Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/display.texi @ 11541:d74f79aa17ab
Make intervals.o and term.o depend on keyboard.h.
author | Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 24 Apr 1995 22:03:49 +0000 |
parents | 0a84a40f16d5 |
children | 73dc8205d259 |
rev | line source |
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6598 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/display | |
6 @node Display, Calendar, System Interface, Top | |
7 @chapter Emacs Display | |
8 | |
9 This chapter describes a number of features related to the display | |
10 that Emacs presents to the user. | |
11 | |
12 @menu | |
13 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
14 * Screen Size:: How big is the Emacs screen. | |
15 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
16 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
17 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. | |
18 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
19 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
20 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. | |
21 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics appearance: font, color, etc. | |
22 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
23 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. | |
24 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. | |
25 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
26 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
27 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
28 @end menu | |
29 | |
30 @node Refresh Screen | |
31 @section Refreshing the Screen | |
32 | |
33 The function @code{redraw-frame} redisplays the entire contents of a | |
34 given frame. @xref{Frames}. | |
35 | |
36 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
37 @defun redraw-frame frame | |
38 This function clears and redisplays frame @var{frame}. | |
39 @end defun | |
40 | |
41 Even more powerful is @code{redraw-display}: | |
42 | |
43 @deffn Command redraw-display | |
44 This function clears and redisplays all visible frames. | |
45 @end deffn | |
46 | |
47 Normally, suspending and resuming Emacs also refreshes the screen. | |
48 Some terminal emulators record separate contents for display-oriented | |
49 programs such as Emacs and for ordinary sequential display. If you are | |
50 using such a terminal, you might want to inhibit the redisplay on | |
9009 | 51 resumption. |
6598 | 52 |
53 @defvar no-redraw-on-reenter | |
54 @cindex suspend (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
55 @cindex resume (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
56 This variable controls whether Emacs redraws the entire screen after it | |
57 has been suspended and resumed. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} | |
58 means no. | |
59 @end defvar | |
60 | |
61 Processing user input takes absolute priority over redisplay. If you | |
62 call these functions when input is available, they do nothing | |
63 immediately, but a full redisplay does happen eventually---after all the | |
64 input has been processed. | |
65 | |
66 @node Screen Size | |
67 @section Screen Size | |
68 @cindex size of screen | |
69 @cindex screen size | |
70 @cindex display lines | |
71 @cindex display columns | |
72 @cindex resize redisplay | |
73 | |
9009 | 74 The screen size functions access or specify the height or width of |
6598 | 75 the terminal. When you are using multiple frames, they apply to the |
76 selected frame (@pxref{Frames}). | |
77 | |
78 @defun screen-height | |
79 This function returns the number of lines on the screen that are | |
80 available for display. | |
81 | |
82 @example | |
83 @group | |
84 (screen-height) | |
85 @result{} 50 | |
86 @end group | |
87 @end example | |
88 @end defun | |
89 | |
90 @defun screen-width | |
91 This function returns the number of columns on the screen that are | |
92 available for display. | |
93 | |
94 @example | |
95 @group | |
96 (screen-width) | |
97 @result{} 80 | |
98 @end group | |
99 @end example | |
100 @end defun | |
101 | |
102 @defun set-screen-height lines &optional not-actual-size | |
103 This function declares that the terminal can display @var{lines} lines. | |
104 The sizes of existing windows are altered proportionally to fit. | |
105 | |
106 If @var{not-actual-size} is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays | |
107 @var{lines} lines of output, but does not change its value for the | |
108 actual height of the screen. (Knowing the correct actual size may be | |
109 necessary for correct cursor positioning.) Using a smaller height than | |
110 the terminal actually implements may be useful to reproduce behavior | |
111 observed on a smaller screen, or if the terminal malfunctions when using | |
112 its whole screen. | |
113 | |
114 If @var{lines} is different from what it was previously, then the | |
115 entire screen is cleared and redisplayed using the new size. | |
116 | |
117 This function returns @code{nil}. | |
118 @end defun | |
119 | |
120 @defun set-screen-width columns &optional not-actual-size | |
121 This function declares that the terminal can display @var{columns} | |
122 columns. The details are as in @code{set-screen-height}. | |
123 @end defun | |
124 | |
125 @node Truncation | |
126 @section Truncation | |
127 @cindex line wrapping | |
128 @cindex continuation lines | |
129 @cindex @samp{$} in display | |
130 @cindex @samp{\} in display | |
131 | |
132 When a line of text extends beyond the right edge of a window, the | |
133 line can either be continued on the next screen line, or truncated to | |
134 one screen line. The additional screen lines used to display a long | |
135 text line are called @dfn{continuation} lines. Normally, a @samp{$} in | |
136 the rightmost column of the window indicates truncation; a @samp{\} on | |
137 the rightmost column indicates a line that ``wraps'' or is continued | |
138 onto the next line. (The display table can specify alternative | |
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139 indicators; see @ref{Display Tables}.) |
6598 | 140 |
141 Note that continuation is different from filling; continuation happens | |
142 on the screen only, not in the buffer contents, and it breaks a line | |
143 precisely at the right margin, not at a word boundary. @xref{Filling}. | |
144 | |
145 @defopt truncate-lines | |
146 This buffer-local variable controls how Emacs displays lines that extend | |
147 beyond the right edge of the window. The default is @code{nil}, which | |
148 specifies continuation. If the value is non-@code{nil}, then these | |
149 lines are truncated. | |
150 | |
151 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is non-@code{nil}, | |
152 then truncation is always used for side-by-side windows (within one | |
153 frame) regardless of the value of @code{truncate-lines}. | |
154 @end defopt | |
155 | |
156 @defvar default-truncate-lines | |
157 This variable is the default value for @code{truncate-lines}, for | |
158 buffers that do not have local values for it. | |
