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annotate lispref/nonascii.texi @ 77539:d9dee3a4f5d6 EMACS_PRETEST_22_0_99
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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4 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/characters | |
7 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top | |
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8 @chapter Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters |
21006 | 9 @cindex multibyte characters |
76831 | 10 @cindex characters, multi-byte |
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11 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
21006 | 12 |
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13 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@acronym{ASCII} |
21006 | 14 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers. |
15 | |
16 @menu | |
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17 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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18 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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19 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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20 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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21 codes of individual characters. |
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22 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes |
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23 is divided into various character sets. |
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24 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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25 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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26 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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27 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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28 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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29 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 30 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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31 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
21006 | 32 @end menu |
33 | |
34 @node Text Representations | |
35 @section Text Representations | |
36 @cindex text representations | |
37 | |
38 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text | |
39 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and | |
40 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two | |
41 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of | |
42 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as | |
43 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay | |
44 attention to the difference. | |
45 | |
46 @cindex unibyte text | |
47 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and | |
48 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0 | |
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49 through 127 are @acronym{ASCII} characters; the codes from 128 through 255 |
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50 are used for one non-@acronym{ASCII} character set (you can choose which |
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51 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}). |
21006 | 52 |
53 @cindex leading code | |
54 @cindex multibyte text | |
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55 @cindex trailing codes |
21006 | 56 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one |
57 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be | |
58 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range | |
59 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
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60 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte |
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61 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through |
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62 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}. |
21006 | 63 |
28877 | 64 Some sequences of bytes are not valid in multibyte text: for example, |
32523 | 65 a single isolated byte in the range 128 through 159 is not allowed. But |
66 character codes 128 through 159 can appear in multibyte text, | |
67 represented as two-byte sequences. All the character codes 128 through | |
68 255 are possible (though slightly abnormal) in multibyte text; they | |
28877 | 69 appear in multibyte buffers and strings when you do explicit encoding |
70 and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
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71 |
21006 | 72 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable |
73 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used. | |
24952 | 74 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string |
75 when the string is constructed. | |
21006 | 76 |
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77 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 78 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. |
79 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, | |
80 it contains unibyte text. | |
81 | |
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82 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function |
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83 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation. |
21006 | 84 @end defvar |
85 | |
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86 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters |
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87 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value |
21006 | 88 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that |
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89 default value. Setting the local binding of |
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90 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed, |
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91 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable |
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92 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers. |
21006 | 93 |
94 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the | |
95 default value to @code{nil} early in startup. | |
96 @end defvar | |
97 | |
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98 @defun position-bytes position |
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99 Return the byte-position corresponding to buffer position |
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100 @var{position} in the current buffer. This is 1 at the start of the |
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101 buffer, and counts upward in bytes. If @var{position} is out of |
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102 range, the value is @code{nil}. |
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103 @end defun |
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104 |
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105 @defun byte-to-position byte-position |
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106 Return the buffer position corresponding to byte-position |
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107 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer. If @var{byte-position} is |
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108 out of range, the value is @code{nil}. |
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109 @end defun |
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110 |
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111 @defun multibyte-string-p string |
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112 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string. |
21006 | 113 @end defun |
114 | |
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115 @defun string-bytes string |
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116 @cindex string, number of bytes |
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117 This function returns the number of bytes in @var{string}. |
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118 If @var{string} is a multibyte string, this can be greater than |
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119 @code{(length @var{string})}. |
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120 @end defun |
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121 |
21006 | 122 @node Converting Representations |
123 @section Converting Text Representations | |
124 | |
125 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert | |
126 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In | |
127 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or | |
128 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can | |
129 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation. | |
130 | |
131 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that | |
132 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to | |
133 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the | |
134 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever | |
135 characters the unibyte text has. | |
136 | |
137 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the | |
138 buffer's representation, as specified by | |
139 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when | |
140 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text | |
141 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all | |
142 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural | |
143 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not | |
144 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the | |
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145 user that cannot be overridden automatically. |
21006 | 146 |
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147 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @acronym{ASCII} characters |
32523 | 148 unchanged, and likewise character codes 128 through 159. It converts |
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149 the non-@acronym{ASCII} codes 160 through 255 by adding the value |
32523 | 150 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} to each character code. By setting this |
151 variable, you specify which character set the unibyte characters | |
152 correspond to (@pxref{Character Sets}). For example, if | |
153 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is @code{(- (make-char | |
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154 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
32523 | 155 correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which is @code{(- (make-char |
156 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to Greek letters. | |
21006 | 157 |
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158 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it discards all but |
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159 the low 8 bits of each character code. If @code{nonascii-insert-offset} |
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160 has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character |
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161 set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte |
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162 text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte |
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163 text. |
21006 | 164 |
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165 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset |
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166 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@acronym{ASCII} character |
21006 | 167 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when |
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168 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte |
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169 non-@acronym{ASCII} range, 128 through 255. However, the functions |
29265 | 170 @code{insert} and @code{insert-char} do not perform this conversion. |
21006 | 171 |
172 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(- | |
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173 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of |
21006 | 174 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the |
175 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero. | |
176 @end defvar | |
177 | |
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178 @defvar nonascii-translation-table |
21006 | 179 This variable provides a more general alternative to |
180 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently | |
181 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a | |
29265 | 182 multibyte character. The value should be a char-table, or @code{nil}. |
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183 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
21006 | 184 @end defvar |
185 | |
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186 The next three functions either return the argument @var{string}, or a |
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187 newly created string with no text properties. |
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188 |
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189 @defun string-make-unibyte string |
21006 | 190 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte |
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191 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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192 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. Multibyte |
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193 character codes are converted to unibyte according to |
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194 @code{nonascii-translation-table} or, if that is @code{nil}, using |
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195 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. If the lookup in the translation table |
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196 fails, this function takes just the low 8 bits of each character. |
21006 | 197 @end defun |
198 | |
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199 @defun string-make-multibyte string |
21006 | 200 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte |
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201 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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202 @var{string} is a multibyte string or consists entirely of |
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203 @acronym{ASCII} characters, it is returned unchanged. In particular, |
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204 if @var{string} is unibyte and entirely @acronym{ASCII}, the returned |
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205 string is unibyte. (When the characters are all @acronym{ASCII}, |
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206 Emacs primitives will treat the string the same way whether it is |
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207 unibyte or multibyte.) If @var{string} is unibyte and contains |
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208 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, the function |
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209 @code{unibyte-char-to-multibyte} is used to convert each unibyte |
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210 character to a multibyte character. |
21006 | 211 @end defun |
212 | |
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213 @defun string-to-multibyte string |
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214 This function returns a multibyte string containing the same sequence |
