Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/display.texi @ 51813:d82cd7a68702
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author | Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu> |
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date | Tue, 08 Jul 2003 03:28:42 +0000 |
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
47071 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002 |
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
6 @chapter Controlling the Display | |
7 | |
8 Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
9 show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
10 allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
11 display it. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
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14 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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15 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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16 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
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17 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
25829 | 18 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
19 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
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20 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
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21 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
25829 | 22 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
23 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
24 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
25 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
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26 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
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27 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
25829 | 28 @end menu |
29 | |
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30 @node Faces |
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31 @section Using Multiple Typefaces |
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32 @cindex faces |
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33 |
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34 Emacs supports using multiple styles of displaying characters. Each |
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35 style is called a @dfn{face}. Each face can specify various @dfn{face |
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36 attributes}, such as the font family, the height, weight and slant of |
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37 the characters, the foreground and background color, and underlining |
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38 or overlining. A face does not have to specify all of these |
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39 attributes; often it inherits many of them from another face. |
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40 |
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41 On a window system, all the Emacs face attributes are meaningful. |
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42 On a character terminal, only some of them work. Some character |
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43 terminals support inverse video, bold, and underline attributes; some |
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44 support colors. Character terminals generally do not support changing |
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45 the height and width or the font family. |
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46 |
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47 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
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48 will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one |
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49 face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening. This includes |
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50 the console on GNU/Linux, an @code{xterm} which supports colors, the |
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51 MS-DOS display (@pxref{MS-DOS}), and the MS-Windows version invoked with |
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52 the @option{-nw} option. Emacs determines automatically whether the |
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53 terminal has this capability. |
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54 |
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55 You control the appearance of a part of the text in the buffer by |
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56 specifying the face or faces to use for it. The style of display used |
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57 for any given character is determined by combining the attributes of |
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58 all the applicable faces specified for that character. Any attribute |
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60 whose attributes reflect the default settings of the frame itself. |
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61 |
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62 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several |
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63 commands and menus for specifying faces for text in the buffer. |
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64 @xref{Format Faces}, for how to specify the font for text in the |
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65 buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for how to specify the foreground and |
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66 background color. |
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67 |
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68 @cindex face colors, setting |
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69 @findex set-face-foreground |
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70 @findex set-face-background |
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71 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. |
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72 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify |
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73 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources}). Alternatively, |
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74 you can change the foreground and background colors of a specific face |
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75 with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x set-face-background}. |
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76 These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a face name and a color |
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77 name, with completion, and then set that face to use the specified |
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78 color. Changing the colors of the @code{default} face also changes |
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79 the foreground and background colors on all frames, both existing and |
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80 those to be created in the future. (You can also set foreground and |
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81 background colors for the current frame only; see @ref{Frame |
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82 Parameters}.) |
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83 |
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84 Emacs 21 can correctly display variable-width fonts, but Emacs |
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85 commands that calculate width and indentation do not know how to |
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86 calculate variable widths. This can sometimes lead to incorrect |
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87 results when you use variable-width fonts. In particular, indentation |
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88 commands can give inconsistent results, so we recommend you avoid |
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89 variable-width fonts for editing program source code. Filling will |
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90 sometimes make lines too long or too short. We plan to address these |
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91 issues in future Emacs versions. |
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92 |
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93 @findex list-faces-display |
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94 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type |
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95 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look |
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96 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the |
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97 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standard defined |
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98 faces: |
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99 |
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100 @table @code |
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101 @item default |
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102 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. |
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103 @item mode-line |
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104 This face is used for the mode line of the currently selected window. |
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105 By default, it's drawn with shadows for a ``raised'' effect on window |
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106 systems, and drawn as the inverse of the default face on non-windowed |
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107 terminals. @xref{Display Custom}. |
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108 @item mode-line-inactive |
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109 Like @code{mode-line}, but used for mode lines of the windows other |
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110 than the selected one (if @code{mode-line-in-non-selected-windows} is |
43289 | 111 non-@code{nil}). This face inherits from @code{mode-line}, so changes |
112 in that face affect mode lines in all windows. | |
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113 @item header-line |
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114 Similar to @code{mode-line} for a window's header line. Most modes |
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115 don't use the header line, but the Info mode does. |