159 @end defvar | |
160 | |
161 @defopt truncate-partial-width-windows | |
162 This variable controls display of lines that extend beyond the right | |
163 edge of the window, in side-by-side windows (@pxref{Splitting Windows}). | |
164 If it is non-@code{nil}, these lines are truncated; otherwise, | |
165 @code{truncate-lines} says what to do with them. | |
166 @end defopt | |
167 | |
168 You can override the images that indicate continuation or truncation | |
169 with the display table; see @ref{Display Tables}. | |
170 | |
171 @node The Echo Area | |
172 @section The Echo Area | |
173 @cindex error display | |
174 @cindex echo area | |
175 | |
176 The @dfn{echo area} is used for displaying messages made with the | |
177 @code{message} primitive, and for echoing keystrokes. It is not the | |
178 same as the minibuffer, despite the fact that the minibuffer appears | |
179 (when active) in the same place on the screen as the echo area. The | |
180 @cite{GNU Emacs Manual} specifies the rules for resolving conflicts | |
181 between the echo area and the minibuffer for use of that screen space | |
182 (@pxref{Minibuffer,, The Minibuffer, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
183 Error messages appear in the echo area; see @ref{Errors}. | |
184 | |
185 You can write output in the echo area by using the Lisp printing | |
186 functions with @code{t} as the stream (@pxref{Output Functions}), or as | |
187 follows: | |
188 | |
189 @defun message string &rest arguments | |
190 This function prints a one-line message in the echo area. The | |
191 argument @var{string} is similar to a C language @code{printf} control | |
192 string. See @code{format} in @ref{String Conversion}, for the details | |
193 on the conversion specifications. @code{message} returns the | |
194 constructed string. | |
195 | |
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196 In batch mode, @code{message} prints the message text on the standard |
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197 error stream, followed by a newline. |
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198 |
6598 | 199 @c Emacs 19 feature |
200 If @var{string} is @code{nil}, @code{message} clears the echo area. If | |
201 the minibuffer is active, this brings the minibuffer contents back onto | |
202 the screen immediately. | |
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203 |
6598 | 204 @example |
205 @group | |
206 (message "Minibuffer depth is %d." | |
207 (minibuffer-depth)) | |
208 @print{} Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
209 @result{} "Minibuffer depth is 0." | |
210 @end group | |
211 | |
212 @group | |
213 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
214 Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
215 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
216 @end group | |
217 @end example | |
218 @end defun | |
219 | |
220 @defvar cursor-in-echo-area | |
221 This variable controls where the cursor appears when a message is | |
222 displayed in the echo area. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the cursor | |
223 appears at the end of the message. Otherwise, the cursor appears at | |
224 point---not in the echo area at all. | |
225 | |
226 The value is normally @code{nil}; Lisp programs bind it to @code{t} | |
227 for brief periods of time. | |
228 @end defvar | |
229 | |
230 @node Selective Display | |
231 @section Selective Display | |
232 @cindex selective display | |
233 | |
234 @dfn{Selective display} is a class of minor modes in which specially | |
235 marked lines do not appear on the screen, or in which highly indented | |
236 lines do not appear. | |
237 | |
238 The first variant, explicit selective display, is designed for use in | |
239 a Lisp program. The program controls which lines are hidden by altering | |
240 the text. Outline mode uses this variant. In the second variant, the | |
241 choice of lines to hide is made automatically based on indentation. | |
242 This variant is designed as a user-level feature. | |
243 | |
244 The way you control explicit selective display is by replacing a | |
9009 | 245 newline (control-j) with a carriage return (control-m). The text that |
6598 | 246 was formerly a line following that newline is now invisible. Strictly |
247 speaking, it is temporarily no longer a line at all, since only newlines | |
248 can separate lines; it is now part of the previous line. | |
249 | |
250 Selective display does not directly affect editing commands. For | |
251 example, @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) moves point unhesitatingly into | |
252 invisible text. However, the replacement of newline characters with | |
253 carriage return characters affects some editing commands. For example, | |
254 @code{next-line} skips invisible lines, since it searches only for | |
255 newlines. Modes that use selective display can also define commands | |
256 that take account of the newlines, or that make parts of the text | |
257 visible or invisible. | |
258 | |
259 When you write a selectively displayed buffer into a file, all the | |
260 control-m's are output as newlines. This means that when you next read | |
261 in the file, it looks OK, with nothing invisible. The selective display | |
262 effect is seen only within Emacs. | |
263 | |
264 @defvar selective-display | |
265 This buffer-local variable enables selective display. This means that | |
266 lines, or portions of lines, may be made invisible. | |
267 | |
268 @itemize @bullet | |
269 @item | |
270 If the value of @code{selective-display} is @code{t}, then any portion | |
271 of a line that follows a control-m is not displayed. | |
272 | |
273 @item | |
274 If the value of @code{selective-display} is a positive integer, then | |
275 lines that start with more than that many columns of indentation are not | |
276 displayed. | |
277 @end itemize | |
278 | |
279 When some portion of a buffer is invisible, the vertical movement | |
280 commands operate as if that portion did not exist, allowing a single | |
281 @code{next-line} command to skip any number of invisible lines. | |
282 However, character movement commands (such as @code{forward-char}) do | |
283 not skip the invisible portion, and it is possible (if tricky) to insert | |
284 or delete text in an invisible portion. | |
285 | |
286 In the examples below, we show the @emph{display appearance} of the | |
287 buffer @code{foo}, which changes with the value of | |
288 @code{selective-display}. The @emph{contents} of the buffer do not | |
289 change. | |
290 | |
291 @example | |
292 @group | |
293 (setq selective-display nil) | |
294 @result{} nil | |
295 | |
296 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
297 1 on this column | |
298 2on this column | |
299 3n this column | |
300 3n this column | |
301 2on this column | |
302 1 on this column | |
303 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
304 @end group | |
305 | |
306 @group | |
307 (setq selective-display 2) | |
308 @result{} 2 | |
309 | |
