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annotate lispref/loading.texi @ 70208:d96cefbe70c2
Add documentation about font-lock-multiline.
author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Mon, 24 Apr 2006 06:35:58 +0000 |
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6453 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003, |
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4 @c 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6453 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/loading | |
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7 @node Loading, Byte Compilation, Customization, Top |
6453 | 8 @chapter Loading |
9 @cindex loading | |
10 @cindex library | |
11 @cindex Lisp library | |
12 | |
13 Loading a file of Lisp code means bringing its contents into the Lisp | |
14 environment in the form of Lisp objects. Emacs finds and opens the | |
15 file, reads the text, evaluates each form, and then closes the file. | |
16 | |
17 The load functions evaluate all the expressions in a file just | |
18 as the @code{eval-current-buffer} function evaluates all the | |
19 expressions in a buffer. The difference is that the load functions | |
20 read and evaluate the text in the file as found on disk, not the text | |
21 in an Emacs buffer. | |
22 | |
23 @cindex top-level form | |
24 The loaded file must contain Lisp expressions, either as source code | |
7212 | 25 or as byte-compiled code. Each form in the file is called a |
26 @dfn{top-level form}. There is no special format for the forms in a | |
6453 | 27 loadable file; any form in a file may equally well be typed directly |
28 into a buffer and evaluated there. (Indeed, most code is tested this | |
29 way.) Most often, the forms are function definitions and variable | |
30 definitions. | |
31 | |
32 A file containing Lisp code is often called a @dfn{library}. Thus, | |
33 the ``Rmail library'' is a file containing code for Rmail mode. | |
34 Similarly, a ``Lisp library directory'' is a directory of files | |
35 containing Lisp code. | |
36 | |
37 @menu | |
59139 | 38 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. |
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39 * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries. |
59139 | 40 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
41 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. | |
42 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
43 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. | |
44 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. | |
45 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. | |
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46 * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
59139 | 47 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
48 particular libraries are loaded. | |
6453 | 49 @end menu |
50 | |
51 @node How Programs Do Loading | |
52 @section How Programs Do Loading | |
53 | |
54 Emacs Lisp has several interfaces for loading. For example, | |
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55 @code{autoload} creates a placeholder object for a function defined in a |
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56 file; trying to call the autoloading function loads the file to get the |
6453 | 57 function's real definition (@pxref{Autoload}). @code{require} loads a |
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58 file if it isn't already loaded (@pxref{Named Features}). Ultimately, |
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59 all these facilities call the @code{load} function to do the work. |
6453 | 60 |
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61 @defun load filename &optional missing-ok nomessage nosuffix must-suffix |
6453 | 62 This function finds and opens a file of Lisp code, evaluates all the |
63 forms in it, and closes the file. | |
64 | |
65 To find the file, @code{load} first looks for a file named | |
66 @file{@var{filename}.elc}, that is, for a file whose name is | |
67 @var{filename} with @samp{.elc} appended. If such a file exists, it is | |
68 loaded. If there is no file by that name, then @code{load} looks for a | |
7212 | 69 file named @file{@var{filename}.el}. If that file exists, it is loaded. |
6453 | 70 Finally, if neither of those names is found, @code{load} looks for a |
71 file named @var{filename} with nothing appended, and loads it if it | |
72 exists. (The @code{load} function is not clever about looking at | |
73 @var{filename}. In the perverse case of a file named @file{foo.el.el}, | |
74 evaluation of @code{(load "foo.el")} will indeed find it.) | |
75 | |
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76 If Auto Compression mode is enabled, as it is by default, then |
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77 if @code{load} can not find a file, it searches for a compressed |
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78 version of the file before trying other file names. It decompresses |
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79 and loads it if it exists. It looks for compressed versions by |
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80 appending the suffixes in @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} to the file |
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81 name. The value of this variable must be a list of strings. Its |
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82 standard value is @code{(".gz")}. |
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83 |
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84 If the optional argument @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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85 @code{load} does not try the suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el}. In |
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86 this case, you must specify the precise file name you want, except |
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87 that, if Auto Compression mode is enabled, @code{load} will still use |
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88 @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} to find compressed versions. By |
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89 specifying the precise file name and using @code{t} for |
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90 @var{nosuffix}, you can prevent perverse file names such as |
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91 @file{foo.el.el} from being tried. |
6453 | 92 |
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93 If the optional argument @var{must-suffix} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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94 @code{load} insists that the file name used must end in either |
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95 @samp{.el} or @samp{.elc} (possibly extended with a compression |
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96 suffix), unless it contains an explicit directory name. |
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97 |
6453 | 98 If @var{filename} is a relative file name, such as @file{foo} or |
99 @file{baz/foo.bar}, @code{load} searches for the file using the variable | |
100 @code{load-path}. It appends @var{filename} to each of the directories | |
101 listed in @code{load-path}, and loads the first file it finds whose name | |
102 matches. The current default directory is tried only if it is specified | |
103 in @code{load-path}, where @code{nil} stands for the default directory. | |
104 @code{load} tries all three possible suffixes in the first directory in | |
105 @code{load-path}, then all three suffixes in the second directory, and | |
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106 so on. @xref{Library Search}. |
6453 | 107 |
108 If you get a warning that @file{foo.elc} is older than @file{foo.el}, it | |
109 means you should consider recompiling @file{foo.el}. @xref{Byte | |
110 Compilation}. | |
111 | |
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112 When loading a source file (not compiled), @code{load} performs |
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113 character set translation just as Emacs would do when visiting the file. |
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114 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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115 |
6453 | 116 Messages like @samp{Loading foo...} and @samp{Loading foo...done} appear |
117 in the echo area during loading unless @var{nomessage} is | |
118 non-@code{nil}. | |
119 | |
120 @cindex load errors | |
121 Any unhandled errors while loading a file terminate loading. If the | |
7212 | 122 load was done for the sake of @code{autoload}, any function definitions |
123 made during the loading are undone. | |
6453 | 124 |
125 @kindex file-error | |
126 If @code{load} can't find the file to load, then normally it signals the | |
127 error @code{file-error} (with @samp{Cannot open load file | |
128 @var{filename}}). But if @var{missing-ok} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