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215 of character codes as @var{string}. Unlike |
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216 @code{string-make-multibyte}, this function unconditionally returns a |
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217 multibyte string. If @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is |
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218 returned unchanged. |
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219 @end defun |
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220 |
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221 @defun multibyte-char-to-unibyte char |
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222 This convert the multibyte character @var{char} to a unibyte |
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223 character, based on @code{nonascii-translation-table} and |
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224 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
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225 @end defun |
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226 |
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227 @defun unibyte-char-to-multibyte char |
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228 This convert the unibyte character @var{char} to a multibyte |
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229 character, based on @code{nonascii-translation-table} and |
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230 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
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231 @end defun |
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232 |
21006 | 233 @node Selecting a Representation |
234 @section Selecting a Representation | |
235 | |
236 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as | |
237 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa. | |
238 | |
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239 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte |
21006 | 240 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte} |
241 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte} | |
242 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte. | |
243 | |
244 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a | |
245 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed | |
246 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character | |
247 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte | |
29265 | 248 representation. Character codes 128 through 159 are an exception. They |
249 are represented by one byte in a unibyte buffer, but when the buffer is | |
250 set to multibyte, they are converted to two-byte sequences, and vice | |
251 versa. | |
21006 | 252 |
253 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which | |
254 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
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255 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the |
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256 same text as they did before. |
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257 |
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258 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer, |
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259 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the |
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260 base buffer. |
21006 | 261 @end defun |
262 | |
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263 @defun string-as-unibyte string |
21006 | 264 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but |
265 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have | |
266 more characters than @var{string} has. | |
267 | |
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268 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, then the value is |
33912 | 269 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no |
270 text properties. If @var{string} is multibyte, any characters it | |
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271 contains of charset @code{eight-bit-control} or @code{eight-bit-graphic} |
33912 | 272 are converted to the corresponding single byte. |
21006 | 273 @end defun |
274 | |
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275 @defun string-as-multibyte string |
21006 | 276 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but |
277 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the | |
278 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has. | |
279 | |
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280 If @var{string} is already a multibyte string, then the value is |
33912 | 281 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no |
282 text properties. If @var{string} is unibyte and contains any individual | |
283 8-bit bytes (i.e.@: not part of a multibyte form), they are converted to | |
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284 the corresponding multibyte character of charset @code{eight-bit-control} |
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285 or @code{eight-bit-graphic}. |
21006 | 286 @end defun |
287 | |
288 @node Character Codes | |
289 @section Character Codes | |
290 @cindex character codes | |
291 | |
292 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character | |
293 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from | |
294 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character | |
295 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all | |
28877 | 296 values in that range are valid. The values 128 through 255 are not |
32523 | 297 entirely proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit |
28877 | 298 encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Some other character |
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299 codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text. Only the @acronym{ASCII} codes |
32523 | 300 0 through 127 are completely legitimate in both representations. |
21006 | 301 |
29265 | 302 @defun char-valid-p charcode &optional genericp |
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303 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid (either for unibyte |
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304 text or for multibyte text). |
21006 | 305 |
306 @example | |
307 (char-valid-p 65) | |
308 @result{} t | |
309 (char-valid-p 256) | |
310 @result{} nil | |
311 (char-valid-p 2248) | |
312 @result{} t | |
313 @end example | |
29265 | 314 |
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315 If the optional argument @var{genericp} is non-@code{nil}, this |
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316 function also returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is a generic |
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317 character (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
21006 | 318 @end defun |
319 | |
320 @node Character Sets | |
321 @section Character Sets | |
322 @cindex character sets | |
323 | |
324 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of | |
325 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and | |
326 only one character set. | |
327 | |
328 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For | |
329 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set, | |
330 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An | |
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331 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some |
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332 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split |
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333 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese |
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334 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs |
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335 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}. |
21006 | 336 |
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337 @acronym{ASCII} characters are in character set @code{ascii}. The |
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338 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters 128 through 159 are in character set |
28900 | 339 @code{eight-bit-control}, and codes 160 through 255 are in character set |
340 @code{eight-bit-graphic}. | |
341 | |
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342 @defun charsetp object |
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343 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set, |
21006 | 344 @code{nil} otherwise. |
345 @end defun | |
346 | |
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347 @defvar charset-list |
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348 The value is a list of all defined character set names. |
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349 @end defvar |
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350 |
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351 @defun charset-list |
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352 This function returns the value of @code{charset-list}. It is only |
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353 provided for backward compatibility. |
21006 | 354 @end defun |
355 | |
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356 @defun char-charset character |
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357 This function returns the name of the character set that @var{character} |
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358 belongs to, or the symbol @code{unknown} if @var{character} is not a |
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359 valid character. |
21006 | 360 @end defun |
361 | |
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362 @defun charset-plist charset |
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363 This function returns the charset property list of the character set |
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364 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same |
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365 as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties are used for |
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366 special purposes within Emacs. |
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367 @end defun |
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368 |
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369 @deffn Command list-charset-chars charset |
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370 This command displays a list of characters in the character set |
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371 @var{charset}. |
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372 @end deffn |
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373 |
21006 | 374 @node Chars and Bytes |
375 @section Characters and Bytes | |
376 @cindex bytes and characters | |
377 | |
76993 | 378 @cindex introduction sequence (of character) |
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379 @cindex dimension (of character set) |
21006 | 380 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more |
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381 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is |
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382 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @code{ascii} character |
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383 set and the @code{eight-bit-graphic} character set have a zero-length |
29265 | 384 introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence is the beginning of |
385 the byte sequence for any character in the character set. The rest of | |
386 the character's bytes distinguish it from the other characters in the | |
387 same character set. Depending on the character set, there are either | |
388 one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such bytes is called the | |
389 @dfn{dimension} of the character set. | |
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390 |
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391 @defun charset-dimension charset |
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392 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the |
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393 dimension is always 1 or 2. |
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394 @end defun |
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395 |
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396 @defun charset-bytes charset |
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397 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent a character |
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398 in character set @var{charset}. |
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399 @end defun |
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400 |
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401 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character |
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402 set's introduction sequence: |
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403 |
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404 @example |
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405 (- (charset-bytes @var{charset}) |
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406 (charset-dimension @var{charset})) |
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407 @end example |
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408 |
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409 @node Splitting Characters |
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410 @section Splitting Characters |
76993 | 411 @cindex character as bytes |
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412 |
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413 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte |
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414 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to |
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415 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character, |
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416 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary. |
21006 | 417 |
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418 @defun split-char character |
21006 | 419 Return a list containing the name of the character set of |
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420 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which |
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421 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte |
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422 values is the character set's dimension. |
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424 If @var{character} is invalid as a character code, @code{split-char} |
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425 returns a list consisting of the symbol @code{unknown} and @var{character}. |
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426 |
21006 | 427 @example |
428 (split-char 2248) | |
429 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
430 (split-char 65) | |
431 @result{} (ascii 65) | |
29265 | 432 (split-char 128) |
433 @result{} (eight-bit-control 128) | |
21006 | 434 @end example |
435 @end defun | |
436 | |
76835 | 437 @cindex generate characters in charsets |
34811 | 438 @defun make-char charset &optional code1 code2 |
439 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset} whose | |
440 position codes are @var{code1} and @var{code2}. This is roughly the | |
441 inverse of @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one | |
442 or both of @var{code1} and @var{code2} according to the dimension of | |
443 @var{charset}. For example, | |
21006 | 444 |
445 @example | |
446 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
