Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/windows.texi @ 50753:dd4bc4fbaf67
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 30 Apr 2003 13:09:25 +0000 |
parents | b65aa1d740eb |
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6564 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6564 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/windows | |
7 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
8 @chapter Windows | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes most of the functions and variables related to | |
11 Emacs windows. See @ref{Display}, for information on how text is | |
12 displayed in windows. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. |
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16 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. |
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17 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. |
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18 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. |
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19 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. |
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20 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. |
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21 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer |
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22 and choosing a window for it. |
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23 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
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24 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
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25 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text |
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26 is on-screen in the window. |
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27 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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28 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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29 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
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30 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
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31 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. |
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32 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
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33 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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34 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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35 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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36 or window configuration changes. |
6564 | 37 @end menu |
38 | |
39 @node Basic Windows | |
40 @section Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
41 @cindex window | |
42 @cindex selected window | |
43 | |
12098 | 44 A @dfn{window} in Emacs is the physical area of the screen in which a |
45 buffer is displayed. The term is also used to refer to a Lisp object that | |
6564 | 46 represents that screen area in Emacs Lisp. It should be |
47 clear from the context which is meant. | |
48 | |
12098 | 49 Emacs groups windows into frames. A frame represents an area of |
50 screen available for Emacs to use. Each frame always contains at least | |
51 one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into | |
52 multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows. | |
6564 | 53 |
12098 | 54 In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as |
55 @dfn{selected within the frame}. The frame's cursor appears in that | |
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56 window. At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the window |
12098 | 57 selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}. The selected |
58 window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when | |
59 @code{set-buffer} has been used). @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
60 | |
61 For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in | |
62 a frame. Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted | |
63 and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references | |
64 to it} from other Lisp objects. Restoring a saved window configuration | |
65 is the only way for a window no longer on the screen to come back to | |
66 life. (@xref{Deleting Windows}.) | |
6564 | 67 |
68 Each window has the following attributes: | |
69 | |
70 @itemize @bullet | |
71 @item | |
72 containing frame | |
73 | |
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74 @item |
6564 | 75 window height |
76 | |
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77 @item |
6564 | 78 window width |
79 | |
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80 @item |
6564 | 81 window edges with respect to the screen or frame |
82 | |
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83 @item |
6564 | 84 the buffer it displays |
85 | |
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86 @item |
6564 | 87 position within the buffer at the upper left of the window |
88 | |
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89 @item |
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90 amount of horizontal scrolling, in columns |
6564 | 91 |
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92 @item |
6564 | 93 point |
94 | |
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95 @item |
6564 | 96 the mark |
97 | |
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98 @item |
6564 | 99 how recently the window was selected |
100 @end itemize | |
101 | |
102 @cindex multiple windows | |
103 Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at | |
104 once. Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but | |
12098 | 105 most often to display related information. In Rmail, for example, you |
106 can move through a summary buffer in one window while the other window | |
107 shows messages one at a time as they are reached. | |
6564 | 108 |
109 The meaning of ``window'' in Emacs is similar to what it means in the | |
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110 context of general-purpose window systems such as X, but not identical. |
12098 | 111 The X Window System places X windows on the screen; Emacs uses one or |
112 more X windows as frames, and subdivides them into | |
113 Emacs windows. When you use Emacs on a character-only terminal, Emacs | |
114 treats the whole terminal screen as one frame. | |
6564 | 115 |
116 @cindex terminal screen | |
117 @cindex screen of terminal | |
118 @cindex tiled windows | |
119 Most window systems support arbitrarily located overlapping windows. | |
120 In contrast, Emacs windows are @dfn{tiled}; they never overlap, and | |
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121 together they fill the whole screen or frame. Because of the way in |
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122 which Emacs creates new windows and resizes them, not all conceivable |
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123 tilings of windows on an Emacs frame are actually possible. |
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124 @xref{Splitting Windows}, and @ref{Size of Window}. |
6564 | 125 |
126 @xref{Display}, for information on how the contents of the | |
127 window's buffer are displayed in the window. | |
128 | |
129 @defun windowp object | |
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130 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window. |
6564 | 131 @end defun |
132 | |
133 @node Splitting Windows | |
134 @section Splitting Windows | |
135 @cindex splitting windows | |
136 @cindex window splitting | |
137 | |
138 The functions described here are the primitives used to split a window | |
139 into two windows. Two higher level functions sometimes split a window, | |
140 but not always: @code{pop-to-buffer} and @code{display-buffer} | |
141 (@pxref{Displaying Buffers}). | |
142 | |
143 The functions described here do not accept a buffer as an argument. | |
144 The two ``halves'' of the split window initially display the same buffer | |
145 previously visible in the window that was split. | |
146 | |
147 @deffn Command split-window &optional window size horizontal | |
148 This function splits @var{window} into two windows. The original | |
149 window @var{window} remains the selected window, but occupies only | |
150 part of its former screen area. The rest is occupied by a newly created | |
151 window which is returned as the value of this function. | |
152 | |
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153 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{window} splits into |
6564 | 154 two side by side windows. The original window @var{window} keeps the |
155 leftmost @var{size} columns, and gives the rest of the columns to the | |
156 new window. Otherwise, it splits into windows one above the other, and | |
157 @var{window} keeps the upper @var{size} lines and gives the rest of the | |
158 lines to the new window. The original window is therefore the | |
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159 left-hand or upper of the two, and the new window is the right-hand or |
6564 | 160 lower. |
161 | |
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162 If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the selected window is |
6564 | 163 split. If @var{size} is omitted or @code{nil}, then @var{window} is |
164 divided evenly into two parts. (If there is an odd line, it is | |
165 allocated to the new window.) When @code{split-window} is called | |
166 interactively, all its arguments are @code{nil}. | |
167 | |
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168 If splitting would result in making a window that is smaller than |
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169 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, the function |
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170 signals an error and does not split the window at all. |
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171 |
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172 The following example starts with one window on a screen that is 50 |
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173 lines high by 80 columns wide; then it splits the window. |
6564 | 174 |
175 @smallexample | |
176 @group | |
177 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
178 @result{} #<window 8 on windows.texi> | |
179 (window-edges) ; @r{Edges in order:} | |
180 @result{} (0 0 80 50) ; @r{left--top--right--bottom} | |
181 @end group | |
182 | |
183 @group | |
184 ;; @r{Returns window created} | |
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185 (setq w2 (split-window w 15)) |
6564 | 186 @result{} #<window 28 on windows.texi> |
187 @end group | |
188 @group | |
189 (window-edges w2) | |
190 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window;} | |
191 ; @r{top is line 15} | |
192 @end group | |
193 @group | |
194 (window-edges w) | |
195 @result{} (0 0 80 15) ; @r{Top window} | |
196 @end group | |
197 @end smallexample | |
198 | |
199 The screen looks like this: | |
200 | |
201 @smallexample | |
202 @group | |
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203 __________ |
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204 | | line 0 |
6564 | 205 | w | |
206 |__________| | |
207 | | line 15 | |
208 | w2 | | |
209 |__________| | |
210 line 50 | |
211 column 0 column 80 | |
212 @end group | |
213 @end smallexample | |
214 | |
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215 Next, split the top window horizontally: |
6564 | 216 |
217 @smallexample | |
218 @group | |
219 (setq w3 (split-window w 35 t)) | |
220 @result{} #<window 32 on windows.texi> | |
221 @end group | |
222 @group | |
223 (window-edges w3) | |
224 @result{} (35 0 80 15) ; @r{Left edge at column 35} | |
225 @end group | |
226 @group | |
227 (window-edges w) | |
228 @result{} (0 0 35 15) ; @r{Right edge at column 35} | |
229 @end group | |
230 @group | |
231 (window-edges w2) | |
232 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window unchanged} | |
233 @end group | |
234 @end smallexample | |
235 | |
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236 @need 3000 |
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237 Now the screen looks like this: |
6564 | 238 |
239 @smallexample | |
240 @group | |
241 column 35 | |
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242 __________ |
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243 | | | line 0 |
6564 | 244 | w | w3 | |
245 |___|______| | |
246 | | line 15 | |
247 | w2 | | |
248 |__________| | |
249 line 50 | |
250 column 0 column 80 | |
251 @end group | |
252 @end smallexample | |
8926 | 253 |
254 Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows | |
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255 with a scroll bar (@pxref{Window Frame Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|} |
8926 | 256 characters. The display table can specify alternative border |
257 characters; see @ref{Display Tables}. | |
6564 | 258 @end deffn |
259 | |
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260 @deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size |
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261 This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the |
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262 other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size} |
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263 lines. (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows |
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264 gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but |
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265 the upper window is still the one selected.) |
6564 | 266 @end deffn |
267 | |
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268 @deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size |
6564 | 269 This function splits the selected window into two windows |
270 side-by-side, leaving the selected window with @var{size} columns. | |
271 | |
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272 This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}. |
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273 You could define a simplified version of the function like this: |
6564 | 274 |
275 @smallexample | |
276 @group | |
277 (defun split-window-horizontally (&optional arg) | |
278 "Split selected window into two windows, side by side..." | |
279 (interactive "P") | |
26211 | 280 @end group |
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281 @group |
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282 (let ((size (and arg (prefix-numeric-value arg)))) |
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283 (and size (< size 0) |
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284 (setq size (+ (window-width) size))) |
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285 (split-window nil size t))) |
6564 | 286 @end group |
287 @end smallexample | |
288 @end deffn | |
289 | |
290 @defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames | |
291 This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window. The | |
292 argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the | |
293 minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is | |
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294 included, if active, in the total number of windows, which is compared |
6564 | 295 against one. |
296 | |
297 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
298 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
299 | |
300 @table @asis | |
301 @item @code{nil} | |
302 Count the windows in the selected frame, plus the minibuffer used | |
303 by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
304 | |
305 @item @code{t} | |
306 Count all windows in all existing frames. | |
307 | |
308 @item @code{visible} | |
309 Count all windows in all visible frames. | |
310 | |
12098 | 311 @item 0 |
312 Count all windows in all visible or iconified frames. | |
313 | |
6564 | 314 @item anything else |
315 Count precisely the windows in the selected frame, and no others. | |
316 @end table | |
317 @end defun | |
318 | |
319 @node Deleting Windows | |
320 @section Deleting Windows | |
321 @cindex deleting windows | |
322 | |
323 A window remains visible on its frame unless you @dfn{delete} it by | |
324 calling certain functions that delete windows. A deleted window cannot | |
325 appear on the screen, but continues to exist as a Lisp object until | |
326 there are no references to it. There is no way to cancel the deletion | |
327 of a window aside from restoring a saved window configuration | |
328 (@pxref{Window Configurations}). Restoring a window configuration also | |
329 deletes any windows that aren't part of that configuration. | |
330 | |
331 When you delete a window, the space it took up is given to one | |
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332 adjacent sibling. |