129 @code{load} just returns @code{nil}. | |
130 | |
12067 | 131 You can use the variable @code{load-read-function} to specify a function |
132 for @code{load} to use instead of @code{read} for reading expressions. | |
133 See below. | |
134 | |
6453 | 135 @code{load} returns @code{t} if the file loads successfully. |
136 @end defun | |
137 | |
138 @deffn Command load-file filename | |
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139 This command loads the file @var{filename}. If @var{filename} is a |
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140 relative file name, then the current default directory is assumed. |
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141 This command does not use @code{load-path}, and does not append |
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142 suffixes. However, it does look for compressed versions (if Auto |
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143 Compression Mode is enabled). Use this command if you wish to specify |
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144 precisely the file name to load. |
6453 | 145 @end deffn |
146 | |
147 @deffn Command load-library library | |
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148 This command loads the library named @var{library}. It is equivalent to |
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149 @code{load}, except in how it reads its argument interactively. |
6453 | 150 @end deffn |
151 | |
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152 @defvar load-in-progress |
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153 This variable is non-@code{nil} if Emacs is in the process of loading a |
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154 file, and it is @code{nil} otherwise. |
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155 @end defvar |
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156 |
56215 | 157 @defvar load-read-function |
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158 @anchor{Definition of load-read-function} |
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159 This variable specifies an alternate expression-reading function for |
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160 @code{load} and @code{eval-region} to use instead of @code{read}. |
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161 The function should accept one argument, just as @code{read} does. |
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162 |
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163 Normally, the variable's value is @code{nil}, which means those |
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164 functions should use @code{read}. |
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165 |
52626 | 166 Instead of using this variable, it is cleaner to use another, newer |
167 feature: to pass the function as the @var{read-function} argument to | |
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168 @code{eval-region}. @xref{Definition of eval-region,, Eval}. |
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169 @end defvar |
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170 |
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171 For information about how @code{load} is used in building Emacs, see |
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172 @ref{Building Emacs}. |
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173 |
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174 @node Load Suffixes |
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175 @section Load Suffixes |
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176 We now describe some technical details about the exact suffixes that |
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177 @code{load} tries. |
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178 |
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179 @defvar load-suffixes |
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180 This is a list of suffixes indicating (compiled or source) Emacs Lisp |
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181 files. It should not include the empty string. @code{load} uses |
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182 these suffixes in order when it appends Lisp suffixes to the specified |
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183 file name. The standard value is @code{(".elc" ".el")} which produces |
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184 the behavior described in the previous section. |
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185 @end defvar |
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186 |
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187 @defvar load-file-rep-suffixes |
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188 This is a list of suffixes that indicate representations of the same |
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189 file. This list should normally start with the empty string. |
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190 When @code{load} searches for a file it appends the suffixes in this |
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191 list, in order, to the file name, before searching for another file. |
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192 |
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193 Enabling Auto Compression mode appends the suffixes in |
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194 @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} to this list and disabling Auto |
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195 Compression mode removes them again. The standard value of |
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196 @code{load-file-rep-suffixes} if Auto Compression mode is disabled is |
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197 @code{("")}. Given that the standard value of |
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198 @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} is @code{(".gz")}, the standard value |
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199 of @code{load-file-rep-suffixes} if Auto Compression mode is enabled |
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200 is @code{("" ".gz")}. |
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201 @end defvar |
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202 |
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203 @defun get-load-suffixes |
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204 This function returns the list of all suffixes that @code{load} should |
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205 try, in order, when its @var{must-suffix} argument is non-@code{nil}. |
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206 This takes both @code{load-suffixes} and @code{load-file-rep-suffixes} |
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207 into account. If @code{load-suffixes}, @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} |
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208 and @code{load-file-rep-suffixes} all have their standard values, this |
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209 function returns @code{(".elc" ".elc.gz" ".el" ".el.gz")} if Auto |
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210 Compression mode is enabled and @code{(".elc" ".el")} if Auto |
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211 Compression mode is disabled. |
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212 @end defun |
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213 |
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214 To summarize, @code{load} normally first tries the suffixes in the |
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215 value of @code{(get-load-suffixes)} and then those in |
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216 @code{load-file-rep-suffixes}. If @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil}, |
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217 it skips the former group, and if @var{must-suffix} is non-@code{nil}, |
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218 it skips the latter group. |
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219 |
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220 @node Library Search |
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221 @section Library Search |
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222 |
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223 When Emacs loads a Lisp library, it searches for the library |
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224 in a list of directories specified by the variable @code{load-path}. |
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225 |
6453 | 226 @defopt load-path |
227 @cindex @code{EMACSLOADPATH} environment variable | |
228 The value of this variable is a list of directories to search when | |
229 loading files with @code{load}. Each element is a string (which must be | |
230 a directory name) or @code{nil} (which stands for the current working | |