310 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
311 1 on this column | |
312 2on this column | |
313 2on this column | |
314 1 on this column | |
315 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
316 @end group | |
317 @end example | |
318 @end defvar | |
319 | |
320 @defvar selective-display-ellipses | |
321 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays | |
322 @samp{@dots{}} at the end of a line that is followed by invisible text. | |
323 This example is a continuation of the previous one. | |
324 | |
325 @example | |
326 @group | |
327 (setq selective-display-ellipses t) | |
328 @result{} t | |
329 | |
330 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
331 1 on this column | |
332 2on this column ... | |
333 2on this column | |
334 1 on this column | |
335 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
336 @end group | |
337 @end example | |
338 | |
339 You can use a display table to substitute other text for the ellipsis | |
340 (@samp{@dots{}}). @xref{Display Tables}. | |
341 @end defvar | |
342 | |
343 @node Overlay Arrow | |
344 @section The Overlay Arrow | |
345 @cindex overlay arrow | |
346 | |
347 The @dfn{overlay arrow} is useful for directing the user's attention | |
348 to a particular line in a buffer. For example, in the modes used for | |
349 interface to debuggers, the overlay arrow indicates the line of code | |
350 about to be executed. | |
351 | |
352 @defvar overlay-arrow-string | |
9009 | 353 This variable holds the string to display to call attention to a |
354 particular line, or @code{nil} if the arrow feature is not in use. | |
6598 | 355 @end defvar |
356 | |
357 @defvar overlay-arrow-position | |
9009 | 358 This variable holds a marker that indicates where to display the overlay |
359 arrow. It should point at the beginning of a line. The arrow text | |
360 appears at the beginning of that line, overlaying any text that would | |
361 otherwise appear. Since the arrow is usually short, and the line | |
362 usually begins with indentation, normally nothing significant is | |
363 overwritten. | |
6598 | 364 |
9009 | 365 The overlay string is displayed only in the buffer that this marker |
6598 | 366 points into. Thus, only one buffer can have an overlay arrow at any |
367 given time. | |
368 @c !!! overlay-arrow-position: but the overlay string may remain in the display | |
369 @c of some other buffer until an update is required. This should be fixed | |
370 @c now. Is it? | |
371 @end defvar | |
372 | |
373 @node Temporary Displays | |
374 @section Temporary Displays | |
375 | |
376 Temporary displays are used by commands to put output into a buffer | |
377 and then present it to the user for perusal rather than for editing. | |
378 Many of the help commands use this feature. | |
379 | |
380 @defspec with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer-name forms@dots{} | |
381 This function executes @var{forms} while arranging to insert any | |
382 output they print into the buffer named @var{buffer-name}. The buffer | |
383 is then shown in some window for viewing, displayed but not selected. | |
384 | |
385 The string @var{buffer-name} specifies the temporary buffer, which | |
386 need not already exist. The argument must be a string, not a buffer. | |
387 The buffer is erased initially (with no questions asked), and it is | |
388 marked as unmodified after @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} exits. | |
389 | |
390 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} binds @code{standard-output} to the | |
391 temporary buffer, then it evaluates the forms in @var{forms}. Output | |
392 using the Lisp output functions within @var{forms} goes by default to | |
393 that buffer (but screen display and messages in the echo area, although | |
394 they are ``output'' in the general sense of the word, are not affected). | |
395 @xref{Output Functions}. | |
396 | |
397 The value of the last form in @var{forms} is returned. | |
398 | |
399 @example | |
400 @group | |
401 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
402 This is the contents of foo. | |
403 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
404 @end group | |
405 | |
406 @group | |
407 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "foo" | |
408 (print 20) | |
409 (print standard-output)) | |
410 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
411 | |
412 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
413 20 | |
414 | |
415 #<buffer foo> | |
416 | |
417 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
418 @end group | |
419 @end example | |
420 @end defspec | |
421 | |
422 @defvar temp-buffer-show-function | |
9009 | 423 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} |
6598 | 424 calls it as a function to do the job of displaying a help buffer. The |
425 function gets one argument, which is the buffer it should display. | |
426 | |
427 In Emacs versions 18 and earlier, this variable was called | |
428 @code{temp-buffer-show-hook}. | |
429 @end defvar | |
430 | |
431 @defun momentary-string-display string position &optional char message | |
432 This function momentarily displays @var{string} in the current buffer at | |
433 @var{position}. It has no effect on the undo list or on the buffer's | |
434 modification status. | |
435 | |
436 The momentary display remains until the next input event. If the next | |
437 input event is @var{char}, @code{momentary-string-display} ignores it | |
438 and returns. Otherwise, that event remains buffered for subsequent use | |
439 as input. Thus, typing @var{char} will simply remove the string from | |
440 the display, while typing (say) @kbd{C-f} will remove the string from | |
441 the display and later (presumably) move point forward. The argument | |
442 @var{char} is a space by default. | |
443 | |
444 The return value of @code{momentary-string-display} is not meaningful. | |
445 | |
446 If @var{message} is non-@code{nil}, it is displayed in the echo area | |
447 while @var{string} is displayed in the buffer. If it is @code{nil}, a | |
448 default message says to type @var{char} to continue. | |
449 | |
450 In this example, point is initially located at the beginning of the | |
451 second line: | |
452 | |
453 @example | |
454 @group | |
455 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
456 This is the contents of foo. | |
457 @point{}Second line. | |
458 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
459 @end group | |
460 | |
461 @group | |
462 (momentary-string-display | |
463 "**** Important Message! ****" | |
464 (point) ?\r | |
465 "Type RET when done reading") | |
466 @result{} t | |
467 @end group | |
468 | |
469 @group | |
470 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
471 This is the contents of foo. | |
472 **** Important Message! ****Second line. | |
473 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
474 | |
475 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
476 Type RET when done reading | |
477 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