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116 @item minibuffer-prompt |
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117 This face is used for the prompt strings displayed in the minibuffer. |
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118 @item highlight |
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119 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. |
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120 For example, mouse-sensitive text is highlighted using this face. |
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121 @item isearch |
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122 This face is used for highlighting Isearch matches. |
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123 @item isearch-lazy-highlight-face |
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124 This face is used for lazy highlighting of Isearch matches other than |
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125 the current one. |
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126 @item region |
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127 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark |
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128 mode is enabled---see below). |
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129 @item secondary-selection |
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130 This face is used for displaying a secondary X selection (@pxref{Secondary |
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131 Selection}). |
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132 @item bold |
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133 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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134 @item italic |
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135 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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136 @item bold-italic |
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137 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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138 @item underline |
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139 This face underlines text. |
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140 @item fixed-pitch |
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141 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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142 @item fringe |
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143 @cindex fringe |
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144 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows on graphic |
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145 displays. (The fringes are the narrow portions of the Emacs frame |
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146 between the text area and the window's right and left borders.) |
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147 @item scroll-bar |
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148 This face determines the visual appearance of the scroll bar. |
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149 @item border |
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150 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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151 @item cursor |
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152 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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153 @item mouse |
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154 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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155 @item tool-bar |
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156 This is the basic tool-bar face. No text appears in the tool bar, but the |
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157 colors of this face affect the appearance of tool bar icons. |
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158 @item tooltip |
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159 This face is used for tooltips. |
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160 @item menu |
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161 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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162 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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163 the font are ignored in this case. |
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164 @item trailing-whitespace |
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165 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
45955 | 166 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-@code{nil}; see @ref{Useless |
167 Whitespace}. | |
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168 @item variable-pitch |
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169 The basic variable-pitch face. |
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170 @end table |
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171 |
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172 @cindex @code{region} face |
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173 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is |
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174 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named |
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175 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the |
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176 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, |
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177 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and |
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178 deactivation of the mark. |
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179 |
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180 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor |
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181 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to |
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182 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It |
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183 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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184 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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185 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about |
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186 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. |
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187 |
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188 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears |
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189 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. |
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190 @xref{PostScript}. |
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191 |
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192 @node Font Lock |
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193 @section Font Lock mode |
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194 @cindex Font Lock mode |
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195 @cindex mode, Font Lock |
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196 @cindex syntax highlighting and coloring |
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197 |
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198 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular buffer, |
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199 which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces according to |
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200 the syntax of the text you are editing. It can recognize comments and |
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201 strings in most languages; in several languages, it can also recognize |
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202 and properly highlight various other important constructs---for |
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203 example, names of functions being defined or reserved keywords. |
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204 Some special modes, such as Occur mode and Info mode, have completely |
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205 specialized ways of assigning fonts for Font Lock mode. |
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206 |
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207 @findex font-lock-mode |
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208 @findex turn-on-font-lock |
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209 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off |
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210 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. |
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211 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock |
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212 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable |
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213 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: |
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214 |
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215 @example |
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216 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) |
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217 @end example |
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218 |
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219 @findex global-font-lock-mode |
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220 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
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221 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support |
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222 it, customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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223 function @code{global-font-lock-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file, like |
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224 this: |
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225 |
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226 @example |
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227 (global-font-lock-mode 1) |
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228 @end example |
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229 |
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230 Font Lock mode uses several specifically named faces to do its job, |
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231 including @code{font-lock-string-face}, @code{font-lock-comment-face}, |