447 @result{} 2248 | |
448 @end example | |
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449 |
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450 Actually, the eighth bit of both @var{code1} and @var{code2} is zeroed |
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451 before they are used to index @var{charset}. Thus you may use, for |
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452 instance, an ISO 8859 character code rather than subtracting 128, as |
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453 is necessary to index the corresponding Emacs charset. |
21006 | 454 @end defun |
455 | |
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456 @cindex generic characters |
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457 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is |
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458 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic |
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459 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the |
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460 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to |
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461 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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462 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters. |
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463 For example: |
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464 |
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465 @example |
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466 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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467 @result{} 2176 |
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468 (char-valid-p 2176) |
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469 @result{} nil |
29265 | 470 (char-valid-p 2176 t) |
471 @result{} t | |
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472 (split-char 2176) |
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473 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0) |
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474 @end example |
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475 |
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476 The character sets @code{ascii}, @code{eight-bit-control}, and |
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477 @code{eight-bit-graphic} don't have corresponding generic characters. If |
34811 | 478 @var{charset} is one of them and you don't supply @var{code1}, |
479 @code{make-char} returns the character code corresponding to the | |
480 smallest code in @var{charset}. | |
29265 | 481 |
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482 @node Scanning Charsets |
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483 @section Scanning for Character Sets |
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484 |
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485 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a |
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486 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which |
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487 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all |
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488 of the text in question. |
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489 |
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490 @defun charset-after &optional pos |
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491 This function return the charset of a character in the current buffer |
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492 at position @var{pos}. If @var{pos} is omitted or @code{nil}, it |
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493 defaults to the current value of point. If @var{pos} is out of range, |
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494 the value is @code{nil}. |
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495 @end defun |
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496 |
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497 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation |
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498 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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499 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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500 |
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501 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to |
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502 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it |
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503 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated |
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504 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated |
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505 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer. |
28887 | 506 @end defun |
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507 |
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508 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation |
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509 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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510 string @var{string}. It is just like @code{find-charset-region}, except |
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511 that it applies to the contents of @var{string} instead of part of the |
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512 current buffer. |
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513 @end defun |
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514 |
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515 @node Translation of Characters |
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516 @section Translation of Characters |
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517 @cindex character translation tables |
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518 @cindex translation tables |
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519 |
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520 A @dfn{translation table} is a char-table that specifies a mapping |
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521 of characters into characters. These tables are used in encoding and |
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522 decoding, and for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their |
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523 own particular translation tables; there are also default translation |
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524 tables which apply to all other coding systems. |
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525 |
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526 For instance, the coding-system @code{utf-8} has a translation table |
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527 that maps characters of various charsets (e.g., |
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528 @code{latin-iso8859-@var{x}}) into Unicode character sets. This way, |
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529 it can encode Latin-2 characters into UTF-8. Meanwhile, |
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530 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} operates by specifying |
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531 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} to translate |
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532 Latin-@var{x} characters into corresponding Unicode characters. |
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533 |
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534 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations |
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535 This function returns a translation table based on the argument |
35752 | 536 @var{translations}. Each element of @var{translations} should be a |
537 list of elements of the form @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}; this says | |
538 to translate the character @var{from} into @var{to}. | |
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539 |
35493 | 540 The arguments and the forms in each argument are processed in order, |
541 and if a previous form already translates @var{to} to some other | |
542 character, say @var{to-alt}, @var{from} is also translated to | |
543 @var{to-alt}. | |
544 | |
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545 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with |
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546 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which |
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547 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
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548 In this case, if @var{to} is also a generic character, its character |
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549 set should have the same dimension as @var{from}'s. Then the |
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550 translation table translates each character of @var{from}'s character |
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551 set into the corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set. If |
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552 @var{from} is a generic character and @var{to} is an ordinary |
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553 character, then the translation table translates every character of |
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554 @var{from}'s character set into @var{to}. |
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555 @end defun |
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556 |
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557 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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558 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has |
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559 property @code{translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies the |
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560 translation table to use. (This is a property of the coding system, |
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561 as returned by @code{coding-system-get}, not a property of the symbol |
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562 that is the coding system's name. @xref{Coding System Basics,, Basic |
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563 Concepts of Coding Systems}.) Otherwise, if |
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564 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, |
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565 decoding uses that table. |
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566 |
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567 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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568 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually |
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569 encoded. If a coding system has property |
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570 @code{translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the translation |
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571 table to use. Otherwise the variable |
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572 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation |
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573 table. |
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574 |
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575 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode |
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576 This is the default translation table for decoding, for |
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577 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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578 @end defvar |
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579 |
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580 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode |
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581 This is the default translation table for encoding, for |
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582 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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583 @end defvar |
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584 |
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585 @defvar translation-table-for-input |
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586 Self-inserting characters are translated through this translation |
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587 table before they are inserted. Search commands also translate their |
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588 input through this table, so they can compare more reliably with |
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589 what's in the buffer. |
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590 |
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591 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} sets this variable so that your |
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592 keyboard input gets translated into the character sets that the buffer |
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593 is likely to contain. This variable automatically becomes |
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594 buffer-local when set. |
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595 @end defvar |
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596 |
21006 | 597 @node Coding Systems |
598 @section Coding Systems | |
599 | |
600 @cindex coding system | |
601 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a | |
602 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs | |
603 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified | |
604 by a particular @dfn{coding system}. | |
605 | |
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606 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not |
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607 documented here. |
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608 |
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609 @menu |
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610 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. |
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611 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. |
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612 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. |
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613 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. |
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614 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. |
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615 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system |
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616 for a single file operation. |
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617 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. |
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618 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. |
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619 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files |
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620 relate to coding systems. |
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621 @end menu |