478 @end group | |
479 @end example | |
480 @end defun | |
481 | |
482 @node Overlays | |
483 @section Overlays | |
484 @cindex overlays | |
485 | |
486 You can use @dfn{overlays} to alter the appearance of a buffer's text on | |
9009 | 487 the screen. An overlay is an object that belongs to a particular |
6598 | 488 buffer, and has a specified beginning and end. It also has properties |
489 that you can examine and set; these affect the display of the text | |
490 within the overlay. | |
491 | |
492 @menu | |
493 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. | |
494 What properties do to the screen display. | |
495 * Managing Overlays:: Creating, moving, finding overlays. | |
496 @end menu | |
497 | |
498 @node Overlay Properties | |
499 @subsection Overlay Properties | |
500 | |
501 Overlay properties are like text properties in some respects, but the | |
502 differences are more important than the similarities. Text properties | |
503 are considered a part of the text; overlays are specifically considered | |
504 not to be part of the text. Thus, copying text between various buffers | |
505 and strings preserves text properties, but does not try to preserve | |
506 overlays. Changing a buffer's text properties marks the buffer as | |
507 modified, while moving an overlay or changing its properties does not. | |
508 Unlike text propery changes, overlay changes are not recorded in the | |
509 buffer's undo list. | |
510 | |
511 @table @code | |
512 @item priority | |
513 @kindex priority @r{(overlay property)} | |
514 This property's value (which should be a nonnegative number) determines | |
515 the priority of the overlay. The priority matters when two or more | |
516 overlays cover the same character and both specify a face for display; | |
517 the one whose @code{priority} value is larger takes priority over the | |
518 other, and its face attributes override the face attributes of the lower | |
519 priority overlay. | |
520 | |
521 Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties. Please | |
522 avoid using negative priority values, as we have not yet decided just | |
523 what they should mean. | |
524 | |
525 @item window | |
526 @kindex window @r{(overlay property)} | |
527 If the @code{window} property is non-@code{nil}, then the overlay | |
528 applies only on that window. | |
529 | |
530 @item face | |
531 @kindex face @r{(overlay property)} | |
532 This property controls the font and color of text. @xref{Faces}, for | |
533 more information. This feature is temporary; in the future, we may | |
534 replace it with other ways of specifying how to display text. | |
535 | |
536 @item mouse-face | |
537 @kindex mouse-face @r{(overlay property)} | |
538 This property is used instead of @code{face} when the mouse is within | |
539 the range of the overlay. This feature may be temporary, like | |
540 @code{face}. | |
541 | |
542 @item modification-hooks | |
543 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
544 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if any | |
545 character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly | |
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546 within the overlay. Each function receives three arguments: the |
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547 overlay, and the beginning and end of the part of the buffer being |
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548 modified. |
6598 | 549 |
550 @item insert-in-front-hooks | |
551 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
552 This property's value is a list of functions to be called | |
553 if text is inserted right at the beginning of the overlay. | |
554 | |
555 @item insert-behind-hooks | |
556 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
557 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if text is | |
558 inserted right at the end of the overlay. | |
559 | |
560 @item invisible | |
561 @kindex invisible @r{(overlay property)} | |
562 A non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property means that the text in the | |
563 overlay does not appear on the screen. This works much like selective | |
564 display. Details of this feature are likely to change in future | |
565 versions, so check the @file{etc/NEWS} file in the version you are | |
566 using. | |
567 | |
568 @item before-string | |
569 @kindex before-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
570 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the beginning | |
571 of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
572 sense---only on the screen. This is not yet implemented, but will be. | |
573 | |
574 @item after-string | |
575 @kindex after-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
576 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the end of | |
577 the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
578 sense---only on the screen. This is not yet implemented, but will be. | |
579 @end table | |
580 | |
581 These are the functions for reading and writing the properties of an | |
582 overlay. | |
583 | |
584 @defun overlay-get overlay prop | |
585 This function returns the value of property @var{prop} recorded in | |
586 @var{overlay}. If @var{overlay} does not record any value for that | |
587 property, then the value is @code{nil}. | |
588 @end defun | |
589 | |
590 @defun overlay-put overlay prop value | |
591 This function sets the value of property @var{prop} recorded in | |
592 @var{overlay} to @var{value}. It returns @var{value}. | |
593 @end defun | |
594 | |
595 See also the function @code{get-char-property} which checks both | |
596 overlay properties and text properties for a given character. | |
597 @xref{Examining Properties}. | |
598 | |
599 @node Managing Overlays | |
600 @subsection Managing Overlays | |
601 | |
602 This section describes the functions to create, delete and move | |
603 overlays, and to examine their contents. | |
604 | |
605 @defun make-overlay start end &optional buffer | |
9009 | 606 This function creates and returns an overlay that belongs to |
6598 | 607 @var{buffer} and ranges from @var{start} to @var{end}. Both @var{start} |
608 and @var{end} must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or | |
609 markers. If @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay is created in the | |
610 current buffer. | |
611 @end defun | |
612 | |
613 @defun overlay-start overlay | |
614 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} starts. | |
615 @end defun | |
616 | |
617 @defun overlay-end overlay | |
618 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} ends. | |
619 @end defun | |
620 | |
621 @defun overlay-buffer overlay | |
622 This function returns the buffer that @var{overlay} belongs to. | |
623 @end defun | |
624 | |
625 @defun delete-overlay overlay | |
626 This function deletes @var{overlay}. The overlay continues to exist as | |
627 a Lisp object, but ceases to be part of the buffer it belonged to, and | |
628 ceases to have any effect on display. | |
629 @end defun | |