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231 directory). |
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232 @end defopt |
6453 | 233 |
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234 The value of @code{load-path} is initialized from the environment |
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235 variable @code{EMACSLOADPATH}, if that exists; otherwise its default |
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236 value is specified in @file{emacs/src/epaths.h} when Emacs is built. |
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237 Then the list is expanded by adding subdirectories of the directories |
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238 in the list. |
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239 |
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240 The syntax of @code{EMACSLOADPATH} is the same as used for @code{PATH}; |
12098 | 241 @samp{:} (or @samp{;}, according to the operating system) separates |
242 directory names, and @samp{.} is used for the current default directory. | |
243 Here is an example of how to set your @code{EMACSLOADPATH} variable from | |
244 a @code{csh} @file{.login} file: | |
6453 | 245 |
246 @smallexample | |
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247 setenv EMACSLOADPATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp |
6453 | 248 @end smallexample |
249 | |
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250 Here is how to set it using @code{sh}: |
6453 | 251 |
252 @smallexample | |
253 export EMACSLOADPATH | |
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254 EMACSLOADPATH=.:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp |
6453 | 255 @end smallexample |
256 | |
25875 | 257 Here is an example of code you can place in your init file (@pxref{Init |
258 File}) to add several directories to the front of your default | |
259 @code{load-path}: | |
6453 | 260 |
261 @smallexample | |
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262 @group |
6453 | 263 (setq load-path |
264 (append (list nil "/user/bil/emacs" | |
265 "/usr/local/lisplib" | |
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266 "~/emacs") |
6453 | 267 load-path)) |
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268 @end group |
6453 | 269 @end smallexample |
270 | |
271 @c Wordy to rid us of an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
272 @noindent | |
273 In this example, the path searches the current working directory first, | |
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274 followed then by the @file{/user/bil/emacs} directory, the |
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275 @file{/usr/local/lisplib} directory, and the @file{~/emacs} directory, |
6453 | 276 which are then followed by the standard directories for Lisp code. |
277 | |
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278 Dumping Emacs uses a special value of @code{load-path}. If the value of |
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279 @code{load-path} at the end of dumping is unchanged (that is, still the |
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280 same special value), the dumped Emacs switches to the ordinary |
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281 @code{load-path} value when it starts up, as described above. But if |
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282 @code{load-path} has any other value at the end of dumping, that value |
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283 is used for execution of the dumped Emacs also. |
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284 |
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285 Therefore, if you want to change @code{load-path} temporarily for |
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286 loading a few libraries in @file{site-init.el} or @file{site-load.el}, |
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287 you should bind @code{load-path} locally with @code{let} around the |
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288 calls to @code{load}. |
6453 | 289 |
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290 The default value of @code{load-path}, when running an Emacs which has |
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291 been installed on the system, includes two special directories (and |
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292 their subdirectories as well): |
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293 |
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294 @smallexample |
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295 "/usr/local/share/emacs/@var{version}/site-lisp" |
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296 @end smallexample |
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297 |
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298 @noindent |
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299 and |
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300 |
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301 @smallexample |
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302 "/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp" |
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303 @end smallexample |
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304 |
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305 @noindent |
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306 The first one is for locally installed packages for a particular Emacs |
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307 version; the second is for locally installed packages meant for use with |
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308 all installed Emacs versions. |
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309 |
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310 There are several reasons why a Lisp package that works well in one |
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311 Emacs version can cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need |
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312 updating for incompatible changes in Emacs; sometimes they depend on |
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313 undocumented internal Emacs data that can change without notice; |
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314 sometimes a newer Emacs version incorporates a version of the package, |
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315 and should be used only with that version. |
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316 |
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317 Emacs finds these directories' subdirectories and adds them to |
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318 @code{load-path} when it starts up. Both immediate subdirectories and |
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319 subdirectories multiple levels down are added to @code{load-path}. |
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320 |
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321 Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose |
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322 names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. Subdirectories |
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323 named @file{RCS} or @file{CVS} are excluded. Also, a subdirectory which |
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324 contains a file named @file{.nosearch} is excluded. You can use these |
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325 methods to prevent certain subdirectories of the @file{site-lisp} |
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326 directories from being searched. |
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327 |
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328 If you run Emacs from the directory where it was built---that is, an |
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329 executable that has not been formally installed---then @code{load-path} |
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330 normally contains two additional directories. These are the @code{lisp} |
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331 and @code{site-lisp} subdirectories of the main build directory. (Both |
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332 are represented as absolute file names.) |
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333 |
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334 @deffn Command locate-library library &optional nosuffix path interactive-call |
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335 This command finds the precise file name for library @var{library}. It |
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336 searches for the library in the same way @code{load} does, and the |
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337 argument @var{nosuffix} has the same meaning as in @code{load}: don't |
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338 add suffixes @samp{.elc} or @samp{.el} to the specified name |