6564 | 333 |
334 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
335 @defun window-live-p window | |
336 This function returns @code{nil} if @var{window} is deleted, and | |
337 @code{t} otherwise. | |
338 | |
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339 @strong{Warning:} Erroneous information or fatal errors may result from |
6564 | 340 using a deleted window as if it were live. |
341 @end defun | |
342 | |
343 @deffn Command delete-window &optional window | |
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344 This function removes @var{window} from display, and returns @code{nil}. |
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345 If @var{window} is omitted, then the selected window is deleted. An |
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346 error is signaled if there is only one window when @code{delete-window} |
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347 is called. |
6564 | 348 @end deffn |
349 | |
350 @deffn Command delete-other-windows &optional window | |
351 This function makes @var{window} the only window on its frame, by | |
352 deleting the other windows in that frame. If @var{window} is omitted or | |
353 @code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default. | |
354 | |
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355 The return value is @code{nil}. |
6564 | 356 @end deffn |
357 | |
358 @deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer &optional frame | |
359 This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer}. If there are | |
360 no windows showing @var{buffer}, it does nothing. | |
361 | |
362 @code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame. If a frame has | |
363 several windows showing different buffers, then those showing | |
364 @var{buffer} are removed, and the others expand to fill the space. If | |
365 all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer} (including the case | |
366 where there is only one window), then the frame reverts to having a | |
367 single window showing another buffer chosen with @code{other-buffer}. | |
368 @xref{The Buffer List}. | |
369 | |
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370 The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on. This |
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371 function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions |
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372 which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil} |
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373 have the opposite of their meanings in other functions. Here are the |
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374 full details: |
6564 | 375 |
376 @itemize @bullet | |
377 @item | |
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378 If it is @code{nil}, operate on all frames. |
6564 | 379 @item |
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380 If it is @code{t}, operate on the selected frame. |
6564 | 381 @item |
382 If it is @code{visible}, operate on all visible frames. | |
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383 @item |
12098 | 384 If it is 0, operate on all visible or iconified frames. |
6564 | 385 @item |
386 If it is a frame, operate on that frame. | |
387 @end itemize | |
388 | |
389 This function always returns @code{nil}. | |
390 @end deffn | |
391 | |
392 @node Selecting Windows | |
393 @section Selecting Windows | |
394 @cindex selecting windows | |
395 | |
396 When a window is selected, the buffer in the window becomes the current | |
397 buffer, and the cursor will appear in it. | |
398 | |
399 @defun selected-window | |
400 This function returns the selected window. This is the window in | |
401 which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply. | |
402 @end defun | |
403 | |
404 @defun select-window window | |
405 This function makes @var{window} the selected window. The cursor then | |
406 appears in @var{window} (on redisplay). The buffer being displayed in | |
407 @var{window} is immediately designated the current buffer. | |
408 | |
409 The return value is @var{window}. | |
410 | |
411 @example | |
412 @group | |
413 (setq w (next-window)) | |
414 (select-window w) | |
415 @result{} #<window 65 on windows.texi> | |
416 @end group | |
417 @end example | |
418 @end defun | |
419 | |
12098 | 420 @defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{} |
421 This macro records the selected window, executes @var{forms} | |
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422 in sequence, then restores the earlier selected window (unless that |
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423 window is no longer alive). |
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424 |
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425 This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes, arrangement |
12098 | 426 or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms} change them, |
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427 the change persists. |
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428 |
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429 Each frame, at any time, has a window selected within the frame. This |
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430 macro saves only @emph{the} selected window; it does not save anything |
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431 about other frames. If the @var{forms} select some other frame and |
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432 alter the window selected within it, the change persists. |
12098 | 433 @end defmac |
434 | |
6564 | 435 @cindex finding windows |
436 The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen, | |
437 offering various criteria for the choice. | |
438 | |
439 @defun get-lru-window &optional frame | |
440 This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is, | |
441 selected). The selected window is always the most recently used window. | |
442 | |
443 The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the | |
444 only window. A newly created window becomes the least recently used | |
445 window until it is selected. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
446 | |
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447 The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered. |
6564 | 448 |
449 @itemize @bullet | |
450 @item | |
451 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
452 @item | |
453 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
454 @item | |
455 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
456 @item | |
12098 | 457 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
458 @item | |
6564 | 459 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
460 @end itemize | |
461 @end defun | |
462 | |
463 @defun get-largest-window &optional frame | |
464 This function returns the window with the largest area (height times | |
465 width). If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window | |
466 with the most lines. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
467 | |
468 If there are two windows of the same size, then the function returns | |
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469 the window that is first in the cyclic ordering of windows (see |
6564 | 470 following section), starting from the selected window. |
471 | |
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472 The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to |
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473 consider. See @code{get-lru-window}, above. |
6564 | 474 @end defun |
475 | |
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476 @cindex window that satisfies a predicate |
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477 @cindex conditional selection of windows |
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478 @defun get-window-with-predicate predicate &optional minibuf all-frames default |
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479 This function returns a window satisfying @var{predicate}. It cycles |
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480 through all visible windows using @code{walk-windows} (@pxref{Cyclic |
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481 Window Ordering}), calling @var{predicate} on each one one of them |
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482 with that window as its argument. The function returns the first |
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483 window for which @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value; if |
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484 that never happens, it returns @var{default}. |
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485 |
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486 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the |
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487 set of windows to include in the scan. See the description of |
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488 @code{next-window} in @ref{Cyclic Window Ordering}, for details. |
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489 @end defun |
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490 |
6564 | 491 @node Cyclic Window Ordering |
492 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
493 @section Cyclic Ordering of Windows | |
494 @cindex cyclic ordering of windows | |
495 @cindex ordering of windows, cyclic | |
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496 @cindex window ordering, cyclic |
6564 | 497 |
498 When you use the command @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}) to select | |
499 the next window, it moves through all the windows on the screen in a | |
500 specific cyclic order. For any given configuration of windows, this | |
501 order never varies. It is called the @dfn{cyclic ordering of windows}. | |
502 | |
503 This ordering generally goes from top to bottom, and from left to | |
504 right. But it may go down first or go right first, depending on the | |
505 order in which the windows were split. | |
506 | |
507 If the first split was vertical (into windows one above each other), | |
508 and then the subwindows were split horizontally, then the ordering is | |
509 left to right in the top of the frame, and then left to right in the | |
510 next lower part of the frame, and so on. If the first split was | |
511 horizontal, the ordering is top to bottom in the left part, and so on. | |
512 In general, within each set of siblings at any level in the window tree, | |
513 the order is left to right, or top to bottom. | |
514 | |
515 @defun next-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
516 @cindex minibuffer window | |
517 This function returns the window following @var{window} in the cyclic | |
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518 ordering of windows. This is the window that @kbd{C-x o} would select |
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519 if typed when @var{window} is selected. If @var{window} is the only |
6564 | 520 window visible, then this function returns @var{window}. If omitted, |
521 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. | |
522 | |
523 The value of the argument @var{minibuf} determines whether the | |
524 minibuffer is included in the window order. Normally, when | |
525 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil}, the minibuffer is included if it is | |
526 currently active; this is the behavior of @kbd{C-x o}. (The minibuffer | |
527 window is active while the minibuffer is in use. @xref{Minibuffers}.) | |
528 | |
529 If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, then the cyclic ordering includes the | |
530 minibuffer window even if it is not active. | |
531 | |
532 If @var{minibuf} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then the minibuffer | |
533 window is not included even if it is active. | |
534 | |
535 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
536 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
537 | |
538 @table @asis | |
539 @item @code{nil} | |
540 Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer | |
541 used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
542 | |
543 @item @code{t} | |
544 Consider all windows in all existing frames. | |
545 | |
546 @item @code{visible} | |
547 Consider all windows in all visible frames. (To get useful results, you | |
548 must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.) | |
549 | |
12099 | 550 @item 0 |
12098 | 551 Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames. |
552 | |
6564 | 553 @item anything else |
554 Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others. | |
555 @end table | |
556 | |
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557 This example assumes there are two windows, both displaying the |
6564 | 558 buffer @samp{windows.texi}: |
559 | |
560 @example | |
561 @group | |
562 (selected-window) | |
563 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
564 @end group | |
565 @group | |
566 (next-window (selected-window)) | |
567 @result{} #<window 52 on windows.texi> | |
568 @end group | |
569 @group | |
570 (next-window (next-window (selected-window))) | |
571 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
572 @end group | |
573 @end example | |
574 @end defun | |
575 | |
576 @defun previous-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
577 This function returns the window preceding @var{window} in the cyclic | |
578 ordering of windows. The other arguments specify which windows to | |
579 include in the cycle, as in @code{next-window}. | |
580 @end defun | |
581 | |
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582 @deffn Command other-window count &optional all-frames |
6564 | 583 This function selects the @var{count}th following window in the cyclic |
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584 order. If count is negative, then it moves back @minus{}@var{count} |
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585 windows in the cycle, rather than forward. It returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 586 |
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587 The argument @var{all-frames} has the same meaning as in |
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588 @code{next-window}, but the @var{minibuf} argument of @code{next-window} |
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589 is always effectively @code{nil}. |
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590 |
6564 | 591 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. |
592 @end deffn | |
593 | |
594 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
595 @defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames | |
596 This function cycles through all windows, calling @code{proc} | |
597 once for each window with the window as its sole argument. | |
598 | |
599 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the | |
600 set of windows to include in the scan. See @code{next-window}, above, | |
601 for details. | |
602 @end defun | |
603 | |
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604 @defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window |
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605 This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting |
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606 with @var{window}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted, the |
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607 selected frame is used instead; if @var{window} is @code{nil} or |
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608 omitted, the selected window is used instead. |
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609 |
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610 The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window will be |
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611 included in the result list. If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the |
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612 minibuffer window will be included, even if it isn't active. If |
33826 | 613 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil} or omitted, the minibuffer window will |
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614 only be included in the list if it is active. If @var{minibuf} is |
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615 neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the minibuffer window is not |
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616 included, whether or not it is active. |
33826 | 617 @end defun |
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618 |
6564 | 619 @node Buffers and Windows |
620 @section Buffers and Windows | |
621 @cindex examining windows | |
622 @cindex windows, controlling precisely | |
623 @cindex buffers, controlled in windows | |
624 | |
625 This section describes low-level functions to examine windows or to | |
626 display buffers in windows in a precisely controlled fashion. | |
627 @iftex | |
628 See the following section for | |
629 @end iftex | |
27193 | 630 @ifnottex |
6564 | 631 @xref{Displaying Buffers}, for |
27193 | 632 @end ifnottex |