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622 |
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623 @node Coding System Basics |
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624 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems |
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625 |
21006 | 626 @cindex character code conversion |
627 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding | |
628 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many | |
629 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For | |
630 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin | |
631 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some | |
632 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same | |
633 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic | |
634 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8. | |
635 | |
636 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for | |
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637 conversion, but some of them leave the choice unspecified---to be chosen |
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638 heuristically for each file, based on the data. |
21006 | 639 |
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640 In general, a coding system doesn't guarantee roundtrip identity: |
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641 decoding a byte sequence using coding system, then encoding the |
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642 resulting text in the same coding system, can produce a different byte |
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643 sequence. However, the following coding systems do guarantee that the |
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644 byte sequence will be the same as what you originally decoded: |
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645 |
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646 @quotation |
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647 chinese-big5 chinese-iso-8bit cyrillic-iso-8bit emacs-mule |
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648 greek-iso-8bit hebrew-iso-8bit iso-latin-1 iso-latin-2 iso-latin-3 |
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649 iso-latin-4 iso-latin-5 iso-latin-8 iso-latin-9 iso-safe |
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650 japanese-iso-8bit japanese-shift-jis korean-iso-8bit raw-text |
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651 @end quotation |
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652 |
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653 Encoding buffer text and then decoding the result can also fail to |
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654 reproduce the original text. For instance, if you encode Latin-2 |
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655 characters with @code{utf-8} and decode the result using the same |
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656 coding system, you'll get Unicode characters (of charset |
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657 @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff}). If you encode Unicode characters with |
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658 @code{iso-latin-2} and decode the result with the same coding system, |
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659 you'll get Latin-2 characters. |
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660 |
76993 | 661 @cindex EOL conversion |
662 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
663 @cindex line end conversion | |
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664 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used |
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665 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix |
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666 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The |
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667 DOS convention is to use a carriage-return and a linefeed at the end of |
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668 a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return. |
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669 |
21006 | 670 @cindex base coding system |
671 @cindex variant coding system | |
672 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line | |
673 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant | |
674 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and | |
675 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as | |
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676 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose |
21006 | 677 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}. |
678 | |
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679 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents |
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680 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that |
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681 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the |
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682 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the |
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683 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line |
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684 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}: |
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685 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line. |
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686 |
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687 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is |
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688 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like |
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689 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in |
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690 that the result is multibyte data. |
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691 |
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692 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property |
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693 This function returns the specified property of the coding system |
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694 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal |
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695 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}. |
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696 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding |
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697 which this coding system can read and write. Examples: |
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698 |
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699 @example |
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700 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset) |
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701 @result{} iso-8859-1 |
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702 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset) |
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703 @result{} iso-2022-cn |
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704 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset) |
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705 @result{} koi8-r |
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706 @end example |
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707 |
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708 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined |
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709 as an alias for the coding system. |
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710 @end defun |
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711 |
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712 @node Encoding and I/O |
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713 @subsection Encoding and I/O |
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714 |
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715 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and |
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716 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses |
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717 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region} |
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718 uses one to encode the buffer contents. |
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719 |
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720 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly |
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721 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using a default |
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722 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not |
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723 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding |
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724 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code |
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725 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O |
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726 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often |
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727 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen. |
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728 |
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729 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system |
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730 This buffer-local variable records the coding system that was used to visit |
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731 the current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part |
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732 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. If the text to be written |
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733 cannot be safely encoded using the coding system specified by this |
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734 variable, these operations select an alternative encoding by calling |
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735 the function @code{select-safe-coding-system} (@pxref{User-Chosen |
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736 Coding Systems}). If selecting a different encoding requires to ask |
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737 the user to specify a coding system, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} |
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738 is updated to the newly selected coding system. |
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739 |
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740 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does @emph{not} affect sending text |
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741 to a subprocess. |
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742 @end defvar |
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743 |
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744 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system |
29265 | 745 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer (by |
746 overriding @code{buffer-file-coding-system}). Note that it is not used | |
747 for @code{write-region}. | |
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748 |
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749 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use |
29265 | 750 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (or @code{save-buffer-coding-system}), |
751 and that coding system cannot handle | |
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752 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose |
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753 another coding system (by calling @code{select-safe-coding-system}). |
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754 After that happens, the command also updates |
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755 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} to represent the coding system that |
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756 the user specified. |
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757 @end defvar |
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758 |
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759 @defvar last-coding-system-used |
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760 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the |
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761 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding |
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762 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too. |
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763 |
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764 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, |
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765 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the |
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766 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are |
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767 interested in. |
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768 @end defvar |
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769 |
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770 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode |
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771 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
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772 |
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773 @defvar file-name-coding-system |
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774 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies the coding |
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775 system to use for encoding file names. Emacs encodes file names using |
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776 that coding system for all file operations. If |
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777 @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default |
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778 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the |
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779 default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in |
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780 file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the file system |
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781 using the internal Emacs representation. |
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782 @end defvar |
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783 |
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784 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or |
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785 the language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems |
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786 can result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded |
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787 using the earlier coding system and are handled differently under the |
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788 new coding system. If you try to save one of these buffers under the |
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789 visited file name, saving may use the wrong file name, or it may get |