630 | |
631 @defun move-overlay overlay start end &optional buffer | |
632 This function moves @var{overlay} to @var{buffer}, and places its bounds | |
633 at @var{start} and @var{end}. Both arguments @var{start} and @var{end} | |
634 must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or markers. If | |
635 @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay stays in the same buffer. | |
636 | |
637 The return value is @var{overlay}. | |
638 | |
639 This is the only valid way to change the endpoints of an overlay. Do | |
640 not try modifying the markers in the overlay by hand, as that fails to | |
641 update other vital data structures and can cause some overlays to be | |
642 ``lost''. | |
643 @end defun | |
644 | |
645 @defun overlays-at pos | |
646 This function returns a list of all the overlays that contain position | |
647 @var{pos} in the current buffer. The list is in no particular order. | |
648 An overlay contains position @var{pos} if it begins at or before | |
649 @var{pos}, and ends after @var{pos}. | |
650 @end defun | |
651 | |
652 @defun next-overlay-change pos | |
653 This function returns the buffer position of the next beginning or end | |
654 of an overlay, after @var{pos}. | |
655 @end defun | |
656 | |
657 @node Faces | |
658 @section Faces | |
659 @cindex face | |
660 | |
661 A @dfn{face} is a named collection of graphical attributes: font, | |
662 foreground color, background color and optional underlining. Faces | |
663 control the display of text on the screen. | |
664 | |
665 @cindex face id | |
666 Each face has its own @dfn{face id number} which distinguishes faces at | |
667 low levels within Emacs. However, for most purposes, you can refer to | |
668 faces in Lisp programs by their names. | |
669 | |
670 Each face name is meaningful for all frames, and by default it has the | |
671 same meaning in all frames. But you can arrange to give a particular | |
672 face name a special meaning in one frame if you wish. | |
673 | |
674 @menu | |
675 * Standard Faces:: The faces Emacs normally comes with. | |
676 * Merging Faces:: How Emacs decides which face to use for a character. | |
677 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. | |
678 @end menu | |
679 | |
680 @node Standard Faces | |
681 @subsection Standard Faces | |
682 | |
683 This table lists all the standard faces and their uses. | |
684 | |
685 @table @code | |
686 @item default | |
687 @kindex default @r{(face name)} | |
688 This face is used for ordinary text. | |
689 | |
690 @item modeline | |
691 @kindex modeline @r{(face name)} | |
692 This face is used for mode lines and menu bars. | |
693 | |
694 @item region | |
695 @kindex region @r{(face name)} | |
696 This face is used for highlighting the region in Transient Mark mode. | |
697 | |
698 @item secondary-selection | |
699 @kindex secondary-selection @r{(face name)} | |
700 This face is used to show any secondary selection you have made. | |
701 | |
702 @item highlight | |
703 @kindex highlight @r{(face name)} | |
704 This face is meant to be used for highlighting for various purposes. | |
705 | |
706 @item underline | |
707 @kindex underline @r{(face name)} | |
708 This face underlines text. | |
709 | |
710 @item bold | |
711 @kindex bold @r{(face name)} | |
712 This face uses a bold font, if possible. It uses the bold variant of | |
713 the frame's font, if it has one. It's up to you to choose a default | |
714 font that has a bold variant, if you want to use one. | |
715 | |
716 @item italic | |
717 @kindex italic @r{(face name)} | |
718 This face uses the italic variant of the frame's font, if it has one. | |
719 | |
720 @item bold-italic | |
721 @kindex bold-italic @r{(face name)} | |
722 This face uses the bold italic variant of the frame's font, if it has | |
723 one. | |
724 @end table | |
725 | |
726 @node Merging Faces | |
727 @subsection Merging Faces for Display | |
728 | |
729 Here are all the ways to specify which face to use for display of text: | |
730 | |
731 @itemize @bullet | |
732 @item | |
733 With defaults. Each frame has a @dfn{default face}, whose id number is | |
734 zero, which is used for all text that doesn't somehow specify another | |
735 face. | |
736 | |
737 @item | |
738 With text properties. A character may have a @code{face} property; if so, | |
9009 | 739 it is displayed with that face. @xref{Special Properties}. |
6598 | 740 |
741 If the character has a @code{mouse-face} property, that is used instead | |
742 of the @code{face} property when the mouse is ``near enough'' to the | |
743 character. | |
744 | |
745 @item | |
746 With overlays. An overlay may have @code{face} and @code{mouse-face} | |
747 properties too; they apply to all the text covered by the overlay. | |
748 | |
749 @item | |
750 With special glyphs. Each glyph can specify a particular face id | |
751 number. @xref{Glyphs}. | |
752 @end itemize | |
753 | |
754 If these various sources together specify more than one face for a | |
755 particular character, Emacs merges the attributes of the various faces | |
756 specified. The attributes of the faces of special glyphs come first; | |
757 then come attributes of faces from overlays, followed by those from text | |
758 properties, and last the default face. | |
759 | |
760 When multiple overlays cover one character, an overlay with higher | |
761 priority overrides those with lower priority. @xref{Overlays}. | |
762 | |
763 If an attribute such as the font or a color is not specified in any of | |
764 the above ways, the frame's own font or color is used. | |
765 | |
766 @node Face Functions | |
767 @subsection Functions for Working with Faces | |
768 | |
769 The attributes a face can specify include the font, the foreground | |
770 color, the background color, and underlining. The face can also leave | |
771 these unspecified by giving the value @code{nil} for them. | |
772 | |
773 Here are the primitives for creating and changing faces. | |
774 | |
775 @defun make-face name | |
776 This function defines a new face named @var{name}, initially with all | |
777 attributes @code{nil}. It does nothing if there is already a face named | |
778 @var{name}. | |
779 @end defun | |
780 | |
781 @defun face-list | |
782 This function returns a list of all defined face names. | |
783 @end defun | |
784 | |
785 @defun copy-face old-face new-name &optional frame new-frame | |
786 This function defines the face @var{new-name} as a copy of the existing | |
787 face named @var{old-face}. It creates the face @var{new-name} if that | |
788 doesn't already exist. | |
789 | |
790 If the optional argument @var{frame} is given, this function applies | |
791 only to that frame. Otherwise it applies to each frame individually, | |
792 copying attributes from @var{old-face} in each frame to @var{new-face} | |
793 in the same frame. | |
794 | |
795 If the optional argument @var{new-frame} is given, then @code{copy-face} | |
796 copies the attributes of @var{old-face} in @var{frame} to @var{new-name} | |
797 in @var{new-frame}. | |
798 @end defun | |
799 | |