6564 | 633 related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it. |
634 The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they | |
635 employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions | |
636 when you need complete control. | |
637 | |
638 @defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name | |
639 This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its | |
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640 contents. It returns @code{nil}. This is the fundamental primitive |
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641 for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all ways |
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642 of doing that call this function. |
6564 | 643 |
644 @example | |
645 @group | |
646 (set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo") | |
647 @result{} nil | |
648 @end group | |
649 @end example | |
650 @end defun | |
651 | |
652 @defun window-buffer &optional window | |
653 This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying. If | |
654 @var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the | |
655 selected window. | |
656 | |
657 @example | |
658 @group | |
659 (window-buffer) | |
660 @result{} #<buffer windows.texi> | |
661 @end group | |
662 @end example | |
663 @end defun | |
664 | |
665 @defun get-buffer-window buffer-or-name &optional all-frames | |
666 This function returns a window currently displaying | |
667 @var{buffer-or-name}, or @code{nil} if there is none. If there are | |
668 several such windows, then the function returns the first one in the | |
669 cyclic ordering of windows, starting from the selected window. | |
670 @xref{Cyclic Window Ordering}. | |
671 | |
672 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. | |
673 | |
674 @itemize @bullet | |
675 @item | |
676 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
677 @item | |
678 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
679 @item | |
680 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
681 @item | |
12098 | 682 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
683 @item | |
6564 | 684 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
685 @end itemize | |
686 @end defun | |
687 | |
15668
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688 @defun get-buffer-window-list buffer-or-name &optional minibuf all-frames |
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689 This function returns a list of all the windows currently displaying |
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690 @var{buffer-or-name}. |
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691 |
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692 The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of |
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693 @code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not} |
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694 like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}. Perhaps |
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695 we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it |
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696 compatible with the other functions. |
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697 |
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698 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. |
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699 |
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700 @itemize @bullet |
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701 @item |
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702 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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703 @item |
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704 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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705 @item |
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706 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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707 @item |
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708 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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709 @item |
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710 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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711 @end itemize |
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712 @end defun |
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713 |
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714 @defvar buffer-display-time |
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715 This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible |
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716 in a window. It is always local in each buffer; each time |
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717 @code{set-window-buffer} is called, it sets this variable to |
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718 @code{(current-time)} in the specified buffer (@pxref{Time of Day}). |
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719 When a buffer is first created, @code{buffer-display-time} starts out |
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720 with the value @code{nil}. |
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721 @end defvar |
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722 |
6564 | 723 @node Displaying Buffers |
724 @section Displaying Buffers in Windows | |
725 @cindex switching to a buffer | |
726 @cindex displaying a buffer | |
727 | |
728 In this section we describe convenient functions that choose a window | |
729 automatically and use it to display a specified buffer. These functions | |
730 can also split an existing window in certain circumstances. We also | |
731 describe variables that parameterize the heuristics used for choosing a | |
732 window. | |
733 @iftex | |
734 See the preceding section for | |
735 @end iftex | |
27193 | 736 @ifnottex |
6564 | 737 @xref{Buffers and Windows}, for |
27193 | 738 @end ifnottex |
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739 low-level functions that give you more precise control. All of these |
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740 functions work by calling @code{set-window-buffer}. |
6564 | 741 |
742 Do not use the functions in this section in order to make a buffer | |
743 current so that a Lisp program can access or modify it; they are too | |
744 drastic for that purpose, since they change the display of buffers in | |
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745 windows, which would be gratuitous and surprise the user. Instead, use |
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746 @code{set-buffer} and @code{save-current-buffer} (@pxref{Current |
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747 Buffer}), which designate buffers as current for programmed access |
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748 without affecting the display of buffers in windows. |
6564 | 749 |
750 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional norecord | |
751 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer, and also | |
752 displays the buffer in the selected window. This means that a human can | |
753 see the buffer and subsequent keyboard commands will apply to it. | |
754 Contrast this with @code{set-buffer}, which makes @var{buffer-or-name} | |
755 the current buffer but does not display it in the selected window. | |
756 @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
757 | |
12067 | 758 If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new |
759 buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new buffer is | |
760 set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. @xref{Auto | |
761 Major Mode}. | |
6564 | 762 |
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763 Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list |
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764 (both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer |
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765 list). This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}. However, if |
6564 | 766 @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done. @xref{The Buffer |
767 List}. | |
768 | |
769 The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as | |
770 the binding of @kbd{C-x b}. It is also used frequently in programs. It | |
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771 returns the buffer that it switched to. |
6564 | 772 @end deffn |
773 | |
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774 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord |
6564 | 775 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
776 displays it in a window not currently selected. It then selects that | |
777 window. The handling of the buffer is the same as in | |
778 @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
779 | |
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780 The currently selected window is absolutely never used to do the job. |
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781 If it is the only window, then it is split to make a distinct window for |
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782 this purpose. If the selected window is already displaying the buffer, |
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783 then it continues to do so, but another window is nonetheless found to |
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784 display it in as well. |
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785 |
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786 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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787 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 788 @end deffn |
789 | |
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790 @defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord |
6564 | 791 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
792 switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously | |
793 selected. The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within | |
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794 its frame. The return value is the buffer that was switched to. |
6564 | 795 |
796 If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}, | |
797 @code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already | |
798 displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes | |
799 it be selected within its frame. If there is none, it creates a new | |
800 frame and displays the buffer in it. | |
801 | |
802 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{pop-to-buffer} | |
803 operates entirely within the selected frame. (If the selected frame has | |
804 just a minibuffer, @code{pop-to-buffer} operates within the most | |
805 recently selected frame that was not just a minibuffer.) | |
806 | |
807 If the variable @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}, windows may | |
808 be split to create a new window that is different from the original | |
809 window. For details, see @ref{Choosing Window}. | |
810 | |
811 If @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, @code{pop-to-buffer} finds or | |
812 creates another window even if @var{buffer-or-name} is already visible | |
813 in the selected window. Thus @var{buffer-or-name} could end up | |
814 displayed in two windows. On the other hand, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
815 already displayed in the selected window and @var{other-window} is | |
816 @code{nil}, then the selected window is considered sufficient display | |
817 for @var{buffer-or-name}, so that nothing needs to be done. | |
818 | |
12098 | 819 All the variables that affect @code{display-buffer} affect |
820 @code{pop-to-buffer} as well. @xref{Choosing Window}. | |
821 | |
6564 | 822 If @var{buffer-or-name} is a string that does not name an existing |
12067 | 823 buffer, a buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new |
824 buffer is set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. | |
825 @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
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826 |
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827 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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828 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 829 @end defun |
830 | |
12098 | 831 @deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer |
832 This function replaces @var{buffer} with some other buffer in all | |
833 windows displaying it. The other buffer used is chosen with | |
834 @code{other-buffer}. In the usual applications of this function, you | |
835 don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that | |
836 @var{buffer} is no longer displayed. | |
837 | |
838 This function returns @code{nil}. | |
839 @end deffn | |
840 | |
6564 | 841 @node Choosing Window |
842 @section Choosing a Window for Display | |
843 | |
8491
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844 This section describes the basic facility that chooses a window to |
6564 | 845 display a buffer in---@code{display-buffer}. All the higher-level |
846 functions and commands use this subroutine. Here we describe how to use | |
847 @code{display-buffer} and how to customize it. | |
848 | |
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849 @deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame |
6564 | 850 This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like |
851 @code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not | |
852 make the buffer current. The identity of the selected window is | |
853 unaltered by this function. | |
854 | |
855 If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the | |
856 specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is | |
857 already on display in the selected window. This can cause the buffer to | |
858 appear in two windows at once. Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
859 already being displayed in any window, that is good enough, so this | |
860 function does nothing. | |
861 | |
862 @code{display-buffer} returns the window chosen to display | |
863 @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
864 | |
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865 If the argument @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies which frames |
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866 to check when deciding whether the buffer is already displayed. If the |
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867 buffer is already displayed in some window on one of these frames, |
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868 @code{display-buffer} simply returns that window. Here are the possible |
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869 values of @var{frame}: |
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870 |
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871 @itemize @bullet |
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872 @item |
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873 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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874 @item |
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875 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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876 @item |
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877 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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878 @item |
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879 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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880 @item |
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881 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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882 @end itemize |
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883 |
6564 | 884 Precisely how @code{display-buffer} finds or creates a window depends on |
885 the variables described below. | |
886 @end deffn | |
887 | |
30665 | 888 @defopt display-buffer-reuse-frames |
889 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} searches | |
890 existing frames for a window displaying the buffer. If the buffer is | |
891 already displayed in a window in some frame, @code{display-buffer} makes | |
892 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. If the buffer is | |
893 not already displayed, or if @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is | |
894 @code{nil}, @code{display-buffer}'s behavior is determined by other | |
895 variables, described below. | |
896 @end defopt | |
897 | |
6564 | 898 @defopt pop-up-windows |
899 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new windows. | |
900 If it is non-@code{nil} and there is only one window, then that window | |
901 is split. If it is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} does not | |
902 split the single window, but uses it whole. | |
903 @end defopt | |
904 | |
