents:
diff changeset
790 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
791 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
792 keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
793 @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
794
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
795 @c Emacs 19 feature
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
796 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
797 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above).
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
798
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
799 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector.
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parents:
diff changeset
800
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diff changeset
801 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
802 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
803 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f")
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parents:
diff changeset
804 @result{} find-file
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
805 @end group
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diff changeset
806 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
807 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
808
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
809 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
810 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
811 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
812
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
813 @c Emacs 19 feature
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
814 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
815 as in @code{lookup-key} (above).
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
816 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
817
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
818 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
819 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
820 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there.
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821
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diff changeset
822 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
823 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings,
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parents:
diff changeset
824 as in @code{lookup-key} (above).
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parents:
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825 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
826
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diff changeset
827 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
828 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults
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parents:
diff changeset
829 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of
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parents:
diff changeset
830 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs
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diff changeset
831 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the
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diff changeset
832 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
833 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the
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parents:
diff changeset
834 value is @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
835
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diff changeset
836 If the first binding is not a prefix command, all subsequent bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
837 from other minor modes are omitted, since they would be completely
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parents:
diff changeset
838 shadowed. Similarly, the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow
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parents:
diff changeset
839 prefix bindings.
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parents:
diff changeset
840
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parents:
diff changeset
841 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default
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parents:
diff changeset
842 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above).
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parents:
diff changeset
843 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
844
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diff changeset
845 @defvar meta-prefix-char
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parents:
diff changeset
846 @cindex @key{ESC}
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parents:
diff changeset
847 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when
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parents:
diff changeset
848 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be
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parents:
diff changeset
849 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix
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parents:
diff changeset
850 event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the
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parents:
diff changeset
851 @sc{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}.
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parents:
diff changeset
852
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diff changeset
853 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key
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parents:
diff changeset
854 lookup translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally
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parents:
diff changeset
855 defined as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you set
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parents:
diff changeset
856 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will
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parents:
diff changeset
857 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the
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parents:
diff changeset
858 @code{switch-to-buffer} command.
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parents:
diff changeset
859
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diff changeset
860 @smallexample
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diff changeset
861 @group
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diff changeset
862 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.}
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parents:
diff changeset
863 @result{} 27
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diff changeset
864 @end group
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diff changeset
865 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
866 (key-binding "\M-b")
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parents:
diff changeset
867 @result{} backward-word
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diff changeset
868 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
869 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
870 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation}
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parents:
diff changeset
871 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.}
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parents:
diff changeset
872 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
873 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
874 (setq meta-prefix-char 24)
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parents:
diff changeset
875 @result{} 24
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parents:
diff changeset
876 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
877 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
878 (key-binding "\M-b")
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parents:
diff changeset
879 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is}
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parents:
diff changeset
880 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.}
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parents:
diff changeset
881
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
882 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!}
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parents:
diff changeset
883 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!}
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parents:
diff changeset
884 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
885 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
886 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
887
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parents:
diff changeset
888 @node Changing Key Bindings
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parents:
diff changeset
889 @section Changing Key Bindings
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
890 @cindex changing key bindings
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
891 @cindex rebinding
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
892
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parents:
diff changeset
893 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you
7252
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
894 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
895 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
896 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
897 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
898 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
899 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
900 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
901 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change.
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
902
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
903 @cindex meta character key constants
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parents:
diff changeset
904 @cindex control character key constants
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
905 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}).
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parents:
diff changeset
907 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
908 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as
7252
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
912 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
913 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
914 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
916 For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 that are lists.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
920
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
921 @defun define-key keymap key binding
7252
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
922 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
925 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
926 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
929 @cindex invalid prefix key error
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
930 @cindex key sequence error
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
931 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
932 keymap) or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled.