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790 an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x C-w} to specify a |
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791 new file name for that buffer. |
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792 |
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793 @node Lisp and Coding Systems |
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794 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp |
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795 |
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796 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems: |
21006 | 797 |
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798 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only |
21006 | 799 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If |
800 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the | |
29265 | 801 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes alias and variant coding |
802 systems as well. | |
21006 | 803 @end defun |
804 | |
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805 @defun coding-system-p object |
21006 | 806 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system |
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807 name or @code{nil}. |
21006 | 808 @end defun |
809 | |
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810 @defun check-coding-system coding-system |
21006 | 811 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}. |
812 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}. | |
813 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}. | |
814 @end defun | |
815 | |
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816 @defun coding-system-eol-type coding-system |
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817 This function returns the type of end-of-line (a.k.a.@: @dfn{eol}) |
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818 conversion used by @var{coding-system}. If @var{coding-system} |
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819 specifies a certain eol conversion, the return value is an integer 0, |
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820 1, or 2, standing for @code{unix}, @code{dos}, and @code{mac}, |
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821 respectively. If @var{coding-system} doesn't specify eol conversion |
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822 explicitly, the return value is a vector of coding systems, each one |
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823 with one of the possible eol conversion types, like this: |
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824 |
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825 @lisp |
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826 (coding-system-eol-type 'latin-1) |
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827 @result{} [latin-1-unix latin-1-dos latin-1-mac] |
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828 @end lisp |
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829 |
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830 @noindent |
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831 If this function returns a vector, Emacs will decide, as part of the |
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832 text encoding or decoding process, what eol conversion to use. For |
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833 decoding, the end-of-line format of the text is auto-detected, and the |
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834 eol conversion is set to match it (e.g., DOS-style CRLF format will |
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|
835 imply @code{dos} eol conversion). For encoding, the eol conversion is |
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836 taken from the appropriate default coding system (e.g., |
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837 @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} for |
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|
838 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}), or from the default eol conversion |
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|
839 appropriate for the underlying platform. |
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840 @end defun |
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841 |
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842 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type |
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843 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system} |
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844 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}. |
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845 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or |
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846 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines |
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847 the end-of-line conversion from the data. |
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848 |
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849 @var{eol-type} may also be 0, 1 or 2, standing for @code{unix}, |
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|
850 @code{dos} and @code{mac}, respectively. |
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851 @end defun |
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852 |
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853 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding |
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854 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line |
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855 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of |
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856 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns |
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857 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}. |
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858 @end defun |
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859 |
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860 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to |
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861 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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862 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in |
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863 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of |
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864 the text. |
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865 |
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866 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the |
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867 list @code{(undecided)}. |
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868 @end defun |
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869 |
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870 @defun find-coding-systems-string string |
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871 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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872 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can |
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873 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text |
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874 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list |
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875 @code{(undecided)}. |
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876 @end defun |
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|
877 |
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878 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets |
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879 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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880 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}. |
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881 @end defun |
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882 |
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883 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest |
21006 | 884 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text |
28877 | 885 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be a byte sequence |
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886 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
21006 | 887 |
22138
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888 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could |
21006 | 889 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of |
22138
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|
890 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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891 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in |
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892 priority. |
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893 |
72551
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894 If the region contains only @acronym{ASCII} characters except for such |
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|
895 ISO-2022 control characters ISO-2022 as @code{ESC}, the value is |
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|
896 @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}, or a variant specifying |
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897 end-of-line conversion, if that can be deduced from the text. |
21006 | 898 @end defun |
899 | |
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900 @defun detect-coding-string string &optional highest |
21006 | 901 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it |
902 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer. | |
903 @end defun | |
904 | |
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905 @xref{Coding systems for a subprocess,, Process Information}, in |
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906 particular the description of the functions |
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907 @code{process-coding-system} and @code{set-process-coding-system}, for |
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908 how to examine or set the coding systems used for I/O to a subprocess. |
22252
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909 |
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910 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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911 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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912 |
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|
913 @cindex select safe coding system |
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914 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional default-coding-system accept-default-p file |
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915 This function selects a coding system for encoding specified text, |
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916 asking the user to choose if necessary. Normally the specified text |
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|
917 is the text in the current buffer between @var{from} and @var{to}. If |
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918 @var{from} is a string, the string specifies the text to encode, and |
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919 @var{to} is ignored. |
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920 |
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921 If @var{default-coding-system} is non-@code{nil}, that is the first |
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922 coding system to try; if that can handle the text, |
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|
923 @code{select-safe-coding-system} returns that coding system. It can |
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924 also be a list of coding systems; then the function tries each of them |
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925 one by one. After trying all of them, it next tries the current |
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926 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (if it is not |
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927 @code{undecided}), then the value of |
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928 @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} and finally the user's most |
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929 preferred coding system, which the user can set using the command |
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930 @code{prefer-coding-system} (@pxref{Recognize Coding,, Recognizing |
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|
931 Coding Systems, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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932 |
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933 If one of those coding systems can safely encode all the specified |
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934 text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} chooses it and returns it. |
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935 Otherwise, it asks the user to choose from a list of coding systems |
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|
936 which can encode all the text, and returns the user's choice. |
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937 |
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938 @var{default-coding-system} can also be a list whose first element is |
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939 t and whose other elements are coding systems. Then, if no coding |
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940 system in the list can handle the text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} |
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941 queries the user immediately, without trying any of the three |
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942 alternatives described above. |
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943 |
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944 The optional argument @var{accept-default-p}, if non-@code{nil}, |
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945 should be a function to determine whether a coding system selected |
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946 without user interaction is acceptable. @code{select-safe-coding-system} |
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947 calls this function with one argument, the base coding system of the |
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948 selected coding system. If @var{accept-default-p} returns @code{nil}, |
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949 @code{select-safe-coding-system} rejects the silently selected coding |
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950 system, and asks the user to select a coding system from a list of |
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951 possible candidates. |
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952 |
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953 @vindex select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p |
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954 If the variable @code{select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p} is |
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955 non-@code{nil}, its value overrides the value of |
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956 @var{accept-default-p}. |
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957 |
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958 As a final step, before returning the chosen coding system, |