905 @defopt split-height-threshold | |
906 This variable determines when @code{display-buffer} may split a window, | |
907 if there are multiple windows. @code{display-buffer} always splits the | |
908 largest window if it has at least this many lines. If the largest | |
909 window is not this tall, it is split only if it is the sole window and | |
910 @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}. | |
911 @end defopt | |
912 | |
34269 | 913 @defopt even-window-heights |
914 This variable determines if @code{display-buffer} should even out window | |
915 heights if the buffer gets displayed in an existing window, above or | |
916 beneath another existing window. If @code{even-window-heights} is | |
917 @code{t}, the default, window heights will be evened out. If | |
48700 | 918 @code{even-window-heights} is @code{nil}, the original window heights |
34269 | 919 will be left alone. |
34307 | 920 @end defopt |
34269 | 921 |
6564 | 922 @c Emacs 19 feature |
923 @defopt pop-up-frames | |
924 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new frames. | |
925 If it is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} looks for an existing | |
926 window already displaying the desired buffer, on any visible frame. If | |
927 it finds one, it returns that window. Otherwise it makes a new frame. | |
928 The variables @code{pop-up-windows} and @code{split-height-threshold} do | |
929 not matter if @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}. | |
930 | |
931 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} either | |
932 splits a window or reuses one. | |
933 | |
934 @xref{Frames}, for more information. | |
935 @end defopt | |
936 | |
937 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
938 @defvar pop-up-frame-function | |
939 This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames} | |
940 is non-@code{nil}. | |
941 | |
942 Its value should be a function of no arguments. When | |
943 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that | |
944 function, which should return a frame. The default value of the | |
8491
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945 variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from |
6564 | 946 @code{pop-up-frame-alist}. |
947 @end defvar | |
948 | |
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949 @defopt pop-up-frame-alist |
6564 | 950 This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when |
951 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame. @xref{Frame Parameters}, for | |
952 more information about frame parameters. | |
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953 @end defopt |
6564 | 954 |
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955 @defopt special-display-buffer-names |
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956 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed specially. |
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957 If the buffer's name is in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the |
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958 buffer specially. |
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959 |
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960 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 961 |
962 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
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963 list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create |
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964 the frame. There are two possibilities for the rest of the list (its |
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965 @sc{cdr}). It can be an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can |
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966 contain a function and arguments to give to it. (The function's first |
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967 argument is always the buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the |
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968 list come after that.) |
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969 |
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970 For example: |
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971 |
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972 @example |
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973 (("myfile" (minibuffer) (menu-bar-lines . 0))) |
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974 @end example |
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975 |
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976 @noindent |
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977 specifies to display a buffer named @samp{myfile} in a dedicated frame |
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978 with specified @code{minibuffer} and @code{menu-bar-lines} parameters. |
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979 @end defopt |
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980 |
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981 @defopt special-display-regexps |
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982 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
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983 displayed specially. If the buffer's name matches any of the regular |
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984 expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer |
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985 specially. |
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986 |
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987 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 988 |
989 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
990 list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to | |
991 create the frame. See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}. | |
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992 @end defopt |
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993 |
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994 @defvar special-display-function |
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995 This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially. |
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996 It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in |
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997 which it is displayed. |
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998 |
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999 The default value of this variable is |
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1000 @code{special-display-popup-frame}. |
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1001 @end defvar |
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1002 |
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1003 @defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &rest args |
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1004 This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own. If |
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1005 @var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes |
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1006 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. Otherwise, it |
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1007 creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}. |
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1008 |
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1009 If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new |
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1010 frame. |
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1011 |
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1012 If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car |
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1013 @var{args})} is called as a function to actually create and set up the |
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1014 frame; it is called with @var{buffer} as first argument, and @code{(cdr |
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1015 @var{args})} as additional arguments. |
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1016 |
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1017 This function always uses an existing window displaying @var{buffer}, |
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1018 whether or not it is in a frame of its own; but if you set up the above |
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1019 variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then |
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1020 presumably the window was previously made by this function. |
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1021 @end defun |
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1022 |
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1023 @defopt special-display-frame-alist |
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1024 This variable holds frame parameters for |
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1025 @code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame. |
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1026 @end defopt |
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1027 |
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1028 @defopt same-window-buffer-names |
12098 | 1029 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed in the |
1030 selected window. If the buffer's name is in this list, | |
1031 @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer by switching to it in the | |
1032 selected window. | |
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1033 @end defopt |
12098 | 1034 |
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1035 @defopt same-window-regexps |
12098 | 1036 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
1037 displayed in the selected window. If the buffer's name matches any of | |
1038 the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the | |
1039 buffer by switching to it in the selected window. | |
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1040 @end defopt |
12098 | 1041 |
6564 | 1042 @c Emacs 19 feature |
1043 @defvar display-buffer-function | |
1044 This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of | |
1045 @code{display-buffer}. If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function | |
1046 that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work. The function should | |
1047 accept two arguments, the same two arguments that @code{display-buffer} | |
1048 received. It should choose or create a window, display the specified | |
1049 buffer, and then return the window. | |
1050 | |
1051 This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks | |
1052 described above. | |
1053 @end defvar | |
1054 | |
1055 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1056 @cindex dedicated window | |
1057 A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer. Then | |
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1058 @code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any |
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1059 other buffer. |
6564 | 1060 |
1061 @defun window-dedicated-p window | |
1062 This function returns @code{t} if @var{window} is marked as dedicated; | |
1063 otherwise @code{nil}. | |
1064 @end defun | |
1065 | |
1066 @defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag | |
1067 This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is | |
1068 non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise. | |
1069 @end defun | |
1070 | |
1071 @node Window Point | |
1072 @section Windows and Point | |
1073 @cindex window position | |
1074 @cindex window point | |
1075 @cindex position in window | |
1076 @cindex point in window | |
1077 | |
1078 Each window has its own value of point, independent of the value of | |
1079 point in other windows displaying the same buffer. This makes it useful | |
1080 to have multiple windows showing one buffer. | |
1081 | |
1082 @itemize @bullet | |
1083 @item | |
1084 The window point is established when a window is first created; it is | |
1085 initialized from the buffer's point, or from the window point of another | |
1086 window opened on the buffer if such a window exists. | |
1087 | |
1088 @item | |
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1089 Selecting a window sets the value of point in its buffer from the |
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1090 window's value of point. Conversely, deselecting a window sets the |
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1091 window's value of point from that of the buffer. Thus, when you switch |
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1092 between windows that display a given buffer, the point value for the |
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1093 selected window is in effect in the buffer, while the point values for |
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1094 the other windows are stored in those windows. |
6564 | 1095 |
1096 @item | |
1097 As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's | |
1098 point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal. | |
1099 | |
1100 @item | |
1101 @xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions. | |
1102 @end itemize | |
1103 | |
1104 As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and | |
1105 when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the | |
1106 position of point in that buffer. | |
1107 | |
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1108 @defun window-point &optional window |
6564 | 1109 This function returns the current position of point in @var{window}. |
1110 For a nonselected window, this is the value point would have (in that | |
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1111 window's buffer) if that window were selected. If @var{window} is |
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1112 @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
6564 | 1113 |
1114 When @var{window} is the selected window and its buffer is also the | |
1115 current buffer, the value returned is the same as point in that buffer. | |
1116 | |
1117 Strictly speaking, it would be more correct to return the | |
1118 ``top-level'' value of point, outside of any @code{save-excursion} | |
1119 forms. But that value is hard to find. | |
1120 @end defun | |
1121 | |
1122 @defun set-window-point window position | |
1123 This function positions point in @var{window} at position | |
1124 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. | |
1125 @end defun | |
1126 | |
1127 @node Window Start | |
1128 @section The Window Start Position | |
1129 | |
1130 Each window contains a marker used to keep track of a buffer position | |
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1131 that specifies where in the buffer display should start. This position |
6564 | 1132 is called the @dfn{display-start} position of the window (or just the |
1133 @dfn{start}). The character after this position is the one that appears | |
1134 at the upper left corner of the window. It is usually, but not | |
1135 inevitably, at the beginning of a text line. | |
1136 | |
1137 @defun window-start &optional window | |
1138 @cindex window top line | |
1139 This function returns the display-start position of window | |
1140 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
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1141 used. For example, |
6564 | 1142 |
1143 @example | |
1144 @group | |
1145 (window-start) | |
1146 @result{} 7058 | |
1147 @end group | |
1148 @end example | |
1149 | |
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1150 When you create a window, or display a different buffer in it, the |
6564 | 1151 display-start position is set to a display-start position recently used |
1152 for the same buffer, or 1 if the buffer doesn't have any. | |
1153 | |
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1154 Redisplay updates the window-start position (if you have not specified |
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1155 it explicitly since the previous redisplay)---for example, to make sure |
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1156 point appears on the screen. Nothing except redisplay automatically |
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1157 changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the |
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1158 window-start position to change in response until after the next |
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1159 redisplay. |
12596
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1160 |
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1161 For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the |
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1162 description of @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. |
6564 | 1163 @end defun |
1164 | |
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1165 @defun window-end &optional window update |
6564 | 1166 This function returns the position of the end of the display in window |