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232 and others. The easiest way to find them all is to use completion |
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233 on the face name in @code{set-face-foreground}. |
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234 |
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235 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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236 different parts of text, just change these faces. There are |
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237 two ways to do it: |
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238 |
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239 @itemize @bullet |
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240 @item |
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241 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} |
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242 to change the colors of a particular face used by Font Lock. |
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243 @xref{Faces}. The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all |
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244 the faces currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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245 |
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246 @item |
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247 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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248 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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249 @end itemize |
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250 |
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251 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a |
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252 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else |
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253 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. |
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254 |
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255 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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256 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the |
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257 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple |
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258 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes |
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259 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as |
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260 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or |
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261 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for |
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262 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level |
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263 otherwise, use this: |
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264 |
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265 @example |
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266 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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267 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) |
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268 @end example |
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269 |
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270 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size |
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271 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress |
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272 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, |
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273 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. |
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274 |
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275 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. |
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276 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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277 @cindex incorrect fontification |
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278 @cindex parenthesis in column zero and fontification |
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279 @cindex brace in column zero and fontification |
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280 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) |
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281 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For |
38745 | 282 the sake of speed, some modes, including C mode and Lisp mode, |
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283 rely on a special convention: an open-parenthesis or open-brace in the |
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284 leftmost column always defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is |
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285 thus always outside any string or comment. (@xref{Left Margin |
38210 | 286 Paren}.) If you don't follow this convention, Font Lock mode can |
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287 misfontify the text that follows an open-parenthesis or open-brace in |
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288 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. |
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289 |
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290 @cindex slow display during scrolling |
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291 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always |
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292 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position |
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293 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the |
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294 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable |
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295 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the |
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296 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer |
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297 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price |
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298 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan |
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299 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. This can considerably |
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300 slow down redisplay while scrolling, particularly if you are close to |
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301 the end of a large buffer. |
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302 |
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303 @findex font-lock-add-keywords |
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304 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you |
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305 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function |
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306 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for |
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307 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C |
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308 comments, use this: |
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309 |
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310 @example |
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311 (font-lock-add-keywords |
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312 'c-mode |
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313 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) |
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314 @end example |
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315 |
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316 @findex font-lock-remove-keywords |
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317 To remove keywords from the font-lock highlighting patterns, use the |
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318 function @code{font-lock-remove-keywords}. @xref{Search-based |
51810 | 319 Fontification,,,elisp}, for documentation of the format of this list. |
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320 |
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321 @cindex just-in-time (JIT) font-lock |
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322 @cindex background syntax highlighting |
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323 Fontifying large buffers can take a long time. To avoid large |
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324 delays when a file is visited, Emacs fontifies only the visible |
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325 portion of a buffer. As you scroll through the buffer, each portion |
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326 that becomes visible is fontified as soon as it is displayed. The |
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327 parts of the buffer that are not displayed are fontified |
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328 ``stealthily'', in the background, i.e.@: when Emacs is idle. You can |
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329 control this background fontification, called @dfn{Just-In-Time}, or |
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330 @dfn{JIT} Font Lock, by customizing various options in the |
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331 customization group @samp{jit-lock}. @xref{Specific Customization}. |
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332 |
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333 @node Highlight Changes |
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334 @section Highlight Changes Mode |
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335 |
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336 @findex highlight-changes-mode |
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337 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode |
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338 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of |
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339 the buffer were changed most recently. |
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340 |
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341 @node Highlight Interactively |
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342 @section Interactive Highlighting by Matching |