800 You can modify the attributes of an existing face with the following | |
801 functions. If you specify @var{frame}, they affect just that frame; | |
802 otherwise, they affect all frames as well as the defaults that apply to | |
803 new frames. | |
804 | |
805 @defun set-face-foreground face color &optional frame | |
806 @defunx set-face-background face color &optional frame | |
9009 | 807 These functions set the foreground (or background, respectively) color |
808 of face @var{face} to @var{color}. The argument @var{color} should be a | |
6598 | 809 string, the name of a color. |
810 @end defun | |
811 | |
812 @defun set-face-font face font &optional frame | |
813 This function sets the font of face @var{face}. The argument @var{font} | |
814 should be a string. | |
815 @end defun | |
816 | |
817 @defun set-face-underline-p face underline-p &optional frame | |
818 This function sets the underline attribute of face @var{face}. | |
819 Non-@code{nil} means do underline; @code{nil} means don't. | |
820 @end defun | |
821 | |
822 @defun invert-face face &optional frame | |
823 Swap the foreground and background colors of face @var{face}. If the | |
824 face doesn't specify both foreground and background, then its foreground | |
9009 | 825 and background are set to the default background and foreground, |
826 respectively. | |
6598 | 827 @end defun |
828 | |
829 These functions examine the attributes of a face. If you don't | |
830 specify @var{frame}, they refer to the default data for new frames. | |
831 | |
832 @defun face-foreground face &optional frame | |
833 @defunx face-background face &optional frame | |
9009 | 834 These functions return the foreground color (or background color, |
835 respectively) of face @var{face}, as a string. | |
6598 | 836 @end defun |
837 | |
838 @defun face-font face &optional frame | |
839 This function returns the name of the font of face @var{face}. | |
840 @end defun | |
841 | |
842 @defun face-underline-p face &optional frame | |
843 This function returns the underline attribute of face @var{face}. | |
844 @end defun | |
845 | |
846 @defun face-id-number face | |
847 This function returns the face id number of face @var{face}. | |
848 @end defun | |
849 | |
850 @defun face-equal face1 face2 &optional frame | |
851 This returns @code{t} if the faces @var{face1} and @var{face2} have the | |
852 same attributes for display. | |
853 @end defun | |
854 | |
855 @defun face-differs-from-default-p face &optional frame | |
856 This returns @code{t} if the face @var{face} displays differently from | |
857 the default face. A face is considered to be ``the same'' as the normal | |
858 face if each attribute is either the same as that of the default face or | |
859 @code{nil} (meaning to inherit from the default). | |
860 @end defun | |
861 | |
862 @defvar region-face | |
863 This variable's value specifies the face id to use to display characters | |
864 in the region when it is active (in Transient Mark mode only). The face | |
865 thus specified takes precedence over all faces that come from text | |
866 properties and overlays, for characters in the region. @xref{The Mark}, | |
867 for more information about Transient Mark mode. | |
868 | |
869 Normally, the value is the id number of the face named @code{region}. | |
870 @end defvar | |
871 | |
872 @node Blinking | |
873 @section Blinking Parentheses | |
874 @cindex parenthesis matching | |
875 @cindex blinking | |
876 @cindex balancing parentheses | |
877 @cindex close parenthesis | |
878 | |
879 This section describes the mechanism by which Emacs shows a matching | |
880 open parenthesis when the user inserts a close parenthesis. | |
881 | |
882 @vindex blink-paren-hook | |
883 @defvar blink-paren-function | |
884 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to | |
885 be called whenever a character with close parenthesis syntax is inserted. | |
886 The value of @code{blink-paren-function} may be @code{nil}, in which | |
887 case nothing is done. | |
888 | |
889 @quotation | |
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890 @strong{Please note:} This variable was named @code{blink-paren-hook} in |
6598 | 891 older Emacs versions, but since it is not called with the standard |
892 convention for hooks, it was renamed to @code{blink-paren-function} in | |
893 version 19. | |
894 @end quotation | |
895 @end defvar | |
896 | |
897 @defvar blink-matching-paren | |
898 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{blink-matching-open} does | |
899 nothing. | |
900 @end defvar | |
901 | |
902 @defvar blink-matching-paren-distance | |
903 This variable specifies the maximum distance to scan for a matching | |
904 parenthesis before giving up. | |
905 @end defvar | |
906 | |
907 @defun blink-matching-open | |
908 This function is the default value of @code{blink-paren-function}. It | |
909 assumes that point follows a character with close parenthesis syntax and | |
910 moves the cursor momentarily to the matching opening character. If that | |
911 character is not already on the screen, it displays the character's | |
912 context in the echo area. To avoid long delays, this function does not | |
913 search farther than @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} characters. | |
914 | |
915 Here is an example of calling this function explicitly. | |
916 | |
917 @smallexample | |
918 @group | |
919 (defun interactive-blink-matching-open () | |
920 @c Do not break this line! -- rms. | |
921 @c The first line of a doc string | |
922 @c must stand alone. | |
923 "Indicate momentarily the start of sexp before point." | |
924 (interactive) | |
925 @end group | |
926 @group | |
927 (let ((blink-matching-paren-distance | |
928 (buffer-size)) | |
929 (blink-matching-paren t)) | |
930 (blink-matching-open))) | |
931 @end group | |
932 @end smallexample | |
933 @end defun | |
934 | |
935 @node Inverse Video | |
936 @section Inverse Video | |
937 @cindex Inverse Video | |
938 | |
939 @defopt inverse-video | |
940 @cindex highlighting | |
941 This variable controls whether Emacs uses inverse video for all text | |
942 on the screen. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. The | |
943 default is @code{nil}. | |
944 @end defopt | |
945 | |
946 @defopt mode-line-inverse-video | |
947 This variable controls the use of inverse video for mode lines. If it | |
948 is non-@code{nil}, then mode lines are displayed in inverse video (under | |
949 X, this uses the face named @code{modeline}, which you can set as you | |
950 wish). Otherwise, mode lines are displayed normally, just like text. | |
951 The default is @code{t}. | |
952 @end defopt | |
953 | |
954 @node Usual Display | |
955 @section Usual Display Conventions | |
956 | |
957 The usual display conventions define how to display each character | |
958 code. You can override these conventions by setting up a display table | |
959 (@pxref{Display Tables}). Here are the usual display conventions: | |
960 | |
961 @itemize @bullet | |
962 @item | |