1167 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
1168 used. | |
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1169 |
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1170 Simply changing the buffer text or moving point does not update the |
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1171 value that @code{window-end} returns. The value is updated only when |
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1172 Emacs redisplays and redisplay completes without being preempted. |
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1173 |
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1174 If the last redisplay of @var{window} was preempted, and did not finish, |
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1175 Emacs does not know the position of the end of display in that window. |
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1176 In that case, this function returns @code{nil}. |
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1177 |
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1178 If @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} always returns an |
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1179 up-to-date value for where the window ends, based on the current |
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1180 @code{window-start} value. If the saved value is valid, |
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1181 @code{window-end} returns that; otherwise it computes the correct |
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1182 value by scanning the buffer text. |
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1183 |
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1184 Even if @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} does not |
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1185 attempt to scroll the display if point has moved off the screen, the |
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1186 way real redisplay would do. It does not alter the |
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1187 @code{window-start} value. In effect, it reports where the displayed |
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1188 text will end if scrolling is not required. |
6564 | 1189 @end defun |
1190 | |
1191 @defun set-window-start window position &optional noforce | |
1192 This function sets the display-start position of @var{window} to | |
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1193 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. It returns @var{position}. |
6564 | 1194 |
1195 The display routines insist that the position of point be visible when a | |
1196 buffer is displayed. Normally, they change the display-start position | |
1197 (that is, scroll the window) whenever necessary to make point visible. | |
1198 However, if you specify the start position with this function using | |
1199 @code{nil} for @var{noforce}, it means you want display to start at | |
1200 @var{position} even if that would put the location of point off the | |
1201 screen. If this does place point off screen, the display routines move | |
1202 point to the left margin on the middle line in the window. | |
1203 | |
1204 For example, if point @w{is 1} and you set the start of the window @w{to | |
1205 2}, then point would be ``above'' the top of the window. The display | |
1206 routines will automatically move point if it is still 1 when redisplay | |
1207 occurs. Here is an example: | |
1208 | |
1209 @example | |
1210 @group | |
1211 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like before executing} | |
1212 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1213 @end group | |
1214 | |
1215 @group | |
1216 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1217 @point{}This is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1218 2 | |
1219 3 | |
1220 4 | |
1221 5 | |
1222 6 | |
1223 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1224 @end group | |
1225 | |
1226 @group | |
1227 (set-window-start | |
1228 (selected-window) | |
1229 (1+ (window-start))) | |
1230 @result{} 2 | |
1231 @end group | |
1232 | |
1233 @group | |
1234 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like after executing} | |
1235 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1236 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1237 his is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1238 2 | |
1239 3 | |
1240 @point{}4 | |
1241 5 | |
1242 6 | |
1243 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1244 @end group | |
1245 @end example | |
1246 | |
1247 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, and @var{position} would place point | |
1248 off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start | |
1249 position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used. | |
1250 @end defun | |
1251 | |
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1252 @defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window partially |
33992 | 1253 This function returns @code{t} if @var{position} is within the range of |
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1254 text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}. It returns |
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1255 @code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled vertically or horizontally out |
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1256 of view. Locations that are partially obscured are not considered |
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1257 visible unless @var{partially} is non-@code{nil}. The argument |
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1258 @var{position} defaults to the current position of point in |
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1259 @var{window}; @var{window}, to the selected window. |
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1260 |
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1261 Here is an example: |
6564 | 1262 |
1263 @example | |
1264 @group | |
1265 (or (pos-visible-in-window-p | |
1266 (point) (selected-window)) | |
1267 (recenter 0)) | |
1268 @end group | |
1269 @end example | |
1270 @end defun | |
1271 | |
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1272 @node Textual Scrolling |
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1273 @section Textual Scrolling |
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1274 @cindex textual scrolling |
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1275 @cindex scrolling textually |
6564 | 1276 |
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1277 @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down though a |
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1278 window. It works by changing the value of the window's display-start |
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1279 location. It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep |
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1280 point on the screen. |
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1281 |
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1282 Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we |
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1283 changed its name to distinguish it from the new vertical fractional |
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1284 scrolling feature (@pxref{Vertical Scrolling}). |
6564 | 1285 |
1286 In the commands @code{scroll-up} and @code{scroll-down}, the directions | |
1287 ``up'' and ``down'' refer to the motion of the text in the buffer at which | |
1288 you are looking through the window. Imagine that the text is | |
1289 written on a long roll of paper and that the scrolling commands move the | |
1290 paper up and down. Thus, if you are looking at text in the middle of a | |
1291 buffer and repeatedly call @code{scroll-down}, you will eventually see | |
1292 the beginning of the buffer. | |
1293 | |
1294 Some people have urged that the opposite convention be used: they | |
1295 imagine that the window moves over text that remains in place. Then | |
1296 ``down'' commands would take you to the end of the buffer. This view is | |
1297 more consistent with the actual relationship between windows and the | |
1298 text in the buffer, but it is less like what the user sees. The | |
1299 position of a window on the terminal does not move, and short scrolling | |
1300 commands clearly move the text up or down on the screen. We have chosen | |
1301 names that fit the user's point of view. | |
1302 | |
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1303 The textual scrolling functions (aside from |
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1304 @code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current |
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1305 buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected |
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1306 window. @xref{Current Buffer}. |
6564 | 1307 |
1308 @deffn Command scroll-up &optional count | |
1309 This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward | |
1310 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1311 downward. | |
1312 | |
1313 If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll | |
1314 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
1315 the window (not counting its mode line). | |
1316 | |
1317 @code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}. | |
1318 @end deffn | |
1319 | |
1320 @deffn Command scroll-down &optional count | |
1321 This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward | |
1322 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1323 upward. | |
1324 | |
1325 If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll | |
1326 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
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1327 the window (not counting its mode line). |
6564 | 1328 |
1329 @code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}. | |
1330 @end deffn | |
1331 | |
1332 @deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count | |
1333 This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count} | |
1334 lines. Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled | |
1335 as in @code{scroll-up}. | |
1336 | |
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1337 You can specify which buffer to scroll by setting the variable |
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1338 @code{other-window-scroll-buffer} to a buffer. If that buffer isn't |
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1339 already displayed, @code{scroll-other-window} displays it in some |
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1340 window. |
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1341 |
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1342 When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally |
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1343 the one at the top left corner. You can specify a different window to |
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1344 scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable |
6564 | 1345 @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. This variable has no effect when any |
1346 other window is selected. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}. | |
1347 | |
1348 When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected | |
1349 window is the one at the bottom right corner. In this case, | |
1350 @code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer. If the | |
1351 minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the | |
1352 line reappears after the echo area momentarily displays the message | |
1353 ``Beginning of buffer''. | |
1354 @end deffn | |
1355 | |
1356 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1357 @defvar other-window-scroll-buffer | |
1358 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it tells @code{scroll-other-window} | |
1359 which buffer to scroll. | |
1360 @end defvar | |
1361 | |
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1362 @defopt scroll-margin |
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1363 This option specifies the size of the scroll margin---a minimum number |
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1364 of lines between point and the top or bottom of a window. Whenever |
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1365 point gets within this many lines of the top or bottom of the window, |
42985 | 1366 redisplay scrolls the text automatically (if possible) to move point |
1367 out of the margin, closer to the center of the window. | |
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1368 @end defopt |
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1369 |
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1370 @defopt scroll-conservatively |
6564 | 1371 This variable controls how scrolling is done automatically when point |
42985 | 1372 moves off the screen (or into the scroll margin). If the value is a |
1373 positive integer @var{n}, then redisplay scrolls the text up to | |
1374 @var{n} lines in either direction, if that will bring point back into | |
1375 proper view. This action is called @dfn{conservative scrolling}. | |
1376 Otherwise, scrolling happens in the usual way, under the control of | |
1377 other variables such as @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and | |
1378 @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. | |
1379 | |
1380 The default value is zero, which means that conservative scrolling | |
1381 never happens. | |
22252
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1382 @end defopt |
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1383 |
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1384 @defopt scroll-down-aggressively |
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1385 @tindex scroll-down-aggressively |
26210 | 1386 The value of this variable should be either @code{nil} or a fraction |
1387 @var{f} between 0 and 1. If it is a fraction, that specifies where on | |
42983
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1388 the screen to put point when scrolling down. More precisely, when a |
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1389 window scrolls down because point is above the window start, the new |
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1390 start position is chosen to put point @var{f} part of the window |
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1391 height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more aggressive the |
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1392 scrolling. |
26210 | 1393 |
26696
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1394 A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since its effect is to center |
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1395 point. This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any |
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1396 fashion. |
26210 | 1397 @end defopt |
1398 | |
42983
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1399 @defopt scroll-up-aggressively |
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1400 @tindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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1401 Likewise, for scrolling up. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far |
26210 | 1402 point should be placed from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
1403 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value scrolls more aggressively. | |
1404 @end defopt | |
1405 | |
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1406 @defopt scroll-step |
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1407 This variable is an older variant of @code{scroll-conservatively}. The |
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1408 difference is that it if its value is @var{n}, that permits scrolling |
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1409 only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number. This feature |
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1410 does not work with @code{scroll-margin}. The default value is zero. |
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1411 @end defopt |
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1412 |
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1413 @defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position |
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1414 If this option is non-@code{nil}, the scroll functions move point so |
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1415 that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, when that is |
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1416 possible. |
6564 | 1417 @end defopt |
1418 | |
1419 @defopt next-screen-context-lines | |
1420 The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to | |
1421 retain when scrolling by full screens. For example, @code{scroll-up} | |
1422 with an argument of @code{nil} scrolls so that this many lines at the | |
1423 bottom of the window appear instead at the top. The default value is | |
1424 @code{2}. | |
1425 @end defopt | |
1426 | |
1427 @deffn Command recenter &optional count | |