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959 @code{select-safe-coding-system} checks whether that coding system is |
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960 consistent with what would be selected if the contents of the region |
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961 were read from a file. (If not, this could lead to data corruption in |
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962 a file subsequently re-visited and edited.) Normally, |
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963 @code{select-safe-coding-system} uses @code{buffer-file-name} as the |
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964 file for this purpose, but if @var{file} is non-@code{nil}, it uses |
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965 that file instead (this can be relevant for @code{write-region} and |
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966 similar functions). If it detects an apparent inconsistency, |
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967 @code{select-safe-coding-system} queries the user before selecting the |
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968 coding system. |
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969 @end defun |
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970 |
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971 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding |
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972 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}. |
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973 |
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974 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default |
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975 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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976 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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977 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system |
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978 to return. It should be a symbol or a string. |
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979 @end defun |
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980 |
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981 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt |
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982 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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983 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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984 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. |
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985 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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986 @end defun |
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987 |
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988 @node Default Coding Systems |
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989 @subsection Default Coding Systems |
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990 |
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991 This section describes variables that specify the default coding |
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992 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the |
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993 function that I/O operations use to access them. |
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994 |
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995 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the |
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996 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a |
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997 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, |
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998 don't change these variables; instead, override them using |
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999 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} |
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1000 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}). |
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1001 |
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1002 @defvar auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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1003 This variable is an alist of text patterns and corresponding coding |
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1004 systems. Each element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} |
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1005 . @var{coding-system})}; a file whose first few kilobytes match |
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1006 @var{regexp} is decoded with @var{coding-system} when its contents are |
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1007 read into a buffer. The settings in this alist take priority over |
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1008 @code{coding:} tags in the files and the contents of |
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1009 @code{file-coding-system-alist} (see below). The default value is set |
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1010 so that Emacs automatically recognizes mail files in Babyl format and |
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1011 reads them with no code conversions. |
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1012 @end defvar |
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1013 |
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1014 @defvar file-coding-system-alist |
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1015 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
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1016 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form |
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1017 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular |
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1018 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file |
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1019 names that match @var{pattern}. |
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1020 |
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1021 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding |
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1022 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a |
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1023 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system, |
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1024 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If |
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1025 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car} |
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1026 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the |
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1027 coding system for encoding. |
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1028 |
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1029 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function should take one |
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1030 argument, a list of all arguments passed to |
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1031 @code{find-operation-coding-system}. It must return a coding system |
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1032 or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value has the same |
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1033 meaning as described above. |
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1034 @end defvar |
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1035 |
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1036 @defvar process-coding-system-alist |
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1037 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a |
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1038 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It |
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1039 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is |
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1040 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding |
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1041 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the |
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1042 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify |
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1043 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}. |
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1044 @end defvar |
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1045 |
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1046 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which |
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1047 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably |
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1048 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles |
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1049 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding |
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1050 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the |
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1051 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper |
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1052 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work. |
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1053 |
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1054 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a |
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1055 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and |
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1056 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix}, |
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1057 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. |
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1058 |
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1059 @defvar network-coding-system-alist |
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1060 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for |
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1061 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
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1062 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a |
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1063 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it |
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1064 is matched against the network service name used to open the network |
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1065 stream. |
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1066 @end defvar |
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1067 |
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1068 @defvar default-process-coding-system |
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1069 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and |
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1070 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to |
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1071 do. |
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1072 |
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1073 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding} |
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1074 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from |
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1075 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it. |
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1076 @end defvar |
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1077 |
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1078 @defvar auto-coding-functions |
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1079 This variable holds a list of functions that try to determine a |
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1080 coding system for a file based on its undecoded contents. |
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1081 |
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1082 Each function in this list should be written to look at text in the |
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1083 current buffer, but should not modify it in any way. The buffer will |
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1084 contain undecoded text of parts of the file. Each function should |
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1085 take one argument, @var{size}, which tells it how many characters to |
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1086 look at, starting from point. If the function succeeds in determining |
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1087 a coding system for the file, it should return that coding system. |
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1088 Otherwise, it should return @code{nil}. |
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1089 |
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1090 If a file has a @samp{coding:} tag, that takes precedence, so these |
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1091 functions won't be called. |
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1092 @end defvar |
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1093 |
21006 | 1094 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments |
1095 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for | |
1096 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this | |
1097 form: | |
1098 | |
1099 @example | |
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1100 (@var{decoding-system} . @var{encoding-system}) |
21006 | 1101 @end example |
1102 | |
1103 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use | |
1104 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and | |
1105 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case | |
1106 @var{operation} does encoding). | |
1107 | |
77123 | 1108 The argument @var{operation} is a symbol, one of @code{write-region}, |
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1109 @code{start-process}, @code{call-process}, @code{call-process-region}, |
77123 | 1110 @code{insert-file-contents}, or @code{open-network-stream}. These are |
1111 the names of the Emacs I/O primitives that can do character code and | |
1112 eol conversion. | |
21006 | 1113 |
1114 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given | |
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1115 to the corresponding I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one |
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1116 of those arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if |
21006 | 1117 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file |
1118 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the | |
1119 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name | |
1120 or port number. | |
1121 | |
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1122 Depending on @var{operation}, this function looks up the target in |
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1123 @code{file-coding-system-alist}, @code{process-coding-system-alist}, |
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1124 or @code{network-coding-system-alist}. If the target is found in the |
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1125 alist, @code{find-operation-coding-system} returns its association in |