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parents:
diff changeset
933
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
934 If some prefix of @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 it as a prefix key so that the rest of @var{key} may be defined as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
936 specified.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
938
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
939 Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
940 bindings in it:
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
941
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
942 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
943 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
944 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
945 @result{} (keymap)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
946 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
947 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
948 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
949 @result{} forward-char
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parents:
diff changeset
950 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
951 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
952 map
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
953 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
954 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
955
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parents:
diff changeset
956 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
957 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.}
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parents:
diff changeset
958 (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word)
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diff changeset
959 @result{} forward-word
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diff changeset
960 @end group
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diff changeset
961 @group
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diff changeset
962 map
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parents:
diff changeset
963 @result{} (keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
964 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x}
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parents:
diff changeset
965 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
966 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
967 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
968
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diff changeset
969 @group
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diff changeset
970 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.}
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parents:
diff changeset
971 (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map)
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parents:
diff changeset
972 ;; @code{ctl-x-map}
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parents:
diff changeset
973 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]
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parents:
diff changeset
974 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
975
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diff changeset
976 @group
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diff changeset
977 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.}
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parents:
diff changeset
978 (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo)
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parents:
diff changeset
979 @result{} 'foo
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diff changeset
980 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
981 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 map
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence])
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 (24 keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 (102 . forward-word))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 (6 . forward-char))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 default global map.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 @cindex replace bindings
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 function returns @code{nil}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 standard bindings:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 (substitute-key-definition
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @c Emacs 19 feature
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, then its bindings determine which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{newmap}, not in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 bindings in another. For example,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 (substitute-key-definition
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 my-map global-map)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 are globally bound to the standard deletion command.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 @ignore
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 @c Emacs 18 only
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 Prefix keymaps that appear within @var{keymap} are not checked
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 recursively for keys bound to @var{olddef}; they are not changed at all.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 Perhaps it would be better to check nested keymaps recursively.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 @end ignore
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 (setq map '(keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 (?1 . olddef-1)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 (?2 . olddef-2)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 (?3 . olddef-1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 map
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 them to the command @code{undefined}. This makes ordinary insertion of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 text impossible. @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 rest of the printing characters.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 @cindex yank suppression
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}).
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 most of Emacs.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 Dired mode is set up:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 @dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 @dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 @node Key Binding Commands
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 @section Commands for Binding Keys
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1112 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their @file{.emacs} file for
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1113 simple customization. For example,
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1114
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1115 @smallexample
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1116 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line)
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1117 @end smallexample
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1118
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1119 @noindent
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1120 or
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1121
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1122 @smallexample
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1123 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line)
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1124 @end smallexample
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1125
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1126 @noindent
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1127 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line.
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1128
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1129 @smallexample
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1130 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point)
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1131 @end smallexample
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1132
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1133 @noindent
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1134 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1135 set point where you click.
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1136
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 @deffn Command global-set-key key definition
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1138 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 to @var{definition}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{definition})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 @equiv{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{definition})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 @end deffn
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 @deffn Command global-unset-key key
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151 @cindex unbinding keys
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1152 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153 global map.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1156 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1161 (global-unset-key "\C-l")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 (global-unset-key @var{key})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 @equiv{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1176 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 @end deffn
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 @deffn Command local-set-key key definition
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1182 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 keymap to @var{definition}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{definition})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 @equiv{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{definition})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 @end deffn
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 @deffn Command local-unset-key key
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1195 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196 local map.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1200 (local-unset-key @var{key})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 @equiv{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 @end deffn
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 @node Scanning Keymaps
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 @section Scanning Keymaps
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 for the sake of printing help information.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be accessed
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 (via prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an association list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: @var{map})}, where
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in @var{keymap} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1218 @var{map}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1219
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1220 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1221 in length. The first element is always @code{("" .@: @var{keymap})},
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1222 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1223 no events.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1224
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229 are omitted.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1230
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1231 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1234 (115 .@: foo))}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1235
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 @result{}(("" keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1241 (83 . center-paragraph)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242 (115 . center-line))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1244 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1245
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 ("^[" keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 (83 . center-paragraph)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 (115 . foo)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}.
7252
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1255 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1256 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1257 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1258 of a window.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 @result{} (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264 delete-backward-char])
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 (8 . help-for-help))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1270 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272 backward-kill-sentence])
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 backward-kill-word])
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 ([mode-line] keymap
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{}))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 These are not all the keymaps you would see in an actual case.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 This function returns a list of key sequences (of any length) that are
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291 bound to @var{command} in a set of keymaps.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 keymap entries using @code{eq}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, then the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting
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parents:
diff changeset
1310 entirely of @sc{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @sc{ASCII}
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parents:
diff changeset
1311 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences.
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parents:
diff changeset
1312
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parents:
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1313 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't
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diff changeset
1314 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for
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diff changeset
1315 an indirect definition itself.
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1316
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diff changeset
1317 This function is used by @code{where-is} (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs,
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parents:
diff changeset
1318 The GNU Emacs Manual}).
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parents:
diff changeset
1319
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diff changeset
1320 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1321 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1322 (where-is-internal 'describe-function)
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parents:
diff changeset
1323 @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd")
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parents:
diff changeset
1324 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1325 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1326 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1327
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parents:
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1328 @deffn Command describe-bindings prefix
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1329 This function creates a listing of all defined keys and their
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1330 definitions. It writes the listing in a buffer named @samp{*Help*} and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1331 displays it in a window.
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parents:
diff changeset
1332
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1333 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1334 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1335
6558
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1336 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the
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parents:
diff changeset
1337 corresponding non-meta character.
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parents:
diff changeset
1338
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diff changeset
1339 When several characters with consecutive @sc{ASCII} codes have the
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parents:
diff changeset
1340 same definition, they are shown together, as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1341 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to
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parents:
diff changeset
1342 know the @sc{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means.