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343 @cindex highlighting by matching |
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344 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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345 |
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346 It is sometimes useful to highlight the strings that match a certain |
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347 regular expression. For example, you might wish to see all the |
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348 references to a certain variable in a program source file, or highlight |
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349 certain parts in a voluminous output of some program, or make certain |
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350 cliches stand out in an article. |
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351 |
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352 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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353 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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354 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be |
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355 highlighted. Hi-lock mode works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), |
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356 except that it lets you specify explicitly what parts of text to |
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357 highlight. You control Hi-lock mode with these commands: |
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358 |
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359 @table @kbd |
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360 @item C-x w h @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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361 @kindex C-x w h |
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362 @findex highlight-regexp |
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363 Highlight text that matches |
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364 @var{regexp} using face @var{face} (@code{highlight-regexp}). |
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365 By using this command more than once, you can highlight various |
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366 parts of the text in different ways. |
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367 |
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368 @item C-x w r @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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369 @kindex C-x w r |
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370 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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371 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). You must enter |
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372 one of the regular expressions currently specified for highlighting. |
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373 (You can use completion, or choose from a menu, to enter one of them |
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374 conveniently.) |
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375 |
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376 @item C-x w l @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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377 @kindex C-x w l |
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378 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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379 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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380 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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381 Highlight entire lines containing a match for @var{regexp}, using face |
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382 @var{face} (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). |
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383 |
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384 @item C-x w b |
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385 @kindex C-x w b |
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386 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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387 Insert all the current highlighting regexp/face pairs into the buffer |
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388 at point, with comment delimiters to prevent them from changing your |
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389 program. This key binding runs the |
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390 @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command. |
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391 |
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392 These patterns will be read the next time you visit the file while |
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393 Hi-lock mode is enabled, or whenever you use the @kbd{M-x |
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394 hi-lock-find-patterns} command. |
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395 |
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396 @item C-x w i |
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397 @kindex C-x w i |
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398 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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399 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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400 Re-read regexp/face pairs in the current buffer |
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401 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}). The list of pairs is |
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402 found no matter where in the buffer it may be. |
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403 |
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404 This command does nothing if the major mode is a member of the list |
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405 @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}. |
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406 @end table |
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407 |
25829 | 408 @node Scrolling |
409 @section Scrolling | |
410 | |
411 If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
412 window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
413 the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
414 | |
415 @cindex scrolling | |
416 @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
417 different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
418 moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
419 text down and new text appears at the top. | |
420 | |
421 Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
422 of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
423 in this section. | |
424 | |
425 @table @kbd | |
426 @item C-l | |
427 Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
428 point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
429 @item C-v | |
430 Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
431 @item @key{NEXT} | |
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432 @itemx @key{PAGEDOWN} |
25829 | 433 Likewise, scroll forward. |
434 @item M-v | |
435 Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
436 @item @key{PRIOR} | |
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437 @itemx @key{PAGEUP} |
25829 | 438 Likewise, scroll backward. |
439 @item @var{arg} C-l | |
440 Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
441 @item C-M-l | |
442 Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
443 (@code{reposition-window}). | |
444 @end table | |
445 | |
446 @kindex C-l | |
447 @findex recenter | |
448 The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
449 no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
450 In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
451 down from the top of the window. | |
452 | |
453 @kindex C-v | |
454 @kindex M-v | |
455 @kindex NEXT | |
456 @kindex PRIOR | |
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457 @kindex PAGEDOWN |
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458 @kindex PAGEUP |
25829 | 459 @findex scroll-up |
460 @findex scroll-down | |
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461 @vindex next-screen-context-lines |
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462 To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} |
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463 (@code{scroll-up}) with no argument. This scrolls forward by nearly |
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464 the whole window height. The effect is to take the two lines at the |
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465 bottom of the window and put them at the top, followed by nearly a |
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466 whole windowful of lines that were not previously visible. If point |
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467 was in the text that scrolled off the top, it ends up at the new top |
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468 of the window. |
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469 |
38745 | 470 @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) with no argument scrolls backward in |
471 a similar way, also with overlap. The number of lines of overlap | |
472 across a @kbd{C-v} or @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable | |
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473 @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by default, it is 2. The function |
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474 keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR}, or @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP}, |
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475 are equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. |
25829 | 476 |
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477 The commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} with a numeric argument scroll |
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478 the text in the selected window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} |
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479 with an argument moves the text and point up, together, that many |
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480 lines; it brings the same number of new lines into view at the bottom |
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481 of the window. @kbd{M-v} with numeric argument scrolls the text |
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482 downward, bringing that many new lines into view at the top of the |