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1126 the alist; otherwise it returns @code{nil}. |
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1127 |
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1128 If @var{operation} is @code{insert-file-contents}, the argument |
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1129 corresponding to the target may be a cons cell of the form |
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1130 @code{(@var{filename} . @var{buffer})}). In that case, @var{filename} |
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1131 is a file name to look up in @code{file-coding-system-alist}, and |
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1132 @var{buffer} is a buffer that contains the file's contents (not yet |
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1133 decoded). If @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies a function to |
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1134 call for this file, and that function needs to examine the file's |
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1135 contents (as it usually does), it should examine the contents of |
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1136 @var{buffer} instead of reading the file. |
21006 | 1137 @end defun |
1138 | |
1139 @node Specifying Coding Systems | |
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1140 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation |
21006 | 1141 |
1142 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding | |
1143 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or | |
1144 @code{coding-system-for-write}. | |
1145 | |
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1146 @defvar coding-system-for-read |
21006 | 1147 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to |
1148 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess. | |
1149 | |
1150 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in | |
1151 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you | |
1152 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input | |
1153 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in | |
1154 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden. | |
1155 | |
1156 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a | |
1157 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and | |
1158 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example | |
1159 of the right way to use the variable: | |
1160 | |
1161 @example | |
1162 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.} | |
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1163 ;; @r{Assume @acronym{crlf} represents end-of-line.} |
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1164 (let ((coding-system-for-read 'emacs-mule-dos)) |
21006 | 1165 (insert-file-contents filename)) |
1166 @end example | |
1167 | |
77123 | 1168 When its value is non-@code{nil}, this variable takes precedence over |
1169 all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for input, | |
1170 including @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
21006 | 1171 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and |
1172 @code{network-coding-system-alist}. | |
1173 @end defvar | |
1174 | |
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1175 @defvar coding-system-for-write |
21006 | 1176 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it |
1177 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, | |
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1178 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections. |
21006 | 1179 |
1180 When a single operation does both input and output, as do | |
1181 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both | |
1182 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
1183 affect it. | |
1184 @end defvar | |
1185 | |
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1186 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion |
21006 | 1187 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done, |
1188 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the | |
1189 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and | |
1190 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
1191 @end defvar | |
1192 | |
1193 @node Explicit Encoding | |
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1194 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding |
76993 | 1195 @cindex encoding in coding systems |
1196 @cindex decoding in coding systems | |
21006 | 1197 |
1198 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the | |
1199 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. | |
1200 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions | |
1201 in this section. | |
1202 | |
1203 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary | |
28877 | 1204 text. They logically consist of a series of byte values; that is, a |
1205 series of characters whose codes are in the range 0 through 255. In a | |
1206 multibyte buffer or string, character codes 128 through 159 are | |
1207 represented by multibyte sequences, but this is invisible to Lisp | |
1208 programs. | |
21006 | 1209 |
28877 | 1210 The usual way to read a file into a buffer as a sequence of bytes, so |
1211 you can decode the contents explicitly, is with | |
1212 @code{insert-file-contents-literally} (@pxref{Reading from Files}); | |
1213 alternatively, specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} argument when | |
1214 visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. These methods result in | |
1215 a unibyte buffer. | |
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1216 |
28877 | 1217 The usual way to use the byte sequence that results from explicitly |
1218 encoding text is to copy it to a file or process---for example, to write | |
1219 it with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and suppress | |
1220 encoding by binding @code{coding-system-for-write} to | |
1221 @code{no-conversion}. | |
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1222 |
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1223 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The |
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1224 encoding functions produce sequences of bytes; the decoding functions |
28877 | 1225 are meant to operate on sequences of bytes. All of these functions |
1226 discard text properties. | |
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1227 |
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1228 @deffn Command encode-coding-region start end coding-system |
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1229 This command encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
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1230 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the |
28877 | 1231 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is logically a |
1232 sequence of bytes, but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte | |
1233 before. | |
21006 | 1234 |
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1235 This command returns the length of the encoded text. |
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1236 @end deffn |
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1237 |
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1238 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy |
21006 | 1239 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1240 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
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1241 encoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which |
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1242 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the encoding |
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1243 operation is trivial. The result of encoding is a unibyte string. |
21006 | 1244 @end defun |
1245 | |
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1246 @deffn Command decode-coding-region start end coding-system |
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1247 This command decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
21006 | 1248 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the |
1249 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text | |
28877 | 1250 before decoding ought to be a sequence of byte values, but both |
1251 multibyte and unibyte buffers are acceptable. | |
21006 | 1252 |
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1253 This command returns the length of the decoded text. |
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1254 @end deffn |
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1255 |
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1256 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy |
21006 | 1257 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1258 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
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1259 decoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which |
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1260 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the decoding |
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1261 operation is trivial. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents |
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1262 of @var{string} ought to be a sequence of byte values, but a multibyte |
28877 | 1263 string is acceptable. |
21006 | 1264 @end defun |
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1265 |
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1266 @defun decode-coding-inserted-region from to filename &optional visit beg end replace |
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1267 This function decodes the text from @var{from} to @var{to} as if |
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1268 it were being read from file @var{filename} using @code{insert-file-contents} |
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1269 using the rest of the arguments provided. |
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1270 |
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1271 The normal way to use this function is after reading text from a file |
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1272 without decoding, if you decide you would rather have decoded it. |
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1273 Instead of deleting the text and reading it again, this time with |
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1274 decoding, you can call this function. |
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1275 @end defun |
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1276 |
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1277 @node Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1278 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1279 |
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1280 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode |
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1281 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display |
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1282 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set |
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1283 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the |
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1284 terminal. |
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1285 |
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1286 @defun keyboard-coding-system |
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1287 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding |
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1288 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used. |
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1289 @end defun |
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1290 |
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1291 @deffn Command set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system |
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1292 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to |
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1293 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1294 that means do not decode keyboard input. |
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1295 @end deffn |
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1296 |
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1297 @defun terminal-coding-system |
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1298 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding |
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1299 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding. |
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1300 @end defun |
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1301 |
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1302 @deffn Command set-terminal-coding-system coding-system |
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1303 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
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1304 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1305 that means do not encode terminal output. |
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1306 @end deffn |
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1307 |
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1308 @node MS-DOS File Types |
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1309 @subsection MS-DOS File Types |
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1310 @cindex DOS file types |
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1311 @cindex MS-DOS file types |
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1312 @cindex Windows file types |
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1313 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows |
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1314 @cindex text files and binary files |
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1315 @cindex binary files and text files |
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1316 |
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1317 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate |
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1318 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This |
28877 | 1319 feature classifies files as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By |
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1320 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not |
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1321 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion |
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1322 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes |
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1323 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a |
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1324 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS |
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1325 end-of-line conversion. |
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1326 |
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1327 @defvar buffer-file-type |
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1328 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the |
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1329 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify |
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1330 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is |
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1331 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents |
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1332 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. |
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1333 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}. |