1428 @cindex centering point | |
42985 | 1429 This function scrolls the text in the selected window so that point is |
1430 displayed at a specified vertical position within the window. It does | |
1431 not ``move point'' with respect to the text. | |
6564 | 1432 |
42985 | 1433 If @var{count} is a nonnegative number, that puts the line containing |
1434 point @var{count} lines down from the top of the window. If | |
1435 @var{count} is a negative number, then it counts upward from the | |
1436 bottom of the window, so that @minus{}1 stands for the last usable | |
1437 line in the window. If @var{count} is a non-@code{nil} list, then it | |
1438 stands for the line in the middle of the window. | |
6564 | 1439 |
1440 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, @code{recenter} puts the line containing | |
1441 point in the middle of the window, then clears and redisplays the entire | |
1442 selected frame. | |
1443 | |
1444 When @code{recenter} is called interactively, @var{count} is the raw | |
1445 prefix argument. Thus, typing @kbd{C-u} as the prefix sets the | |
1446 @var{count} to a non-@code{nil} list, while typing @kbd{C-u 4} sets | |
1447 @var{count} to 4, which positions the current line four lines from the | |
1448 top. | |
1449 | |
8491
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1450 With an argument of zero, @code{recenter} positions the current line at |
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1451 the top of the window. This action is so handy that some people make a |
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1452 separate key binding to do this. For example, |
6564 | 1453 |
1454 @example | |
1455 @group | |
1456 (defun line-to-top-of-window () | |
1457 "Scroll current line to top of window. | |
1458 Replaces three keystroke sequence C-u 0 C-l." | |
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1459 (interactive) |
6564 | 1460 (recenter 0)) |
1461 | |
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1462 (global-set-key [kp-multiply] 'line-to-top-of-window) |
6564 | 1463 @end group |
1464 @end example | |
1465 @end deffn | |
1466 | |
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1467 @node Vertical Scrolling |
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1468 @section Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1469 @cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1470 |
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1471 @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the |
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1472 window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line. |
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1473 Starting in Emacs 21, each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position}, |
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1474 which is a number, never less than zero. It specifies how far to raise |
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1475 the contents of the window. Raising the window contents generally makes |
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1476 all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some |
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1477 other lines appear at the bottom. The usual value is zero. |
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1478 |
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1479 The vertical scroll position is measured in units of the normal line |
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1480 height, which is the height of the default font. Thus, if the value is |
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1481 .5, that means the window contents are scrolled up half the normal line |
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1482 height. If it is 3.3, that means the window contents are scrolled up |
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1483 somewhat over three times the normal line height. |
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1484 |
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1485 What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many |
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1486 lines, depends on what the lines contain. A value of .5 could scroll a |
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1487 line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3 |
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1488 could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image. |
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1489 |
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1490 @defun window-vscroll &optional window |
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1491 This function returns the current vertical scroll position of |
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1492 @var{window}, If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is |
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1493 used. |
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1494 |
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1495 @example |
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1496 @group |
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1497 (window-vscroll) |
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1498 @result{} 0 |
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1499 @end group |
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1500 @end example |
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1501 @end defun |
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1502 |
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1503 @defun set-window-vscroll window lines |
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1504 This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to |
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1505 @var{lines}. The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if |
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1506 not, it is taken as zero. |
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1507 |
41504
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1508 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
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1509 |
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1510 The actual vertical scroll position must always correspond |
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1511 to an integral number of pixels, so the value you specify |
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1512 is rounded accordingly. |
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1513 |
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1514 The return value is the result of this rounding. |
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1515 |
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1516 @example |
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1517 @group |
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1518 (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2) |
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1519 @result{} 1.13 |
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1520 @end group |
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1521 @end example |
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1522 @end defun |
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1523 |
6564 | 1524 @node Horizontal Scrolling |
1525 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
1526 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
1527 | |
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1528 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting the image in the window left |
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1529 or right by a specified multiple of the normal character width. Each |
42895 | 1530 window has a @dfn{horizontal scroll position}, which is a number, never |
25751
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1531 less than zero. It specifies how far to shift the contents left. |
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1532 Shifting the window contents left generally makes all or part of some |
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1533 characters disappear off the left, and all or part of some other |
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1534 characters appear at the right. The usual value is zero. |
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1535 |
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1536 The horizontal scroll position is measured in units of the normal |
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1537 character width, which is the width of space in the default font. Thus, |
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1538 if the value is 5, that means the window contents are scrolled left by 5 |
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1539 times the normal character width. How many characters actually |
25751
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1540 disappear off to the left depends on their width, and could vary from |
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1541 line to line. |
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1542 |
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1543 Because we read from side to side in the ``inner loop'', and from top |
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1544 to bottom in the ``outer loop'', the effect of horizontal scrolling is |
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1545 not like that of textual or vertical scrolling. Textual scrolling |
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1546 involves selection of a portion of text to display, and vertical |
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1547 scrolling moves the window contents contiguously; but horizontal |
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1548 scrolling causes part of @emph{each line} to go off screen. |
6564 | 1549 |
1550 Usually, no horizontal scrolling is in effect; then the leftmost | |
1551 column is at the left edge of the window. In this state, scrolling to | |
25751
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1552 the right is meaningless, since there is no data to the left of the edge |
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1553 to be revealed by it; so this is not allowed. Scrolling to the left is |
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1554 allowed; it scrolls the first columns of text off the edge of the window |
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1555 and can reveal additional columns on the right that were truncated |
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1556 before. Once a window has a nonzero amount of leftward horizontal |
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1557 scrolling, you can scroll it back to the right, but only so far as to |
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1558 reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero. There is no limit to how far |
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1559 left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the |
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1560 left edge. |
6564 | 1561 |
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1562 @vindex auto-hscroll-mode |
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1563 In Emacs 21, redisplay automatically alters the horizontal scrolling |
34749 | 1564 of a window as necessary to ensure that point is always visible, if |
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1565 @code{auto-hscroll-mode} is set. However, you can still set the |
34749 | 1566 horizontal scrolling value explicitly. The value you specify serves as |
1567 a lower bound for automatic scrolling, i.e. automatic scrolling | |
1568 will not scroll a window to a column less than the specified one. | |
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1569 |
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1570 @deffn Command scroll-left &optional count |
6564 | 1571 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
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1572 left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1573 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1574 |
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1575 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1576 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1577 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1578 @end deffn |
1579 | |
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1580 @deffn Command scroll-right &optional count |
6564 | 1581 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
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1582 right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1583 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1584 |
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1585 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1586 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1587 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1588 |
1589 Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal | |
1590 position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll | |
1591 any farther right have no effect. | |
1592 @end deffn | |
1593 | |
1594 @defun window-hscroll &optional window | |
1595 This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of | |
1596 @var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window} | |
1597 is scrolled left past the left margin. | |
1598 | |
1599 The value is never negative. It is zero when no horizontal scrolling | |
1600 has been done in @var{window} (which is usually the case). | |
1601 | |
1602 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1603 | |
1604 @example | |
1605 @group | |
1606 (window-hscroll) | |
1607 @result{} 0 | |
1608 @end group | |
1609 @group | |
1610 (scroll-left 5) | |
1611 @result{} 5 | |
1612 @end group | |
1613 @group | |
1614 (window-hscroll) | |
1615 @result{} 5 | |
1616 @end group | |
1617 @end example | |
1618 @end defun | |
1619 | |
1620 @defun set-window-hscroll window columns | |
1621 This function sets the number of columns from the left margin that | |
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1622 @var{window} is scrolled from the value of @var{columns}. The argument |
6564 | 1623 @var{columns} should be zero or positive; if not, it is taken as zero. |
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1624 Fractional values of @var{columns} are not supported at present. |
6564 | 1625 |
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1626 Note that @code{set-window-hscroll} may appear not to work if you test |
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1627 it by evaluating a call with @kbd{M-:} in a simple way. What happens |
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1628 is that the function sets the horizontal scroll value and returns, but |
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1629 then redisplay adjusts the horizontal scrolling to make point visible, |
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1630 and this overrides what the function did. You can observe the |
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1631 function's effect if you call it while point is sufficiently far from |
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1632 the left margin that it will remain visible. |
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1633 |
6564 | 1634 The value returned is @var{columns}. |
1635 | |
1636 @example | |
1637 @group | |
1638 (set-window-hscroll (selected-window) 10) | |
1639 @result{} 10 | |
1640 @end group | |
1641 @end example | |
1642 @end defun | |
1643 | |
1644 Here is how you can determine whether a given position @var{position} | |
1645 is off the screen due to horizontal scrolling: | |
1646 | |
1647 @example | |
1648 @group | |
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1649 (defun hscroll-on-screen (window position) |
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1650 (save-excursion |
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1651 (goto-char position) |
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1652 (and |
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1653 (>= (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) 0) |
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1654 (< (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) |
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1655 (window-width window))))) |
6564 | 1656 @end group |
1657 @end example | |
1658 | |
1659 @node Size of Window | |
1660 @section The Size of a Window | |
1661 @cindex window size | |
1662 @cindex size of window | |
1663 | |
1664 An Emacs window is rectangular, and its size information consists of | |
1665 the height (the number of lines) and the width (the number of character | |
1666 positions in each line). The mode line is included in the height. But | |
1667 the width does not count the scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} | |
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1668 characters that separates side-by-side windows. |