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483 window. @kbd{C-v} with a negative argument is like @kbd{M-v} and vice |
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484 versa. |
25829 | 485 |
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486 The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the |
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487 text moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is |
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488 called @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the |
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489 screen. The keys @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP} derive their names |
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490 and customary meanings from a different convention that developed |
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491 elsewhere; hence the strange result that @key{PAGEDOWN} runs |
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492 @code{scroll-up}. |
25829 | 493 |
494 @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
495 Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
496 same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
497 @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
498 mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
499 screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
500 back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
501 when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
502 there. | |
503 | |
504 Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
505 @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
506 the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
507 to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
508 point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
509 rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
510 negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
511 For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
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512 - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. @kbd{C-u C-l} scrolls to put |
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513 point at the center (vertically) of the selected window. |
25829 | 514 |
515 @kindex C-M-l | |
516 @findex reposition-window | |
517 The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
518 window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
519 the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
520 entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
521 | |
522 @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
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523 Scrolling happens automatically when point moves out of the visible |
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524 portion of the text. Normally, automatic scrolling centers point |
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525 vertically within the window. However, if you set |
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526 @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you |
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527 move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} |
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528 lines---then Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point |
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529 back on screen. By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. |
25829 | 530 |
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531 @cindex aggressive scrolling |
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532 @vindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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533 @vindex scroll-down-aggressively |
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534 When the window does scroll by a longer distance, you can control |
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535 how aggressively it scrolls, by setting the variables |
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536 @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. |
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537 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either |
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538 @code{nil}, or a fraction @var{f} between 0 and 1. A fraction |
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539 specifies where on the screen to put point when scrolling upward. |
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540 More precisely, when a window scrolls up because point is above the |
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541 window start, the new start position is chosen to put point @var{f} |
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542 part of the window height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more |
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543 aggressive the scrolling. |
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544 |
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545 @code{nil}, which is the default, scrolls to put point at the center. |
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546 So it is equivalent to .5. |
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547 |
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548 Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling |
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549 down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed |
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550 from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
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551 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value is more aggressive. |
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552 |
25829 | 553 @vindex scroll-margin |
554 The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
555 to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
556 lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
557 window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
558 0. | |
559 | |
560 @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
561 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
562 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
563 | |
564 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
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565 within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin is not |
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566 displayed at all. Emacs does this automatically in any window that |
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567 uses line truncation rather than continuation: whenever point moves |
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568 off the left or right edge of the screen, Emacs scrolls the buffer |
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569 horizontally to make point visible. |
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570 |
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571 When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated |
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572 rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} |
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573 appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, |
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574 and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. |
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575 |
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576 You can use these commands to do explicit horizontal scrolling. |
25829 | 577 |
578 @table @kbd | |
579 @item C-x < | |
580 Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
581 @item C-x > | |
582 Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
583 @end table | |
584 | |
585 @kindex C-x < | |
586 @kindex C-x > | |
587 @findex scroll-left | |
588 @findex scroll-right | |
589 The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
590 window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
591 part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
592 With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
593 columns less, to be precise). | |
594 | |
595 @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
596 window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
597 normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
598 attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
599 calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
600 argument will restore the normal display. | |
601 | |
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602 If you scroll a window horizontally by hand, that sets a lower bound |
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603 for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will continue |
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604 to scroll the window, but never farther to the right than the amount |
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605 you previously set by @code{scroll-left}. |
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606 |
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607 @vindex hscroll-margin |
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608 The value of the variable @code{hscroll-margin} controls how close |
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609 to the window's edges point is allowed to get before the window will |
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610 be automatically scrolled. It is measured in columns. If the value |
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611 is 5, then moving point within 5 columns of the edge causes horizontal |
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612 scrolling away from that edge. |
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613 |
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614 @vindex hscroll-step |
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615 The variable @code{hscroll-step} determines how many columns to |
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616 scroll the window when point gets too close to the edge. If it's |
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617 zero, horizontal scrolling centers point horizontally within the |
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618 window. If it's a positive integer, it specifies the number of |
43386 | 619 columns to scroll by. If it's a floating-point number, it specifies |
620 the fraction of the window's width to scroll by. The default is zero. | |
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621 |
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622 @vindex auto-hscroll-mode |
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623 To disable automatic horizontal scrolling, set the variable |