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1334 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used. |
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1335 |
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1336 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to |
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1337 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion. |
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1338 @end defvar |
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1339 |
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1340 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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1341 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. |
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1342 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where |
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1343 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be |
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1344 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to |
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1345 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single |
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1346 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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1347 |
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1348 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide |
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1349 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, |
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1350 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion} |
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1351 is used. |
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1352 |
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1353 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then |
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1354 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file. |
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1355 @end defopt |
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1356 |
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1357 @defopt default-buffer-file-type |
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1358 This variable says how to handle files for which |
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1359 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type. |
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1360 |
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1361 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as |
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1362 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise, |
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1363 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely |
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1364 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion. |
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1365 @end defopt |
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1366 |
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1367 @node Input Methods |
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1368 @section Input Methods |
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1369 @cindex input methods |
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1370 |
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1371 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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1372 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate |
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1373 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by |
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1374 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input |
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1375 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users |
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1376 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not |
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1377 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them. |
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1378 |
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1379 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; |
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1380 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names. |
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1381 |
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1382 @defvar current-input-method |
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1383 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the |
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1384 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set |
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1385 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the |
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1386 buffer now. |
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1387 @end defvar |
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1388 |
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|
1389 @defopt default-input-method |
22138
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1390 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an |
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1391 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is |
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1392 normally global. |
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1393 @end defopt |
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1394 |
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|
1395 @deffn Command set-input-method input-method |
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|
1396 This command activates input method @var{input-method} for the current |
22138
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1397 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}. |
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|
1398 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this command deactivates any input |
22138
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1399 method for the current buffer. |
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1400 @end deffn |
22138
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1401 |
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1402 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null |
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1403 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting |
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1404 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned |
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1405 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if |
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1406 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error. |
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1407 |
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1408 The returned value is a string. |
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1409 @end defun |
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1410 |
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1411 @defvar input-method-alist |
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1412 This variable defines all the supported input methods. |
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1413 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form: |
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|
1414 |
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|
1415 @example |
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1416 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func} |
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1417 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...) |
22138
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1418 @end example |
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1419 |
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1420 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string; |
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1421 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language |
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1422 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for |
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1423 documentation purposes.) |
22138
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|
1424 |
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1425 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The |
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1426 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All |
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1427 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and |
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1428 the @var{args}. |
28877 | 1429 |
1430 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is | |
1431 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what | |
1432 it is good for. | |
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1433 @end defvar |
22138
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|
1434 |
23110
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|
1435 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the |
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|
1436 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}, |
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|
1437 and @ref{Invoking the Input Method}. |
26696
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|
1438 |
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|
1439 @node Locales |
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|
1440 @section Locales |
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|
1441 @cindex locale |
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|
1442 |
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|
1443 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language |
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1444 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control |
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|
1445 how Emacs interacts with these features. |
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|
1446 |
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|
1447 @defvar locale-coding-system |
43634
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|
1448 @cindex keyboard input decoding on X |
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|
1449 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system |
43634
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(Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
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|
1450 error messages and---on X Window system only---keyboard input, for |
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(Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
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|
1451 encoding the format argument to @code{format-time-string}, and for |
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(Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
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|
1452 decoding the return value of @code{format-time-string}. |
26696
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|
1453 @end defvar |
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|
1454 |
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|
1455 @defvar system-messages-locale |
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|
1456 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error |
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|
1457 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a |
27362
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1458 different language or in a different orthography. If the variable is |
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|
1459 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the |
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|
1460 usual POSIX fashion. |
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|
1461 @end defvar |
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|
1462 |
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|
1463 @defvar system-time-locale |
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|
1464 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values. |
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changeset
|
1465 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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|
1466 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the |
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|
1467 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion. |
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|
1468 @end defvar |
28877 | 1469 |
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|
1470 @defun locale-info item |
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|
1471 This function returns locale data @var{item} for the current POSIX |
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|
1472 locale, if available. @var{item} should be one of these symbols: |
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|
1473 |
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|
1474 @table @code |
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|
1475 @item codeset |
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|
1476 Return the character set as a string (locale item @code{CODESET}). |
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|
1477 |
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|
1478 @item days |
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|
1479 Return a 7-element vector of day names (locale items |
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|
1480 @code{DAY_1} through @code{DAY_7}); |
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|
1481 |
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|
1482 @item months |
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|
1483 Return a 12-element vector of month names (locale items @code{MON_1} |
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|
1484 through @code{MON_12}). |
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|
1485 |
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|
1486 @item paper |
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|
1487 Return a list @code{(@var{width} @var{height})} for the default paper |
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|
1488 size measured in millimeters (locale items @code{PAPER_WIDTH} and |
51990
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|
1489 @code{PAPER_HEIGHT}). |
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|
1490 @end table |
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|
1491 |
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|
1492 If the system can't provide the requested information, or if |
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|
1493 @var{item} is not one of those symbols, the value is @code{nil}. All |
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|
1494 strings in the return value are decoded using |
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|
1495 @code{locale-coding-system}. @xref{Locales,,, libc, The GNU Libc Manual}, |
51990
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|
1496 for more information about locales and locale items. |
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|
1497 @end defun |
52401 | 1498 |
1499 @ignore | |
1500 arch-tag: be705bf8-941b-4c35-84fc-ad7d20ddb7cb | |
1501 @end ignore |