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parents:
diff changeset
1343 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC}
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parents:
diff changeset
1344 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @sc{ASCII} 32,
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parents:
diff changeset
1345 @kbd{~} is @sc{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation,
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parents:
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1347 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}.
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diff changeset
1348 @end deffn
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diff changeset
1349
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1350 @node Menu Keymaps
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diff changeset
1351 @section Menu Keymaps
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diff changeset
1352 @cindex menu keymaps
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1353
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1354 @c Emacs 19 feature
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diff changeset
1355 A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1356 mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1357 work with the keyboard also.
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parents: 6558
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1358
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diff changeset
1359 @menu
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diff changeset
1360 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1361 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse.
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parents: 6558
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1362 * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1363 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1364 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1365 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1366 @end menu
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1367
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diff changeset
1368 @node Defining Menus
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1369 @subsection Defining Menus
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diff changeset
1370 @cindex defining menus
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diff changeset
1371 @cindex menu prompt string
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1372 @cindex prompt string (of menu)
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1373
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1374 A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1375 string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap.
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1376 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1377 the menu. The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1378 to specify the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap} or
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1379 @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}).
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1380
10522
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
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parents: 7681
diff changeset
1381 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1382 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1383 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1384 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1385 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1386 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}).
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1387
7252
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diff changeset
1388 The individual bindings in the menu keymap should have item
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1389 strings; these strings become the items displayed in the menu. A
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1390 binding with an item string looks like this:
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1391
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1392 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1393 (@var{string} . @var{real-binding})
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1394 @end example
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1395
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1396 The item string for a binding should be short---one or two words. It
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1397 should describe the action of the command it corresponds to.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1398
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1399 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{string} is part of the
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1400 event's binding. However, @code{lookup-key} returns just
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1401 @var{real-binding}, and only @var{real-binding} is used for executing
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1402 the key.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1403
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1404 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1405
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1406 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1407 (@var{string} @var{help-string} . @var{real-binding})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1408 @end example
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1409
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1410 Currently Emacs does not actually use @var{help-string}; it knows only
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1411 how to ignore @var{help-string} in order to extract @var{real-binding}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1412 In the future we hope to make @var{help-string} serve as extended
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1413 documentation for the menu item, available on request.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1414
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1415 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{string} appears in the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1416 menu but cannot be selected.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1417
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1418 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1419 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1420 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1421 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1422 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1423 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1424 cannot be selected with the mouse.
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1425
10522
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1426 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' command
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1427 but with different enable conditions. You can do this by defining alias
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1428 commands. Here's an example that makes two aliases for
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1429 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions:
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1430
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1431 @example
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1432 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only)
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1433 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only))
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1434 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only)
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1435 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only)
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1436 @end example
7252
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1437
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1438 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1439 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1440 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1441 binding, like this:
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1442
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1443 @c This line is not too long--rms.
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1444 @example
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1445 (@var{string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding})
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1446 @end example
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1447
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
1448 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1449 calculates them automatically. Don't add keyboard equivalents to the
2ddb8063f154 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1450 item strings in a mouse menu, since that is redundant.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1451
10522
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1452 If an alias command has no keyboard equivalent itself, menus show the
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1453 keyboard equivalent of its underlying command. In the example above,
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1454 menus items defined to run @code{make-read-only} or @code{make-writable}
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1455 would show the keyboard equivalents of @code{toggle-read-only}.
dd97fd55e095 Document alias commands and menu items.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7681
diff changeset
1456
7252
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diff changeset
1457 @node Mouse Menus
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1458 @subsection Menus and the Mouse
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1459
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1460 The way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the
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1461 definition of a prefix key.
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1462
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1463 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap
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1464 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with
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1465 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is
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1466 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that
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1467 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has
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1468 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.)
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1469
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1470 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then
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1471 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button.
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1472
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1473 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly
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1474 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane,
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1475 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the
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1476 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with
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1477 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane.
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1478 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary
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1479 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane,
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1480 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the
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1481 submaps.
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1482
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1483 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus.
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1484 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts
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1485 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing
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1486 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the
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1487 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item.
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1488
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1489 You can also get multiple panes from separate keymaps. The full
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1490 definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the definitions
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1491 supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, and
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1492 global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of them
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1493 makes a separate pane or panes. @xref{Active Keymaps}.
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1494
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1495 In toolkit versions of Emacs, menus don't have panes, so submenus are
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1496 used to represent the separate keymaps. Each keymap's contribution
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1497 becomes one submenu.
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1498
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1499 A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a menu and receive the user's
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1500 choice. You can use keymaps for this also. @xref{Pop-Up Menus}.
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1501
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1502 @node Keyboard Menus
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1503 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard
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1504
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1505 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function
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1506 key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the
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1507 keyboard to choose a menu item.