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624 @code{auto-hscroll-mode} to @code{nil}. |
34749 | 625 |
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626 @node Fringes |
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627 @section Window Fringes |
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628 @cindex fringes |
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629 |
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630 On a graphical display, each Emacs window normally has narrow |
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631 @dfn{fringes} on the left and right edges. The fringes display |
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632 indications about the text in the window. |
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633 |
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634 The most common use of the fringes is to indicate a continuation |
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635 line, when one line of text is split into multiple lines on the |
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636 screen. The left fringe shows a curving arrow for each screen line |
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637 except the first, indicating that ``this is not the real beginning.'' |
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638 The right fringe shows a curving arrow for each screen line except the |
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639 last, indicating that ``this is not the real end.'' |
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640 |
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641 The fringes indicate line truncation with short horizontal arrows |
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642 meaning ``there's more text on this line which is scrolled |
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643 horizontally out of view;'' clicking the mouse on one of the arrows |
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644 scrolls the display horizontally in the direction of the arrow. The |
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645 fringes also indicate other things such as empty lines, or where a |
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646 program you are debugging is executing (@pxref{Debuggers}). |
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647 |
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648 @findex set-fringe-style |
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649 @findex fringe-mode |
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650 You can enable and disable the fringes for all frames using |
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651 @kbd{M-x fringe-mode}. To enable and disable the fringes |
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652 for the selected frame, use @kbd{M-x set-fringe-style}. |
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653 |
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654 @node Useless Whitespace |
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655 @section Useless Whitespace |
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656 |
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657 @cindex trailing whitespace |
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658 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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659 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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660 It is easy to leave unnecessary spaces at the end of a line, or |
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661 empty lines at the end of a file, without realizing it. In most |
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662 cases, this @dfn{trailing whitespace} has no effect, but there are |
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663 special circumstances where it matters. |
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664 |
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665 You can make trailing whitespace at the end of a line visible on the |
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666 screen by setting the buffer-local variable |
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667 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} to @code{t}. Then Emacs displays |
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668 trailing whitespace in the face @code{trailing-whitespace}. |
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669 |
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670 This feature does not apply when point is at the end of the line |
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671 containing the whitespace. Strictly speaking, that is ``trailing |
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672 whitespace'' nonetheless, but displaying it specially in that case |
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673 looks ugly while you are typing in new text. In this special case, |
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674 the location of point is enough to show you that the spaces are |
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675 present. |
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676 |
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677 @findex delete-trailing-whitespace |
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678 To delete all trailing whitespace within the current buffer's |
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679 accessible portion (@pxref{Narrowing}), type @kbd{M-x |
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680 delete-trailing-whitespace @key{RET}}. (This command does not remove |
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681 the form-feed characters.) |
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682 |
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683 @vindex indicate-unused-lines |
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684 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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685 @cindex unused lines |
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686 @cindex fringes, and unused line indication |
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687 Emacs can indicate unused lines at the end of the window with a |
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688 small image in the left fringe (@pxref{Fringes}). The image appears |
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689 for window lines that do not correspond to any buffer text. Blank |
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690 lines at the end of the buffer then stand out because they do not have |
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691 this image in the fringe. |
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692 |
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693 To enable this feature, set the buffer-local variable |
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694 @code{indicate-unused-lines} to a non-@code{nil} value. The default |
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695 value of this variable is controlled by the variable |
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696 @code{default-indicate-unused-lines}; by setting that variable, you |
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697 can enable or disable this feature for all new buffers. (This feature |
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698 currently doesn't work on character terminals.) |
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699 |
25829 | 700 @node Follow Mode |
701 @section Follow Mode | |
702 @cindex Follow mode | |
703 @cindex mode, Follow | |
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704 @findex follow-mode |
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705 @cindex windows, synchronizing |
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706 @cindex synchronizing windows |
25829 | 707 |
708 @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
709 same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
710 go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
711 windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
712 then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
713 either one; the other window follows it. | |
714 | |
36245 | 715 In Follow mode, if you move point outside the portion visible in one |
716 window and into the portion visible in the other window, that selects | |
717 the other window---again, treating the two as if they were parts of | |
718 one large window. | |
719 | |
25829 | 720 To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. |
721 | |
722 @node Selective Display | |
723 @section Selective Display | |
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724 @cindex selective display |
25829 | 725 @findex set-selective-display |
726 @kindex C-x $ | |
727 | |
728 Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
729 of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
730 overview of a part of a program. | |
731 | |
732 To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
733 numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
734 indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
735 presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
736 visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
737 | |
738 The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
739 if they were not there. | |
740 | |
741 The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
742 commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
743 hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
744 previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
745 visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
746 the three dots. | |
747 | |
748 To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
749 | |
750 @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
751 If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
752 @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
753 precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
754 hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
755 | |
756 @node Optional Mode Line | |
757 @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
758 | |
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759 @cindex line number display |
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760 @cindex display of line number |
25829 | 761 @findex line-number-mode |
762 The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
763 Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
764 turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
765 before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
766 indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
767 minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
768 | |
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769 @cindex narrowing, and line number display |