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339 @var{library}. |
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340 |
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341 If the @var{path} is non-@code{nil}, that list of directories is used |
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342 instead of @code{load-path}. |
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343 |
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344 When @code{locate-library} is called from a program, it returns the file |
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345 name as a string. When the user runs @code{locate-library} |
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346 interactively, the argument @var{interactive-call} is @code{t}, and this |
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347 tells @code{locate-library} to display the file name in the echo area. |
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348 @end deffn |
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349 |
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350 @node Loading Non-ASCII |
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351 @section Loading Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters |
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352 |
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353 When Emacs Lisp programs contain string constants with non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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354 characters, these can be represented within Emacs either as unibyte |
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355 strings or as multibyte strings (@pxref{Text Representations}). Which |
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356 representation is used depends on how the file is read into Emacs. If |
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357 it is read with decoding into multibyte representation, the text of the |
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358 Lisp program will be multibyte text, and its string constants will be |
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359 multibyte strings. If a file containing Latin-1 characters (for |
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360 example) is read without decoding, the text of the program will be |
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361 unibyte text, and its string constants will be unibyte strings. |
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362 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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363 |
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364 To make the results more predictable, Emacs always performs decoding |
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365 into the multibyte representation when loading Lisp files, even if it |
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366 was started with the @samp{--unibyte} option. This means that string |
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367 constants with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters translate into multibyte |
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368 strings. The only exception is when a particular file specifies no |
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369 decoding. |
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370 |
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371 The reason Emacs is designed this way is so that Lisp programs give |
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372 predictable results, regardless of how Emacs was started. In addition, |
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373 this enables programs that depend on using multibyte text to work even |
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374 in a unibyte Emacs. Of course, such programs should be designed to |
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375 notice whether the user prefers unibyte or multibyte text, by checking |
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376 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters}, and convert representations |
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377 appropriately. |
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378 |
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379 In most Emacs Lisp programs, the fact that non-@acronym{ASCII} strings are |
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380 multibyte strings should not be noticeable, since inserting them in |
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381 unibyte buffers converts them to unibyte automatically. However, if |
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382 this does make a difference, you can force a particular Lisp file to be |
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383 interpreted as unibyte by writing @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a |
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384 comment on the file's first line. With that designator, the file will |
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385 unconditionally be interpreted as unibyte, even in an ordinary |
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386 multibyte Emacs session. This can matter when making keybindings to |
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387 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters written as @code{?v@var{literal}}. |
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388 |
6453 | 389 @node Autoload |
390 @section Autoload | |
391 @cindex autoload | |
392 | |
393 The @dfn{autoload} facility allows you to make a function or macro | |
12098 | 394 known in Lisp, but put off loading the file that defines it. The first |
395 call to the function automatically reads the proper file to install the | |
396 real definition and other associated code, then runs the real definition | |
6453 | 397 as if it had been loaded all along. |
398 | |
399 There are two ways to set up an autoloaded function: by calling | |
400 @code{autoload}, and by writing a special ``magic'' comment in the | |
401 source before the real definition. @code{autoload} is the low-level | |
402 primitive for autoloading; any Lisp program can call @code{autoload} at | |
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403 any time. Magic comments are the most convenient way to make a function |
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404 autoload, for packages installed along with Emacs. These comments do |
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405 nothing on their own, but they serve as a guide for the command |
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406 @code{update-file-autoloads}, which constructs calls to @code{autoload} |
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407 and arranges to execute them when Emacs is built. |
6453 | 408 |
7212 | 409 @defun autoload function filename &optional docstring interactive type |
410 This function defines the function (or macro) named @var{function} so as | |
6453 | 411 to load automatically from @var{filename}. The string @var{filename} |
412 specifies the file to load to get the real definition of @var{function}. | |
413 | |
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414 If @var{filename} does not contain either a directory name, or the |
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415 suffix @code{.el} or @code{.elc}, then @code{autoload} insists on adding |
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416 one of these suffixes, and it will not load from a file whose name is |
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417 just @var{filename} with no added suffix. (The variable |
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418 @code{load-suffixes} specifies the exact required suffixes.) |
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419 |
6453 | 420 The argument @var{docstring} is the documentation string for the |
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421 function. Specifying the documentation string in the call to |
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422 @code{autoload} makes it possible to look at the documentation without |
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423 loading the function's real definition. Normally, this should be |
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424 identical to the documentation string in the function definition |
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425 itself. If it isn't, the function definition's documentation string |
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426 takes effect when it is loaded. |
6453 | 427 |
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428 If @var{interactive} is non-@code{nil}, that says @var{function} can be |
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429 called interactively. This lets completion in @kbd{M-x} work without |