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1508
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1509 Emacs displays the menu alternatives (the item strings of the bindings)
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1510 in the echo area. If they don't all fit at once, the user can type
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1511 @key{SPC} to see the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of
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1512 @key{SPC} eventually get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to
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1513 the beginning. (The variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies
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1514 which character is used for this; @key{SPC} is the default.)
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1515
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1516 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she
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1517 should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that
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1518 alternative.
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1519
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1520 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly
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1521 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make
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1522 the character the first letter of the item string. That is something
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1523 users will understand without being told.
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1524
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1525 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the
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1526 Hierarkey system.
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1527
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1528 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char
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1529 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see
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1530 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code
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1531 for @key{SPC}.
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1532 @end defvar
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1533
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1534 @node Menu Example
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1535 @subsection Menu Example
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1536
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1537 Here is a simple example of how to set up a menu for mouse use.
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1538
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1539 @example
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1540 (defvar my-menu-map
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1541 (make-sparse-keymap "Key Commands <==> Functions"))
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1542 (fset 'help-for-keys my-menu-map)
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1543
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1544 (define-key my-menu-map [bindings]
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1545 '("List all keystroke commands" . describe-bindings))
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1546 (define-key my-menu-map [key]
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1547 '("Describe key briefly" . describe-key-briefly))
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1548 (define-key my-menu-map [key-verbose]
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1549 '("Describe key verbose" . describe-key))
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1550 (define-key my-menu-map [function]
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1551 '("Describe Lisp function" . describe-function))
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1552 (define-key my-menu-map [where-is]
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1553 '("Where is this command" . where-is))
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1554
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1555 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] 'help-for-keys)
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1556 @end example
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1557
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1558 The symbols used in the key sequences bound in the menu are fictitious
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1559 ``function keys''; they don't appear on the keyboard, but that doesn't
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1560 stop you from using them in the menu. Their names were chosen to be
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1561 mnemonic, because they show up in the output of @code{where-is} and
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1562 @code{apropos} to identify the corresponding menu items.
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1563
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1564 However, if you want the menu to be usable from the keyboard as well,
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1565 you must bind real @sc{ASCII} characters as well as fictitious function
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1566 keys.
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1567
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1568 @node Menu Bar
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1569 @subsection The Menu Bar
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1570 @cindex menu bar
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1571
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1572 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a
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1573 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the
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1574 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake
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1575 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined by all the active keymaps.
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1576
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1577 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your
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1578 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence
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1579 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap,
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1580 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu.
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1581
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1582 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key
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1583 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on
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1584 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined submenu containing
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1585 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local
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1586 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands, all together.
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1587
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1588 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines}
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1589 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the
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1590 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines
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1591 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We
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1592 recommend you try 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{X
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1593 Frame Parameters}.
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1594
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1595 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item:
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1596
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1597 @example
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1598 @group
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1599 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame)
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1600 '((menu-bar-lines . 2)))
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1601 @end group
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1602
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1603 @group
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1604 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)}
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1605 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.}
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1606 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words]
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1607 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words")))
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1608 @end group
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1609
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1610 @group
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1611 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in the item's menu.}
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1612 (define-key global-map
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1613 [menu-bar words forward]
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1614 '("Forward word" . forward-word))
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1615 @end group
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1616 @group
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1617 (define-key global-map
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1618 [menu-bar words backward]
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1619 '("Backward word" . backward-word))
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1620 @end group
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1621 @end example
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1622
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1623 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by
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1624 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the
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1625 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu
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1626 bar item:
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1627
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1628 @example
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1629 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined)
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1630 @end example
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1631
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1632 @noindent
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1633 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the
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1634 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global
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1635 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items.
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1636
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1637 @defvar menu-bar-final-items
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1638 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the
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1639 local maps.
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1640
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1641 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at
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1642 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default
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1643 value is @code{(help)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears
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1644 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items.
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1645 @end defvar
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1646
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1647 @node Modifying Menus
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1648 @subsection Modifying Menus
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1649
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1650 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to
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1651 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you
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1652 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of
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1653 the menu. To put it elsewhere, use @code{define-key-after}:
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1654
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1655 @defun define-key-after map key binding after
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1656 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding},
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1657 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after
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1658 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should
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1659 be of length one---a vector or string with just one element.
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1660
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1661 For example,
7252
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1662
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1663 @example
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1664 (define-key-after my-menu [drink]
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1665 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat)
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1666 @end example
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1667
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1668 @noindent
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1669 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{drink} and puts it
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1670 right after the binding for @key{eat}.
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1671
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1672 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals}
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1673 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}:
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1674
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1675 @example
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1676 (define-key-after
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1677 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals])
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1678 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break)
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1679 @end example
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1680
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1681 Note that @var{key} is a sequence containing just one event type, but
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1682 @var{after} is just an event type (not a sequence).
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1683 @end defun