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770 If you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed |
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771 line number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. |
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772 |
25829 | 773 @vindex line-number-display-limit |
774 If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of | |
775 @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
776 Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
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777 that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. |
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778 |
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779 @vindex line-number-display-limit-width |
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780 Line-number computation can also be slow if the lines in the buffer |
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781 are too long. For this reason, Emacs normally doesn't display line |
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782 numbers if the average width, in characters, of lines near point is |
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783 larger than the value of the variable |
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784 @code{line-number-display-limit-width}. The default value is 200 |
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785 characters. |
25829 | 786 |
787 @cindex Column Number mode | |
788 @cindex mode, Column Number | |
789 @findex column-number-mode | |
790 You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
791 Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
792 letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
793 | |
794 @findex display-time | |
795 @cindex time (on mode line) | |
796 Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
30870 | 797 lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
798 the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
799 line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
800 their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
25829 | 801 |
802 @example | |
803 @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
804 @end example | |
805 | |
806 @noindent | |
807 @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
808 Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
809 @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
810 processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
811 your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
812 in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
813 to @code{t}. | |
814 | |
815 @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
28800 | 816 @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
817 @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
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818 @vindex display-time-mail-file |
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819 @vindex display-time-mail-directory |
25829 | 820 The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
28800 | 821 for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
822 an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
823 @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
824 line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
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825 indicator prominent. Use @code{display-time-mail-file} to specify |
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826 the mail file to check, or set @code{display-time-mail-directory} |
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827 to specify the directory to check for incoming mail (any nonempty regular |
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828 file in the directory is considered as ``newly arrived mail''). |
25829 | 829 |
39267 | 830 @cindex mode line, 3D appearance |
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831 @cindex attributes of mode line, changing |
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832 @cindex non-integral number of lines in a window |
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833 By default, the mode line is drawn on graphics displays with |
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834 3D-style highlighting, like that of a button when it is not being |
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835 pressed. If you don't like this effect, you can disable the 3D |
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836 highlighting of the mode line, by customizing the attributes of the |
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|
837 @code{mode-line} face in your @file{.emacs} init file, like this: |
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838 |
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839 @example |
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840 (set-face-attribute 'mode-line nil :box nil) |
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841 @end example |
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842 |
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843 @noindent |
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844 Alternatively, you can turn off the box attribute in your |
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845 @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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846 |
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847 @example |
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848 Emacs.mode-line.AttributeBox: off |
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849 @end example |
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850 |
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851 @cindex non-selected windows, mode line appearance |
43289 | 852 By default, the mode line of nonselected windows is displayed in a |
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853 different face, called @code{mode-line-inactive}. Only the selected |
43289 | 854 window is displayed in the @code{mode-line} face. This helps show |
855 which window is selected. When the minibuffer is selected, since | |
856 it has no mode line, the window from which you activated the minibuffer | |
857 has its mode line displayed using @code{mode-line}; as a result, | |
858 ordinary entry to the minibuffer does not change any mode lines. | |
859 | |
860 @vindex mode-line-in-non-selected-windows | |
861 You can disable use of @code{mode-line-inactive} by setting variable | |
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862 @code{mode-line-in-non-selected-windows} to @code{nil}; then all mode |
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863 lines are displayed in the @code{mode-line} face. |
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864 |
25829 | 865 @node Text Display |
866 @section How Text Is Displayed | |
867 @cindex characters (in text) | |
868 | |
869 ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
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870 buffers are displayed with their graphics, as are non-ASCII multibyte |
25829 | 871 printing characters (octal codes above 0400). |
872 | |
873 Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
874 newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
875 The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
876 tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
877 | |
878 Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
879 (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
880 control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
881 | |
33744 | 882 Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0237 (octal) are displayed with |
883 octal escape sequences; thus, character code 0230 (octal) is displayed | |
884 as @samp{\230}. The display of character codes 0240 through 0377 | |
885 (octal) may be either as escape sequences or as graphics. They do not | |
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886 normally occur in multibyte buffers, but if they do, they are displayed |
33744 | 887 as Latin-1 graphics. In unibyte mode, if you enable European display |
888 they are displayed using their graphics (assuming your terminal supports | |
889 them), otherwise as escape sequences. @xref{Single-Byte Character | |
890 Support}. | |
25829 | 891 |
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892 @node Display Custom |
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893 @section Customization of Display |
25829 | 894 |
895 This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
896 users should skip it. | |
897 | |
898 @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
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899 The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is an obsolete way of |
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900 controlling whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video; the |
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901 preferred way of doing this is to change the @code{mode-line} face. |
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902 @xref{Mode Line}. However, if @code{mode-line-inverse-video} has a |
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903 value of @code{nil}, then the @code{mode-line} face will be ignored, |
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|
904 and mode-lines will be drawn using the default text face. |
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|
905 @xref{Faces}. |
25829 | 906 |
907 @vindex inverse-video | |
908 If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
909 to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
910 | |
911 @vindex visible-bell | |
912 If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
913 to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
914 sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
915 to make the screen blink.@refill | |
916 | |
917 @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
918 When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
919 screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
920 one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
921 the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
922 is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
923 as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
924 you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
925 non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
926 screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
927 | |
928 @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
929 The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
930 keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
931 to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
932 | |
933 @vindex ctl-arrow | |
38048
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Proofreading fixes from Danny Colascione <qtmstr@optonline.net>.