6564 | 1669 |
1670 The following three functions return size information about a window: | |
1671 | |
1672 @defun window-height &optional window | |
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1673 This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including |
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1674 its mode line and header line, if any. If @var{window} fills its |
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1675 entire frame except for the echo area, and there is no tool bar, this |
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1676 is typically one less than the value of @code{frame-height} on that |
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1677 frame. |
6564 | 1678 |
1679 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1680 | |
1681 @example | |
1682 @group | |
1683 (window-height) | |
1684 @result{} 23 | |
1685 @end group | |
1686 @group | |
1687 (split-window-vertically) | |
1688 @result{} #<window 4 on windows.texi> | |
1689 @end group | |
1690 @group | |
1691 (window-height) | |
1692 @result{} 11 | |
1693 @end group | |
1694 @end example | |
1695 @end defun | |
1696 | |
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1697 @tindex window-body-height |
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1698 @defun window-body-height &optional window |
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1699 Like @code{window-height} but the value does not include the |
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1700 mode line (if any) or the header line (if any). |
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1701 @end defun |
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1702 |
6564 | 1703 @defun window-width &optional window |
1704 This function returns the number of columns in @var{window}. If | |
1705 @var{window} fills its entire frame, this is the same as the value of | |
1706 @code{frame-width} on that frame. The width does not include the | |
1707 window's scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} characters that separates | |
1708 side-by-side windows. | |
1709 | |
1710 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1711 | |
1712 @example | |
1713 @group | |
1714 (window-width) | |
1715 @result{} 80 | |
1716 @end group | |
1717 @end example | |
1718 @end defun | |
1719 | |
1720 @defun window-edges &optional window | |
1721 This function returns a list of the edge coordinates of @var{window}. | |
1722 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1723 | |
1724 The order of the list is @code{(@var{left} @var{top} @var{right} | |
1725 @var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of | |
1726 the frame. The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the | |
1727 rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than | |
1728 the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line. | |
1729 | |
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1730 If a window has a scroll bar, the right edge value includes the width of |
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1731 the scroll bar. Otherwise, if the window has a neighbor on the right, |
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1732 its right edge value includes the width of the separator line between |
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1733 the window and that neighbor. Since the width of the window does not |
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1734 include this separator, the width does not usually equal the difference |
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1735 between the right and left edges. |
6564 | 1736 |
1737 Here is the result obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just one | |
1738 window: | |
1739 | |
1740 @example | |
1741 @group | |
1742 (window-edges (selected-window)) | |
1743 @result{} (0 0 80 23) | |
1744 @end group | |
1745 @end example | |
1746 | |
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1747 @noindent |
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1748 The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area. |
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1749 |
13275 | 1750 If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, then |
1751 @var{bottom} is the same as the value of @code{(window-height)}, | |
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1752 @var{right} is almost the same as the value of @code{(window-width)}, |
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1753 and @var{top} and @var{left} are zero. For example, the edges of the |
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1754 following window are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}. Assuming that the frame has |
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1755 more than 8 columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a |
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1756 border rather than text. The last row (row 4) holds the mode line, |
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1757 shown here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}. |
6564 | 1758 |
1759 @example | |
1760 @group | |
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1761 0 |
6564 | 1762 _______ |
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1763 0 | | |
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1764 | | |
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1765 | | |
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1766 | | |
6564 | 1767 xxxxxxxxx 4 |
1768 | |
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1769 7 |
6564 | 1770 @end group |
1771 @end example | |
1772 | |
1773 In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7 | |
1774 columns wide. Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}} | |
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1775 and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 8 3}}. |
6564 | 1776 |
1777 @example | |
1778 @group | |
1779 ___ ___ | |
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1780 | | | |
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1781 | | | |
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1782 xxxxxxxxx |
6564 | 1783 |
1784 0 34 7 | |
1785 @end group | |
1786 @end example | |
1787 @end defun | |
1788 | |
1789 @node Resizing Windows | |
1790 @section Changing the Size of a Window | |
1791 @cindex window resizing | |
1792 @cindex changing window size | |
1793 @cindex window size, changing | |
1794 | |
1795 The window size functions fall into two classes: high-level commands | |
1796 that change the size of windows and low-level functions that access | |
1797 window size. Emacs does not permit overlapping windows or gaps between | |
1798 windows, so resizing one window affects other windows. | |
1799 | |
1800 @deffn Command enlarge-window size &optional horizontal | |
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1801 This function makes the selected window @var{size} lines taller, |
6564 | 1802 stealing lines from neighboring windows. It takes the lines from one |
1803 window at a time until that window is used up, then takes from another. | |
1804 If a window from which lines are stolen shrinks below | |
1805 @code{window-min-height} lines, that window disappears. | |
1806 | |
1807 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, this function makes | |
1808 @var{window} wider by @var{size} columns, stealing columns instead of | |
1809 lines. If a window from which columns are stolen shrinks below | |
1810 @code{window-min-width} columns, that window disappears. | |
1811 | |
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1812 If the requested size would exceed that of the window's frame, then the |
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1813 function makes the window occupy the entire height (or width) of the |
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1814 frame. |
6564 | 1815 |
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1816 If there are various other windows from which lines or columns can be |
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1817 stolen, and some of them specify fixed size (using |
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1818 @code{window-size-fixed}, see below), they are left untouched while |
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1819 other windows are ``robbed.'' If it would be necessary to alter the |
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1820 size of a fixed-size window, @code{enlarge-window} gets an error |
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1821 instead. |
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1822 |
6564 | 1823 If @var{size} is negative, this function shrinks the window by |
1824 @minus{}@var{size} lines or columns. If that makes the window smaller | |
1825 than the minimum size (@code{window-min-height} and | |
1826 @code{window-min-width}), @code{enlarge-window} deletes the window. | |
1827 | |
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1828 @code{enlarge-window} returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 1829 @end deffn |
1830 | |
1831 @deffn Command enlarge-window-horizontally columns | |
1832 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} wider. | |
1833 It could be defined as follows: | |
1834 | |
1835 @example | |
1836 @group | |
1837 (defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1838 (enlarge-window columns t)) | |
1839 @end group | |
1840 @end example | |
1841 @end deffn | |
1842 | |
1843 @deffn Command shrink-window size &optional horizontal | |
1844 This function is like @code{enlarge-window} but negates the argument | |
1845 @var{size}, making the selected window smaller by giving lines (or | |
1846 columns) to the other windows. If the window shrinks below | |
1847 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, then it disappears. | |
1848 | |
1849 If @var{size} is negative, the window is enlarged by @minus{}@var{size} | |
1850 lines or columns. | |
1851 @end deffn | |
1852 | |
1853 @deffn Command shrink-window-horizontally columns | |
1854 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} narrower. | |
1855 It could be defined as follows: | |
1856 | |
1857 @example | |
1858 @group | |
1859 (defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1860 (shrink-window columns t)) | |
1861 @end group | |
1862 @end example | |
1863 @end deffn | |
1864 | |
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1865 @deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window |
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1866 This command shrinks @var{window} to be as small as possible while still |
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1867 showing the full contents of its buffer---but not less than |
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1868 @code{window-min-height} lines. If @var{window} is not given, |
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1869 it defaults to the selected window. |
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1870 |
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1871 However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to |
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1872 display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are |
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1873 currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of |
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1874 its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame. |
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1875 @end deffn |
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1876 |
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1877 @tindex window-size-fixed |
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1878 @defvar window-size-fixed |
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1879 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer, |
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1880 then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed |
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1881 unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice. |
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1882 (This feature is new in Emacs 21.) |
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1883 |
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1884 If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed; |
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1885 if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed. |
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1886 Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height. |
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1887 |
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1888 The usual way to use this variable is to give it a buffer-local value in |
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1889 a particular buffer. That way, the windows (but usually there is only |
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1890 one) displaying that buffer have fixed size. |
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1891 |
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1892 Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window} |
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1893 get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed. |
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1894 Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window, |
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1895 you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this: |
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1896 |
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1897 @example |
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1898 (let ((window-size-fixed nil)) |
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1899 (enlarge-window 10)) |
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1900 @end example |
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1901 |
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1902 Note that changing the frame size will change the size of a |
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1903 fixed-size window, if there is no other alternative. |
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1904 @end defvar |
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1905 |
6564 | 1906 @cindex minimum window size |
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1907 The following two variables constrain the window-structure-changing |
6564 | 1908 functions to a minimum height and width. |
1909 | |
1910 @defopt window-min-height | |
1911 The value of this variable determines how short a window may become | |
1912 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than | |
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1913 @code{window-min-height} automatically deletes it, and no window may |
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1914 be created shorter than this. The default value is 4. |
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1915 |
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1916 The absolute minimum window height is one; actions that change window |
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1917 sizes reset this variable to one if it is less than one. |
6564 | 1918 @end defopt |
1919 | |
1920 @defopt window-min-width | |
1921 The value of this variable determines how narrow a window may become | |
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1922 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than |
6564 | 1923 @code{window-min-width} automatically deletes it, and no window may be |
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1924 created narrower than this. The default value is 10. |
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1925 |
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1926 The absolute minimum window width is two; actions that change window |
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1927 sizes reset this variable to two if it is less than two. |
6564 | 1928 @end defopt |
1929 | |
1930 @node Coordinates and Windows | |
1931 @section Coordinates and Windows | |
1932 | |
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1933 This section describes how to relate screen coordinates to windows. |
6564 | 1934 |
1935 @defun window-at x y &optional frame | |
1936 This function returns the window containing the specified cursor | |
1937 position in the frame @var{frame}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} | |
1938 are measured in characters and count from the top left corner of the | |
1939 frame. If they are out of range, @code{window-at} returns @code{nil}. | |
1940 | |
1941 If you omit @var{frame}, the selected frame is used. | |
1942 @end defun | |
1943 | |
1944 @defun coordinates-in-window-p coordinates window | |
1945 This function checks whether a particular frame position falls within | |
1946 the window @var{window}. | |
1947 | |
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1948 The argument @var{coordinates} is a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{x} |