963 Character codes 32 through 126 map to glyph codes 32 through 126. | |
964 Normally this means they display as themselves. | |
965 | |
966 @item | |
967 Character code 9 is a horizontal tab. It displays as whitespace | |
968 up to a position determined by @code{tab-width}. | |
969 | |
970 @item | |
971 Character code 10 is a newline. | |
972 | |
973 @item | |
974 All other codes in the range 0 through 31, and code 127, display in one | |
9009 | 975 of two ways according to the value of @code{ctl-arrow}. If it is |
6598 | 976 non-@code{nil}, these codes map to sequences of two glyphs, where the |
977 first glyph is the @sc{ASCII} code for @samp{^}. (A display table can | |
978 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{^}.) Otherwise, these codes map | |
979 just like the codes in the range 128 to 255. | |
980 | |
981 @item | |
982 Character codes 128 through 255 map to sequences of four glyphs, where | |
983 the first glyph is the @sc{ASCII} code for @samp{\}, and the others are | |
984 digit characters representing the code in octal. (A display table can | |
985 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{\}.) | |
986 @end itemize | |
987 | |
988 The usual display conventions apply even when there is a display | |
989 table, for any character whose entry in the active display table is | |
990 @code{nil}. Thus, when you set up a display table, you need only | |
991 specify the the characters for which you want unusual behavior. | |
992 | |
993 These variables affect the way certain characters are displayed on the | |
994 screen. Since they change the number of columns the characters occupy, | |
995 they also affect the indentation functions. | |
996 | |
997 @defopt ctl-arrow | |
998 @cindex control characters in display | |
999 This buffer-local variable controls how control characters are | |
1000 displayed. If it is non-@code{nil}, they are displayed as a caret | |
1001 followed by the character: @samp{^A}. If it is @code{nil}, they are | |
1002 displayed as a backslash followed by three octal digits: @samp{\001}. | |
1003 @end defopt | |
1004 | |
1005 @c Following may have overfull hbox. | |
1006 @defvar default-ctl-arrow | |
1007 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{ctl-arrow} in | |
1008 buffers that do not override it. @xref{Default Value}. | |
1009 @end defvar | |
1010 | |
1011 @defopt tab-width | |
1012 The value of this variable is the spacing between tab stops used for | |
1013 displaying tab characters in Emacs buffers. The default is 8. Note | |
1014 that this feature is completely independent from the user-settable tab | |
1015 stops used by the command @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. @xref{Indent Tabs}. | |
1016 @end defopt | |
1017 | |
1018 @node Display Tables | |
1019 @section Display Tables | |
1020 | |
1021 @cindex display table | |
1022 You can use the @dfn{display table} feature to control how all 256 | |
1023 possible character codes display on the screen. This is useful for | |
1024 displaying European languages that have letters not in the @sc{ASCII} | |
1025 character set. | |
1026 | |
1027 The display table maps each character code into a sequence of | |
1028 @dfn{glyphs}, each glyph being an image that takes up one character | |
1029 position on the screen. You can also define how to display each glyph | |
1030 on your terminal, using the @dfn{glyph table}. | |
1031 | |
1032 @menu | |
1033 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. | |
1034 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. | |
1035 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. | |
1036 * ISO Latin 1:: How to use display tables | |
1037 to support the ISO Latin 1 character set. | |
1038 @end menu | |
1039 | |
1040 @node Display Table Format | |
1041 @subsection Display Table Format | |
1042 | |
8925 | 1043 A display table is actually an array of 262 elements. |
6598 | 1044 |
1045 @defun make-display-table | |
1046 This creates and returns a display table. The table initially has | |
1047 @code{nil} in all elements. | |
1048 @end defun | |
1049 | |
1050 The first 256 elements correspond to character codes; the @var{n}th | |
1051 element says how to display the character code @var{n}. The value | |
1052 should be @code{nil} or a vector of glyph values (@pxref{Glyphs}). If | |
1053 an element is @code{nil}, it says to display that character according to | |
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1054 the usual display conventions (@pxref{Usual Display}). Note that the |
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1055 display table has no effect on the tab and newline characters; they are |
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1056 always displayed as whitespace in their usual special fashion. |
6598 | 1057 |
8925 | 1058 The remaining six elements of a display table serve special purposes, |
6598 | 1059 and @code{nil} means use the default stated below. |
1060 | |
1061 @table @asis | |
1062 @item 256 | |
1063 The glyph for the end of a truncated screen line (the default for this | |
1064 is @samp{$}). @xref{Glyphs}. | |
1065 @item 257 | |
1066 The glyph for the end of a continued line (the default is @samp{\}). | |
1067 @item 258 | |
1068 The glyph for indicating a character displayed as an octal character | |
1069 code (the default is @samp{\}). | |
1070 @item 259 | |
1071 The glyph for indicating a control character (the default is @samp{^}). | |
1072 @item 260 | |
1073 A vector of glyphs for indicating the presence of invisible lines (the | |
1074 default is @samp{...}). @xref{Selective Display}. | |
8925 | 1075 @item 261 |
1076 The glyph used to draw the border between side-by-side windows (the | |
1077 default is @samp{|}). @xref{Splitting Windows}. | |
6598 | 1078 @end table |
1079 | |
1080 For example, here is how to construct a display table that mimics the | |
1081 effect of setting @code{ctl-arrow} to a non-@code{nil} value: | |
1082 | |
1083 @example | |
1084 (setq disptab (make-display-table)) | |
1085 (let ((i 0)) | |
1086 (while (< i 32) | |
1087 (or (= i ?\t) (= i ?\n) | |
1088 (aset disptab i (vector ?^ (+ i 64)))) | |
1089 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
1090 (aset disptab 127 (vector ?^ ??))) | |
1091 @end example | |
1092 | |
1093 @node Active Display Table | |
1094 @subsection Active Display Table | |
1095 @cindex active display table | |
1096 | |
1097 Each window can specify a display table, and so can each buffer. When | |
1098 a buffer @var{b} is displayed in window @var{w}, display uses the | |
1099 display table for window @var{w} if it has one; otherwise, the display | |
1100 table for buffer @var{b} if it has one; otherwise, the standard display | |
1101 table if any. The display table chosen is called the @dfn{active} | |
1102 display table. | |
1103 | |
1104 @defun window-display-table window | |
1105 This function returns @var{window}'s display table, or @code{nil} | |
1106 if @var{window} does not have an assigned display table. | |
1107 @end defun | |
1108 | |
1109 @defun set-window-display-table window table | |