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430 loading @var{function}'s real definition. The complete interactive |
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431 specification is not given here; it's not needed unless the user |
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432 actually calls @var{function}, and when that happens, it's time to load |
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433 the real definition. |
6453 | 434 |
435 You can autoload macros and keymaps as well as ordinary functions. | |
436 Specify @var{type} as @code{macro} if @var{function} is really a macro. | |
437 Specify @var{type} as @code{keymap} if @var{function} is really a | |
438 keymap. Various parts of Emacs need to know this information without | |
439 loading the real definition. | |
440 | |
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441 An autoloaded keymap loads automatically during key lookup when a prefix |
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442 key's binding is the symbol @var{function}. Autoloading does not occur |
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443 for other kinds of access to the keymap. In particular, it does not |
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444 happen when a Lisp program gets the keymap from the value of a variable |
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445 and calls @code{define-key}; not even if the variable name is the same |
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446 symbol @var{function}. |
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447 |
6453 | 448 @cindex function cell in autoload |
7212 | 449 If @var{function} already has a non-void function definition that is not |
6453 | 450 an autoload object, @code{autoload} does nothing and returns @code{nil}. |
7212 | 451 If the function cell of @var{function} is void, or is already an autoload |
6453 | 452 object, then it is defined as an autoload object like this: |
453 | |
454 @example | |
455 (autoload @var{filename} @var{docstring} @var{interactive} @var{type}) | |
456 @end example | |
457 | |
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458 For example, |
6453 | 459 |
460 @example | |
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461 @group |
6453 | 462 (symbol-function 'run-prolog) |
463 @result{} (autoload "prolog" 169681 t nil) | |
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464 @end group |
6453 | 465 @end example |
466 | |
467 @noindent | |
468 In this case, @code{"prolog"} is the name of the file to load, 169681 | |
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469 refers to the documentation string in the |
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470 @file{emacs/etc/DOC-@var{version}} file (@pxref{Documentation Basics}), |
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471 @code{t} means the function is interactive, and @code{nil} that it is |
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472 not a macro or a keymap. |
6453 | 473 @end defun |
474 | |
475 @cindex autoload errors | |
476 The autoloaded file usually contains other definitions and may require | |
477 or provide one or more features. If the file is not completely loaded | |
478 (due to an error in the evaluation of its contents), any function | |
479 definitions or @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are | |
480 undone. This is to ensure that the next attempt to call any function | |
481 autoloading from this file will try again to load the file. If not for | |
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482 this, then some of the functions in the file might be defined by the |
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483 aborted load, but fail to work properly for the lack of certain |
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484 subroutines not loaded successfully because they come later in the file. |
6453 | 485 |
486 If the autoloaded file fails to define the desired Lisp function or | |
487 macro, then an error is signaled with data @code{"Autoloading failed to | |
488 define function @var{function-name}"}. | |
489 | |
490 @findex update-file-autoloads | |
491 @findex update-directory-autoloads | |
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492 @cindex magic autoload comment |
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493 @cindex autoload cookie |
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494 @anchor{autoload cookie} |
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495 A magic autoload comment (often called an @dfn{autoload cookie}) |
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496 consists of @samp{;;;###autoload}, on a line by itself, |
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497 just before the real definition of the function in its |
6453 | 498 autoloadable source file. The command @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} |
499 writes a corresponding @code{autoload} call into @file{loaddefs.el}. | |
500 Building Emacs loads @file{loaddefs.el} and thus calls @code{autoload}. | |
501 @kbd{M-x update-directory-autoloads} is even more powerful; it updates | |
502 autoloads for all files in the current directory. | |
503 | |
504 The same magic comment can copy any kind of form into | |
505 @file{loaddefs.el}. If the form following the magic comment is not a | |
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506 function-defining form or a @code{defcustom} form, it is copied |
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507 verbatim. ``Function-defining forms'' include @code{define-skeleton}, |
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508 @code{define-derived-mode}, @code{define-generic-mode} and |
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509 @code{define-minor-mode} as well as @code{defun} and |
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510 @code{defmacro}. To save space, a @code{defcustom} form is converted to |
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511 a @code{defvar} in @file{loaddefs.el}, with some additional information |
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512 if it uses @code{:require}. |
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513 |
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514 You can also use a magic comment to execute a form at build time |
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515 @emph{without} executing it when the file itself is loaded. To do this, |
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516 write the form @emph{on the same line} as the magic comment. Since it |
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517 is in a comment, it does nothing when you load the source file; but |
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518 @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} copies it to @file{loaddefs.el}, where |
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519 it is executed while building Emacs. |
6453 | 520 |
521 The following example shows how @code{doctor} is prepared for | |
522 autoloading with a magic comment: | |
523 | |
524 @smallexample | |
525 ;;;###autoload | |
526 (defun doctor () | |
527 "Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy." | |
528 (interactive) | |
529 (switch-to-buffer "*doctor*") | |
530 (doctor-mode)) | |
531 @end smallexample | |
532 | |
533 @noindent | |
534 Here's what that produces in @file{loaddefs.el}: | |
535 | |
536 @smallexample | |
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537 (autoload (quote doctor) "doctor" "\ |
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538 Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy. |
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539 |
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540 \(fn)" t nil) |
6453 | 541 @end smallexample |
542 | |
543 @noindent | |
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544 @cindex @code{fn} in function's documentation string |
6453 | 545 The backslash and newline immediately following the double-quote are a |
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546 convention used only in the preloaded uncompiled Lisp files such as |
6453 | 547 @file{loaddefs.el}; they tell @code{make-docfile} to put the |
548 documentation string in the @file{etc/DOC} file. @xref{Building Emacs}. | |
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549 See also the commentary in @file{lib-src/make-docfile.c}. @samp{(fn)} |
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550 in the usage part of the documentation string is replaced with the |
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551 function's name when the various help functions (@pxref{Help |
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552 Functions}) display it. |
6453 | 553 |
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554 If you write a function definition with an unusual macro that is not |
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555 one of the known and recognized function definition methods, use of an |
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556 ordinary magic autoload comment would copy the whole definition into |