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1949 . @var{y})}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} are measured in |
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1950 characters, and count from the top left corner of the screen or frame. |
6564 | 1951 |
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1952 The value returned by @code{coordinates-in-window-p} is non-@code{nil} |
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1953 if the coordinates are inside @var{window}. The value also indicates |
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1954 what part of the window the position is in, as follows: |
6564 | 1955 |
1956 @table @code | |
1957 @item (@var{relx} . @var{rely}) | |
1958 The coordinates are inside @var{window}. The numbers @var{relx} and | |
1959 @var{rely} are the equivalent window-relative coordinates for the | |
1960 specified position, counting from 0 at the top left corner of the | |
1961 window. | |
1962 | |
1963 @item mode-line | |
1964 The coordinates are in the mode line of @var{window}. | |
1965 | |
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1966 @item header-line |
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1967 The coordinates are in the header line of @var{window}. |
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1968 |
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1969 @item vertical-line |
6564 | 1970 The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its |
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1971 neighbor to the right. This value occurs only if the window doesn't |
6564 | 1972 have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the |
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1973 window for these purposes. |
6564 | 1974 |
1975 @item nil | |
1976 The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}. | |
1977 @end table | |
1978 | |
1979 The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as | |
1980 argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on. | |
1981 @end defun | |
1982 | |
1983 @node Window Configurations | |
1984 @section Window Configurations | |
1985 @cindex window configurations | |
1986 @cindex saving window information | |
1987 | |
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1988 A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one |
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1989 frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what |
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1990 part of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the |
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1991 mark. It also includes the values of @code{window-min-height}, |
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1992 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. An |
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1993 exception is made for point in the selected window for the current |
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1994 buffer; its value is not saved in the window configuration. |
6564 | 1995 |
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1996 You can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window |
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1997 configuration previously saved. If you want to record all frames |
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1998 instead of just one, use a frame configuration instead of a window |
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1999 configuration. @xref{Frame Configurations}. |
6564 | 2000 |
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2001 @defun current-window-configuration &optional frame |
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2002 This function returns a new object representing @var{frame}'s current |
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2003 window configuration. If @var{frame} is omitted, the selected frame |
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2004 is used. |
6564 | 2005 @end defun |
2006 | |
2007 @defun set-window-configuration configuration | |
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2008 This function restores the configuration of windows and buffers as |
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2009 specified by @var{configuration}, for the frame that @var{configuration} |
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2010 was created for. |
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2011 |
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2012 The argument @var{configuration} must be a value that was previously |
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2013 returned by @code{current-window-configuration}. This configuration is |
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2014 restored in the frame from which @var{configuration} was made, whether |
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2015 that frame is selected or not. This always counts as a window size |
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2016 change and triggers execution of the @code{window-size-change-functions} |
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2017 (@pxref{Window Hooks}), because @code{set-window-configuration} doesn't |
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2018 know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the |
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2019 old one. |
6564 | 2020 |
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2021 If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this |
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2022 function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height}, |
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2023 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. |
12098 | 2024 |
6564 | 2025 Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect |
2026 as @code{save-window-excursion}: | |
2027 | |
2028 @example | |
2029 @group | |
2030 (let ((config (current-window-configuration))) | |
2031 (unwind-protect | |
2032 (progn (split-window-vertically nil) | |
2033 @dots{}) | |
2034 (set-window-configuration config))) | |
2035 @end group | |
2036 @end example | |
2037 @end defun | |
2038 | |
2039 @defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{} | |
2040 This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms} | |
2041 in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration. The window | |
2042 configuration includes the value of point and the portion of the buffer | |
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2043 that is visible. It also includes the choice of selected window. |
6564 | 2044 However, it does not include the value of point in the current buffer; |
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2045 use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to preserve that. |
6564 | 2046 |
12098 | 2047 Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is all you need. |
2048 | |
2049 Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the | |
2050 @code{window-size-change-functions}. (It doesn't know how to tell | |
2051 whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in | |
2052 effect at the end of the @var{forms}.) | |
2053 | |
6564 | 2054 The return value is the value of the final form in @var{forms}. |
2055 For example: | |
2056 | |
2057 @example | |
2058 @group | |
2059 (split-window) | |
2060 @result{} #<window 25 on control.texi> | |
2061 @end group | |
2062 @group | |
2063 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
2064 @result{} #<window 19 on control.texi> | |
2065 @end group | |
2066 @group | |
2067 (save-window-excursion | |
2068 (delete-other-windows w) | |
2069 (switch-to-buffer "foo") | |
2070 'do-something) | |
2071 @result{} do-something | |
2072 ;; @r{The screen is now split again.} | |
2073 @end group | |
2074 @end example | |
2075 @end defspec | |
2076 | |
2077 @defun window-configuration-p object | |
2078 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window configuration. | |
2079 @end defun | |
2080 | |
21682
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2081 @defun compare-window-configurations config1 config2 |
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2082 This function compares two window configurations as regards the |
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2083 structure of windows, but ignores the values of point and mark and the |
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2084 saved scrolling positions---it can return @code{t} even if those |
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2085 aspects differ. |
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2086 |
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2087 The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it |
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2088 regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a |
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2089 saved point or mark. |
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2090 @end defun |
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2091 |
6564 | 2092 Primitives to look inside of window configurations would make sense, |
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2093 but none are implemented. It is not clear they are useful enough to |
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2094 be worth implementing. See the file @file{winner.el} for some more |
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2095 operations on windows configurations. |
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2096 |
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2097 @node Window Hooks |
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2098 @section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes |
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2099 |
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2100 This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a |
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2101 window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer. |
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2102 There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window, |
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2103 switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window. |
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2104 The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs |
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2105 @code{window-size-change-functions}. The paradigmatic use of these |
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2106 hooks is in the implementation of Lazy Lock mode; see @file{lazy-lock.el}. |
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2107 |
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2108 @defvar window-scroll-functions |
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2109 This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before |
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2110 redisplaying a window with scrolling. It is not a normal hook, because |
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2111 each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new |
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2112 display-start position. |
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2113 |
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2114 Displaying a different buffer in the window also runs these functions. |
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2115 |
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2116 These functions must be careful in using @code{window-end} |
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2117 (@pxref{Window Start}); if you need an up-to-date value, you must use |
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2118 the @var{update} argument to ensure you get it. |
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2119 @end defvar |
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2120 |
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2121 @defvar window-size-change-functions |
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2122 This variable holds a list of functions to be called if the size of any |
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2123 window changes for any reason. The functions are called just once per |
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2124 redisplay, and just once for each frame on which size changes have |
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2125 occurred. |
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2126 |
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2127 Each function receives the frame as its sole argument. There is no |
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2128 direct way to find out which windows on that frame have changed size, or |
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2129 precisely how. However, if a size-change function records, at each |
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2130 call, the existing windows and their sizes, it can also compare the |
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2131 present sizes and the previous sizes. |
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2132 |
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2133 Creating or deleting windows counts as a size change, and therefore |
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2134 causes these functions to be called. Changing the frame size also |
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2135 counts, because it changes the sizes of the existing windows. |
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2136 |
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2137 It is not a good idea to use @code{save-window-excursion} (@pxref{Window |
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2138 Configurations}) in these functions, because that always counts as a |
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2139 size change, and it would cause these functions to be called over and |
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2140 over. In most cases, @code{save-selected-window} (@pxref{Selecting |
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2141 Windows}) is what you need here. |
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2142 @end defvar |
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2143 |
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2144 @defvar redisplay-end-trigger-functions |
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2145 This abnormal hook is run whenever redisplay in a window uses text that |
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2146 extends past a specified end trigger position. You set the end trigger |
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2147 position with the function @code{set-window-redisplay-end-trigger}. The |
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2148 functions are called with two arguments: the window, and the end trigger |
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2149 position. Storing @code{nil} for the end trigger position turns off the |
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2150 feature, and the trigger value is automatically reset to @code{nil} just |
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2151 after the hook is run. |
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2152 @end defvar |
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2153 |
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2154 @defun set-window-redisplay-end-trigger window position |
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2155 This function sets @var{window}'s end trigger position at |
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2156 @var{position}. |
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2157 @end defun |
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2158 |
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2159 @defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window |
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2160 This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position. |
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2161 @end defun |
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2162 |
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2163 @defvar window-configuration-change-hook |
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2164 A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration |
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2165 of an existing frame. This includes splitting or deleting windows, |
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2166 changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a |
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2167 window. The frame whose window configuration has changed is the |
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2168 selected frame when this hook runs. |
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2169 @end defvar |