1110 This function sets the display table of @var{window} to @var{table}. | |
1111 The argument @var{table} should be either a display table or | |
1112 @code{nil}. | |
1113 @end defun | |
1114 | |
1115 @defvar buffer-display-table | |
1116 This variable is automatically local in all buffers; its value in a | |
1117 particular buffer is the display table for that buffer, or @code{nil} if | |
1118 the buffer does not have an assigned display table. | |
1119 @end defvar | |
1120 | |
1121 @defvar standard-display-table | |
1122 This variable's value is the default display table, used whenever a | |
1123 window has no display table and neither does the buffer displayed in | |
1124 that window. This variable is @code{nil} by default. | |
1125 @end defvar | |
1126 | |
1127 If there is no display table to use for a particular window---that is, | |
1128 if the window has none, its buffer has none, and | |
1129 @code{standard-display-table} has none---then Emacs uses the usual | |
1130 display conventions for all character codes in that window. @xref{Usual | |
1131 Display}. | |
1132 | |
1133 @node Glyphs | |
1134 @subsection Glyphs | |
1135 | |
1136 @cindex glyph | |
1137 A @dfn{glyph} is a generalization of a character; it stands for an | |
1138 image that takes up a single character position on the screen. Glyphs | |
1139 are represented in Lisp as integers, just as characters are. | |
1140 | |
1141 @cindex glyph table | |
1142 The meaning of each integer, as a glyph, is defined by the glyph | |
1143 table, which is the value of the variable @code{glyph-table}. | |
1144 | |
1145 @defvar glyph-table | |
1146 The value of this variable is the current glyph table. It should be a | |
1147 vector; the @var{g}th element defines glyph code @var{g}. If the value | |
1148 is @code{nil} instead of a vector, then all glyphs are simple (see | |
1149 below). | |
1150 @end defvar | |
1151 | |
1152 Here are the possible types of elements in the glyph table: | |
1153 | |
1154 @table @var | |
1155 @item string | |
1156 Send the characters in @var{string} to the terminal to output | |
1157 this glyph. This alternative is available on character terminals, | |
1158 but not under X. | |
1159 | |
1160 @item integer | |
1161 Define this glyph code as an alias for code @var{integer}. You can use | |
1162 an alias to specify a face code for the glyph; see below. | |
1163 | |
1164 @item @code{nil} | |
1165 This glyph is simple. On an ordinary terminal, the glyph code mod 256 | |
1166 is the character to output. With X, the glyph code mod 256 is the | |
1167 character to output, and the glyph code divided by 256 specifies the | |
1168 @dfn{face id number} to use while outputting it. @xref{Faces}. | |
1169 @end table | |
1170 | |
1171 If a glyph code is greater than or equal to the length of the glyph | |
1172 table, that code is automatically simple. | |
1173 | |
1174 @node ISO Latin 1 | |
1175 @subsection ISO Latin 1 | |
1176 | |
1177 If you have a terminal that can handle the entire ISO Latin 1 character | |
1178 set, you can arrange to use that character set as follows: | |
1179 | |
1180 @example | |
1181 (require 'disp-table) | |
1182 ;; @r{Set char codes 160--255 to display as themselves.} | |
1183 ;; @r{(Codes 128--159 are the additional control characters.)} | |
1184 (standard-display-8bit 160 255) | |
1185 @end example | |
1186 | |
1187 If you are editing buffers written in the ISO Latin 1 character set and | |
9009 | 1188 your terminal doesn't handle anything but @sc{ASCII}, you can load the |
1189 file @file{iso-ascii} to set up a display table that displays the other | |
1190 ISO characters as explanatory sequences of @sc{ASCII} characters. For | |
1191 example, the character ``o with umlaut'' displays as @samp{@{"o@}}. | |
6598 | 1192 |
1193 Some European countries have terminals that don't support ISO Latin 1 | |
1194 but do support the special characters for that country's language. You | |
1195 can define a display table to work one language using such terminals. | |
1196 For an example, see @file{lisp/iso-swed.el}, which handles certain | |
1197 Swedish terminals. | |
1198 | |
1199 You can load the appropriate display table for your terminal | |
1200 automatically by writing a terminal-specific Lisp file for the terminal | |
1201 type. | |
1202 | |
1203 @node Beeping | |
1204 @section Beeping | |
1205 @cindex beeping | |
1206 @cindex bell | |
1207 | |
1208 You can make Emacs ring a bell (or blink the screen) to attract the | |
1209 user's attention. Be conservative about how often you do this; frequent | |
1210 bells can become irritating. Also be careful not to use beeping alone | |
1211 when signaling an error is appropriate. (@xref{Errors}.) | |
1212 | |
1213 @defun ding &optional dont-terminate | |
1214 @cindex keyboard macro termination | |
1215 This function beeps, or flashes the screen (see @code{visible-bell} below). | |
1216 It also terminates any keyboard macro currently executing unless | |
1217 @var{dont-terminate} is non-@code{nil}. | |
1218 @end defun | |
1219 | |
1220 @defun beep &optional dont-terminate | |
1221 This is a synonym for @code{ding}. | |
1222 @end defun | |
1223 | |
1224 @defvar visible-bell | |
1225 This variable determines whether Emacs should flash the screen to | |
1226 represent a bell. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. This | |
10211 | 1227 is effective under X windows, and on a character-only terminal provided |
1228 the terminal's Termcap entry defines the visible bell capability | |
1229 (@samp{vb}). | |
6598 | 1230 @end defvar |
1231 | |
1232 @node Window Systems | |
1233 @section Window Systems | |
1234 | |
1235 Emacs works with several window systems, most notably the X Window | |
1236 System. Both Emacs and X use the term ``window'', but use it | |
1237 differently. An Emacs frame is a single window as far as X is | |
1238 concerned; the individual Emacs windows are not known to X at all. | |
1239 | |
1240 @defvar window-system | |
1241 @cindex X Window System | |
1242 This variable tells Lisp programs what window system Emacs is running | |
1243 under. Its value should be a symbol such as @code{x} (if Emacs is | |
1244 running under X) or @code{nil} (if Emacs is running on an ordinary | |
1245 terminal). | |
1246 @end defvar | |
1247 | |
1248 @defvar window-system-version | |
1249 This variable distinguishes between different versions of the X Window | |
1250 System. Its value is 10 or 11 when using X; @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1251 @end defvar | |
1252 | |
1253 @defvar window-setup-hook | |
1254 This variable is a normal hook which Emacs runs after loading your | |
1255 @file{.emacs} file and the default initialization file (if any), after | |
1256 loading terminal-specific Lisp code, and after running the hook | |
1257 @code{term-setup-hook}. | |
1258 | |
1259 This hook is used for internal purposes: setting up communication with | |
1260 the window system, and creating the initial window. Users should not | |
1261 interfere with it. | |
1262 @end defvar |