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557 @code{loaddefs.el}. That is not desirable. You can put the desired |
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558 @code{autoload} call into @code{loaddefs.el} instead by writing this: |
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559 |
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560 @smallexample |
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561 ;;;###autoload (autoload 'foo "myfile") |
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562 (mydefunmacro foo |
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563 ...) |
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564 @end smallexample |
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565 |
6453 | 566 @node Repeated Loading |
567 @section Repeated Loading | |
568 @cindex repeated loading | |
569 | |
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570 You can load a given file more than once in an Emacs session. For |
6453 | 571 example, after you have rewritten and reinstalled a function definition |
572 by editing it in a buffer, you may wish to return to the original | |
573 version; you can do this by reloading the file it came from. | |
574 | |
575 When you load or reload files, bear in mind that the @code{load} and | |
576 @code{load-library} functions automatically load a byte-compiled file | |
577 rather than a non-compiled file of similar name. If you rewrite a file | |
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578 that you intend to save and reinstall, you need to byte-compile the new |
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579 version; otherwise Emacs will load the older, byte-compiled file instead |
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580 of your newer, non-compiled file! If that happens, the message |
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581 displayed when loading the file includes, @samp{(compiled; note, source is |
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582 newer)}, to remind you to recompile it. |
6453 | 583 |
584 When writing the forms in a Lisp library file, keep in mind that the | |
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585 file might be loaded more than once. For example, think about whether |
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586 each variable should be reinitialized when you reload the library; |
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587 @code{defvar} does not change the value if the variable is already |
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588 initialized. (@xref{Defining Variables}.) |
6453 | 589 |
590 The simplest way to add an element to an alist is like this: | |
591 | |
592 @example | |
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593 (push '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist) |
6453 | 594 @end example |
595 | |
596 @noindent | |
597 But this would add multiple elements if the library is reloaded. | |
598 To avoid the problem, write this: | |
599 | |
600 @example | |
601 (or (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist) | |
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602 (push '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist)) |
6453 | 603 @end example |
604 | |
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605 @noindent |
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606 or this: |
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607 |
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608 @example |
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609 (add-to-list '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist) |
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610 @end example |
12098 | 611 |
6453 | 612 Occasionally you will want to test explicitly whether a library has |
613 already been loaded. Here's one way to test, in a library, whether it | |
614 has been loaded before: | |
615 | |
616 @example | |
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617 (defvar foo-was-loaded nil) |
12098 | 618 |
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619 (unless foo-was-loaded |
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620 @var{execute-first-time-only} |
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621 (setq foo-was-loaded t)) |
6453 | 622 @end example |
623 | |
624 @noindent | |
625 If the library uses @code{provide} to provide a named feature, you can | |
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626 use @code{featurep} earlier in the file to test whether the |
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627 @code{provide} call has been executed before. |
27193 | 628 @ifnottex |
12098 | 629 @xref{Named Features}. |
27193 | 630 @end ifnottex |
6453 | 631 |
12098 | 632 @node Named Features |
6453 | 633 @section Features |
634 @cindex features | |
635 @cindex requiring features | |
636 @cindex providing features | |
637 | |
638 @code{provide} and @code{require} are an alternative to | |
639 @code{autoload} for loading files automatically. They work in terms of | |
640 named @dfn{features}. Autoloading is triggered by calling a specific | |
641 function, but a feature is loaded the first time another program asks | |
642 for it by name. | |
643 | |
644 A feature name is a symbol that stands for a collection of functions, | |
645 variables, etc. The file that defines them should @dfn{provide} the | |
646 feature. Another program that uses them may ensure they are defined by | |
647 @dfn{requiring} the feature. This loads the file of definitions if it | |
648 hasn't been loaded already. | |
649 | |
650 To require the presence of a feature, call @code{require} with the | |
651 feature name as argument. @code{require} looks in the global variable | |
652 @code{features} to see whether the desired feature has been provided | |
653 already. If not, it loads the feature from the appropriate file. This | |
7212 | 654 file should call @code{provide} at the top level to add the feature to |
6453 | 655 @code{features}; if it fails to do so, @code{require} signals an error. |
656 @cindex load error with require | |
657 | |
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658 For example, in @file{emacs/lisp/prolog.el}, |
6453 | 659 the definition for @code{run-prolog} includes the following code: |
660 | |
661 @smallexample | |
662 (defun run-prolog () | |
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663 "Run an inferior Prolog process, with I/O via buffer *prolog*." |
6453 | 664 (interactive) |
665 (require 'comint) | |
666 (switch-to-buffer (make-comint "prolog" prolog-program-name)) | |
667 (inferior-prolog-mode)) | |
668 @end smallexample | |
669 | |
670 @noindent | |
671 The expression @code{(require 'comint)} loads the file @file{comint.el} | |
672 if it has not yet been loaded. This ensures that @code{make-comint} is | |
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673 defined. Features are normally named after the files that provide them, |
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674 so that @code{require} need not be given the file name. |
6453 | 675 |
676 The @file{comint.el} file contains the following top-level expression: | |
677 | |
678 @smallexample | |
679 (provide 'comint) | |
680 @end smallexample | |
681 | |
682 @noindent | |
683 This adds @code{comint} to the global @code{features} list, so that | |
684 @code{(require 'comint)} will henceforth know that nothing needs to be | |
685 done. | |
686 | |
687 @cindex byte-compiling @code{require} | |
7212 | 688 When @code{require} is used at top level in a file, it takes effect |
6453 | 689 when you byte-compile that file (@pxref{Byte Compilation}) as well as |
690 when you load it. This is in case the required package contains macros | |
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691 that the byte compiler must know about. It also avoids byte-compiler |
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692 warnings for functions and variables defined in the file loaded with |
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693 @code{require}. |
6453 | 694 |
695 Although top-level calls to @code{require} are evaluated during | |
696 byte compilation, @code{provide} calls are not. Therefore, you can | |
697 ensure that a file of definitions is loaded before it is byte-compiled | |
698 by including a @code{provide} followed by a @code{require} for the same | |
699 feature, as in the following example. | |
700 | |
701 @smallexample | |
702 @group | |
703 (provide 'my-feature) ; @r{Ignored by byte compiler,} | |
704 ; @r{evaluated by @code{load}.} | |
705 (require 'my-feature) ; @r{Evaluated by byte compiler.} | |
706 @end group | |
707 @end smallexample | |
708 | |
7212 | 709 @noindent |
710 The compiler ignores the @code{provide}, then processes the | |
711 @code{require} by loading the file in question. Loading the file does | |
712 execute the @code{provide} call, so the subsequent @code{require} call | |
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713 does nothing when the file is loaded. |
7212 | 714 |