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diff
changeset
|
934 If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, all control characters in |
25829 | 935 the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline |
936 and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
937 current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
938 default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
939 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
940 | |
941 @vindex tab-width | |
942 Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
943 extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
944 at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
945 controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
946 changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
947 in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
948 @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
949 integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
950 | |
951 @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
952 @c in the continuation section. | |
953 If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
954 line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
955 too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
956 @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
957 more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
958 @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
959 makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
960 is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
961 | |
962 @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
963 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
964 non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
965 window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
966 the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
967 windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
968 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
969 | |
970 @vindex baud-rate | |
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971 The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the |
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972 terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not |
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973 change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used |
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974 for calculations. On terminals, it affects padding, and decisions |
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975 about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead. |
37123
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976 It also affects the behavior of incremental search. |
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977 |
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978 On window-systems, @code{baud-rate} is only used to determine how |
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979 frequently to look for pending input during display updating. A |
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980 higher value of @code{baud-rate} means that check for pending input |
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|
981 will be done less frequently. |
25829 | 982 |
983 You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
984 by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
985 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
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|
986 |
36260 | 987 @cindex hourglass pointer display |
988 @vindex hourglass-delay | |
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989 On a window system, Emacs can optionally display the mouse pointer |
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|
990 in a special shape to say that Emacs is busy. To turn this feature on |
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991 or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. You can also control the |
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992 amount of time Emacs must remain busy before the busy indicator is |
36260 | 993 displayed, by setting the variable @code{hourglass-delay}. |
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994 |
39162
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|
995 @findex tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors |
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changeset
|
996 On some text-only terminals, bold face and inverse video together |
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997 result in text that is hard to read. Call the function |
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998 @code{tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors} with a non-@code{nil} |
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|
999 argument to suppress the effect of bold-face in this case. |
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|
1000 |
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1001 @node Cursor Display |
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1002 @section Displaying the Cursor |
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1003 |
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1004 @findex blink-cursor-mode |
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|
1005 @vindex blink-cursor-alist |
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1006 @cindex cursor, locating visually |
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1007 @cindex cursor, blinking |
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1008 You can customize the cursor's color, and whether it blinks, using |
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1009 the @code{cursor} Custom group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). On |
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1010 graphical terminals, the command @kbd{M-x blink-cursor-mode} enables |
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1011 or disables the blinking of the cursor. (On text terminals, the |
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1012 terminal itself blinks the cursor, and Emacs has no control over it.) |
47071 | 1013 You can control how the cursor appears when it blinks off by setting |
1014 the variable @code{blink-cursor-alist}. | |
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1015 |
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1016 @cindex cursor in non-selected windows |
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1017 @vindex cursor-in-non-selected-windows |
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1018 Normally, the cursor appears in non-selected windows in the ``off'' |
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1019 state, with the same appearance as when the blinking cursor blinks |
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1020 ``off''. For a box cursor, this is a hollow box; for a bar cursor, |
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1021 this is a thinner bar. To turn off cursors in non-selected windows, |
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1022 customize the option @code{cursor-in-non-selected-windows} and assign |
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1023 it a @code{nil} value. |
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1024 |
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1025 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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1026 @cindex wide block cursor |
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1027 On graphical terminals, Emacs can optionally draw the block cursor |
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1028 as wide as the character under the cursor---for example, if the cursor |
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1029 is on a tab character, it would cover the full width occupied by that |
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1030 tab character. To enable this feature, set the variable |
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1031 @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
36181
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1032 |
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1033 @findex hl-line-mode |
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1034 @findex global-hl-line-mode |
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1035 @cindex highlight current line |
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1036 If you find it hard to see the cursor, you might like HL Line mode, |
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1037 a minor mode that highlights the line containing point. Use @kbd{M-x |
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1038 hl-line-mode} to enable or disable it in the current buffer. @kbd{M-x |
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1039 global-hl-line-mode} enables or disables the same mode globally. |