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715 @defun provide feature &optional subfeatures |
6453 | 716 This function announces that @var{feature} is now loaded, or being |
717 loaded, into the current Emacs session. This means that the facilities | |
718 associated with @var{feature} are or will be available for other Lisp | |
719 programs. | |
720 | |
721 The direct effect of calling @code{provide} is to add @var{feature} to | |
722 the front of the list @code{features} if it is not already in the list. | |
723 The argument @var{feature} must be a symbol. @code{provide} returns | |
724 @var{feature}. | |
725 | |
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726 If provided, @var{subfeatures} should be a list of symbols indicating |
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727 a set of specific subfeatures provided by this version of @var{feature}. |
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728 You can test the presence of a subfeature using @code{featurep}. |
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729 |
6453 | 730 @smallexample |
731 features | |
732 @result{} (bar bish) | |
733 | |
734 (provide 'foo) | |
735 @result{} foo | |
736 features | |
737 @result{} (foo bar bish) | |
738 @end smallexample | |
739 | |
12098 | 740 When a file is loaded to satisfy an autoload, and it stops due to an |
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741 error in the evaluation of its contents, any function definitions or |
12098 | 742 @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are undone. |
743 @xref{Autoload}. | |
6453 | 744 @end defun |
745 | |
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746 @defun require feature &optional filename noerror |
6453 | 747 This function checks whether @var{feature} is present in the current |
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748 Emacs session (using @code{(featurep @var{feature})}; see below). The |
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749 argument @var{feature} must be a symbol. |
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750 |
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751 If the feature is not present, then @code{require} loads @var{filename} |
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752 with @code{load}. If @var{filename} is not supplied, then the name of |
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753 the symbol @var{feature} is used as the base file name to load. |
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754 However, in this case, @code{require} insists on finding @var{feature} |
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755 with an added @samp{.el} or @samp{.elc} suffix (possibly extended with |
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756 a compression suffix); a file whose name is just @var{feature} won't |
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757 be used. (The variable @code{load-suffixes} specifies the exact |
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758 required Lisp suffixes.) |
6453 | 759 |
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760 If @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, that suppresses errors from actual |
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761 loading of the file. In that case, @code{require} returns @code{nil} |
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762 if loading the file fails. Normally, @code{require} returns |
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763 @var{feature}. |
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764 |
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765 If loading the file succeeds but does not provide @var{feature}, |
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766 @code{require} signals an error, @samp{Required feature @var{feature} |
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767 was not provided}. |
6453 | 768 @end defun |
769 | |
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770 @defun featurep feature &optional subfeature |
51681
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771 This function returns @code{t} if @var{feature} has been provided in |
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772 the current Emacs session (i.e.@:, if @var{feature} is a member of |
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773 @code{features}.) If @var{subfeature} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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774 function returns @code{t} only if that subfeature is provided as well |
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775 (i.e.@: if @var{subfeature} is a member of the @code{subfeature} |
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776 property of the @var{feature} symbol.) |
6453 | 777 @end defun |
778 | |
779 @defvar features | |
780 The value of this variable is a list of symbols that are the features | |
781 loaded in the current Emacs session. Each symbol was put in this list | |
782 with a call to @code{provide}. The order of the elements in the | |
783 @code{features} list is not significant. | |
784 @end defvar | |
785 | |
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786 @node Where Defined |
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787 @section Which File Defined a Certain Symbol |
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788 |
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789 @defun symbol-file symbol &optional type |
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790 This function returns the name of the file that defined @var{symbol}. |
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791 If @var{type} is @code{nil}, then any kind of definition is |
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792 acceptable. If @var{type} is @code{defun} or @code{defvar}, that |
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|
793 specifies function definition only or variable definition only. |
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794 |
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795 The value is normally an absolute file name. It can also be |
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796 @code{nil}, if the definition is not associated with any file. |
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797 @end defun |
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798 |
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|
799 The basis for @code{symbol-file} is the data in the variable |
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800 @code{load-history}. |
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|
801 |
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802 @defvar load-history |
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803 This variable's value is an alist connecting library file names with the |
59134
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804 names of functions and variables they define, the features they provide, |
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805 and the features they require. |
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806 |
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807 Each element is a list and describes one library. The @sc{car} of the |
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808 list is the absolute file name of the library, as a string. The rest |
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809 of the list elements have these forms: |
59134
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810 |
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811 @table @code |
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812 @item @var{var} |
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813 The symbol @var{var} was defined as a variable. |
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814 @item (defun . @var{fun}) |
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815 The function @var{fun} was defined. |
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816 @item (t . @var{fun}) |
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817 The function @var{fun} was previously an autoload before this library |
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818 redefined it as a function. The following element is always |
60052 | 819 @code{(defun . @var{fun})}, which represents defining @var{fun} as a |
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820 function. |
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821 @item (autoload . @var{fun}) |
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822 The function @var{fun} was defined as an autoload. |
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823 @item (require . @var{feature}) |
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824 The feature @var{feature} was required. |
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825 @item (provide . @var{feature}) |
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826 The feature @var{feature} was provided. |
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827 @end table |
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828 |
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829 The value of @code{load-history} may have one element whose @sc{car} is |
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830 @code{nil}. This element describes definitions made with |
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831 @code{eval-buffer} on a buffer that is not visiting a file. |
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832 @end defvar |
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833 |
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834 The command @code{eval-region} updates @code{load-history}, but does so |
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835 by adding the symbols defined to the element for the file being visited, |
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836 rather than replacing that element. @xref{Eval}. |
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837 |
6453 | 838 @node Unloading |
839 @section Unloading | |
840 @cindex unloading | |
841 | |
842 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
843 You can discard the functions and variables loaded by a library to | |
844 reclaim memory for other Lisp objects. To do this, use the function | |
845 @code{unload-feature}: | |
846 | |
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847 @deffn Command unload-feature feature &optional force |
6453 | 848 This command unloads the library that provided feature @var{feature}. |
7212 | 849 It undefines all functions, macros, and variables defined in that |
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850 library with @code{defun}, @code{defalias}, @code{defsubst}, |
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851 @code{defmacro}, @code{defconst}, @code{defvar}, and @code{defcustom}. |
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852 It then restores any autoloads formerly associated with those symbols. |
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853 (Loading saves these in the @code{autoload} property of the symbol.) |
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854 |
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855 @vindex unload-feature-special-hooks |
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856 Before restoring the previous definitions, @code{unload-feature} runs |
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857 @code{remove-hook} to remove functions in the library from certain |
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858 hooks. These hooks include variables whose names end in @samp{hook} |
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859 or @samp{-hooks}, plus those listed in |
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860 @code{unload-feature-special-hooks}. This is to prevent Emacs from |
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861 ceasing to function because important hooks refer to functions that |
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862 are no longer defined. |
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863 |
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864 @vindex @var{feature}-unload-hook |
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865 If these measures are not sufficient to prevent malfunction, a library |
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866 can define an explicit unload hook. If @code{@var{feature}-unload-hook} |
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867 is defined, it is run as a normal hook before restoring the previous |
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868 definitions, @emph{instead of} the usual hook-removing actions. The |
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869 unload hook ought to undo all the global state changes made by the |
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870 library that might cease to work once the library is unloaded. |
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871 @code{unload-feature} can cause problems with libraries that fail to do |
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872 this, so it should be used with caution. |
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873 |
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874 Ordinarily, @code{unload-feature} refuses to unload a library on which |
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875 other loaded libraries depend. (A library @var{a} depends on library |
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876 @var{b} if @var{a} contains a @code{require} for @var{b}.) If the |
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877 optional argument @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, dependencies are |
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|
878 ignored and you can unload any library. |
6453 | 879 @end deffn |
880 | |
881 The @code{unload-feature} function is written in Lisp; its actions are | |
882 based on the variable @code{load-history}. | |
883 | |
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884 @defvar unload-feature-special-hooks |
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885 This variable holds a list of hooks to be scanned before unloading a |
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886 library, to remove functions defined in the library. |
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887 @end defvar |
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888 |
6453 | 889 @node Hooks for Loading |
890 @section Hooks for Loading | |
891 @cindex loading hooks | |
892 @cindex hooks for loading | |
893 | |
894 You can ask for code to be executed if and when a particular library is | |
895 loaded, by calling @code{eval-after-load}. | |
896 | |
897 @defun eval-after-load library form | |
898 This function arranges to evaluate @var{form} at the end of loading the | |
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899 library @var{library}, if and when @var{library} is loaded. If |
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900 @var{library} is already loaded, it evaluates @var{form} right away. |
6453 | 901 |
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902 If @var{library} is a string, it must exactly match the argument of |
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903 @code{load} used to load the library. To get the proper results when an |
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904 installed library is found by searching @code{load-path}, you should not |
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905 include any directory names in @var{library}. |
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906 |
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907 @var{library} can also be a feature (i.e.@: a symbol), in which case |
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908 @var{form} is evaluated when @code{(provide @var{library})} is called. |
6453 | 909 |
910 An error in @var{form} does not undo the load, but does prevent | |
911 execution of the rest of @var{form}. | |
912 @end defun | |
913 | |
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914 In general, well-designed Lisp programs should not use this feature. |
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915 The clean and modular ways to interact with a Lisp library are (1) |
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916 examine and set the library's variables (those which are meant for |
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917 outside use), and (2) call the library's functions. If you wish to |
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918 do (1), you can do it immediately---there is no need to wait for when |
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919 the library is loaded. To do (2), you must load the library (preferably |
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920 with @code{require}). |
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921 |
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922 But it is OK to use @code{eval-after-load} in your personal |
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923 customizations if you don't feel they must meet the design standards for |
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924 programs meant for wider use. |
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925 |
6453 | 926 @defvar after-load-alist |
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927 This variable holds an alist of expressions to evaluate if and when |
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928 particular libraries are loaded. Each element looks like this: |
6453 | 929 |
930 @example | |
931 (@var{filename} @var{forms}@dots{}) | |
932 @end example | |
933 | |
934 The function @code{load} checks @code{after-load-alist} in order to | |
935 implement @code{eval-after-load}. | |
936 @end defvar | |
937 | |
938 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
52401 | 939 |
940 @ignore | |
941 arch-tag: df731f89-0900-4389-a436-9105241b6f7a | |
942 @end ignore |